ࡱ> ikfgh7 4bjbjUU md7|7|1el 4 ....Lz4 t0l(///////$2 5v0 0(.0 //zj 4  P1`iKB \y.pjdD00t0%jv5v5 Generic Skills The inverse care law: The time spent teaching a skill is in inverse proportion to its importance Generic Skills are like mini key skills Generic skills are any skills used over and over again They are high on Blooms Taxonomy and include: Synthesis Writing an essay, assignment, lab report, business report, etc Giving a presentation Carrying out a design brief Problem solving including question typing i.e. how should I do this question? Designing an experiment, device, computer programme, Devising a marketing plan, policy etc or suggesting how to improve one Tackling a specific style of exam question Question typing the exam skill of deciding which sort of question this is and so knowing what strategy to use to answer it, and what topic it falls under. etc Evaluation Evaluating a poem or piece of creative writing Evaluating an argument or polemical writing Evaluating an experiment Evaluating a marketing plan or other case study Etc Analysis Making use of analysis by section and spectacles to describe the key points Mindmaps, posters, visualisations, etc to summarise a topic Study Skills Learning to learn Independent learning Answering exam questions in exam conditions etc Affective and Social Skills Behaving in a mature manner Interviewing a new client Etc Which of these apply in your subject? Can you think of any others? Generic Skills for Mathematical and related subjects Some of these are not specific exam skills, but they all increase understanding Synthesis question typing that is deciding how should I do this question? .e.g should I solve with momentum, energy, Newtons laws, or linear dynamics? Etc explaining tasks: describing for example what trigonometrical functions are, how and why they work, and when the can and cannot be used. (what, why, how, when, and where questions) Link making questions: e.g. what is the same and what is different between sins and cosines? What is the same and what is different between fractions, ratios, and trigonometrical functions. Problem solving: Doing problems that require more than one mathematical idea, and where the means of solution is not immediately obvious. Evaluating solutions to such problems. Devising applications or choosing them from a given list of possibilities. That is describing what a given mathematical idea of procedure could be, and could not be used for. Teaching by asking: that is the teacher gives students an unfamiliar problem or procedure, with its solution, and asks: Is this solution valid? Why does it work or not work? Is there a better way? Etc Analysis Seeing, (or preferably creating) multiple representations of a mathematical idea or procedure. For example as well as the conventional representation using visual, diagrammatic, 3D model, or verbal representations Establishing the key points, writing a summary, mindmaps, posters, models etc Explain why a method works, or why a solution given is justified Evaluation spoof* assessment. That is assessing a piece of work that was created by the teacher specifically for this activity. Students are asked to mark the work, then the teacher discusses the students views. Self-assessment, Using model answers with a marks cheme (This has been found to double attainment in some studies see Formative Teaching Methods) Peer assessment: students mark each others work. Again this has been found to nearly double attainment see Formative Teaching Methods Proof their own or others work for errors Compare and contrast two solutions or approaches Again, Which of these apply in your subject? Can you think of any others? What are the Generic Skills in your subject, programme or course? What do students have repeated difficulty with? What does the assessment require of them? For example are there any questions or tasks which are invariably required of them e.g. comprehension; data analysis etc. What does the subject require of them? Strategies to teach the process for Generic Skills in my subject include: Process: (How its made or done. The process required for effective use of the skill.) What is the process required to carry out this skill? How could you make this process clear? How can you get students to improve their use of this process? How can you find faults and fix process skills? If you can, adopt a team approach with colleagues. Product: (What is made or done. The characteristics of the end result.) How can you make clear the characteristics of good work? How can you give feedback on students attempts? How can you find faults and fix? How can you give students more corrected practice in the skill? Strategies to teach the product in my subject(s) Time: How can you make teaching time for it? Teaching Generic Skills We all do some of this, but research shows that if we did more, results would improve:         Report writing process: Help Sheet GNVQ Health and Social Care team Use this process for all reports in all units. When you can use this process well, write your report without this helpsheet, but still using the process.  