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stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f q /GS1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36.5 25.6669 540 22.6661 re f Q /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 227.079 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (W)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 236.4405 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc [(A)73(TER)-373(OF)-374(THE)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 290.2353 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (M)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 299.7433 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc (OST)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 317.1201 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (E)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 323.2785 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.007 Tc (XCELLENT)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 365.9503 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (K)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 373.2585 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc (IND)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 557.5 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (129)Tj ET 0 0 0 0 k 36.476 64.508 539.524 15.5 re f Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 153.6955 72.4755 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw (Alcove Spring, Marshall County)Tj 13.27667 0.00001 TD [(, a well-known stopping point on the Or)18(egon T)110(rail.)]TJ ET /GS2 gs 0 0 0 0 k -158.956 86.7329 734.69 619.8661 re f /GS1 gs 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K -158.956 86.7329 734.69 619.8661 re s /GS2 gs -155.304 90.575 727.232 612.254 re f q -155.304 90.575 727.232 612.254 re W n q 574.85431 0 0 616.30493 -1.7047 88.5471 cm /Im2 Do Q Q /GS1 gs 0.35 w -155.304 90.575 727.232 612.254 re s Q endstream endobj 9 0 obj << /Length 11499 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 38 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(130)-21967(K)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 279.9313 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (ANSAS)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 308.4534 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (H)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 316.7712 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(IST)18(OR)36(Y)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 37.829 674.8989 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.11 Tw [(r)18(esponse is indicative of the incr)18(easing r)17(ecognition of the)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.054 Tw [(r)18(ole of the natural landscape in general, and water in par-)]TJ T* 0.132 Tw [(ticular)74(, in understanding the history of a r)17(egion. This in-)]TJ T* 0.012 Tc 0.363 Tw [(c)1(r)18(eased r)18(ecognition is particularly noteworthy in the)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0 Tc 0.077 Tw [(American W)92(est, wher)17(e aridity is among the r)18(egion\325s most)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD -0.022 Tw [(important defining characteristics. )37(A)-173(generation of scholars)]TJ T* -0.03 Tw [(and writers have come to appr)18(eciate the r)17(ole of water in the)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (history of western states.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 148.5156 587.3676 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 55.829 570.8989 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 Tw [(W)92(ater is, of course, a br)18(oad and complex topic, and the)]TJ -1.8 -1.3 TD -0.007 Tw [(issues r)18(elated to water can be better understood when they)]TJ T* 0.099 Tw [(ar)18(e divided into components, such as water quantity and)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.25 Tw [(water quality)111(. W)91(ater r)18(esour)18(ces also can be defined and)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.021 Tw [(studied by location, as they ar)18(e in the case of gr)17(oundwater)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD -0.015 Tw [(\(water found under)18(gr)17(ound, in the por)18(e space between r)18(ock)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.012 Tw (particles\) and surface water \(water at the earth\325s surface in)Tj T* -0.032 Tw [(the form of lakes and str)18(eams\). While these definitions help)]TJ T* 0.186 Tw [(people think about and understand water)74(, they also en-)]TJ T* 0.062 Tw (courage people to think of water in terms of discr)Tj 22.34879 0 TD (ete enti)Tj 3.27261 0 TD (-)Tj -25.6214 -1.30001 TD 0.083 Tw [(ties, such as gr)18(oundwater and surface water)73(. W)92(ater scien-)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.001 Tc 0.374 Tw [(tists, however)74(, have come to r)18(ecognize the important)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.096 Tw (connections between gr)Tj 10.59996 0 TD (oundwater and surface water and)Tj -10.59996 -1.3 TD 0.028 Tw (have tried to begin thinking of them in terms of one entity)Tj T* 0.065 Tw (instead of two separate ones.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 168.24 392.3676 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (3)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 173.8939 388.8989 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.065 Tw (In short, for the sake of un-)Tj -13.60649 -1.3 TD -0.013 Tw [(derstanding water r)18(esour)17(ce issues, it is useful to r)18(educe the)]TJ T* -0.032 Tw [(hydr)18(ologic featur)17(es into their components but to r)18(emember)]TJ T* 0.075 Tw (that they ar)Tj 5.20394 0 TD (e str)Tj 1.93094 0 TD [(ongly connected. )37(Among the most impor-)]TJ -7.13488 -1.30001 TD 0.113 Tw (tant components of the hydr)Tj 12.98783 0 TD (ologic system ar)Tj 7.3672 0 TD (e springs, in)Tj -20.35503 -1.30001 TD 0.014 Tw (part because of the information that springs pr)Tj 20.67144 0 TD (ovide about)Tj -20.67144 -1.3 TD 0.129 Tw [(gr)17(oundwate)1(r a)-1(n)1(d )-1(the health of the hydr)18(ologic system, in)]TJ T* 0.085 Tw [(part because of their r)18(ole as a water r)17(esour)18(ce, and in part)]TJ T* 0.112 Tw [(because springs serve as a location wher)18(e human history)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (and natural history intersect.)Tj 1.8 -1.3 TD 0.124 Tw [(In Kansas, wher)18(e water often is a scar)17(ce and exceed-)]TJ -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.025 Tw [(ingly valuable natural r)18(esour)17(ce, springs ar)18(e even mor)18(e im)-1(-)]TJ T* 0.26 Tw [(portant. Springs have long pr)18(ovided cr)7(ucial habitat for)]TJ T* 0.164 Tw (plants and animals. They have attracted Native peoples.)Tj 27.89525 45.48488 TD 0.036 Tw [(They supplied water along the historic trails that cr)18(oss the)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.067 Tw [(state. In the late 1800s many Kansas springs wer)18(e used as)]TJ T* 0.196 Tw [(mineral water spas and baths, cr)18(eating an industry that)]TJ T* 0.155 Tw [(blossomed then died a few decades later)74(. T)92(oday)110(, springs)]TJ T* -0.021 Tw [(continue to pr)18(ovide water to individuals and communities.)]TJ T* 0.043 Tw (While the Kansas landscape is dotted with springs of con-)Tj T* 0.131 Tw [(siderable historic significance, it has under)18(gone dramatic)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.06 Tw [(change, especially since Eur)18(opean settlement began in the)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.023 Tw [(mid-1800s. )37(As a component of that landscape, springs also)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.092 Tw [(have under)18(gone change. )17(Y)92(et in spite of the importance of)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.063 Tw [(springs in Kansas history)111(, the scientific and historic litera-)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(tur)18(e devoted to the topic is scant.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 47.422 0 0 47.422 316.0506 479.7477 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (T)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 347.9065 505.7477 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.053 Tw (his article identifies and describes a number of his)Tj 22.50909 0.00001 TD (-)Tj -22.50909 -1.30001 TD 0.166 Tw (toric springs in the state, focusing particularly on)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.01 Tw (the changes in historic springs over time. The infor-)Tj -3.1125 -1.3 TD 0.042 Tw [(mation her)18(e includes a discussion of the quantity of water)]TJ T* -0.037 Tw [(pr)17(oduced \(which in some cases is dif)18(ficult to measur)18(e or es-)]TJ T* 0.203 Tw (timate\) and, when appr)Tj 10.9927 0 TD (opriate, the quality of the water)Tj -10.9927 -1.3 TD 0 Tw (\(wher)Tj 2.60425 0 TD 0.043 Tw (e comparison is much mor)Tj 11.8923 0 TD (e easily quantified\).)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 549.3628 431.2164 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (4)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 554.7918 427.7477 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (Such)Tj -23.80103 -1.3 TD 0.236 Tw (scientific information is basic to understanding springs,)Tj T* 0.001 Tc 0.373 Tw (and understanding these springs and how they have)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.229 Tw [(changed will impr)18(ove our understanding of the r)17(ole of)]TJ T* 0.139 Tw (water in the state\325s history and its changing place in the)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (Kansas landscape.)Tj 1.8 -1.3 TD 0.023 Tw (This article focuses only on springs of historic inter)Tj 22.67584 0 TD 0 Tw (est.)Tj -24.47584 -1.3 TD -0.012 Tw [(Literally thousands of springs ar)18(e scatter)17(ed acr)18(oss the Kan-)]TJ T* 0.063 Tw (sas landscape, and undoubtedly many of those have been)Tj T* 0.146 Tw [(important in the state\325s history)111(. However)74(, the number of)]TJ T* 0.068 Tw [(springs that have documented historic importance is r)18(ela)-1(-)]TJ T* 0.014 Tw (tively small and can be gr)Tj 11.3958 0.00001 TD (ouped into four categories: those)Tj -11.3958 -1.30001 TD -0.037 Tw [(clearly visited by and used by Native )37(Americans; those that)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0 Tw (wer)Tj 1.68969 0.00001 TD 0.011 Tw (e important stopping points along many of the historic)Tj -1.68969 -1.30001 TD 0.133 Tw [(trails acr)18(oss the state; those that wer)17(e important or well-)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.066 Tw [(known mineral water r)18(esorts or spas; and those that wer)17(e)]TJ T* -0.025 Tw [(used for water supply)111(, gathering places for people, or some)]TJ T* 0.192 Tw [(other purpose. These gr)18(oupings ar)17(e not mutually exclu-)]TJ T* 0.019 Tw [(sive; some springs fit into mor)18(e than one category)110(. This ar-)]TJ T* -0.018 Tw (ticle does not cover every historic spring in the state, rather)Tj T* 0.348 Tw (it discusses those best known and most important in)Tj T* 0.025 Tw [(Kansas history)111(. )]TJ ET 0 0 0 0 k 36.989 63.021 261.377 124.004 re f Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 55.9895 180.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (2. )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 64.4159 180.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (See)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 77.5123 180.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.053 Tw [(Donald W)92(orster)73(, )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 137.9765 180.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.053 Tw [(Rivers of Empir)18(e: W)19(ater Aridity and the Gr)18(owth)]TJ -12.49837 -1.125 TD 0.173 Tw [(of the American W)20(est)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 115.0389 171.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.173 Tw [(\(New )18(Y)91(ork: Pantheon Books, 1985\); Mar)18(c Reisner)74(,)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 37.9895 162.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.096 Tw [(Cadillac Desert: The American W)20(est and Its Disappearing W)19(ater)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 256.358 162.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.078 Tw [(\(New Y)91(ork:)]TJ -27.29606 -1.125 TD 0.304 Tw [(V)55(iking Penguin, 1986\); David E. Kr)18(omm and Stephen E. White, ed.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 37.9895 144.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.036 Tw [(Gr)18(oundwater Exploitation in the High Plains)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 188.4301 144.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.036 Tw [(\(Lawr)18(ence: University Pr)17(ess of)]TJ -18.80507 -1.125 TD 0.04 Tw (Kansas, 1992\); John Opie, )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 130.7535 135.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.04 Tw [(Ogallala: W)20(ater for a Dry Land)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 236.2472 135.