╨╧рб▒с>■  /1■   .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ье┴7 Ё┐єbjbjUU %(7|7|є       lммммммм└╪ ╪ ╪ ╪ ф $└+ Є        к м м м м м м $ =h╨ м     ╨  мм  х     ╕м м к   к  ╝ ┬  Ъммк   а.д▒{L┴└╪ ╠ :Ъ к √ 0+ в е ек  └└мммм┘Durkheim&Merton Anomie or УStrainФ Theories Emile Durkheim French Sociologist Suicide Coined the Term УAnomieФ: When Уinstitutionalized normsФ lose their meaning and ability to control human behavior and needs Mechanical vs. Organic Solidarity Robert K. Merton Social Structure and Anomie (1938) From Durkheim: Institutionalized norms are weakened in societies that place an intense value on economic success Applied this to the United States Culturally Valued Goals Institutionalized Means Anomie -- Macro Level The Уroad not takenФ Explanation of high crime rates in the United States? Follows close to Durkheim Gist = Unrestrained American capitalism and fetish with money creates anomie Picked up by Messner and Rosenfeld Strain Theory--Anomie at the Micro Level Cultural Goal in U.S.? This goal is universal (The American Dream) Institutionalized Means? Due to the social structure in the U.S., the means are unequally distributed Segment of society with no way to attain goal b/c they lack means Strain Theory (Micro) Support for Micro Strain Theory Typically tested as the disjuncture between educational or economic УaspirationsФ and УexpectationsФ Little empirical support for this Delinquents tend to have low expectations and aspirations More recent tests have found some weak support Criticisms of Merton and УStrainФ Theory Is crime a Уlower classФ phenomena? Why ritualist vs. innovator? Cannot explain УexpressiveФ crimes Weak empirical support Hirschi = УOversocialized ManФ Exam I Review Evaluating Theories Know Criteria Know which are most important Be able to apply them to the theories that weТve discussed Deterrence Theory Roots Specific vs. General Macro vs. Micro How would you measure the concepts at both the micro and macro level? Empirical Support and Policy Implications Rational Choice / Opportunity DonТt memorize Cornish and Clarke Focus more on Deterrence theory Important only as an example of a RCT that goes beyond Уpure utilityФ Why criticize if theorists go beyond Уpure utilityФ or Уpure deterrence?Ф Routine Activity Theory Social Learning Theory Focus on the Sutherland--Akers tradition. Basic concepts of each(model for Akers) How Akers modified Differential Association Policy implications and empirical support Measures and criticism of the measures Gerald Patterson Know the theory (diagram) Policy Implications Is he a control or learning theorist? Control Theories Early control theories Nye, Reckless Hirschi (1969) Social Bond Theory Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) The General Theory Hirschi (1969) How criticize early control theories? Assumptions about human nature Elements of the bond Empirical Support Policy Implications Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) Nature of crime, nature of criminals Causes of low self-control Consequences of low self-control Description of low self-control Policy Implications / Empirical Support Social Bond vs. General Theory Similarities and Differences Pirate Variables Sykes and MatzaТs Techniques of Neutralization Criminal Parents, Criminal Peers ,PW°∙ %ёKdєє√ЎЇЇЇЁыц B* phf B* phf35Б\Б>*CJ(aJ(CJHaJH,<PXt╓°∙ .Я┴┘ёSm║▐5Kd¤Ё¤ыыыцыф¤ыыыцц▀ыыццы▀ыццы$a$ & F & F $ДД^Д`Дa$є■d▒є )О░ъ B f Г ж ╜ ▄ э   - h z А Х е ы  3 U ··°°єє··юєєєєє°є···°єєєєє°є$a$ & F & FU u ╗   7 a Й ╡ р   2 G m n  Ц д ┤ ╟ ч √ 0Oew·ї·їєёї····ёїїїєёї·ї·ї·ёїїїї & F & FwЛк╧ъ +SrПб╤Єє·°······є°··ё & F & F #0P░╨/ ░р=!░"░#Ра$Ра%░ i8@ё 8 NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH D`D Heading 17$8$@&H$B* CJ,aJ,ph3f``` Heading 2ДДЄ■7$8$@&H$^Д`ДЄ■B*CJ OJQJ^JaJ ph``` Heading 3ДIД 7$8$@&H$^ДI`Д B*CJOJQJ^JaJph<A@Є б< Default Paragraph Fontє (    ,<PXt╓°∙ .Я┴┘ёSm║▐5Kd▒є )О░ъBfГж╜▄э-hzАХеы3Uu╗ 7aЙ╡р  2 G m n  Ц д ┤ ╟ ч √ 0 O e w Л к ╧ ъ + S r П б ╤ Є ї 0АА0А0АА 0А, 0А, 0А,( 0АX 0А,(0А╓0АА 0А∙ 0А∙ 0А∙( 0АЯ( 0 АЯ0АА 0 Аё 0 Аё( 0 А( 0 А 0Аё0АА 0А▐( 0А( 0А 0А▐( 0АK( 0АK0АА0АА 0А  0А ( 0АО( 0АО0АА 0А 0А 0А 0А 0А0АА 0А▄( 0Аэ( 0 Аэ( 0!Аэ0АА 0"Аh 0#Аh 0$Аh 0%Аh 0&Аh0АА 0'А( 0(А3 0)А( 0*Аu 0+А0А0АА 0,А ( 0-А7( 0.А7( 0/А7( 00А70АА 01А  02А  03А 0А 0АА 04Аn ( 05А  06Аn ( 07Ад  08Аn ( 09А╟ 0АА 0:А√  0;А√  0<А√  0=А√  0>А√ 0АА 0?АЛ  0@АЛ  0AАЛ  0BАЛ  0CАЛ  0DАЛ ( 0EАS 0АА 0FАП  0GАП ЪААєdU wєє2:3;dl╟╬js╜─╚╓д л ╟ ╥ ╫ ▐ √  Л Ц Ы в л ▓ ї Q[dsxї 3333  Gateway QC:\~jmaahs\Criminological Theory\Powerpoint in Word Format\strain_reviewexam1.doc■   BE№P         *■   ь{╝■   иZ╝    °{╝ @CJOJQJo(nЁ    р}╝ @CJOJQJo(      @АЄ Є ;╝Є Є є p@  Unknown            GРЗ: Times New Roman5РАSymbol3&Р З: Arial;РАWingdings"qИЁ╨hXZfXZf║┌ YЁа┤┤ББ20 Є 2ГQЁ  Durkheim&MertonGateway Gateway ■ ZрЕЯЄ∙OhлС+'│┘0|РШ░╝╨▄ш№  8 D P\dltфDurkheim&Mertonurk Gateway Merateate Normal.dotr Gateway tr1teMicrosoft Word 9.0@@ xа{L┴@ xа{L┴║┌ ■ Z╒═╒Ь.УЧ+,∙о0° hp|ДМФ Ьдм┤ ╝ ╪фe а Durkheim&Merton Title ■   ■    !"#$%■   '()*+,-■   ¤   0■   ■   ■                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Root Entry         └Fа.д▒{L┴2А1Table            еWordDocument        %(SummaryInformation(    DocumentSummaryInformation8            &CompObj    jObjectPool            а.д▒{L┴а.д▒{L┴            ■                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ■       └FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8Ї9▓q