Self Assessment: Health and Social Care: Report writing processAssignment:Name:Self-assessment: including what you found most difficultRead think and plan Did you read the assignment often? Did you Plan the report writing process? Did you leave yourself time to do a good job? Research and brainstorm Did you gather enough relevant information using relevant sources such as the Library; CD Rom; internet; visits; asking people; etc? Check relevance Did you re-read the assignment and check your information for relevance? Classify Did you find an appropriate and logical way to group your material and ideas? E.g. topics and sub-topics, strengths and weaknesses; arguments for, and against etc, Draw conclusions and get evidence Did you: Summarise your main conclusions? Get evidence for each of your conclusions? Plan the report Did you plan your report by making a mind-map or series of headings? Did you note key points under these headings? Proof-read the report Did you leave the report after writing it and then proof read, and make changes? Present the report Did you present your report on time? Key Skills Communication: Read and write from an extended source (1000 words +) Add to this process sheet the reason for each section, and the risk if you omitted it.  Essay Planning Proformas to help Process Skills Essay planning proformas improve students process skills. Those below are for writing but you could use planning proformas for many generic skills. The ones below could be bigger. Solihull Sixth Form College used what follows to greatly improve their A level results, read the full report on  HYPERLINK http://www.rqa.org.uk www.rqa.org.uk click on development projects then choose Solihull. Note the improvement, not just the standard in these results: 1995 pass rate: 81% with 46% A to C grade 1998 pass rate: 94% with 67% A to C grade Write the question here:For the key Instruction words: How far How successfully To what extent Assess Discuss Do you agreeYes/agree argumentsPriority orderNo/disagree argumentsPriority order     Now choose a two-part or simultaneous approach Are there enough links between the yes and no arguments to allow a simultaneous approach Now find examples/evidence to back up each of your arguments (History essay-planning proforma copied from a form by Solihull Sixth Form College. See: www.rqa.org.uk, choose Development Projects, then choose Solihull college to see the full report.)  Question Key instruction words? Therefore type of question? Any terms/names/dates need explaining? Introduction First sentence of first paragraph (Have you made your key point?)Development/explanation of point? Evidence to support your argument? 1. 2. 3. Check: Have you referred back to the question/linked the point explicitly to the question?Link to next paragraph/point? First sentence of second paragraph Have you made your key point?Development/explanation of the point? Evidence to support your argument? 1. 2. 3.Check: Have you referred back to the question/linked the point explicitly to the question?Link to next paragraph point? (History essay-planning proforma copied from a form by Solihull Sixth Form College. See: www.rqa.org.uk, choose Development Projects, then choose Solihull college to see the full report.) Essay Planning Proforma. Adapted from a proforma by Solihull Sixth Form College History Department. (It is best copied A3 size) Introduction: Criterion/Reason/ Factor/Issue/period i.e the Spectacles being used to see the wholeDevelopment, changes, issues, reasons etcEvidence: illustrations, examples, causes etc1.  2.  3.  4.  etc.  Conclusion: Essay Planning Proforma. Adapted from a proforma by Solihull Sixth Form College History Department. (It is best copied A3 size) Introduction: Criterion/Reason/ Factor/Issue/period i.e the Spectacles being used to see the wholeBefore and Or For and. Or With and. Or Causes...After .. ..Against ..Without ..and Effects etcEvidence: illustrations, examples, causes etc1. 2. 3. 4. etc. Conclusion: Planning Clock To plan your report, fill in days or dates for completion in the circles on the planning clock. Teaching process with Writing Frames (National Literacy Trust) Writing frame for maths investigations Introduction: The purpose of this investigation is to find out _______  Teachers notes Objective  Stage 1: My first step is going to be _________  Experiment Making Drawing  Stage 2: My results are _________  Encourage to tabulate Stage 3: I have noticed that _________  Initial pattern Recognition (Algebra?)  Stage 4: By using my results, I predict that _________ Go to conclusion? Extended task: Having completed the first phrase of my investigation, I am now going to _________. (Going through stages 1-4 again as above)  Predict and test  Repeat again if appropriate My different phrase can be explained by__________ Conclusion: Overall my conclusion is __________  Link back to all sections (Formal proof)  A model for teaching with writing frames (National Literacy Trust) When introducing writing frames the following model should be used to help students become involved in the process, rather than letting them become too reliant on structure being provided for them.          