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.04 Tw (\(Lincoln: Univer-)Tj -24.78221 -1.125 TD 0.053 Tw [(sity of Nebraska Pr)18(ess, 1993\); James Earl Sher)17(ow)92(, )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 215.5307 126.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.053 Tw [(W)20(atering the V)74(alley: De-)]TJ -22.19265 -1.125 TD 0.023 Tw [(velopment along the High Plains Arkansas River)74(, 1870)-100-100(1950 )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 240.2159 117.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.023 Tw [(\(Lawr)18(ence: Uni)-1(-)]TJ -25.2783 -1.125 TD -0.023 Tw [(versity Pr)18(ess of Kansas, 1990\); )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 144.7493 108.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.023 Tw [(Kansas History: A)-190(Journal of the Central Plains)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 37.9895 99.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw (19 (Spring 1996) (special issue devoted to water issues in Kansas).)Tj 2.25 -1.125 TD 0 Tw (3. )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 65.2956 90.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (See)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 79.2716 90.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.163 Tw (Marios Sophocleous, ed., )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 173.397 90.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.163 Tw (Perspectives on Sustainable Develop-)Tj -16.92594 -1.125 TD 0.017 Tw [(ment of W)20(ater Resour)17(ces in Kansas)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 152.4776 81.2188 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.017 Tw [(, Bulletin 239 \(Lawr)18(ence: Kansas Geolog-)]TJ -14.31101 -1.125 TD 0.025 Tw [(ical Survey)111(, 1998\).)]TJ ET 0 0 0 0 k 315.326 64.869 262.09 50.571 re f BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 334.3257 108.6336 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 Tc 0.06 Tw [(4. In this article, r)18(efer)17(ences to water quality ar)18(e based on geochemi-)]TJ -2.25 -1.125 TD -0.028 Tw [(cal analyses performed at the Kansas Geological Survey)110(. Samples wer)18(e an-)]TJ T* 0.018 Tw [(alyzed for only a few water characteristics that generally ar)17(e indicative of)]TJ T* 0.044 Tw [(water quality)111(. 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In addition to con-)]TJ T* 0.183 Tw (tact springs, other types of springs)Tj 0 -1.30001 TD 0.333 Tw (occur in the state, including pool)Tj 0 -1.3 TD -0.012 Tw [(springs, fractur)18(e springs, and others.)]TJ T* 0.005 Tc 0.37 Tw [(However)74(, most of the springs in)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.283 Tw [(Kansas ar)18(e contact springs, as ar)17(e)]TJ T* 0.021 Tw (most of the springs discussed in this)Tj T* 0 Tw (article.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 47.422 0 0 47.422 414.1376 505.8846 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (T)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 445.9633 531.8846 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.313 Tw (he first category of springs)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.11 Tw [(under consideration her)18(e ar)17(e)]TJ T* 0.12 Tw (those associated with Native)Tj -3.10948 -1.3 TD 0.017 Tc 0.358 Tw (Americans, who almost certainly)Tj T* 0 Tc -0.035 Tw (visited and used many of the springs)Tj T* 0 Tw (acr)Tj 1.3208 0 TD 0.291 Tw (oss the state, although in most)Tj -1.3208 -1.3 TD 0.02 Tw (cases they left little evidence of their)Tj T* 0.186 Tw (visits. Several springs used by Na-)Tj T* 0 Tw (tive )Tj 1.92538 0 TD 0.052 Tw (Americans, and an excellent ex)Tj 13.88611 0 TD (-)Tj -15.81149 -1.30001 TD 0.254 Tw (ample of contact springs, occur in)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.004 Tc 0.371 Tw (the Ladder Cr)Tj 6.97118 0 TD (eek valley of Scott)Tj -6.95869 -1.3 TD 0 Tc 0.074 Tw (County in far western Kansas. Her)Tj 15.653 0 TD (e)Tj -15.653 -1.3 TD 0.02 Tc 0.387 Tw [(gr)18(oundwater moves thr)17(ough the)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.017 Tw [(Ogallala Formation, a r)18(ock layer that)]TJ -7.11551 -1.3 TD 0.27 Tw (includes substantial amounts of sand and gravel.)Tj T* -0.017 Tw [(This is the same formation that pr)18(ovides water for ir-)]TJ T* 0.116 Tw (rigation acr)Tj 5.17279 0 TD (oss much of the High Plains in western)Tj -5.17279 -1.3 TD 0.012 Tw [(Kansas. W)92(ater moving thr)17(ough the Ogallala encoun-)]TJ T* -0.003 Tw (ters less permeable shales and limestones in the Nio-)Tj T* -0.011 Tw [(brara Chalk formation, then flows into Ladder Cr)18(eek)]TJ T* 0.048 Tw (\(also known locally as Beaver Cr)Tj 14.64042 0.00001 TD (eek\), just above the)Tj -14.64042 -1.30001 TD 0.095 Tw (lake at Scott County State Park. Nearby is El Quar-)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.047 Tw (telejo, established by T)Tj 10.08442 0.00001 TD (aoan Indians who moved out)Tj -10.08442 -1.30001 TD 0.154 Tw [(of New Mexico and away fr)18(om the Spanish in the)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD -0.022 Tw (late 1600s. This small pueblo, the only known pueblo)Tj T* 0.168 Tw [(in Kansas, is pr)18(obably her)17(e because of the springs)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(that the Natives used to irrigate cr)18(ops.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 514.3008 197.3534 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (6)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 361.8383 180.8845 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.005 Tw [(Springs of any sort ar)18(e r)17(elatively rar)18(e on the arid)]TJ -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.02 Tc 0.471 Tw (landscape of western Kansas. Several historic)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.044 Tw (springs have now dried up with the lowering of the)Tj T* 0.058 Tw (water table in the Ogallala Formation, primarily be-)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 362.2854 90.2263 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.079 Tw [(6. S. W)92(. W)55(illiston and H. T)74(. Martin, \322Some Pueblo Ruins in)]TJ -2.25 -1.125 TD 0.106 Tw [(Scott County)111(, Kansas,\323 )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 429.0817 81.2263 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.106 Tw [(Kansas Historical Collections, 1897)-100-100(1900)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 571 81.2263 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (6)Tj -28.33931 -1.125 TD 0.025 Tw [((1900): 124)-100-100(30.)]TJ ET 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K 36.497 720 m 576 720 l S 0 0 0 0 k 36.241 369.805 366.752 26.707 re f Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 37.2407 386.4327 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw (Big Spring at Lake Scott in Scott County)Tj 16.69821 0 TD (. The spring is at the base of the bluff of the Ogallala For)Tj 22.85653 0 TD (-)Tj -39.55474 -1.11112 TD 0 Tw (mation.)Tj ET /GS2 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36.538 404.017 366.08 244.236 re f /GS1 gs 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K 36.538 404.017 366.08 244.236 re s /GS2 gs 40.292 407.685 358.524 236.895 re f q 40.292 407.685 358.524 236.895 re W n q 358.96869 0 0 236.72009 39.847 407.6849 cm /Im5 Do Q Q /GS1 gs 0.35 w 40.292 407.685 358.524 236.895 re s 35.997 100.2889 293.998 28.711 re f BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 36.9965 118.9207 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw [(A)-238(petr)18(oglyph carved into Dakota Formation sandstone near a Rice County)]TJ 0 -1.11111 TD 0 Tw (spring.)Tj ET /GS2 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36.372 133.039 291.381 188.713 re f /GS1 gs 0.5 w 36.372 133.039 291.381 188.713 re s /GS2 gs 40.132 136.666 283.693 181.42 re f q 40.132 136.666 283.693 181.42 re W n q 285.31891 0 0 182.4539 38.691 136.7991 cm /Im6 Do Q Q /GS1 gs 0.35 w 40.132 136.666 283.693 181.42 re s Q endstream endobj 18 0 obj << /Length 12878 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f q /GS1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36.5 25.6669 540 22.6661 re f Q /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 227.079 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (W)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 236.4405 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc [(A)73(TER)-373(OF)-374(THE)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 290.2353 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (M)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 299.7433 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc (OST)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 317.1201 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (E)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 323.2785 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.007 Tc (XCELLENT)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 365.9503 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (K)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 373.2585 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc (IND)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 557.5 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (133)Tj -22.26726 63.38325 TD -0.0005 Tc (P)Tj 0.60353 0.00001 TD 0 Tc 0.013 Tw [(r)17(obably the best-known spring in Kansas history)111(, and)]TJ -2.40353 -1.30001 TD 0.121 Tw [(the one particularly associated with Native )37(Americans, is)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.073 Tw [(W)92(aconda Spring \(also known as Gr)17(eat Spirit Spring\). This)]TJ T* 0.275 Tw (spring, on the banks of the Solomon River in Mitchell)Tj 0 -1.30001 TD 0.174 Tw [(County)111(, cr)17(eated a lar)18(ge cone of travertine, a mineral de-)]TJ T* 0.007 Tw [(posited by the water flowing fr)18(om the spring opening. W)91(a-)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.01 Tw (conda Spring is generally associated with Native activities.)Tj 0 -1.30001 TD 0.192 Tw [(Ar)17(cheologist W)92(aldo W)92(edel r)17(eported that it was a sacr)18(ed)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD -0.025 Tw (place to Pawnees, and it has yielded such artifacts as beads,)Tj T* 0.018 Tw (weapons, and moccasins.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 429.1215 560.3762 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (10)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 436.7969 556.9075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.018 Tw [(In 1884 constr)8(uction began on a)]TJ -11.99695 -1.3 TD 0.142 Tw (mineral water spa and hotel at the spring, and generally)Tj T* 0.236 Tw [(continued in operation until the spring was submer)18(ged)]TJ T* 0.057 Tw [(under the waters of Glen Elder Reservoir \(now called W)92(a-)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.025 Tw (conda Lake\) in the 1960s.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 47.422 0 0 47.422 316.2427 452.9075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (M)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 363.8274 478.9075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.004 Tc 0.371 Tw [(any springs ar)18(e located along historic trails)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (acr)Tj 1.3208 0 TD 0.137 Tw (oss the state, springs that make up our sec-)Tj -1.3208 -1.3 TD 0.178 Tw (ond category and for which ther)Tj 15.14072 0 TD (e is a written)Tj -19.84072 -1.3 TD (r)Tj 0.37696 0 TD 0 Tw (ecor)Tj 1.84545 0 TD 0.008 Tw (d. These trails generally ar)Tj 11.69997 0 TD (e associated with Eur)Tj 9.42006 0 TD 0 Tw (opean)Tj -23.34244 -1.30001 TD 0.185 Tw (emigration acr)Tj 6.6037 0 TD (oss the state, such as the Or)Tj 13.22276 0 TD (egon T)Tj 3.12078 0 TD (rail, or)Tj -22.94724 -1.30001 TD 0.096 Tw [(commer)18(ce with Mexico, such as the Santa Fe T)89(rail. Befor)18(e)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.348 Tw [(they wer)18(e used during Eur)17(opean settlement, however)74(,)]TJ T* 0.242 Tw (these trails wer)Tj 7.18962 0 TD [(e traveled by Native )37(Americans in their)]TJ -7.18962 -1.3 TD 0.05 Tw [(movement acr)18(oss the landscape. People and animals often)]TJ T* 0.017 Tw (follow the path of least r)Tj 10.84676 0 TD (esistance, staying along ridge tops)Tj -10.84676 -1.3 TD 0.197 Tw (and avoiding the ups and downs of valleys and draws.)Tj T* 0.177 Tw [(Similarly)111(, in some ar)17(eas trails pr)18(ovided a path fr)18(om one)]TJ T* 0.078 Tw (water sour)Tj 4.81127 0 TD (ce to the next, following rivers, for example, or)Tj -4.81127 -1.3 TD 0.085 Tw (moving fr)Tj 4.46698 0.00001 TD (om one spring to another)Tj 11.43042 0.00001 TD (. In short, many of the)Tj -15.8974 -1.30001 TD 0.057 Tw (state\325s pioneering trails have been used for centuries, sim)Tj 25.71696 0.00001 TD (-)Tj -25.71696 -1.30001 TD 0.128 Tw [(ply because they r)18(epr)17(esent the