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Revelation of God 32 2. Essence of God 48 3. Attributes of God 63 4. Will of God 144 5. Holy Trinity 160 B. Anthropology 1. Man's Present Abode 205 2. Man's Nature 358 3. Image of God 379 4. The Fall of Man 395 5. Sin 406 C. Christology 1. The Person of the Redeemer 502 2. The Two States of Our Redeemer 533 3.The Office of Christ 565 Volume II D. Soteriology 1. Faith 1 2. The Means of Grace 34 3. Order of Salvation 298 4. The Church 494 5. The Ministerial Office 559 6. The Antichrist 597 E. Eschatology 1. Death 624 2. The End of the World 648 3. Eternity 699 Table of Contents DOGMATICS NOTES Volume I Introduction / (Prolegomena) I. Dogmatics as a branch of theology 1. Traditional division of theology 1 2. Teaching of dogmatics involves all four of the branches of theology 1 3. Theology proper is a practical aptitude 1 4. Dogmatics in the strict sense 8 5. Dogmatics in the loose sense 11 II. The source of dogmatics 1. The substance is taken from Scripture only 12 2. The manner of presentation and Scripture 13 3. Scripture is the only source of dogmatics 15 4. Sources for dogmatics to be avoided 17 5. The Book of Concord as a secondary source of doctrine, not a second source 24 III. Dogmatics is a systematic statement of the various articles of faith found in Scripture 1. How dogmatics is not a system 28 2. How dogmatics is a system 29 IV. Division of dogmatics notes 32 A.—THEOLOGY In this part of dogmatics we treat of 1. Revelation of God 2. Essence of God 3. Attributes of God 4. Will of God 5. Holy Trinity 1. Revelation of God I. God reveals himself in Scripture 1. Scripture nowhere attempts to prove the existence of God 32 2. Scripture does not reveal God’s whole nature to us 35 3. The revelation of God becomes ours through faith 36 4. The revelation of God in nature (notitia Dei naturalis) 38 II. Philosophical attempts to prove the existence of God 1. Ontological argument 43 2. Historical argument 43 3. Cosmological argument 44 4. Teleological argument 45 5. Moral argument 46 6. The limited value of these arguments 46 2. Essence of God I. God is the infinite, absolute Spirit 1. No adequate definition of God is possible 48 2. Learning about God’s essence from his names 50 3. God is the absolutely Independent Being (independentia et aseitas Dei) 56 4. God is infinite (infinitas Dei) 57 5. God is one in essence and number (unitas Dei) 59 6. God is personality (spiritualitas Dei) 61 7. Reason for Scripture's description of God's essence 62 3. Attributes of God I. God’s many attributes as different manifestations of his saving love 1. God is love 63 2. He uses his other attributes in the interest of his love 63 II. The division of God's attributes into Immanent and Transitive 1. “A thing is equal to the sum of its attributes,” does not apply to God 63 2. God is impartibilis, ohne Stücke 65 3. The attributes are not mere names 65 4. Other suggested divisions of God's attributes 67 5. The convenience of the Immanent and Transitive division 69 III. The immanent attributes of God 1. Immutability (immutabilitas Dei) 69 2. Eternity (aeternitas Dei) 74 3. Immanent Love (amor Dei internus, amor absolutus) 76 4. Perfection, Goodness (bonitas Dei) 78 IV. The transitive attributes of God 1. Omnipresence (omnipraesentia Dei) 81 2. Omniscience (scientia, intelligentia, omniscientia Dei) 86 3. Wisdom (sapientia Dei) 98 4. Love (amor Dei transitivus) 108 5. Holiness çÓéÁ, łšżÂ (sanctitas Dei) 119 6. Justice and righteousness (iustitia Dei) 127 7. Omnipotence (omnipotentia Dei) 139 4. Will of God I. God’s will is his essence 1. Definitions of “Will” 144 2. Truths to be kept in mind 146 II. The will of God is absolutely free 1. This follows from God’s independence 146 2. Mercy as the demonstration of the independence of God’s will 147 3. This freedom assumes different forms 147 4. God’s will and human freedom 151 III. Dogmaticians' divisions of God's will 1. Voluntas Naturalis et Libera 155 2. Voluntas Libera may be Efficax or Inefficax 155 3. Voluntas (efficax) Absoluta et Conditionata 156 4. Voluntas Ordinata et Absoluta 156 5. Voluntas Antecedens et Consequens 157 6. Voluntas Arcana et Revelata 157 7. Voluntas Signi et Beneplaciti 159 8. Voluntas Efficiens, Approbans, et Permittens 159 9. Voluntas Legalis et Evangelica 159 5. Holy Trinity I. Definition of the Holy Trinity 1. God has one essence, being, substance, essentia, substantia, ĆÍĂšÂ, żPĂŻą 160 2. God is three persons (person, persona, QŔĚĂĹÚÂ, ŔÁĚĂÉŔż˝) 162 3. The doctrine of the Holy Trinity in both the Old and New Testament 164 4. Other passages speaking of God in the plural 168 5. The  Angel of the Lord as an indication of the Trinity 169 6. The deity of the Son 174 7. The deity of the Holy Spirit 181 II. The relation of the three persons in the one Godhead 1. The same in essence (aequalitas, consubstantialitis, AźżżÍĂšżÂ, ąPÄżżÍĂšżÂ, not