Writing frame for an IT project (National Literacy Trust) Key wordsWriting frame Analysis Inputs Outputs Processes Performance Criteria TestingThe problem I have been asked to solve is The main tasks I will have to do are . The inputs that are required are. These will be processed as follows The final outcome should be .. I will know whether I have been successful if . I will test my outcome, if necessary, by . Design Sketches Annotation Reasons Software planning Justification Here are some sketches of what my system will look like I have chosen to do this design because . I could also have chosen to use because Here is a plan of how I intend to develop my system This is my test plan: Test Expected Actual Comment Outcome Outcome Implementation Evidence Annotated printouts Improvements Corrections Reasons Technique I have attached annotated printouts of my final system. I made the following modifications to my original design because.. I have used the following parts of the software ...Testing Test plan Results Evaluate workMy test plan is I had to make the following modifications to make my system . Because . The attached printouts show my testing. I feel my testing is successful Because ..Evaluation Criteria Effectiveness performanceMy system is/is not successful because .. If I had more time, I could have made the following possible Improvements:  Art -Writing frame for a critical study (National Literacy Trust) StructureUseful startersUseful VocabularyIntroduction: describe the work pretend you are telling someone who cannot see it.. was completed by. in . The work portrays .suggests, conveys, conjures up, recalls, recreates, when looked at closely, from a distanceArtists intention I think the artist is trying to.. The reason I think this is because .exaggerate, distort, conjure up, recreate, observe, reflect, express mood or ideas, explore material, line, tone, texture, colour, shape, see, feel, think, imagineSource of inspiration and influencesI think the artist worked from . because . The artist prepared for this work by .observation memory imagination supporting sketches photographs Your reactionThe work makes me feel . because .happy, sad, suggests, evokes, conveys, mood, feeling, atmosphere, recalls, reminds me ofUse of formThe work has been composed to balanced, symmetrical, foreground, background, arrangement, composition, design, strong lines, lead the eye, shapes, small, large, angular, curved. Use of colour tone and textureThe artists use of . suggests I think he/she has done this to suggest hot, cold, bright, dull, vivid, sombre, pastel, clashing, matching, range, variety, rough, smooth, brokenStyleThe artists style is I can tell this by ..Technique, abstract, realistic, surrealistic ConclusionI like/dislike this work because . Benefits of writing frames (National Literacy Trust) Writing frames can help students by: Curing the I dont know how to start syndrome that often results when students are confronted with a blank sheet of paper. Providing students with a sense of what they are writing. Writing frames offer a structure and overview for the piece of writing along with the appropriate pronouns (I, you, he, it ect.) and joining words and phrases (connectives) that form the links within the text. Reducing the and then style of writing by giving students a range of appropriate sentence beginnings and related connectives. Raising motivation and esteem by helping students write successfully. Helping students understand the appropriate structure and style of a range of different types of non-fiction writing. Discouraging copying by providing a structure that helps students to understand, select and structure information appropriately. Encouraging students to move to higher levels of structuring and expressing their ideas (e.g. bridging gap between GCSE and A-Level or A-Level and degree). If planned appropriately, writing frames are an excellent way of differentiating tasks to meet the needs of all students. Beware of the following dangers: Limiting creativity. Writing frames were developed to support non-fiction writing, not creative writing. Students do not have to stick to the frame. Students becoming too dependent on frames. Avoid this by planning units that include the students in construction their own writing frames and help them internalise the process so that no frame is needed. Setting the frames in stone (by printing off hundreds or laminating them for all time). Allow scope for adaptation and development. Death by a thousand writing frames. There is a danger of over-using writing frames-it is a question of building development and variety into your planning, and monitoring the students overall diet of writing frames. Independent Learning Skills Questionnaire Questionnaire and competence record Name:  When I am studying.... I have Books I can find suitable books in the library ........................ I can find the relevant sections using contents, ................ and index ....................... Non Book I can find relevant journals and other non-book sources ..... I have used a journal index .................................................... CD ROM & the internet I find relevant CD Roms ........................................................ I find relevant material using logical searches ...................... I search the internet for useful sites ...................................... I print out only vital material ................................................. I even read the material I print out! ....................................... Study Skills I read in an interrogative way (with questions in mind) .................................................................................. I skim read .............................................................................. I speed read ............................................................................ I make notes from my reading .............................................. I make notes from my computer searches ........................... I produce mind maps or other summaries ........................... Coping Strategies If I can't understand: I try harder ............................ or change resources ................ I recognise when I am stuck and change strategy ................ I have the courage to ask: a fellow student for help........ a lecturer for help ................... If I can't find suitable materials I ask a librarian ............... or a fellow student ........ or a lecturer ..................  Monitoring my learning I self-test my own recall of important facts........................ I self-test my understanding ............................................... I prepare well for a test ....................................................... I maintain concentration while studying ............................ I re-read tasks I am working on often .................................. I interpret the brief correctly ................................................. and keep to it .............. I think carefully about my learning strategies ................... I am learning how to improve my learning ........................ Self Management I find an attractive and practical place to study ............ I make good use of my time ................................................ I complete on time .............................................................. I choose tasks appropriate to the time bearing in mind tiredness etc) ................................................................ I apply new learning-to-learn action plans ........ I am responsive to the situation, e.g. if prevented from doing task X, then I do task Y instead ................................ I make use of parallel working (doing X & Y together) ......... I make effective use of non lecture time ...... Summary State two things....... ...you find difficult about learning ... you enjoy about learning ... you do well ... you could improve next time  Over-all learning to learn Score /10 Teaching writing skills by attending to the Product. Generic assessment criteria for self-assessment and teacher assessment Here, are some examples of assessment proformas. At level 3 it is very useful to negotiate the criteria used to assess essays. First ask the class what are the critieria for a successful essay? Then leave them to work on this in groups. Once they have reported back a very useful discussion can ensue. Which criteria really count? Which ones do examiners look out for? Etc. The examples focus on writing skills, but any generic skill could be developed in the same way, e.g. electronic circuit design, painting, lab report writing, learning to learn etc. Geoff Petty may have examples, if not he would enjoy helping you with the criteria for your subject. Each criterion needs to be discussed, explained, and justified to the class. (I do not pretend that the example criteria below are the only, or the best criteria for essay writing for example, you must decide your own!) Continuing with the example of essay writing skills, the assessment criteria are then used repeatedly, perhaps for every essay written on the course. Students hand in the work already self-assessed, then the teacher assesses against the same criteria. Ideally no grade is awarded, or if it is, it is given some weeks after this informative feedback. Black and Wiliams research review shows that if you grade, then students may pay attention only to this, and dont read or act on your feedback. Ruth Beard in Teaching in Higher Education claims that such generic criteria greatly improve essay writing skills over a course even without self-assessment. Black and Wiliam showed that self assessment and informative feedback were amongst the most important things a teacher did. Assessment profromas like those below really can make a difference, but make sure students understand the criteria. The following grids should often be bigger in practice, to allow more space for comments. Alternatively