easiest method of moving)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0 Tw (acr)Tj 1.3208 0.00001 TD 0.073 Tw (oss the landscape or because they pr)Tj 16.49303 0.00001 TD (ovide access to r)Tj 7.42436 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (e-)Tj -25.23819 -1.30002 TD 0.025 Tw [(sour)18(ces such as water)73(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.3 TD 0.116 Tw (The Or)Tj 3.20226 0.00001 TD (egon T)Tj 3.05139 0.00001 TD (rail cr)Tj 2.6632 0 TD (osses a r)Tj 3.90526 0 TD (elatively small portion of)Tj -14.62211 -1.30003 TD [(Kansas, but at least thr)18(ee well-known springs ar)17(e located)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.029 Tw [(along its r)18(oute. Big Springs was in western Douglas Coun-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (ty)Tj 0.771 0.00001 TD 0.207 Tw (, near the Douglas County/Shawnee County line. The)Tj -0.771 -1.30001 TD 0.05 Tw [(town of Big Springs is today at this location. However)74(, ac-)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 55.4295 171.2138 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.185 Tw [(7. W)92(alter H. Schoewe, \322The Geography of Kansas, Hydr)18(ogeogra)-1(-)]TJ -2.25 -1.125 TD 0.106 Tw [(phy)111(,\323 in Kansas )36(Academy of Science, )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 174.4472 162.2138 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(T)111(ransactions)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 218.3184 162.2138 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.106 Tw (56 (1953), 146. Except)Tj -22.61111 -1.125 TD 0.025 Tw [(wher)18(e otherwise noted, curr)17(ent flow rates wer)18(e observed by the authors.)]TJ T* 0.082 Tw (Because of the natur)Tj 9.18869 -0.00001 TD [(e of spring openings, it is often very dif)18(ficult to ex-)]TJ -9.18869 -1.12499 TD 0.025 Tw (actly measur)Tj 5.65659 -0.00001 TD [(e the amount of water springs pr)18(oduce.)]TJ -3.40659 -1.12499 TD 0.053 Tw (8. Leonar)Tj 4.14711 -0.00001 TD [(d C. Ferrington Jr)74(., Rathi G. Kavanaugh, Franz J. Schmidt,)]TJ -6.39711 -1.12499 TD 0.02 Tc 0.356 Tw (and Jef)Tj 3.56523 -0.00001 TD [(fr)17(ey L. Kavanaugh, )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 147.2848 117.2138 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 Tc 0.356 Tw (Habitat Separation Among Chir)Tj 14.61739 -0.00001 TD 0 Tw (onomidae)Tj -28.3493 -1.12499 TD 0 Tc (\()Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 40.0916 108.2138 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (Diptera)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 67.0115 108.2138 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.017 Tw (\) in Big Springs)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 118.3803 108.2138 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.017 Tw [(, Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society)111(, Spe-)]TJ -10.11885 -1.125 TD 0.025 Tw [(cial Publication No. 1, )37(April 1995: 152)-100-100(65.)]TJ 2.25 -1.125 TD -0.018 Tw (9. Brian O\325Neill, )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 113.978 90.2138 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.018 Tw (Kansas Rock Art)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 169.8858 90.2138 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.018 Tw [(\(T)91(opeka: Kansas State Historical So-)]TJ -16.55704 -1.125 TD 0.344 Tw [(ciety)111(, 1981\); Martin Stein, \322Er)17(osion Claims Ellsworth County Petr)18(o-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (glyphs,\323 )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 69.7017 72.2138 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw [(Kansas Pr)18(eservation)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 137.9436 72.2138 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw [(19 \(September)-100-100(October 1997\): 10)-100-100(1)55(1.)]TJ 24.67371 6.76623 TD 0.092 Tw [(10. )37(Ada Swinefor)18(d and John C. Frye, \322Notes on W)91(aconda or Gr)18(eat)]TJ -2.25 -1.125 TD 0.087 Tw [(Spirit Spring)-50(, Mitchell County)111(, Kansas,\323 in Kansas )36(Academy of Science,)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 317.3333 108.3436 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(T)111(ransactions)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 360.4253 108.3436 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.009 Tw [(58 (1955): 265)-100-100(70. )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 425.5611 108.3436 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.009 Tw (See also)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 452.8076 108.3436 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.009 Tw [(W)92(aldo R. W)92(e)-1(del,)1( )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 513.3473 108.3436 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.009 Tw [(Central Plains Pr)18(e-)]TJ -24.50175 -1.125 TD 0.115 Tw [(history: Holocene Envir)18(onments and Cultur)17(e Change in the Republican River)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Basin)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 338.9104 90.3436 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.17 Tw [(\(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Pr)18(ess, 1986\), 188; G. E. Patrick,)]TJ -2.69714 -1.125 TD 0.08 Tw [(\322The Gr)18(eat Spirit Spring)-50(,\323 in Kansas )36(Academy of Science, )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 528.3399 81.3436 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(T)111(ransactions)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 572 81.3436 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (7)Tj -31.83335 -1.125 TD 0.025 Tw [((1881): 22)-100-100(26.)]TJ ET 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K 36.497 720 m 576 720 l S Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 38.0746 674.742 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.029 Tw [(cause of irrigation. However)74(, Big Spring, one of the lar)18(gest)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD -0.0001 Tc (s)Tj 0.42385 0.00001 TD 0 Tc 0.185 Tw [(prings in the Ladder Cr)18(eek valley)110(, continues to flow at)]TJ -0.42385 -1.3 TD -0.0001 Tc (a)Tj 0.49989 0.00001 TD 0 Tc -0.008 Tw [(bout 350 gallons per minute, a rate r)18(oughly comparable to)]TJ -0.49989 -1.30001 TD 0.183 Tw (estimates made in the 1950s, making it among the most)Tj 0 -1.3 TD -0.008 Tw [(pr)17(oductive springs in the western thir)18(d of Kansas.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 258.5981 626.2108 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (7)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 263.5153 622.7419 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 Tw (In addi-)Tj -22.54407 -1.3 TD 0.044 Tw (tion to their historic importance, the springs in the Ladder)Tj T* 0.319 Tw [(Cr)18(eek valley also ar)17(e important ecologically)111(, pr)18(oviding)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD -0.01 Tw [(habitat for a species of rif)18(fle beetle that is only found in this)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0 Tw (location.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 75.8236 574.2108 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (8)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 56.0746 557.742 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 Tc 0.138 Tw (In the Smoky Hills of central Kansas, several springs)Tj -1.8 -1.3 TD -0.009 Tw [(ar)18(e associated with Native )36(Americans. The most pr)18(ominent)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.117 Tw [(outcr)18(opping r)17(ock her)18(e is sandstone of the Dakota Forma-)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.045 Tw [(tion, deposited during Cr)18(etaceous times, about eighty mil-)]TJ T* 0.036 Tw [(lion years ago. In Rice and Ellsworth Counties, springs ar)18(e)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.209 Tw [(found at thr)18(ee locations wher)18(e Native petr)17(oglyphs have)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.177 Tw [(been scratched on the soft r)18(ed sandstones of the Dakota)]TJ T* 0.125 Tw [(Formation. The springs themselves flow fr)18(om the base of)]TJ T* -0.036 Tw [(bluf)18(fs of Dakota sandstone, pr)17(obably at the contact between)]TJ T* 0.199 Tw (a layer of sandstone and an underlying layer of clay or)Tj T* -0.013 Tw (shale in the Dakota. These ar)Tj 12.5915 0 TD (e not hugely pr)Tj 6.67049 0 TD (olific spring)Tj 5.26504 0 TD 0.099 Tc 0 Tw <73D1>Tj -24.52703 -1.30001 TD -0.001 Tc 0.057 Tw (in each case, flow rates ar)Tj 11.48225 0 TD (e generally less than five gallons)Tj -11.48225 -1.30001 TD -0.003 Tw [(per minute)-100-100(but they ar)18(e r)18(eliable and water quality is gen-)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.144 Tw [(erally good. While two springs have been alter)18(ed during)]TJ T* 0.146 Tw (historic times, with the constr)Tj 13.6243 0 TD (uction of a spring house at)Tj -13.6243 -1.3 TD 0.007 Tw (one spot and the insertion of a metal pipe to conduct water)Tj T* 0.091 Tw [(at the other location, both of these springs r)18(etain much of)]TJ T* 0.074 Tw (their historic natur)Tj 8.38161 0 TD 0 Tw (e. )Tj 1.01216 0 TD 0 Tc (A)Tj 1.04432 0 TD -0.001 Tc (thir)Tj 1.57086 0 TD 0.074 Tw (d spring is the Palmer Cave lo)Tj 13.70797 0 TD 0 Tc (-)Tj -25.71692 -1.30002 TD -0.001 Tc 0.261 Tw [(cation in Ellsworth County)111(. The cave itself, a r)18(elatively)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.088 Tw (short opening thr)Tj 7.84916 0 TD [(ough a bluf)18(f of sandstone, was pr)18(obably)]TJ -7.84916 -1.3 TD 0.155 Tw [(c)1(r)18(eated by the action of a small spring, which may have)]TJ T* 0.078 Tw (washed away the sand and cr)Tj 13.44207 0.00001 TD (eated the cave opening. The)Tj -13.44207 -1.3 TD 0.037 Tw (spring continues to flow at the base of the sandstone bluf)Tj 25.46809 0 TD 0 Tw (f.)Tj -25.46809 -1.30001 TD 0.04 Tw (The sandstone her)Tj 8.14453 0.00001 TD (e is heavily inscribed with Native petr)Tj 17.02765 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (o-)Tj -25.17218 -1.30001 TD 0.033 Tw [(glyphs and modern carvings. Unfortunately)111(, a lar)18(ge r)17(eclin-)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.011 Tw (ing figur)Tj 3.83877 0.00001 TD (e that was depicted in one glyph was destr)Tj 18.89242 0.00001 TD (oyed in)Tj -22.73119 -1.30002 TD 0.025 Tw [(1995 when the sandstone face of the bluf)18(f spalled of)18(f.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 273.1027 223.2108 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (9)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 19 0 obj << /Length 10975 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 38 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(134)-21967(K)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 279.9313 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (ANSAS)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 308.4534 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (H)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 316.7712 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(IST)18(OR)36(Y)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 56.5 144.1348 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(1)55(1. )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 68.2042 144.1348 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.018 Tw (St. Louis Reveille)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 124.7182 144.1348 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.018 Tw (, May 19, 1846, quote in )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 210.6801 144.1348 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.018 Tw (Overland in 1846: Diaries)Tj -21.52251 -1.125 TD -0.032 Tw [(and Letters of the California)-100-100(Or)18(egon T)110(rail)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 174.4102 135.1348 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.032 Tw [(, 2 vols., ed. Dale Mor)18(gan \(Lincoln:)]TJ -16.98878 -1.125 TD -0.025 Tw [(University of Nebraska Pr)18(ess, 1993\), 1:545. )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 188.8362 126.1348 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.025 Tw (See also)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 215.5447 126.1348 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.025 Tw [(W)55(illiam E. Smith, \322The)]TJ -22.13058 -1.125 TD 0.059 Tw [(Grave of Sarah Keyes on the Or)18(egon T)89(rail,\323 )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 196.9145 117.1348 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.059 Tw (Kansas Historical Quarterly)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 292 117.1348 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (5)Tj -31.68749 -1.125 TD 0.025 Tw [((May 1936): 208)-100-100(12.)]TJ 2.25 -1.125 TD 0.027 Tw [(12. )37(At least one account fr)18(om the 1950s r)17(eported that )37(Alcove Spring)]TJ -2.25 -1.125 TD -0.011 Tw [(was dry)111(, but that account may have mistaken the waterfall for the spring.