AźżšżÍĂšżÂ) 187 2. Distinct and subsisting individually (distinctio, pluralitas) 187 3. Mutual permeation and in-existence (ŔľÁšÇÎŔˇĂšÂ, immanentia, inexistentia mutua, immeatio, circumincessio) 197 4. Two insoluble problems confront us 197 III. Errors about the doctrine of Holy Trinity 1. Denial of the Trinity (Unitarianism) 198 2. Denial of the Unity 200 3. Subordinationism 201 4. Opposed to such errors is the Athanasian Creed 201 IV. Attempts to construct the trinitarian doctrine in a speculative, reasonable way 1. Analogies taken from nature 201 2. Analogies from psychology 201 3. Erroneous results of these analogies 201 V. The triune God is the author of our salvation 1. Scripture nowhere offers a theory of the Trinity 202 2. Scripture assures us that the Triune God is interested in only our salvation 203 B. Anthropology In this part of dogmatics we treat of 1. Man's Present Abode 2. Man's Nature 3. Image of God 4. Fall of Man 5. Sin 1. Man's Present Abode I. The universe was created by God in the beginning to be the abode of man 1. The Creator is God, particularly the Father 205 2. The existence of the world is due exclusively to a creative act of God 207 3. The world was created in the beginning of time 211 4. Different names for God's creation 216 5. The world was created to be the abode of man 218 6. Summary definition of creation 220 II. God's providence (providentia) 1. God's providence in a broad and a narrow sense 220 2. Contemporary usage of the term providence 221 3. Providence is a work of the Triune God (opus ad extra) 223 4. A threefold providence according to the objects 224 III. The three acts of providence 1. Preservation (conservatio, providentia conservatrix) 227 2. Cooperation or concurrence (concursus, providentia cooperatrix) 233 3. Government (gubernatio, providentia gubernatrix) 241 IV. Special attention to two of the agencies, instituted by God A. Christian Marriage and the Family 1. God institutes marriage 254 2. God establishes marriage 257 3. Engagement is a social custom 260 4. The God-established roles of man and woman in marriage 262 5. Blessings of the marriage relationship 270 6. God blesses marriage with the ability to bring children into the world 272 7. The Christian couple and reproductive technologies 275 8. Marriage as a lifelong union 276 9. All human alternatives for marriage are contrary to God's will 279 10. God gave man and woman marriage as a blessing 284 11. The single state or celibacy 285 B. Civil Government 1. Governmental authority is of divine institution 287 2. The form of government is a matter of historical development 288 3. The purpose of government 288 4. Promoting religion has not been committed to civil government 291 5. Distinction between the roles of church and state 292 6. A Christian's attitude and actions towards government 293 7. The church is benefited by government 295 8. Confessional statements for the roles of church and state 296 9. Examples of confusion of the roles of the state and religion 298 10. Luther on the distinction of church and state 300 V. Other considerations in connection with God's providence 1. Miracles 300 2. Prophecies 309 3. Prayer 313 4. End of life (terminus vitae) 315 5. Chance (casus, Zufall) 318 VI. Angels 1. Scriptural teaching of angels 319 2. Ranks of angels 331 3. Angels can assume various physical and visible forms 333 4. The angels' exceptional abilities 335 5. Angels were created to serve God 337 6. Scripture warns us not to worship angels 341 VII. Evil angels or demons 1. Some deny the existence of the devil and his evil angels 341 2. Creation and fall of the evil angels 342 3. Time of the fall of the evil angels 343 4. Number of evil angels 343 5. Organization of the evil angels and Satan as head 344 6. Hell as a place of punishment for Satan and his evil angels 348 7. Satan and his demons are powerful 349 8. Satan and his demons were defeated by Christ 356 9. Warnings against the occult 357 2. Man's Nature I. Man as a creation of God 1. Created directly by God 358 2. Not the result of an evolutionary process 359 3. God created man with a material body 359 4. God created man with an immaterial soul 360 5. The human soul is a creation and not an emanation from God 360 6. Man's nature seems to be a dichotomy, not trichotomy 360 II. All inhabitants of the earth are descended from Adam and Eve 1. This is the clear doctrine of Scripture 374 2. Different theories about the propagation of the human soul 375 3. Image of God I. Definition of the image of God 1. It is God's unchanging will that man should bear his image 379 2. Considerations in determining the image of God 381 3. The loss of the image of God 385 4. God's aim in making man in his image 387 5. Different views on the image of God 388 II. The image was an inherent attribute of man (but accidentalis). 