you will find assessment proformas in the materials on Black and Wiliam. There are many more of these on  HYPERLINK "http://www.geoffpetty.com/feedback.html" http://www.geoffpetty.com/feedback.html Assessment of Writing Skills Please think about each skill carefully and assess how well you think you do. Then score each one as follows Red: Needs improving Amber: Average/okay Green: good. Self AssessmentSkillRedAmberGreenTeacher AssessmentPlan Using sentences Using paragraphs Using verbs Proof reading Using capital letters Using full stops and commas apostophiesspellingAppropriate styleAnswered the questionGood conclusion   Vocational Skills Care Self-assessment of key criteria for written work Below is a list of some of the most important skills needed when completing any written tasks. These skills will help you achieve your Care Modules and will also help you in the future whenever you need to find out information for yourself and present it well. Please think about each skill carefully and assess how well you think you do. Then score each one as follows Red: Needs improving Amber: Average/okay Green: good. SkillRedAmberGreenNeat writing Correct spelling Using paragraphs Using only relevant information Writing in your own words Using the library Using computers and the internet Keeping a record of sources of information eg. books, internet sites, etc.Finding pictures, articles, leaflets, etc to add interest to your workHanding work in on time  Which of these skills do you need to improve most? How are you going to do this? Assessment Proforma Name:Minimum Predicted Grade: Actual grade for previous assignment: Target grade for this assignment:CriteriaSelf-assessmentTeacher comments1. Read the question or consider the title very carefully. Re-read this often throughout the writing process.2. Order material logically (mind maps or rough plans are vital)3. Keep to the point, and make your points as clearly, concisely and as persuasively as possible.4. State your opinions with care providing a justification, and thinking for yourself.5. Represent the opinions of others fairly and accurately.6. Have a strong opening which sets out the scope of the essay7. Have a strong ending which summarises your key points8. Include a bibliography. Strengths and general comments Improvements for this piece of work: Targets for next piece of work:  Essay writing assessment proformaCriteriaSelf-assessmentTeacher assessmentDid you relate each of your arguments to the essay question? Did you give arguments both for and against both: The proposition in the essay question? Any major points or conclusions you made? Did you give enough evidence, examples, and illustrations for each of your arguments? Did you prioritise the arguments for and against, and evaluate them? Did you draw a justified conclusion related directly to the essay title? Improvements needed for this essay Targets for the next essay  Maths Assessment Exercise: Name: Assessment criteriagradeTeacher, peer, or self-assessmentMethods: aim to make these appropriate, and as simple or elegant as possible.  Methods justified The principles or formulae used are made clear  Working: aim to make working clear; complete; easy to follow; stating principles or formulae used where necessary.Care taken: aim to check your work for errors, and present work neatly.  Main strengths  Remember: Its okay if you dont fully understand a concept first time, learning takes time. If this work is graded, aim to beat your own record, not someone elses what counts is whether you understand the problem and solution, not whether you made any silly slips If you got something wrong thats fine. Its how we learn. You will learn from mistakes if you find out how to do it without mistakes next time, and really understand this. Corrective work on this exercise (Find someone with an A for .. and ask them to show and explain their work.)Target for your next piece of work Freely based on Using Assessment to Raise Achievement in Mathematics QCA Nov 2001 In your teaching team, identify the generic skills that are crucial for success in your subject or Qualification Aim (QA). E.g.: Subject-specific skills e.g. essay/assignment planning and writing Skills required by your QAs particular assessment requirements e.g. doing a precis; SWOT analysis of a strategy; drawing graphs, designing experiments See past papers, Examiners Reports, Examiners marking schemes etc Prior learning required for early success in your subject/QA. It takes time but you could carry out a Curriculum Skills Analysis (Topic 1 sec4 part 2 of the Inclusive Learning materials) Still in your teaching team, and for each main generic skill: Describe the PROCESS you expect students to use on a one-page handout if this will help them. e.g. write a handout on how to plan an essay Use: flow diagrams and/or mindmaps of the process planning proformas e.g. writing frames to assist students (see examples attached) student self-assessment on how they use this process write assignment tasks in terms of this process. E.g. set proof-reading etc