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 38.5 81.1348 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (See)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 51.3271 81.1348 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 Tw [-215(Survey of Historic Sites and Str)8(uctur)17(es in Kansas,\323 )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 244.9698 81.1348 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 Tw (Kansas Histori-)Tj -25.80872 -1.125 TD 0.025 Tw (cal Quarterly)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 84.3688 72.1348 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw (23 (Summer 1957): 154.)Tj 31.22472 3.41763 TD -0.014 Tw [(13. Dennis Domer)74(, \322W)92(ater in W)54(illow Springs T)92(ownship,\323 )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 535.7813 99.4758 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.014 Tw (Kansas His-)Tj -27.45184 -1.125 TD 0.025 Tw [(tory: A)-238(Journal of the Central Plains)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 436.7744 90.4758 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw [(19 (Spring 1996): 64)-100-100(80, pr)18(ovides a de)-1(-)]TJ -15.07598 -1.125 TD [(tailed discussion of W)55(illow Spring.)]TJ 2.25 -1.125 TD [(14. Don Cr)18(ess, conversation with author)74(, )36(April 14, 1997.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 37.9818 675.4092 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 Tc (c)Tj 0.44376 0.00001 TD 0 Tc 0.11 Tw [(or)18(ding to local r)17(eports, the springs wer)18(e lar)18(gely cover)17(ed)]TJ -0.44376 -1.30001 TD 0.097 Tw [(over in the 1950s during the constr)8(uction of Interstate-70.)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.121 Tw [(Small amounts of water still flow fr)18(om springs along the)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(north edge of the r)18(oadbed.)]TJ 1.8 -1.30001 TD 0.063 Tw [(Pr)17(obably less well known is another important spring)]TJ -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.124 Tw [(on the Or)18(egon T)89(rail, Scott Spring)-50(, near the Pottawatomie)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.122 Tw [(County town of W)92(estmor)17(eland. T)92(oday the flow fr)18(om this)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.335 Tw [(spring is captur)18(ed in a vertical pipe; the water flows)]TJ T* 0.001 Tw [(thr)18(ough a pipe to a tank for watering livestoc)-1(k)-49(, and the ex)-1(-)]TJ T* 0.144 Tw [(cess drains into a nearby cr)18(eek. The spring pr)17(oduces ten)]TJ T* -0.004 Tw [(gallons per minute and the water quality is good. )37(A)-191(nearby)]TJ T* 0.017 Tw [(park and signage describe the spring and its r)18(ole along the)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(Or)17(egon T)90(rail.)]TJ 1.8 -1.30001 TD 0.066 Tw [(Another spring along the Or)18(egon T)89(rail has far)18(ed well.)]TJ -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.038 Tw [(Alcove Spring is north of Blue Rapids in Marshall County)111(.)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.081 Tw (Beginning in the 1840s this was an especially well-known)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.11 Tw [(stopping point on the Or)18(egon T)89(rail, a place that travelers)]TJ T* 0.161 Tw [(encounter)18(ed just befor)17(e cr)18(ossing the Big Blue River)74(. Per-)]TJ T* 0.205 Tw [(haps the best-known visitors at )37(Alcove Spring wer)17(e the)]TJ T* -0.03 Tw (Donner Party)Tj 5.84685 0 TD (, who wer)Tj 4.34213 0 TD (e delayed ther)Tj 6.20884 0 TD (e in 1846 as they wait)Tj 9.27012 0 TD (-)Tj -25.66794 -1.30001 TD 0.069 Tw (ed for the Big Blue to subside. One of the members of the)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.281 Tw [(party)111(, Sarah Keyes, died ther)17(e and was buried nearby)111(.)]TJ T* 0.029 Tw [(Geor)18(ge L. Curry wr)17(ote the following account of the spring)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (at that time:)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 55.9818 351.9092 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.041 Tw (Camp up the spring branch on the right hand fork is)Tj 0 -1.21053 TD 0.074 Tw (a most beautiful spring and a fall of water of 12 feet)Tj T* 0.233 Tw [(Mr)74(. Bryant of our party has named it the \324Alcove)]TJ T* 0.185 Tw [(Spring)-50(\325 the water is of the most excellent kind the)]TJ T* -0.004 Tw (spring is surr)Tj 5.85252 0 TD [(ounded with )37(Ash Cotton wood & Cedar)]TJ -5.85252 -1.21053 TD 0.024 Tw [(tr)18(ees it is an excellent place to camp . . . I this day cut)]TJ 0 -1.21052 TD 0.025 Tw [(the name of the spring in the r)18(ock on T)91(able at the top)]TJ 0 -1.21053 TD (of the falls.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 4.75 0 0 4.75 102.563 274.6904 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.055 Tc (11)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 37.9818 245.4091 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.174 Tw (Alcove Spring still flows today)Tj 14.22556 0.00001 TD (, at about ten gallons per)Tj -14.22556 -1.30001 TD -0.023 Tw [(minute, fr)18(om near the base of a r)17(ock that still bears the faint)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.041 Tw (carvings of the sprin)Tj 9.18516 0.00001 TD (g)Tj 0.6059 0.00001 TD (\325s name. Nearby is a small, intermit)Tj 15.87691 0.00001 TD (-)Tj -25.66797 -1.30002 TD 0.243 Tw (tent waterfall.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 102.0115 209.8779 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (12)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 111.9397 206.4091 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.243 Tw [(The spring pr)18(eviously was on privately)]TJ 20.50319 46.86671 TD 0.029 Tw [(owned land but today is owned by the )37(Alcove Spring His-)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.04 Tw [(torical T)90(r)8(ust and is open to visitors. )36(Although the exact lo-)]TJ T* 0.023 Tw (cation of Sarah Keyes\325s grave has been lost, a marker com-)Tj T* 0.014 Tw [(memorates her)74(. T)90(rail r)7(uts also ar)18(e visible her)17(e. )1(Whil)-1(e many)]TJ T* 0.071 Tw [(springs acr)18(oss Kansas have been alter)17(ed by human activi-)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(ties, )37(Alcove Spring r)17(etains much of its original character)74(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.3 TD 0.072 Tw [(Considerably mor)18(e miles of the Santa Fe T)89(rail cr)18(ossed)]TJ -1.8 -1.3 TD -0.002 Tw [(Kansas than of the Or)18(egon T)89(rail, and many historic springs)]TJ T* 0.066 Tw [(in the state ar)18(e associated with the Santa Fe T)89(rail. In Dou-)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.217 Tw [(glas County)111(, just south of Lawr)17(ence, is W)55(illow Springs,)]TJ T* 0.052 Tw (which served as a stopping point.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 468.3642 548.545 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (13)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 476.0163 545.0762 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.052 Tw [(A)-247(series of small seeps)]TJ -15.90447 -1.3 TD 0.151 Tw [(occur wher)18(e water moves out of a hillside into the W)91(est)]TJ T* 0.04 Tw [(Branch of T)92(auy Cr)17(eek. The total flow her)18(e, however)74(, is r)18(el)-1(-)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.016 Tw [(atively low)92(. T)89(rail r)8(uts ar)18(e found in the pastur)17(e east of these)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD -0.002 Tw [(seeps. W)92(est of these seeps is another location wher)17(e a r)18(ock-)]TJ T* 0.014 Tc 0 Tw (and-concr)Tj 4.54558 0 TD 0.361 Tw (ete cistern has been constr)Tj 13.35603 0 TD (ucted to captur)Tj 7.61901 0 TD 0 Tc (e)Tj -25.52062 -1.30001 TD 0.272 Tw [(gr)17(oundwater)74(. Undoubtedly this spot also was used for)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.053 Tw [(water along the trail and still continues to flow)92(, the r)7(unof)18(f)]TJ T* 0 Tw (fr)Tj 0.70972 0 TD 0.025 Tw (om the cistern going into a pond below)Tj 17.4045 0 TD (.)Tj -16.31422 -1.30001 TD 0.142 Tw [(Council Gr)18(ove, in Morris County)110(, was consider)18(ed an)]TJ -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.086 Tw [(important stopping point on the Santa Fe T)90(rail, a place to)]TJ T* 0.181 Tw [(obtain pr)18(ovisions and supplies befor)17(e heading west. Big)]TJ T* 0.201 Tw [(John Spring)-50(, located just east of pr)18(esent Council Gr)17(ove,)]TJ T* 0.165 Tw (was named for \322Big John\323 W)Tj 13.5708 0 TD 0 Tw (alke)Tj 1.82544 0 TD (r)Tj 0.3708 0 TD 0.165 Tw (, a member of the Sac)Tj -15.76704 -1.30001 TD 0.153 Tw (tribe and a guide in the early days of the trail. Big John)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.081 Tw [(Cr)18(eek and nearby Little John Cr)17(eek \(which should pr)18(oba-)]TJ T* -0.024 Tw [(bly mor)18(e accurately be called Little Big John Cr)17(eek\) also ar)18(e)]TJ T* -0.035 Tw [(named for him. W)55(idening the r)17(oadbed on U.S. Highway 56,)]TJ T* 0 Tw (however)Tj 3.80493 0.00001 TD -0.028 Tw (, cover)Tj 2.88275 0.00001 TD (ed Big John Spring and only a small amount)Tj -6.68768 -1.30001 TD 0.033 Tw (of water continues to seep fr)Tj 12.66389 0.00001 TD (om near the south edge of the)Tj -12.66389 -1.30001 TD 0 Tw [(r)18(oadway)111(.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 357.5991 288.545 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (14)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 334.9716 272.0763 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (W)Tj 0.9082 0.00001 TD 0.299 Tw (est of Council Gr)Tj 8.3575 0 TD (ove is one of the most famous)Tj -11.0657 -1.30002 TD 0.059 Tw [(springs on the trail, Diamond Spring, a spring that pr)18(oba-)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.043 Tw (bly has been used for centuries. In 1825, in a survey of the)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (trail, Geor)Tj 4.4918 0.00001 TD (ge Sibley wr)Tj 5.4897 0.00001 TD (ote about naming Diamond Spring:)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 352.9716 208.5762 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.086 Tw [(The Diamond of the Plain. This tr)18(easur)17(e was, in)]TJ -1.89474 -1.21052 TD 0.051 Tw (fact, discover)Tj 5.88913 0.00001 TD (ed first by \322Old Ben Jones,\323 a hunter of)Tj -5.88913 -1.21053 TD 0.182 Tw [(our first party)111(, on the 1)55(1th )36(August, 1825. It is thus)]TJ T* 0.265 Tw (noted in my \322Pencil Sketches,\323 at the time. \322This)Tj 0 -1.21052 TD 0.116 Tw [(Spring gushes out fr)18(om the head of a hollow in the)]TJ ET 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K 35.667 720 m 575.17 720 l S Q endstream endobj 20 0 obj << /Type/XObject /ColorSpace/DeviceGray /Subtype/Image /Width 382 /Length 39155 /BitsPerComponent 4 /Height 205 >> stream 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stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f q /GS1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36.5 25.6669 540 22.6661 re f Q /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 227.079 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (W)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 236.4405 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc [(A)73(TER)-373(OF)-374(THE)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 290.2353 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (M)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 299.7433 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc (OST)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 317.1201 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (E)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 323.2785 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.007 Tc (XCELLENT)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 365.9503 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (K)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 373.2585 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc (IND)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 557.5 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (135)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 54.998 675.6014 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 Tc 0.581 Tw [(prairie, and r)8(uns of)17(f)]TJ 0 -1.21053 TD 0.964 Tw (boldly among clean)Tj 0 -1.21052 TD 0 Tc 0.18 Tw [(stones into Otter Cr)18(eek,)]TJ 0 -1.21053 TD 0.008 Tc 0.367 Tw [(a short distance)-100-100(it is)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.169 Tw (very clean, perfectly ac-)Tj 0 -1.21052 TD 0.014 Tc 0.361 Tw (cessible, and furnishes)Tj 0 -1.21053 TD 0.001 Tc 0.374 Tw [(the gr)18(eatest abundance)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.25 Tw [(of most excellent, clear)74(,)]TJ 0 -1.21052 TD 0.316 Tw [(cold water)-100-100(enough to)]TJ 0 -1.21053 TD 0.026 Tw [(supply an army)111(. Ther)17(e is)]TJ T* 0.02 Tc 0.364 Tw (a fountain, inferior to)Tj 0 -1.21052 TD 0.718 Tw [(this, in the )37(Arabian)]TJ 0 -1.21053 TD 0.437 Tw (Desert, known as the)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.031 Tw (\324Diamond of the Desert.