1. Not a part of man's essence (substantialis) 390 2. Not merely an external gift (donum superadditum) 392 3. The image was an important attribute 393 4. The Fall of Man I. Definition of the fall of man 1. Sin stemmed from an outside temptation not any concreated inner flaw 395 2. Chiefly two attacks in the temptation 397 3. No reasonable account for the first man yielding to temptation 398 II. The story of the fall is real history 1. The Bible presents Genesis chapter 3 as real history 401 2. Denials of the historicity of Genesis 3 402 5. Sin I. Definition of sin 1. Sin defined as something “negative,” or “positive,” 406 2. Different elements of sin 422 3. Truths to help clarify the definition and scope of sin 425 II. The cause of sin 1. Not God 431 2. But the free will of Satan and of man 434 III. Definition of original sin 1. Scripture is the source of the teaching on original sin 436 2. Original sin is described negatively and positively 444 3. Original sin as guilt and inherited sin 448 IV. Definition of actual sins 1. Distinction between original sin and actual sin 455 2. Involuntary or voluntary sins 458 3. Venial sin or mortal sin 462 4. Sins of commission and sins of omission 465 V. Special attention to two actual sins 1. The sin of hardness 465 2. The sin against the Holy Spirit 475 VI. Original sin and free will (liberum arbitrium) 1. Points for clarification and minimize confusion in free will 480 2. Free will in external sinful matters 482 3. Free will in spiritual matters 485 VII. Definition of punishment 1. Scriptural description of punishment 491 2. Non-scriptural description of punishment 492 3. Punishment as a deterrent and warning against further sinning 494 4. Different classifications of punishments 495 VIII. Definition of the human conscience 1. Conscience as a religious ability 497 2. The conscience testifies to a person's relation to God 497 3. Different classifications of the conscience 499 C. Christology In this part of dogmatics we treat of 1. The Person of the Redeemer 2. The Two States of our Redeemer 3. The Office of Christ 1. The Person of the Redeemer A. The Two Natures I. Christ is true God 502 II. Christ is true man 1. Stated in general terms 502 2. This humanity includes a human soul with human volition 503 3. This humanity is rejected by various heresies 503 4. Christ is one person 505 III. Christ’s dual nature points to a twofold generation 1. Begotten of the Father from eternity 506 2. Conceived by the Holy Spirit 506 3. Born of the Virgin Mary 506 4. Christ as de Maria and de Spiritu Sancto 507 5. The incarnation and virgin birth are rejected by liberal theologians 507 IV. Christ was without sin in his human nature (˝ąźąÁġïą). 1. Scripture teaches this truth. 507 2. Christ and his temptations 507 3. Christ, assuming our sin, took our death 508 B. The Union of the Two Natures I. Definition of the union of the two natures in Christ 1. The subject of the act of unition is the Logos ĂąÁşżÂ 509 2. The subject of the resulting union is the Logos ˝ĂąÁşżÂ 509 3. The act of uniting is not reciprocal 509 4. The union is real 510 5. The union is personal 510 6. Not a natural, essential, accidental union nor one of mere jointure (ĂĹ˝ŹĆľšą) 510 7. The union is denied by various heresies 510 II. In the union of the two natures, a communication takes place 1. The human nature is the nature of the Son of God 512 2. The divine nature is the nature of the Son of Man 512 3. Different expressions of this communication 513 4. Personal propositions (propositiones personales), concrete nouns, not abstracts 513 5. The personal propositions (propositiones personales) express a reality (propriae) 513 6. Christ in his human nature is a natural Son of God 514 C. The Communication of Idioms Preliminary Remarks 1. Definition of an idiom 514 2. Idioms in God and in man 514 3. No difference between the communication of natures and idioms 515 4. The communication of natures and idioms involve no essential change of the natures 515 5. The three commonly grouped categories 515 a) Genus idiomaticum b) Genus maiestaticum c) Genus apotelesmaticum 1) Genus Idiomaticum 1. The subject may be a name of the person 515 2. Concrete of the divine nature as subject and idiom of the human nature as predicate 516 3. Concrete of the human nature as subject and idiom of the divine nature as predicate 517 4. These propositions are reciprocal (reciprocae) 517 5. Zwingli’s alloeosis 517 6. How did the Son of God suffer? How was God crucified? 518 2) Genus Maiestaticum I. Definition of the genus maiestaticum 1. Different names for the genus maiestaticum 518 2. This genus is not reciprocal (reciprocum) 518 3. The union of the divine nature with the human and the genus maiestaticum 519 4. The divine nature has the divine idioms essentially; Christ’s humanity as a gift. 519 II. The genus maiestaticum is taught by Scripture. 