as an assignment task Teach the process explicitly. Give yourself time to check work in progress and give feedback Induction activities Describe the PRODUCT you expect students to produce i.e. the qualities and characteristics of good work Use: Assessment criteria Self-assessment against the assessment criteria (followed by:) Teacher assessment against the assessment criteria Assessment proformas or competences Use the above to develop targets for improvement, Feed-forward tasks, action plans etc. examples of good practice examples of bad practice Activities to evaluate examples of moderate performance. e.g. students criticise an essay Develop a whole team approach to teaching generic skills e.g. Plan induction activities on generic skills Put generic skill teaching onto the scheme of work, giving it time Share handouts; assignments for students to mark; exemplars; etc Agree common approaches, assessment proformas, expectations, and terminology What follows are examples only. You will need to adapt these substantially to your context, and to meet the needs of your students. You will need to add detail too. Geoff Petty 2001 Read think and plan Read the assignment brief or title and make sure you understand it thoroughly. Re-read it often. What will it include? Where could you find information? When must you hand it in? Plan the report writing process. Research and brainstorm Gather information relevant to the topic Use: Library; CD Rom; internet; visits; ask people; etc Re-read the assignment brief! Check relevance Check your information for relevance. Reread the assignment brief. Classify Use an ordered set of headings or mindmaps to sort your information into groups. E.g: topics and sub-topics, strengths and weaknesses; arguments for, and arguments against etc, The categories you use will depend on the report title, so re-read it before you start classifying. Look at the material with different key spectacles or questions in mind. Draw conclusions and get evidence What do you want your report to say? For example, what are the strengths and weaknesses of what you have been investigating? Summarise your main conclusions Get evidence for each of your conclusions Plan the report Make a mind-map or series of headings based on your classification stage. Make notes of what you want to say. Make sure you do all the tasks or questions. Write the report, then leave it for day or so Proof-read the report making changes where necessary Present the report (one time!) Targets for next written assignment: Learning points and action plan: Teacher models the process through explanation/demonstration Joint activity teacher jointly completes writing frame with class Scaffolded activity students individually use frames to support their writing these frames can be differentiated to support/stretch the full range of students in a class Involving students in the process class given task of creating the frames that will structure the writing Independent activity students can now structure their writing without the help of the frame The student uses this proforma to brainstorm content for their essay in bullet point form. The student uses this proforma to brainstorm content for their essay in bullet point form. Proof read Marking the changes you want to make as your read. Does it need another draft? Draft: Write a draft and leave it a day or so. (Only the daft dont draft!) Improve your draft: Read your draft with a critical eye. Mark the changes you want to make on the draft, then make these changes. Leave it for a day if you can. Plan: Plan what you are going to write about this piece of writing? Mind map or rough this out. Summarise: Create a mindmap, or a headings and subheadings summary Highlight Key points. Read the text closely, and mark the key points by lines or double lines etc in the margin Read for the gist Read the source twice to get the basic idea. Separate facts from opinion Use a highlighter, or a coloured pencil to highlight or underline facts Use a different coloured highlighter or different coloured pencil to highlight or underline opinions. My reaction: What is your opinion of this piece of writing? Consider its strengths and weaknesses in content and style. Clarify your agreements and disagreements and write these down. What are your own opinions on this topic? Present your finished work Cant or dont do I do this sometimes I can do this well Cant or dont do I do this sometimes I can do this well Name: Hand it in on time! Proof read; me and another Evaluate: What went well? What shall I change and why? Check with assignment brief Decide conclusions and collect evidence for them Write the report What do I know already? Interests, experience, lecture notes, .. Background reading Books; journals; internet; CDRom Decide specifics: title; scope; prediction; hypothesis; methodology; how when and where Brainstorm: What?, who?; why;? Where?; when?; how?; what for? Classify and organise my ideas What are the topics and subtopics?, What are the spectacles? 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