\325)Tj 0 -1.21052 TD 0.176 Tw (This magnificent Spring)Tj T* 0.147 Tw [(may)111(, with at least equal)]TJ 0 -1.21053 TD 0.294 Tw [(pr)17(opriety)111(, be called the)]TJ 0 -1.21052 TD 0.008 Tc 0.367 Tw (Diamond of the Plain.)Tj 0 -1.21053 TD 0 Tc (W)Tj 0.90821 0 TD -0.034 Tw (e found it a most excel)Tj 9.73511 0 TD (-)Tj -10.64332 -1.21053 TD 0.176 Tw (lent camping place. . . .)Tj T* -0.021 Tw (The fountain is now gen)Tj 10.64332 0 TD (-)Tj -10.64332 -1.21053 TD 0.023 Tw (erally known as \324The Di)Tj 10.64332 0 TD (-)Tj -10.64332 -1.21053 TD 0.025 Tw (amond Spring.\325\323)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 4.75 0 0 4.75 125.9929 425.8827 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (15)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 36.998 396.6014 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.065 Tw (For years ther)Tj 6.24348 0 TD 0 Tw (eafter)Tj 2.43701 0 TD 0.065 Tw (, travel)Tj 3.12028 0 TD (-)Tj -11.80077 -1.30001 TD 0.007 Tw (ers stopped at this location.)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.107 Tw [(In 1844 James Josiah W)92(ebb)]TJ T* 0.123 Tw [(wr)18(ote, we \322passed Diamond spring, wher)17(e we)]TJ T* 0.27 Tw (partook of mint juleps and passed a vote of)Tj T* -0.031 Tw (thanks to the public benefactors who some years)Tj T* 0 Tw (befor)Tj 2.28736 0 TD 0.15 Tw (e had transported and set out some mint)Tj -2.28736 -1.30001 TD (r)Tj 0.37696 0 TD 0.153 Tw (oots at the spring which by this time had in-)Tj -0.37696 -1.3 TD 0.026 Tw [(cr)17(eased to a bountiful supply for all trains pass-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (ing.\323)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 58.7827 283.0702 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (16)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 66.5228 279.6013 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.024 Tw (Diamond Spring had a long and eventful)Tj -2.95248 -1.3 TD 0.304 Tw [(history)111(, serving as a major campgr)17(ound and)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (stage station.)Tj 1.8 -1.3 TD (T)Tj 0.521 0.00001 TD -0.024 Tw (oday Diamond Spring is on a private ranch)Tj -2.321 -1.30001 TD 0.128 Tw [(by the same name. 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Bieber \(Lincoln: University of Ne)Tj 15.58231 0.00001 TD (-)Tj -25.91686 -1.12501 TD 0.025 Tw (braska Pr)Tj 4.1832 0.00001 TD (ess, 1995\), 47.)Tj ET 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K 37.167 720 m 576.67 720 l S /GS2 gs 0 0 0 0 k 171.521 428.006 404.2021 220.08 re f /GS1 gs 171.521 428.006 404.2021 220.08 re s /GS2 gs 175.162 431.752 396.729 212.618 re f q 175.162 431.752 396.729 212.618 re W n q 400.18597 0 0 214.75951 173.076 431.4685 cm /Im7 Do Q Q /GS1 gs 0.35 w 175.162 431.752 396.729 212.618 re s 170.333 374.582 404.667 41.218 re f Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 171.3333 408.2678 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw [(W)20(aconda Spring, or Gr)18(eat Spirit Spring, pr)17(obably the best known of Kansas springs, is on the banks of the)]TJ 0 -1.11111 TD (Solomon River in Mitchell County)Tj 14.07999 0 TD (. The above photo of the popular spring is fr)Tj 17.6657 0 TD (om E.H.S. Bailey\325)Tj 7.18843 0 TD (s 1902 vol-)Tj -38.93412 -1.11112 TD [(ume on Kansas mineral waters. 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stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 38 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(136)-21967(K)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 279.9313 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (ANSAS)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 308.4534 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (H)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 316.7712 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(IST)18(OR)36(Y)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 391.2476 674.9092 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.212 Tw [(scribed the location as follows: \322A)-407(con)-1(-)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.271 Tw [(cr)17(ete stock tank sits ther)18(e, only a little)]TJ -0.0002 Tc (l)' 0.29078 0.00001 TD 0 Tc -0.016 Tw [(ar)18(ger and deeper than a cof)17(fin, and water)]TJ -0.29077 -1.30001 TD 0.202 Tw (wells up at its center and drains into a)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.007 Tc 0.368 Tw [(b)1(r)19(ook crammed with mor)17(e water)18(c)1(r)18(e)1(s)1(s)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.025 Tw [(than I\325ve ever seen befor)18(e.\323)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 512.692 613.3779 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (17)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 403.5648 596.9092 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 Tw [(About a day)-50(\325s trail travel to the west of)]TJ -1.23172 -1.3 TD 0.307 Tw (Diamond Spring is Lost Spring, a few)Tj 0 -1.30001 TD 0.237 Tw [(miles west of the pr)18(esent town of Lost)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD -0.017 Tw [(Springs. Lost Spring flows fr)18(om the banks)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.005 Tw [(of a tributary of Cr)18(ess Cr)17(eek at a rate sub-)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.082 Tw (stantially below that of Diamond Spring.)Tj T* 0.014 Tw [(Lost Spring r)18(eceived its name for obvious)]TJ T* 0.019 Tw [(r)18(easons: it sometimes disappear)18(ed or was)]TJ T* 0.36 Tw [(dif)17(ficult to find. )37(An early r)18(eport said,)]TJ T* 0.212 Tw [(\322Continuing by the Santa Fe r)18(oute, six-)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (teen miles beyond the Diamond rivulet is)Tj T* -0.009 Tw [(Lost Spring, which r)18(eceives its name fr)17(om)]TJ T* 0.144 Tw (the curious fact that it has several times)Tj T* 0.202 Tw [(disappear)18(ed, and br)17(oken out near by)111<2ED3>]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 570.6942 431.3779 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)Tj 0.50001 0.00001 TD (8)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 391.2682 414.9092 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.176 Tw (This phenomenon is not unusual; many)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.36 Tw (springs ar)Tj 4.75854 0 TD (e seasonal and stop flowing)Tj -4.75854 -1.30001 TD 0.025 Tw (during dry times.)Tj 0.78347 -1.3 TD 0.013 Tc 0.362 Tw [(About one hundr)18(ed years later)74(, the)]TJ -0.78347 -1.3 TD 0 Tc 0.325 Tw (spring appar)Tj 6.00189 0 TD (ently continued that same)Tj -6.00189 -1.3 TD 0.111 Tw [(behavior)74(. )37(A)-306(newspaper r)17(eport concluded)]TJ T* 0 Tw (that)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 417.1029 312.4092 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.314 Tw (The famous old Lost Spring is)Tj -1.89474 -1.21052 TD 0 Tw (dry)Tj 1.45068 0 TD 0.062 Tw (. One day last week, water ceased)Tj -1.45068 -1.21053 TD 0.154 Tw [(to pour fr)18(om the historic water hole)]TJ T* 0.203 Tw (on the old Santa Fe T)Tj 10.21612 0.00001 TD (rail, an occur)Tj 6.14494 0.00001 TD (-)Tj -16.36105 -1.21054 TD 0.08 Tw [(r)18(ence that has gone practically unno-)]TJ 0 -1.21053 TD 0.088 Tw (ticed by those who know this prairie)Tj 0 -1.21052 TD 0.082 Tw (fountain has been carrying-on in this)Tj 0 -1.21053 TD 0.324 Tw (mysterious way since the dawn of)Tj T* 0.079 Tw [(r)18(ecor)18(ded history . . . one day a gush-)]TJ 0 -1.21052 TD 0.349 Tw (ing spring, the next a sunken dry)Tj 0 -1.21053 TD 0.175 Tw [(hole. . . . Geor)18(ge E. Merilatt of Lost)]TJ T* 0.27 Tw (Springs, Marion county farmer and)Tj 0 -1.21052 TD 0.274 Tw (stockman, explained the spring has)Tj 0 -1.21053 TD 0.071 Tw [(been dry many times befor)18(e and that)]TJ T* 0.02 Tc 0.361 Tw (old settlers say it is a periodical)Tj 0 -1.21052 TD 0 Tc 0.046 Tw (spring, flowing abundantly for years,)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 399.3328 99.2272 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw (17. Heat-Moon, )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 456.4418 99.2272 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (PrairyErth)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 491.9847 99.2272 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw (, 464.)Tj -11.58149 -1.125 TD 0.037 Tw (18. Max Gr)Tj 4.92638 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (eene, )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 459.1876 90.2272 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.037 Tw (The Kanzas Region: For)Tj 9.75968 0.00001 TD (est, Prairie,)Tj -19.49153 -1.12501 TD 0.218 Tw (Desert, Mountain, V)Tj 8.86098 0.00001 TD (ale, and River)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 504.1277 81.2272 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (\(New )Tj 2.92695 0.00001 TD (Y)Tj 0.57519 0.00001 TD 0.218 Tw (ork: Fowler)Tj -18.8515 -1.12501 TD 0.025 Tw (and W)Tj 2.87583 0.00001 TD (ells, 1856\): 1)Tj 5.31196 0.00001 TD (1)Tj 0.5 0.00001 TD 0.1 Tc 0 Tw [(7\3201)100(8)100(.)]TJ ET 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K 37.33 720 m 576 720 l S /GS2 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36.498 419.18 342.5 229.821 re f /GS1 gs 36.498 419.18 342.5 229.821 re s /GS2 gs 40.25 422.854 334.789 222.347 re f q 40.25 422.854 334.789 222.347 re W n q 337.82932 0 0 223.7795 38.937 422.5245 cm /Im9 Do Q Q /GS1 gs 0.35 w 40.25 422.854 334.789 222.347 re s 36.607 344.143 342.661 69.857 re f Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 37.6066 387.0686 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw [(Photos taken in 1927 of Alcove Spring, Marshall County)37(, and of nearby r)18(ocks with engraved)]TJ 0 -1.11111 TD (names of travelers on the Or)Tj 11.5215 0 TD [(egon T)111(rail. Pr)17(obably the most famous travelers to stop at Alcove)]TJ -11.5215 -1.11111 TD (Spring wer)Tj 4.5355 0 TD (e the ill-fated Donner party in 1846.)Tj ET /GS2 gs 0 0 0 0 k 37.965 136.2509 341.008 201.0771 re f /GS1 gs 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K 37.965 136.2509 341.008 201.0771 re s /GS2 gs 41.88 140.113 333.252 193.482 re f q 41.88 140.113 333.252 193.482 re W n q 335.99329 0 0 196.45509 40.386 138.6559 cm /Im10 Do Q Q /GS1 gs 0.35 w 41.88 140.113 333.252 193.482 re s Q endstream endobj 26 0 obj << /Length 10945 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f q /GS1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36.5 25.6669 540 22.6661 re f Q /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 227.079 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (W)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 236.4405 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc [(A)73(TER)-373(OF)-374(THE)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 290.2353 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (M)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 299.7433 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc (OST)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 317.1201 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (E)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 323.2785 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.007 Tc (XCELLENT)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 365.9503 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (K)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 373.2585 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc (IND)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 557.5 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (137)Tj -24.07092 63.49033 TD 0.093 Tw [(manche Indians. T)92(oday the spring is dry)-50(; an appr)17(oximate)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD -0.017 Tw [(location is marked by a sign and fenced of)18(f. The spring was)]TJ T* 0.242 Tw [(undoubtedly somewhat unr)18(eliable in historic times, but)]TJ T* 0.057 Tw [(with lessening str)18(eamflows in the Cimarr)17(on River and the)]TJ T* 0.132 Tw [(lowering of gr)18(oundwater levels because of irrigation, the)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(spring does not flow today)111(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.3 TD 0.119 Tw [(Southwest of W)92(agon Bed Spring)-50(, Middle Spring con)-1(-)]TJ -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.16 Tw [(tinues to flow)92(, although just bar)17(ely)111(. This spring is in the)]TJ T* 0.08 Tw [(Cimarr)18(on National Grasslands of Morton County)110(. Nearby)]TJ T* 0.014 Tw [(ar)18(e extensive wagon r)7(uts fr)18(om the trail and Point of Rocks,)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.235 Tw [(an outcr)18(op of the Ogallala Formation that was a noted)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.132 Tw [(landmark on the trail. Middle Spring pr)18(oduces water)74(, al)-1(-)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.006 Tw (though at such rates that it should mor)Tj 17.20068 0.00001 TD [(e pr)18(operly be classi)-1(-)]TJ -17.20068 -1.30001 TD 0.054 Tw [(fied as a seep. The ar)18(ea is heavily vegetated with willows,)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.229 Tw (cottonwoods, duckweed, and other plants, but a hiking)Tj T* 0.025 Tw [(trail makes the ar)18(ea accessible to visitors.)]TJ 1.8 -1.3 TD 0.265 Tw [(While the Santa Fe and Or)18(egon trails ar)17(e the best-)]TJ -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.14 Tw (known trails that cut acr)Tj 11.31161 0 TD (oss the state, a variety of lesser)Tj 14.38586 0 TD (-)Tj -25.69747 -1.3 TD -0.011 Tw (known trails existed in Kansas. One of those, the California)Tj (T)' 0.52295 0 TD 0.064 Tw (rail, ran northwest fr)Tj 9.34778 0 TD (om Fort Scott, thr)Tj 7.8949 0 TD (ough southeastern)Tj -17.76563 -1.30001 TD 0.076 Tw [(Franklin County)111(, and included a stop at California Spring)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.061 Tw [(north of the small town of Lane, in Franklin County)111(. Her)17(e)]TJ T* 0.255 Tw (the trail for)Tj 5.4541 0 TD (ded Pottawatomie Cr)Tj 9.9558 0 TD (eek, a place known as)Tj -15.4099 -1.30001 TD 0.289 Tw [(Dutch Henry)-50-50(s cr)18(ossing. California Spring continues to)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.083 Tw [(flow at a trickle fr)18(om near the concr)17(ete base of the bridge)]TJ T* 0.07 Tw (over Pottawatomie Cr)Tj 9.86905 0 TD (eek. California Spring pr)Tj 11.08532 0 TD (obably was)Tj -20.95437 -1.30001 TD 0.025 Tw [(af)18(fected by constr)7(uction r)18(elated to the bridge.