1. Scripture teaches this truth 519 2. It is applied to Christ’s human nature (in abstracto) 520 III. Scripture specifically names four communicated idioms 1. Omnipotence 521 2. Omniscience 522 3. Omnipresence 524 4. Divine Honor 527 3) Genus Apotelesmaticum I. Definition of the genus apotelesmaticum 1. The official acts of Christ are often summed up in his titles and descriptions 530 2. The official act (apotelesm) presented as an undivided act 531 3. Heresy concerning the genus apotelesmaticum 531 4. Redemption is truly theanthropic 532 II. Importance of the genus apotelesmaticum 1. Luther on this point 532 2. Happy inconsistency of Reformed theology and the genus apotelesmaticum 532 2. The Two States of Our Redeemer I. The Scriptures present Christ in two states of living 1. General statements are found in Philippians 2, Psalm 22, and Isaiah 53 533 2. Definition of the two states of Christ 533 3. The one state is exinanition (humiliation); the other, exaltation 533 4. These states affect directly Christ s human nature only 533 5. The incarnation is not identical with the exinanition 534 II. Definition of the exinanition 1. He emptied himself of the 4Ăą ľ6˝ąš ¸ľ÷ 534 2. Christ did not give up any of the divine attributes 536 3. Temporarily giving up the full use of the divine attributes as  concealment 536 4. He assumed the źżÁĆt ´żÍťżĹ 536 5. Careful moderation is needed 536 III. Period of Christ's exinanition 1. Different phases are not different degrees, but different epochs 537 2. Conception by a virgin 537 3. Birth 537 4. Circumcision 541 5. Education, growing, learning 541 6. Lack of social and economic status 541 7. Suffering 542 8. Death 542 9. Burial 543 IV. Definition of the exaltation 1. The exaltation followed the exinanition 544 2. The exaltation as the use (ÇÁĆĂšÂ) of the divine glory 544 3. The right to make use of his divine power and glory is a gift 545 4. The exaltation produced a change in the mode of living 546 5. This state began with the resurrection and continues forever 546 6. The exaltation serves the work of redemption 546 V. The five different phases of the exaltation 1. The descent into hell 547 2. The resurrection 550 3. The ascension 558 4. The sitting at the right hand 560 5. Return to judgment 564 3. The Office of Christ I. Definition of office 1. The Son was appointed to the office 565 2. The Son willingly assumed the office 566 3. The nature of the work is expressed in the title Mediator 566 4. The work is also called salvation 568 5. The office is indicated especially by the name Chris 569 6. The mediatorial work of Jesus began with his conception 570 II. The threefold office of Christ: Prophet, Priest, and King. 1. Based on Scripture passages 571 2. Some theologians speak of only a twofold office 572 3. Gerhard on the threefold division 572 A. The Prophetic Office I. The various aspects of the prophetic office of Christ 1. He was declared to be a prophet in name and by activity 572 2. He was a prophet from his birth 575 3. He spoke with divine authority 576 4. Christ is the prophet for the whole world 576 II. Christ’s message is the gospel 1. Christ did also preach the law 581 2. Christ’s chief message was the gospel 582 3. The purpose of his message 583 B. The Priestly Office I. Christ attested as high priest 1. He is called priest and declared to be the fulfillment of Old Testament types 584 2. Other names to indicate the priesthood 585 3. Priestly functions are ascribed to Christ 587 II. The priestly work of Christ is called obedience 1. Vocational obedience 591 2. The obedience of Christ was submission to the law 591 3. Obedience to the commands of the law 592 4. Obedience by suffering the curse of the law 593 5. “The law obligates either to obedience or to punishment” 593 6. It was the God-Man who became obedient. 595 III. Various descriptions of the vicarious nature of Christ’s obedience 1. Expressed by prepositions with the idea of substitution and benefit 595 2. His death is called a sacrifice 597 3. His death is called a ransom 598 4. Objections to the vicariousness of Christ’s obedience 599 IV. The grand result of Christ’s priestly work may be expressed as 1. Satisfaction (satisfactio vicaria) 602 2. Propitiation/Expiation 604 3. Reconciliation 605 4. Atonement 605 5. Rejection of various theories concerning Christ's priestly work 606 V. The salvation procured by our high priest is complete in every respect 1. It is complete intensive 609 2. It is complete extensive 609 3. Rejection of Reformed idea of salvation 613 VI. Christ established Christian liberty 1. God declares every sinner to be righteous 614 2. Freed from God’s wrath and enjoy peace of conscience 615 3. The state of being under the law is replaced by the state of grace 615 4. The image of God will impel a renewing in the manner of living 617 5. The complete revelation of our freedom is a matter of faith and hope 618 VII. Christ, his priestly office, exaltation, and intercession 1. The vicarious atonement was completed during the exinanition 619 2. In exinanition, Christ’s prayers were both expiatory and intercessory 619 3. In exaltation, Jesus’ prayers are only intercessory 620 4. The intercession continues till Judgment Day 621 5. Christ is our only intercessor 621 VIII. Concluding remarks on Christ's priestly office 623 C. The Kingly Office I. Definition of Christ's kingly office 1. Christ is called king or described as king in Scripture 623 2. “Kingdom” (˛ąĂšťľŻą) as the exercise of kingly authority (kingship). 