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 518.7743 340.4471 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (21)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 47.422 0 0 47.422 316.2061 284.9783 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (A)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 355.9158 310.9783 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.031 Tw (generally for)Tj 5.66371 0 TD (gotten chapter of Kansas history was)Tj -5.66371 -1.3 TD 0.341 Tw (written when mineral water springs and spas)Tj T* 0 Tw (wer)Tj 1.6897 0 TD 0.115 Tw (e popular forms of entertainment, r)Tj 16.15533 0 TD 0 Tw (ecr)Tj 1.29956 0 TD (eation,)Tj -23.05709 -1.30002 TD 0.157 Tw [(and medical tr)18(eatment. People r)17(egularly flocked to these)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.113 Tw (locations to swim in, soak in, and drink the waters. Such)Tj T* -0.004 Tw [(cur)18(es wer)17(e popular thr)18(oughout the nation in the late 1800s;)]TJ T* 0.066 Tw (the phrase \322down to the last r)Tj 13.51303 0 TD [(esort\323 r)18(efers to people visit-)]TJ -13.51303 -1.30001 TD 0.033 Tw [(ing a number of spas in a given location, sear)18(ching in vain)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.192 Tw (for one that would cur)Tj 10.68981 0.00001 TD (e their particular ailment.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 541.913 210.4471 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (22)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 551.3341 206.9783 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (These)Tj -23.45433 -1.3 TD 0.059 Tw (Kansas mineral-water springs ar)Tj 14.51751 0.00001 TD (e exhaustively document)Tj 11.17996 0.00001 TD (-)Tj -25.69747 -1.30001 TD 0.124 Tw (ed in a classic 1902 publication by the Kansas Geological)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.198 Tw (Survey \(known at the time as the University Geological)Tj T* 0 Tw (Survey\). )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 356.7824 154.9782 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.044 Tw [(Special Report on Mineral W)20(aters)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 498.6687 154.9782 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.044 Tw (was written by E.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 55.4953 675.0582 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 Tw (then drying up for a long period of time. The strange)Tj 0 -1.21052 TD 0.076 Tw (behavior of the spring, its failing to flow then burst-)Tj 0 -1.21053 TD 0.052 Tw [(ing forth, is one of several r)18(easons the place is called)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (the Lost Spring.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 4.75 0 0 4.75 123.7001 643.8395 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (19)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 55.4953 614.5582 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.036 Tw [(T)92(oday Lost Spring seems to flow fairly consistently and)]TJ -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.129 Tw [(the water quality is good. Flow rates ar)18(e dif)17(ficult to esti-)]TJ T* 0.044 Tw [(mate because several of the springs dischar)18(ge at the water)]TJ T* 0.002 Tw [(level of the str)18(eam. The spring is now fenced of)17(f and a sign)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.025 Tw [(er)17(ected to explain its historic importance.)]TJ 1.8 -1.3 TD 0.118 Tw [(Compar)18(ed with springs in eastern Kansas, springs in)]TJ -1.8 -1.30001 TD 0.126 Tw [(far western Kansas ar)18(e rar)17(e. W)92(agon Bed Spring, south of)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD -0.017 Tw [(Ulysses in Grant County)111(, was an important location simply)]TJ T* 0.169 Tw (because of the lack of water along the trail on the High)Tj T* 0.363 Tw [(Plains. W)92(agon Bed Spring also was known as Lower)]TJ T* 0.359 Tw (Spring, one of thr)Tj 8.79586 0 TD (ee springs in succession in western)Tj -8.79586 -1.3 TD 0.233 Tw (Kansas \(Middle Spring, in Morton County)Tj 19.7526 0 TD (, is discussed)Tj -19.7526 -1.3 TD 0.06 Tw (later in this article. Upper Spring is in the Oklahoma Pan-)Tj T* 0.146 Tw [(handle\). W)92(agon Bed Spring, in particular)74(, was important)]TJ T* 0.06 Tw [(because it was at one end of a r)18(elatively dry str)17(etch of the)]TJ T* 0.293 Tw (trail. Headed to Santa Fe, some travelers followed the)Tj T* 0.017 Tw (Arkansas River much of the way)Tj 14.44493 0 TD (, a r)Tj 1.66068 0 TD (oute that pr)Tj 5.19853 0 TD [(omised r)18(e-)]TJ -21.30414 -1.30001 TD 0.068 Tw (liable water supplies. Other travelers cut southwest at the)Tj 0 -1.3 TD -0.005 Tw [(Cimarr)18(on Cr)17(ossing, a r)18(oute that is r)18(eferr)17(ed to as the Cimar-)]TJ T* 0.041 Tw [(r)18(on Cutof)18(f, the Dry Route, or La Jornada \(Spanish for \322the)]TJ T* 0 Tw (journe)Tj 2.83789 0 TD 0.032 Tw [(y)-50(\323\). )37(About the first fifty miles of that cutof)18(f ar)17(e r)18(ela-)]TJ -2.83789 -1.3 TD 0.074 Tw [(tively dry)111(, so W)91(agon Bed Spring was an important sour)18(ce)]TJ T* 0.068 Tw [(of water)74(. W)92(agon Bed Spring may have been the subject of)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(this 1858 description of water at the end of the dry r)18(oute:)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 55.4953 291.0582 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.079 Tw [(two or thr)18(ee hours\325 travel the next morning br)17(ought)]TJ 0 -1.21053 TD 0.164 Tw [(us to some beautiful springs. The earth was fr)18(ozen)]TJ 0 -1.21052 TD 0 Tw (ar)Tj 0.87696 0.00001 TD 0.11 Tw (ound them, but the springs wer)Tj 14.48777 0.00001 TD (e open, and never)Tj -15.36473 -1.21054 TD 0.025 Tw [(had water seemed to us so delicious or pr)18(ecious.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 4.75 0 0 4.75 260.5113 259.8394 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (20)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 55.4953 230.5582 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (W)Tj 0.90821 0.00001 TD -0.007 Tw [(agon Bed Spring was near the banks of the Cimarr)18(on)]TJ -2.70821 -1.30001 TD 0.18 Tw [(River)74(, which, even in historic times, did not always r)7(un)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD [(with water)74(. However)74(, at this location, digging pr)17(oduced)]TJ T* 0 Tw (water)Tj 2.45948 0 TD -0.024 Tw (, and eventually a wagon bed was set her)Tj 18.00399 0 TD (e to keep the)Tj -20.46347 -1.30002 TD 0.105 Tw [(soil fr)18(om collapsing in on the spring. It was the site of at)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.094 Tw (least one historic event when Jedediah Smith became lost)Tj T* 0.239 Tw [(on the Plains near her)18(e in 1831 and was killed by Co-)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 56.1639 99.1137 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.103 Tw [(19. \322Historic \324Lost Spring\325 is Lost )37(Again,\323 )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 209.9239 99.1137 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.103 Tw [(T)111(opeka State Journal)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 277.7608 99.1137 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.066 Tw [(, Au)-1(-)]TJ -29.94961 -1.125 TD 0.025 Tw (gust 25, 1956.)Tj 2.25 -1.125 TD -0.008 Tw (20. \322Narrative by Hezekiah Brake, 1858,\323 in )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 211.8513 81.1137 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 Tw [(On the Santa Fe T)111(rail)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 281.3477 81.1137 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 Tw (, ed.)Tj -30.39797 -1.125 TD 0.025 Tw [(Mar)18(c Simmons \(Lawr)17(ence: University Pr)18(ess of Kansas, 1986\), 48.)]TJ 37.14393 3.3865 TD 0.046 Tw (21. \322Ar)Tj 3.20062 0.00001 TD (ea Loses T)Tj 4.57656 0.00001 TD (rack of Historic Landmarks,\323 )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 504.0527 99.2057 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.046 Tw (Osawatomie Graphic-)Tj -23.34217 -1.125 TD 0 Tw (News)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 335.536 90.2057 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw (, September 30, 1971.)Tj -0.02759 -1.125 TD 0.09 Tw (22. Francis H. Chapelle, )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 423.8066 81.2057 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.09 Tw (The Hidden Sea: Gr)Tj 8.25046 0.00001 TD (ound W)Tj 3.31925 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (ater)Tj 1.48048 0.00001 TD 0.09 Tw (, Springs, and)Tj -26.3616 -1.12502 TD (W)Tj 0.92406 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (ells)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 337.5758 72.2057 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (\(T)Tj 0.85571 0.00001 TD (ucson, )Tj 3.08628 0.00001 TD 0.025 Tw [(Ariz.: Geoscience Pr)18(ess, 1997\), 91.)]TJ ET 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K 37.33 720 m 576 720 l S Q endstream endobj 27 0 obj << /Length 11262 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 38 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(138)-21967(K)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 279.9313 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (ANSAS)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 308.4534 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (H)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 316.7712 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(IST)18(OR)36(Y)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 37.6722 675.0284 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.014 Tw [(H. S. Bailey)111(, an early staf)17(f member of the Geological Survey)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD -0.0001 Tc (w)Tj 0.83387 0.00001 TD 0 Tc 0.031 Tw (ho also served on the chemistry faculty at the University)Tj -0.83387 -1.30001 TD 0.005 Tw (of Kansas and today is commemorated with Bailey Hall on)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.091 Tw (the campus.