625 3. The kingdom was given to Christ 626 4. Christ s kingdom is universal, unlimited, everlasting 626 II. The threefold division of Christ s kingdom 1. Kingdom of Power (regnum potentiae) 627 2. Kingdom of Grace (regnum gratiae) 628 3. Kingdom of Glory (regnum gloriae) 634 DOGMATICS NOTES Volume II D. SOTERIOLOGY In this part of dogmatics we treat of 1. Faith 2. The Means of Grace 3. Order of Salvation 4. The Church 5. Public Ministry 6. The Antichrist 1. Faith I. Faith occupies a central position in the New Testament 1. The New Testament proclaims reconciliation and union between God and mankind 1 2. The dominance of faith emphasized in the New Testament 3 3. Usage of terms ŔŻĂĚ and ŔšĂľ;š˝ not for saving faith in Christ 6 4.  Subjective faith and  objective faith 7 5. ŔŻĂĚ mainly in the subjective sense 7 6. Various terms for the attributes of faith 9 II. Definition of faith 1. Faith is essentially confidence 10 2. False ideas about faith 10 3. That faith is confidence is also indicated by the prepositions used 10 4. Faith as a matter of the heart 12 5. Faith governs and controls understanding 14 6. Faith also influences and governs the will 16 7. The Roman Catholic definition of faith 17 8. Paul Tillich on the subject of faith 22 III. Faith appropriates the merits of Christ 1. Faith is the proper attitude towards Christ's work of redemption 22 2. Faith appropriates or receives Christ and his merits 23 3. A characteristic of faith is assurance 25 4. Faith is not in itself a meritorious cause of a man's salvation 28 2. The Means of Grace A. General Remarks I. Definition of the means of grace 1. God devised the means of grace 34 2. The means of grace serve a double purpose 35 II. Faith is produced by God only through the means of grace 1. Faith is based on the objective means of grace 38 2. The Holy Spirit's work and the means of grace 40 3. It is God's revealed desire to deal with sinners through the means 42 III. Errors about salvation corrupt the means of grace 1. The Roman Catholic error in salvation 43 2. The Calvinist error in salvation 44 3. The Synergistic error in salvation 49 4. Caution for Lutherans in the doctrine of the means of grace 50 IV. The means of grace are: the word of the gospel and the sacraments 1. Definition of the word of the gospel 50 2. Definition of sacraments 51 3. Purpose of the means of grace 53 4. Prayer is not to be classed with the means of grace 55 V. The Old and New Testament means of grace 1. Purpose of both Old and New Testament means of grace 56 2. Differences between the Old and New Testament means of grace 57 3. Two Old Testament rites: circumcision and Passover 59 B. The Word I. Definition of the Word of God 1. God is the fountain of truth 61 2. God's truth is conveyed to man through his Word 65 3. In and of themselves, the sounds or syllables are not the Word 66 II. Inspiration of the Word of God 1. Scripture is called the Word of God 69 2. Definition of inspiration and inspired 72 3. Verbal inspiration and the Christian 75 4. Objections to verbal inspiration 76 5. Confusion of inspiration with conversion and enlightenment 86 6. Inspiration in a looser way 86 III. Scripture has divine authority 1. Both the causative and normative authority of the Scriptures are divine 87 2. Scripture is sufficient for bringing sinners to salvation 96 3. Scripture is clear 102 4. God established the canon of the Scriptures 105 IV. The Word of God works in both a psychological and supernatural manner 1. The Word of God appeals to the psychological nature of human beings 112 2. The Holy Spirit fills the Word with divine power 114 3. Errors regarding Scripture 117 C. Law and Gospel I. Scripture clearly differentiates a twofold word of God 1. God's truth is undivided and unchanging. 