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 91.989 639.4971 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (23)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 100.4001 636.0284 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.091 Tw [(Bailey)-50(\325s book is a detailed discussion of the)]TJ -6.27279 -1.3 TD 0.326 Tw (mineral-water springs and spas in the state, including)Tj 0 -1.30001 TD 0.033 Tw (chemical analyses for nearly all of the locations that Bailey)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.023 Tw (visited and photographs of many of the springs. Given the)Tj 0 -1.30001 TD 0.108 Tw [(dif)18(ficult and time consuming natur)17(e of travel at the time,)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(Bailey)-50(\325s work is even mor)18(e impr)17(essive.)]TJ 1.8 -1.3 TD 0.046 Tw (Many of the springs that Bailey visited no longer exist)Tj -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.113 Tw (\(or else conditions have changed so dramatically that the)Tj T* 0.324 Tw [(springs cannot be located\). However)74(, two of the best-)]TJ T* 0.151 Tw [(known mineral water springs continue to pr)18(oduce water)]TJ T* 0.24 Tw [(and continue to operate as r)18(esorts. These ar)17(e Sycamor)18(e)]TJ T* 0.033 Tw [(Springs and Sun Springs in Br)18(own County in northeastern)]TJ T* 0.291 Tw (Kansas, both substantial r)Tj 12.22935 0 TD [(esorts in their day)111(. Sycamor)17(e)]TJ -12.22935 -1.3 TD 0.285 Tw (Springs boasted a lar)Tj 10.08239 0 TD (ge hotel, and, like many of these)Tj -10.08239 -1.3 TD 0.118 Tw (springs, pr)Tj 4.8675 0 TD (oduced water that was bottled and shipped to)Tj -4.8675 -1.3 TD 0.052 Tw [(customers. In a 1902 pamphlet, E.V)129(. Kauf)17(fman, the pr)18(opri-)]TJ T* 0.074 Tw [(etor of Sycamor)18(e Springs, wr)17(ote that the waters ther)18(e had)]TJ T* 0 Tw (cur)Tj 1.42358 0 TD 0.036 Tw [(ed him of r)18(heumatism, and in 1895 he took over opera-)]TJ -1.42358 -1.30001 TD 0.188 Tw [(tion of the hotel and baths. )37(Accor)17(ding to Kauf)18(fman, the)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.025 Tw (spring water was the)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 55.6722 364.5284 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 Tc 0.387 Tw [(gr)18(eatest Blood Purifier and Stomach Renovator)]TJ 0 -1.21053 TD 0 Tc 0.099 Tw [(known. )37(A)-295(sur)18(e r)17(emedy for Bladder and Kidney Dis-)]TJ T* 0.173 Tw (eases. It gives the skin a healthy appearance; cur)Tj 22.72321 0 TD 0 Tw (es)Tj -22.72321 -1.21053 TD -0.027 Tw (Catarrah, Neuralgia, Stomach and Bowel Complaints,)Tj T* 0.132 Tw (and is one of the best Natural Remedies known for)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (Constipation, Indigestion and Rheumatism.)Tj 1.89474 -1.21053 TD 0 Tw [(Dir)18(ections)]TJ 0 -1.21052 TD 0.159 Tw [(Always drink a glassful, hot, just befor)18(e meals.)]TJ -1.89474 -1.21053 TD 0.199 Tw [(For Constipation, drink fr)18(om one to two pints just)]TJ 0 -1.21052 TD 0.053 Tw (after getting up; then follow with a glassful, hot, just)Tj 0 -1.21053 TD 0.02 Tw [(befor)18(e eating. Never let the water boil. Keep in a cool)]TJ T* 0.045 Tw [(place, tightly corked. )37(At any time when thirsty drink)]TJ 0 -1.21052 TD 0.16 Tw [(plenty of it cold \(about 54 its natural temperatur)18(e\),)]TJ 0 -1.21053 TD 0.025 Tw (but not ice cold.)Tj 1.89474 -1.21053 TD 0.018 Tw [(Remember)74(, the way to derive the gr)18(eatest benefit)]TJ -1.89474 -1.21052 TD 0 Tw (fr)Tj 0.70972 0.00001 TD -0.007 Tw (om the use of the water is to come and take a course)Tj -0.70972 -1.21053 TD 0.106 Tw [(of tr)18(eatment at the Springs. Our rates ar)17(e low)92(, tr)18(eat-)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(ment safe, and to the suf)18(fer)17(er brings r)18(elief. These wa-)]TJ 29.36764 53.31916 TD 0.073 Tw [(ters ar)18(e fast gaining pr)17(ominence, and ar)18(e highly r)18(ec)-1(-)]TJ 0 -1.21053 TD 0.038 Tw [(ommended everywher)18(e by physicians for the cur)17(e of)]TJ 0 -1.21052 TD 0.025 Tw [(Kidney T)90(r)18(ouble and Rheumatism.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 4.75 0 0 4.75 477.3555 655.8416 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (24)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 334.6648 626.5604 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.213 Tw (Sun Springs was developed in 1898 and included a)Tj -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.077 Tw [(hotel and bathhouse for giving hot and cold baths. T)92(oday)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.071 Tw (water in both of these springs is fairly highly mineralized)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.172 Tw [(\(and, as Bailey)-50(\325s 1902 analyses show)92(, has been for some)]TJ T* 0.052 Tw (time\), although not so significantly that it is unpleasant to)Tj T* 0.208 Tw [(drink. )37(At Sun Springs the water is still used to, among)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (other things, fill a swimming pool.)Tj 1.8 -1.3 TD -0.018 Tw [(Evidence of r)18(esorts at some locations, however)73(, is mor)18(e)]TJ -1.8 -1.3 TD 0 Tw (rar)Tj 1.27173 -0.00001 TD 0.041 Tw (e. Chautauqua Springs is in the town of Chautauqua in)Tj -1.27173 -1.3 TD 0.054 Tw [(Chautauqua County along the southern bor)18(der of Kansas.)]TJ T* 0.108 Tw [(A)-303(springhouse and a hotel wer)18(e constr)8(ucted in the town,)]TJ T* 0.157 Tw (neither of which ar)Tj 8.84105 0 TD (e now standing. However)Tj 11.83691 0 TD (, the spring)Tj -20.67796 -1.30001 TD -0.006 Tw [(still flows at about 2.5 gallons per minute fr)18(om the r)17(emains)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.025 Tw (of the bathhouse near the east edge of town.)Tj 1.8 -1.3 TD 0.301 Tw (Chingawassa Springs, originally known as Carter)Tj 23.47448 0 TD 0 Tw Tj -25.27448 -1.3 TD 0.034 Tw [(Springs, is north of Marion in Marion County)111(. This is a se-)]TJ T* 0.069 Tw [(ries of springs that drain fr)18(om a str)17(eam bank dir)18(ectly into)]TJ T* -0.009 Tw (Clear Cr)Tj 3.6998 0 TD (eek. In the 1880s a railr)Tj 10.04857 0 TD (oad spur was built fr)Tj 9.17201 0 TD (om the)Tj -22.92038 -1.30001 TD 0.067 Tw [(town of Marion to the springs and a hotel was er)18(ected. In)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.137 Tw (his publication, Bailey r)Tj 10.83888 0 TD (eported that the total flow of the)Tj -10.83888 -1.3 TD -0.005 Tw (springs was fifteen hundr)Tj 11.33953 0 TD (ed gallons per minute and that at)Tj -11.33953 -1.30001 TD 0.088 Tw (\322several of these springs may be seen a white deposits of)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.068 Tw [(sulfur)74(, and in others the odor of hydr)17(ogen sulfide is quite)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(appar)18(ent.\323)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 363.8157 331.0291 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)Tj 0.5 0.00001 TD (5)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 373.8945 327.5604 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.258 Tw [(The r)18(esort did not last long, however)73(, and)]TJ -5.72297 -1.3 TD 0.039 Tw (eventually the hotel and other building materials associat-)Tj T* 0.131 Tw [(ed with the railr)18(oad wer)17(e dismantled.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 490.0714 305.0291 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (26)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 498.886 301.5604 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.131 Tw [(Measur)18(ements in)]TJ -18.22212 -1.3 TD 0.233 Tw [(1983 showed that the springs at this location pr)18(oduced)]TJ T* -0.013 Tw [(mor)18(e than six hundr)17(ed gallons of water per minute. )37(Analy-)]TJ T* 0.108 Tw (sis also concluded that this water was fairly high in total)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (dissolved solids, indicating that it is mineralized.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 534.8031 253.0291 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (27)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 334.6648 236.5604 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.14 Tw [(Springs still flow at some former r)18(esort locations, al-)]TJ -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.136 Tw (though they ar)Tj 6.78479 0.00001 TD (e no longer necessarily utilized. However)Tj 18.94134 0.00001 TD (,)Tj -25.72613 -1.30001 TD 0.072 Tw (the waters at Geuda Springs in Cowley County no longer)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.018 Tw [(flow)92(, and much of the evidence of the former r)17(esort her)18(e is)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 56.3333 118.0651 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.055 Tw (23. E. H. S. Bailey)Tj 7.80261 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (, )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 123.1919 118.0651 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.055 Tw (Special Report on Mineral W)Tj 11.99256 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (aters)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 234.6792 118.0651 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.055 Tw (, University Geo)Tj 7.33234 0.00001 TD (-)Tj -31.87558 -1.12501 TD 0.109 Tw (logical Survey of Kansas, vol. 7 \(T)Tj 15.48333 0.00001 TD (opeka: State Printer)Tj 8.8015 0.00001 TD (, 1902\). For a dis)Tj 7.59078 0.00001 TD (-)Tj -31.8756 -1.12502 TD -0.021 Tw (cussion of Bailey)Tj 7.2663 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (, )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 100.2985 100.0651 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (see)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 111.4672 100.0651 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (Car)Tj 1.58594 0.00001 TD -0.021 Tw (olyn Bailey Berneking, \322Pur)Tj 12.25224 0.00001 TD (e Food and W)Tj 6.02616 0.00001 TD (ater for)Tj -29.00607 -1.12502 TD -0.018 Tw (Kansans: E. H. S. Bailey)Tj 10.24788 0.00001 TD (, the State Food Laboratory)Tj 11.79378 0.00001 TD (, and the State Boar)Tj 8.4454 0.00001 TD (d of)Tj -30.48705 -1.12502 TD 0.061 Tw (Health During the Pr)Tj 9.5079 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (ogr)Tj 1.47876 0.00001 TD 0.061 Tw (essive Era,\323 )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 170.5279 82.0651 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.061 Tw (Kansas History: A)Tj 7.86533 0.00001 TD (Journal of the Cen)Tj 7.48593 0.00001 TD (-)Tj -31.87558 -1.12501 TD 0.025 Tw (tral Plains)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 74.7216 73.0651 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw (20 (Spring 1997): 3)Tj 8.18951 0.00001 TD (8)Tj 0.59999 0.00001 TD Tj 0.6 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (49.)Tj 23.1497 6.63122 TD (24. )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 347.2352 126.1151 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw [(Sycamor)18(e Mineral Springs)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 436.4993 126.1151 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw ((Sabetha, Kans.: 1902).)Tj -12.68301 -1.125 TD [(25. 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Mineralized water fr)18(om the spring)]TJ T* -0.004 Tw [(was bottled and sold. This r)18(esort also eventually failed,)]TJ T* 0.028 Tw [(although in the 1940s attempts wer)18(e made to clean out)]TJ T* 0.165 Tw [(the springs and bring them back into pr)18(oduction for)]TJ T* 0 Tw (bottling.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 74.1929 574.5465 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (28)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 47.422 0 0 47.422 36.1161 519.0778 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (S)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 63.7432 545.0778 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.037 Tw (ome springs in our fourth category continue to be)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.13 Tw [(used for water supply)111(. One of the most pr)17(olific)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.066 Tw (springs in Kansas is Crystal Spring, north of the)Tj -2.675 -1.3 TD 0.018 Tw [(town of Flor)18(ence in Marion County)110(. Crystal Spring has)]TJ T* 0.003 Tw (been used for water supply for many years and contin-)Tj T* 0.21 Tw (ues to supply water for the town \(the town\325s water)Tj T* 0.06 Tw [(tower advertises its pr)18(oduct as 99.96 per)17(cent pur)18(e and)]TJ T* 0.034 Tw [(is pr)18(obably fairly accurate\). The excess water r)7(uns into)]TJ T* 0.299 Tw (a cr)Tj 1.86935 0 TD [(eek and eventually into the Cottonwood River)74(.)]TJ -1.86935 -1.3 TD 0.089 Tw [(T)92(otal pr)18(oduction for the spring was measur)17(ed in 1984)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw (at about four thousand gallons per minute.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 228.2809 418.5465 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (29)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 54.9932 402.0778 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.037 Tw (Rock Springs is well known because of its location)Tj -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.038 Tw (at the 4-H camp of the same name in Dickinson Coun-)Tj T* 0 Tw (ty)Tj 0.771 0 TD 0.025 Tw [(. The spring exits at the base of a bluf)18(f of a r)17(ock layer)]TJ -0.771 -1.3 TD -0.024 Tw (known as the Flor)Tj 7.85678 0 TD (ence Limestone. T)Tj 7.82526 0 TD (oday the spring has)Tj -15.68204 -1.30001 TD 0.184 Tw [(been walled in with concr)18(ete and a r)17(ock face. W)92(ater)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.012 Tw [(pours down a concr)18(ete-lined chute and into a tributary)]TJ T* 0.102 Tw [(of L)55(yon Cr)17(eek. Schoewe r)18(eported that the spring pr)18(o-)]TJ T* 0.003 Tw (duced about one thousand gallons of water per minute)Tj T* 0.042 Tw (in 1953, and the spring was measur)Tj 15.82696 0.00001 TD (ed in 1998 at about)Tj -15.82696 -1.30001 TD 0.025 Tw (the same rate.