124 2. Scripture speaks of two kinds of word, law and gospel 125 3. Both law and gospel have many points in common 126 II. Definitions of the law 1. These are Lutheran definitions of divine law based on Scripture 128 2. Other meanings of the term  law (ęŐ—č¸Ô, ˝ĚźżÂ) 129 III. Definition of the gospel 1. This is the Lutheran definition of gospel based on Scripture 133 2. Other meanings of the term  gospel 135 IV. Law and gospel are opposites 1. In the mode of revelation 135 2. With regard to their mediators 137 3. In their messages to mankind 139 4. In the way they offer blessing 140 5. In their effects 142 6. In the persons to whom they apply 146 7. A minister's work to apply law and gospel properly 150 8. Errors in the distinction between Law and Gospel 154 V. God's use of his law 1. To uphold order and decency (justitia civilis) 155 2. To bring sinners to a knowledge of their sinfulness 156 3. The three uses of God's law with a Christian 157 VI. Definition of the Word of God as a means of grace 1. The law's power 162 2. The gospel's power 162 D. Sacraments (in general) I. Definition of sacrament 1. Scripture does not use the term sacrament 163 2. Only two rites, baptism and the Lord’s Supper, fit this definition 167 3. Other definitions of sacrament and Scripture 169 II. The sacraments are powerful means of grace 1. What the sacraments do 173 2. The sacraments have this power by virtue of their divine institution 174 3. Sacraments are not empty signs or mere symbols 175 4. The sacraments relation to the intention of the person administering them 177 III. The use of the sacraments and faith 1. The reality of the sacrament and the faith of the recipient 179 2. Faith is the organ for receiving the blessing of the sacraments 180 3. Opus operatum and the sacraments 183 IV. The necessity of the sacraments 1. Truths to be observed in the necessity of the sacraments 187 2. Errors concerning the necessity of the sacraments 188 V. The administration of the sacraments 1. The authority to administer the sacraments 189 2. The administration of the sacraments and the public ministry 190 3. The public ministry, the church, and the sacraments 190 4. Emergency baptism 191 5. Officiants of the Lord's Supper 191 E. Baptism I. Definition of baptism 1. Different meanings of baptism 192 2. Biblical words for the sacrament of baptism 193 3. The foreshadow of baptism in the Old Testament 193 3. The manner of washing in baptism 196 5. The visible (earthly) element of baptism 198 6. Lutheran quotes on baptism 199 7. Different suggestions for the spiritual, heavenly element in baptism 200 II. Institution of baptism 1. Christ instituted baptism as a means of grace 200 2. Being baptized in the Triune God 201 3. Validity of baptisms performed by other religious groups 203 III. Blessings of baptism 1. Baptism brings the union with the Triune God 204 2. Various terms for the blessings of baptism 205 3. The power in baptism 210 IV. Baptism and the Christian's new life 1. Baptism signifies a new life 213 2. Baptism produces sanctification 213 3. The purposes and values of baptism 214 V. Infant baptism and baptismal customs 1. Christ's command is broad enough to include children 215 2. Other Bible statements to support infant baptism 215 3. Objections to infant baptism 218 4. Infant baptism in the early church 221 5. Sponsors or godparents 223 6. Different features in the Order of Baptism 223 VI. Baptism in a Christian's life 1. Baptism is not to be repeated 225 2. Baptism remains a potent power throughout a Christian's life 226 VII. The baptism of John 1. Similarities in the baptism of John and Christian baptism 228 2. Differences in the baptism of John and Christian baptism 229 3. The transient nature of John's baptism 229 F. The Lord's Supper I. Definition of the Lord's Supper 1. Different names for the Lord's Supper 231 2. The foreshadow of the Lord's Supper in the Old Testament. 233 II. Source for the doctrine of the Lord's Supper 1. The words of institution and other obvious references to the sacred meal 235 2. John 6:22 66 and the doctrine of the Lord s Supper 237 3. Time of institution of the Lord s Supper 241 III. The visible (earthly) elements of the Lord s Supper 1. The bread (ÁÄżÂ) 243 2. The  the fruit of the vine (ł­˝ˇźą ÄĆ źŔ­ťżĹ) 245 IV. The invisible (heavenly) elements of the Lord's Supper 1. The body of Christ 247 2. The blood of Christ 250 3. Errors concerning the presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper 252 4. The body and blood of Christ as his glorified body and glorified blood 254 5. Validity of the Lord's Supper 256 V. The sacramental union 1. Use of the term sacramental union 257 2. Biblical passages and Lutheran quotes on the sacramental union 257 3. “Capernaitic” eating and the sacramental union 259 4. Errors concerning the term sacramental union 260 VI. Errors concerning the Lord's Supper 1. The hermeneutic principle in figurative use of words 261 2. The Roman Catholic Church and transubstantiation 262 3. The Reformed and Evangelicals and denial of Real Presence 262 4. The fundamental error in the Lord's Supper 267 VII. The components in a full sacramental action (actio or usus) of the Lord’s Supper 1. The consecration 270 2. The distribution 273 3. Reception (eating and drinking) 277 4. Other customs and dogmas connected with the sacramental meal 278 VIII. Purpose of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper 1. The gospel purpose is clear from the words of institution 