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 98.7066 288.5464 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (30)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 54.9932 272.0778 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.116 Tw (Conway Springs is located in a town of the same)Tj -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.166 Tw [(name in Sumner County)111(. The springs her)17(e originally)]TJ T* -0.027 Tw [(wer)18(e developed by Hiram Cranme)-1(r)-49(; a springhouse and)]TJ T* 0.046 Tw (pond wer)Tj 4.32522 0.00001 TD (e built ar)Tj 4.01129 0.00001 TD (ound the springs. In the early 1900s)Tj -8.33651 -1.30001 TD 0.153 Tw (a well was drilled nearby and the water was bottled)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.103 Tw (and sold.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 78.6586 210.5464 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.1026 Tw (31 )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 85.4215 207.0778 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (T)Tj 0.52099 0.00001 TD 0.103 Tw (oday a brick and concr)Tj 10.44619 0.00001 TD (ete spring pavilion)Tj -15.81001 -1.30001 TD 0.166 Tw (stand at the site of the springs in a park in Conway)Tj ET /GS2 gs 0 0 0 0 k 295 93.432 280.75 252.075 re f /GS1 gs 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K 295 93.432 280.75 252.075 re s 36.5 25.6669 540 22.6661 re f BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 227.079 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (W)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 236.4405 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc [(A)73(TER)-373(OF)-374(THE)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 290.2353 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (M)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 299.7433 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc (OST)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 317.1201 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (E)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 323.2785 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.007 Tc (XCELLENT)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 365.9503 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (K)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 373.2585 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 Tc (IND)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 557.5 40.075 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (139)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 55.3354 144.2019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (28. )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 67.6639 144.2019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (See)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 80.6623 144.2019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.041 Tw [(\322Geuda Springs May )37(Again )36(Attain Fame,\323 )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 234.0903 144.2019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.041 Tw [(W)20(ichita Morn-)]TJ -24.59436 -1.125 TD 0.295 Tw (ing Eagle)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 70.1364 135.2019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.295 Tw [(, December 14, 1947; \322W)55(ith Geuda Springs Dry)111(, T)91(own\325s)]TJ -4.10012 -1.125 TD -0.014 Tw [(Health Center Fame is Memory)111(,\323 )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 155.2003 126.2019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.014 Tw (Oxford Register)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 206.8616 126.2019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.014 Tw [(, July 1)55(1, 1968; Forr)18(est)]TJ -21.19078 -1.125 TD -0.006 Tw [(Hintz, \322Healing W)92(ater Can\325t Revive Geuda Spring,\323)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 221.1451 117.2019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.006 Tw [(W)20(ichita Eagle-Bea-)]TJ -22.97621 -1.125 TD 0 Tw (con)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 48.5893 108.2019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw [(, June 15, 1981; Bailey)111(, )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 128.4878 108.2019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw [(Special Report on Mineral W)20(aters)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 239.0242 108.2019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw [(, 141)-100-100(43.)]TJ -22.9611 -1.125 TD [(29. O\325Connor and Chaf)18(fee, Geohydr)17(ology Field T)90(rip.)]TJ T* [(30. Schoewe, \322The Geography of Kansas, Hydr)18(ogeography)110<2ED3>]TJ T* -0.007 Tw (31. R. H. Cline, \322Hiram Cranmer Finds Springs,\323 )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 229.1052 81.2019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 Tw (Conway Springs)Tj -23.97122 -1.125 TD 0 Tw (Star)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 51.1069 72.2019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw [(, )37(August 5, 1976.)]TJ ET 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K 36.497 720 m 576 720 l S /GS2 gs 0 0 0 0 k 298.986 97.315 272.887 244.516 re f q 298.986 97.315 272.887 244.516 re W n q 274.15079 0 0 247.94421 297.722 95.7298 cm /Im11 Do Q Q /GS1 gs 0.35 w 298.986 97.315 272.887 244.516 re s 294.565 356.767 281.435 50.238 re f Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 295.5648 399.4724 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw (Both ar)Tj 2.97739 0 TD (e photos of Diamond Spring, west of Council Gr)Tj 19.55817 0 TD (ove in Morris Coun)Tj 8.04645 0 TD (-)Tj -30.58202 -1.11112 TD [(ty)37(, one of the most famous springs on the Santa Fe T)110(rail. (Above) As the)]TJ 0 -1.11111 TD (springs appear)Tj 5.92319 0 TD (ed in ca. 1920, and (below) as it is today with the water being)Tj -5.92319 -1.11111 TD [(captur)18(ed and used for watering livestock.)]TJ ET /GS2 gs 0 0 0 0 k 295.043 429.25 280.707 219.415 re f /GS1 gs 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K 295.043 429.25 280.707 219.415 re s /GS2 gs 298.777 433.094 273.229 211.896 re f q 298.777 433.094 273.229 211.896 re W n q 276.32239 0 0 213.054 297.454 433.094 cm /Im12 Do Q Q /GS1 gs 0.35 w 298.777 433.094 273.229 211.896 re s Q endstream endobj 31 0 obj << /Type/XObject /ColorSpace/DeviceGray /Subtype/Image /Width 226 /Length 42827 /BitsPerComponent 4 /Height 379 >> stream 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The spring itself still pr)18(oduces small amounts of)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0 Tw [(water)74(.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 47.422 0 0 47.422 315.7807 610.4083 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (O)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 355.7828 636.4083 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.09 Tw (ver time, all of Kansas\325s various types of springs)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.211 Tw [(have under)18(gone pr)17(ofound change, in much the)]TJ T* 0.37 Tw [(same way that the r)18(est of the landscape has)]TJ -3.9125 -1.3 TD 0.283 Tw [(changed. The number of r)18(elatively unchanged, pristine)]TJ T* 0.078 Tw [(springs is fairly small, but ther)18(e ar)17(e some, such as )37(Alcove)]TJ T* -0.03 Tw (Spring and Lost Spring. In these cases (and at Scott Spring),)Tj T* 0.004 Tw [(the springs have been fenced of)18(f and signs er)17(ected describ-)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.135 Tw (ing their history and significance. But most springs have)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.016 Tw [(been changed. Some, such as Big John Spring)-50(, Big Springs,)]TJ T* 0.125 Tw [(and California Spring)-50(, have been alter)18(ed dramatically by)]TJ 0 -1.30001 TD 0.09 Tw [(constr)8(uction. Many wer)17(e developed in one fashion or an-)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD -0.003 Tw [(other)74(, some turned into mineral water spas \(some of which)]TJ (r)' 0.37695 0 TD 0.333 Tw (emain as r)Tj 5.20017 0 TD [(esorts, such as Sycamor)18(e Springs and Sun)]TJ -5.57712 -1.30001 TD 0.14 Tw (Springs; others have r)Tj 10.04686 0 TD (everted to something that may ap)Tj 15.59633 0 TD (-)Tj -25.64319 -1.30001 TD 0.074 Tw [(pr)17(oach their original state, such as Chingawassa Springs\).)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.015 Tw [(Some, such as W)92(agon Bed Spring, have dried up, pr)17(obably)]TJ T* 0.051 Tw [(at least in part because of lower)18(ed water levels in western)]TJ T* 0.361 Tw (Kansas \(a phenomenon that is not limited to historic)Tj T* 0.281 Tw (springs, by the way)Tj 9.3892 0 TD (, but pr)Tj 3.77151 0 TD (obably af)Tj 4.34449 0 TD (fects a number of)Tj -17.5052 -1.30001 TD 0.095 Tw (springs in the High Plains\). Others, such as Rock Springs)Tj 0 -1.3 TD 0.052 Tw [(and Crystal Spring)-50(, have been developed for use as water)]TJ T* 0.211 Tw [(supplies but still pr)18(oduce substantial amounts of water)74(,)]TJ T* 0 Tw (pr)Tj 0.97778 0 TD 0.022 Tw (obably in amounts as lar)Tj 10.91225 0 TD [(ge as they ever have. )37(And final-)]TJ -11.89003 -1.30001 TD -0.014 Tw [(ly)111(, at least one of the historic springs, W)91(aconda Spring)-50(, was)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.025 Tw [(cover)18(ed by the waters of W)91(aconda Lake.)]TJ 1.8 -1.3 TD 0.083 Tw [(One generalization appears to hold tr)8(ue for nearly all)]TJ -1.8 -1.3 TD 0.108 Tw (of the springs in the state, not just those deemed to have)Tj T* 0.057 Tw [(historic importance. Springs in r)18(egions such as the Smoky)]TJ T* 0.127 Tw [(Hills and the Flint Hills, places wher)18(e much of the land-)]TJ T* -0.028 Tw (scape r)Tj 3.0464 0.00001 TD (emains in native prairie and has not been cultivated,)Tj -3.0464 -1.30001 TD 0.01 Tw [(have r)18(etained their hydr)17(ologic character to a gr)18(eater extent)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.048 Tw [(than those in other parts of the state wher)18(e human distur-)]TJ T* 0.204 Tw [(bances ar)18(e mor)17(e pr)18(onounced.)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 5 0 0 5 452.6928 223.8771 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (32)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 462.2354 220.4083 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.204 Tw (Crystal Spring and Rock)Tj -14.55776 -1.3 TD -0.01 Tw [(Springs in the Flint Hills, and springs fr)18(om the Dakota For-)]TJ T* 0.147 Tw [(mation in the Smoky Hills, ar)18(e r)17(elatively healthy)111(, hydr)18(o-)]TJ T* 0.027 Tw (logically speaking. In much of the r)Tj 15.73361 0.00001 TD (est of the state, howev-)Tj -15.73361 -1.30001 TD 0.183 Tw [(er)73(, springs have been changed by a variety )1(of activities,)]TJ 0 -1.3 TD 0.113 Tw [(including constr)8(uctio)-1(n)-49(, minin)-1(g)-49(, cultivatio)-1(n)-49(, or the lower-)]TJ T* 0.062 Tw (ing of the gr)Tj 5.56374 0.00001 TD (oundwater table. Clearly)Tj 11.00717 0.00001 TD (, then, springs r)Tj 7.05421 0.00001 TD 0 Tw (eflect)Tj -23.62512 -1.30002 TD 0.025 Tw [(much about the health of the hydr)18(ologic system.)]TJ -27.8658 -8.9667 TD 0 Tw [(140)-21967(K)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 279.9313 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (ANSAS)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 308.4534 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (H)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 316.7712 39.7417 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(IST)18(OR)36(Y)]TJ ET 0 0 0 0 k 315.827 64.205 260.165 32.736 re f Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 334.8273 90.1342 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.12 Tw [(32. Robert S. Sawin, Rex C. Buchanan, and W)92(ayne Lebsack, \322Flint)]TJ -2.25 -1.125 TD -0.032 Tw [(Hills Springs,\323 in Kansas )37(Academy of Science, )]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 479.9427 81.1342 Tm 0 0 0 1 k [(T)111(ransactions)]TJ ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 522.7086 81.1342 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.032 Tw (102 \(December)Tj -25.73516 -1.125 TD 0.025 Tw [(1999\): 1)-100-100(31.)]TJ ET 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K 36 720 m 575.503 720 l S 0 0 0 0 k 36.125 171.9769 261.247 32.3661 re f Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 37.125 194.2634 Tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 Tw [(Lost Spring, Marion County)37(, r)18(eceived its name as it sometimes seems)]TJ 0 -1.11111 TD [(to disappear only to \322r)18(eappear\323 at a later time.)]TJ ET /GS2 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36.507 211.551 260.622 435.993 re f /GS1 gs 0.5 w 0 0 0 1 K 36.507 211.551 260.622 435.993 re s /GS2 gs 40.266 215.18 253.192 428.692 re f q 40.266 215.18 253.192 428.692 re W n q 256.28809 0 0 429.23016 38.311 215.1798 cm /Im13 Do Q Q /GS1 gs 0.35 w 40.266 215.18 253.192 428.692 re s Q endstream endobj 33 0 obj << /Type/XObject /ColorSpace/DeviceGray /Subtype/Image /Width 307 /Length 30800 /BitsPerComponent 4 /Height 200 >> stream \_~HuwUu8ݻzdSF̾͌@!_3Yt)3Hj￨R&#TGXmicNeAjDIWE݃!!38_π4!"]Fa3Ƽ܃ "~%!24A4"1$Xc#!$R #oQ`#!23gA+R"3#k1&!33)ˬ#0"$3>ib1!042|;e6!S*R3111""5#tZR!" 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