281 2. Roman Catholic error concerning the purpose of the Eucharist 282 3. Calvinists' and Evangelicals' error concerning the purpose of the Lord's Supper 288 4. Other blessings of the Lord's Supper 289 5. “Worthy” and “unworthy manner” of reception in the Lord's Supper 290 IX. Admission to the Lord's Supper 1. Who is to be admitted 293 2. Sharing in Communion as an expression of the unity of faith 294 3. “Close” or “closed” Communion 296 3. Order of Salvation A. Vocation I. Definition of vocation 1. Human beings have by nature no knowledge of the way of salvation 298 2. God proclaims salvation and invites sinners to accept and enjoy it 301 3. God's call is serious, efficacious, and universal, but not irresistible 305 B. Conversion I. Definition of repentance 1. Repentance in a broader sense 312 2. Repentance as the work of God 317 3. Roman Catholic error concerning repentance 319 II. Definition of regeneration 1. Regeneration denotes the beginning of faith. 321 2. Regeneration as the work of God 323 3. Regeneration may be lost 325 III. Definition of illumination 1. Comparison of darkness and light 326 2. The means of illumination is the gospel 329 IV. Definition of conversion 1. The Old Testament word éÁŐźŃ 331 2. The New Testament word ŔšĂÄÁ­Čľš˝ 334 3. The terminus a and ad of conversion are mentioned in many passages 337 4. Conversion, in this sense, is the act of a moment 338 5. Conversion as the work of God 342 C. Justification I. Definition of justification 1. In Scripture the words for justification denote a judicial (forensic) act 348 2. Justification is God pronouncing a sinner righteous 354 3. Roman Catholic error concerning justification 357 4. Eastern Orthodoxy error concerning justification 359 II. Definitions of objective and subjective justification 1. Objective or universal justification 359 2. Subjective or individual justification 362 III. Justification and grace 1. Biblical definition and erroneous definitions of grace 363 2. The sinner’s own merits and justification 368 3. The double purpose of exclusion of human merit in justification 372 4. The proper understanding of justification and the division of law and gospel 374 IV. Justification and the means of grace 1. Word of God as the means of grace 374 2. Justification is the central doctrine of the gospel 375 V. Purpose of justification 1. The two states of sinful human beings 377 2. Blessings of justification 378 VI. Church terms to preclude error and to safeguard the truth in justification 1. Various exclusive phrases 381 2. Forensic act 382 3. By faith alone (sola fide) 383 4. Justification is not a gradual process 383 VII. A justification by works 1. Definition of this justification by works 384 2. Scripture is not self-contradictory in teaching this justification 387 D. Sanctification I. Sanctification as the result of justification 1. Definition of sanctification in the wide and narrow sense 387 2. Distinction between justification and sanctification 392 3. Order of justification and sanctification 397 II. Sanctification, the Holy Spirit, and the believer 1. Sanctification is the Spirit’s work 399 2. The means for sanctification are the means of grace 400 3. A Christian may and must cooperate in his own sanctification 403 III. Sanctification and the sinful nature 1. The dual nature of a Christian 405 2. The struggle against the sinful flesh 406 3. Comfort in the struggle. 408 IV. Definition of good works 1. A Christian is willing to do good works 410 2. No one but God may prescribe good works 413 3. Adiaphora 416 4. No one but a Christian can do good works 418 5. Faith, good works, and forgiveness 420 V. The imperfection of sanctification 1. Sanctification as a gradual process 421 2. Error of perfectionism 426 VI. The necessity of sanctification 1. Value of good works 430 2. Necessity of good works 433 VII. Prayer and a Christian's new life 1. Only a Christian prays in a way acceptable to God 436 2. Form of prayers 438 3. Content of prayers 440 4. Addressed to the Triune God alone 443 5. Errors concerning prayers 445 6. Praying with and for other Christians 447 7. God accomplishes great things as he answers prayers 449 VIII. The Christian cross and sanctification 1. Definition of the cross 451 2. God lays the cross on the Christian 455 3. The cross is never a punishment for sin 457 4. Blessings of the cross 460 IX. A Christian's life on earth 1. Strangers in this world 461 2. The expectation of the Lord's coming 463 E. Preservation I. God preserves the Christian in faith 1. Necessity of preservation 464 2. Definition and errors concerning preservation 469 II. Preservation and election 1. Election as a comfort and strength to faith 473 2. Definition of election 477 3. Election to reassure and preserve a Christian in faith 483 4. Calvinistic error concerning predestination 485 F. Mystic Union I. Definition of mystic union 1. The mystic union and God's omnipresence 489 2. The Holy Spirit, the mystic union and the means of grace. 490 II. Purpose of the mystic union 1. To comfort the believer 491 2. To give the believer the strength to do good works 492 3. To warn the believer not to sin 492 4. To stress the close relationship between the believer and his God 492 III. The mystic union as the result of justification 493 4. The Church I. Christians form a body 1. United by their faith in Christ 494 2. Scripture calls the body of believers the church 495 3. Figurative names for the church 496 4. The term ˛ąĂšťľŻą, the church and its activity 499 5. Boundaries of the church 501 II. The church as the communion of saints 1. Jesus' use of the term church and the communion of saints 502 2. The term şşťˇĂŻą and the church 503 3. Saving faith and admittance to the church 504 4. Membership in the church 505 5. 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The church and delegation of certain functions to others (ecclesia repraesentativa) 1. Scriptural examples 539 2. No divine hierarchy to rule the church 540 3. Limits to church delegation 540 4. The work of the church in various organizations 541 VII. Church organizations and practice 1. Christ’s holy church will remain 542 2. Orthodox or heterodox visible Christian church bodies 543 3. Christians are also found in heterodox churches 544 4. Church fellowship 546 5. Church fellowship as an expression of love 557 5. The Ministerial Office I. The ministry of the gospel 1. Christ assigned the office of preaching of the gospel 559 2. Definition of the public ministry (ministry in concreto) 564 3. Various forms of the public ministry of the gospel 573 4. The purpose of the public ministry 582 II. The call into the public ministry 1. A call is necessary 584 2. Direct calls into the public ministry (vocatio immediata) 587 3. Indirect calls into the public ministry (vocatio mediata) 590 4. Errors concerning the call into the public ministry 593 5. Ordination and the call into the public ministry 594 6. The Antichrist I. Antichrists and one great Antichrist 1. Adversaries of Christ will arise 598 2. The Antichrist par excellance 600 II. The Pope in Rome is the prophesied Antichrist 1. He shows the characteristics of the Antichrist 603 2. Paul's outline regarding the Antichrist and the history of the papacy 609 3. Pre-Reformation references to the Pope as fulfillment of the Antichrist 610 4. Objections to the identification of the Pope as the Antichrist 611 5. Lutherans on the Pope as the Antichrist 613 III. The proper way of opposing the Antichrist 1. A Christian cannot be indifferent about the Antichrist 616 2. The only effective weapon against the Antichrist (the pope) 618 E. ESCHATOLOGY In this part of dogmatics we treat of 1. Death 2. The End of the World 3. Eternity General Remarks 1. Difference between the present life and the life to come 620 2. Purpose of the hope in the life to come 622 1. Death I. Definition of death 1. Various meanings of death in Scripture 624 2. Other biblical terms used for physical death. 626 3. Death as the separation of body and soul 628 II. The cause of death 631 1. Death is not natural 631 2. Various effective causes of death 632 3. Sin as the underlying cause of death 633 III. Death, finality and the time of grace 1. After death is the resurrection to judgment 635 2. This life is the only time for preparation 636 3. Objections to the finality of judgment at death 636 IV. The state of departed souls between the moment of death and final judgment 1. Death affects the whole person 637 2. Death as a reality 638 3. Dead persons are said to sleep 638 4. An awareness during a “time between” death and resurrection 638 5. The end of earthly life bring one to the day of judgment 639 V. Biblical terms for the state of death 1. In the Old Testament 642 2. In the New Testament: ¸Ź˝ąÄżÂ and …´ˇÂ 643 VI. The Roman Catholic error concerning the states besides heaven and hell 1. Purgatory 644 2. Limbo 648 VII. Mormon error concerning eternity 648 2. The End of the World I. The end of the world and Christ's return in glory 1. Christ will return in visible form 648 2. Christ s return and the end of the present world 652 3. Errors of millennialism 657 II. Resurrection 1. The various usages of the Greek word ˝ŹĂĹÚ (łľŻÁÉ, ĂĹ˝ľłľŻÁÉ) 672 2. Description of the resurrection fact 672 III. The Final Judgment 1. The last day is a day of judgment 682 2. The judge will be Jesus Christ 685 3. All people will have to appear in the final judgment 692 4. The judgment and God’s righteousness and mercy 692 5. The destruction of the present universe and its replacement 695 3. Eternity I. The wicked and eternal damnation in hell 1. Eternal damnation as a fact 699 2. Ethical objections to the doctrine of eternal damnation 702 3. Errors concerning eternal damnation and hell 704 4. 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