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0 = , U ] b U | Z U . ( P q Z Yr @ r 4 r q q q 4 q q q = s s s s B B B D: ? , B B B ? B B B N N N N N N Tutorial for Simulation-based Performance Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols in ns-2
By Karthik sadasivam
1. Introduction
Ns-2 is an open source discrete event simulator used by the research community for research in networking [1]. It has support for both wired and wireless networks and can simulate several network protocols such as TCP, UDP, multicast routing, etc. More recently, support has been added for simulation of large satellite and ad hoc wireless networks. The ns-2 simulation software was developed at the University of Berkeley. It is constantly under development by an active community of researchers. The latest version at the time of writing this tutorial is ns-2 2.27.
The standard ns-2 distribution runs on Linux. However, a package for running ns-2 on Cygwin (Linux Emulation for Windows) is available. In this mode, ns-2 runs in the Windows environment on top of Cygwin as shown in the figure 1.
In this tutorial, we initially discuss the general installation and configuration of ns-2. Later on, we will discuss how to simulate and analyze the performance of routing protocols for Mobile Ad hoc networks using scenario based experiments. Finally, a list of useful resources is provided for the novice user.
Getting your hands wet with ns-2
The ns-2.27 is available as an all-in-one package that includes many modules. Two modules that we will discuss in this tutorial are
ns-2 simulator.
TCL/OTcl interpreter.
2.1 Procedure for installation ns-2 over CYGWIN
Installing ns-2 can be time-consuming for beginners, especially when building it in a Cygwin environment. The detailed instructions for downloading and building ns-2 on Cygwin can be found at Christians web page. [3]
Using ns-2:
The following are a few useful tips on using ns-2 -
ns-2 running directory: in CYGWIN console, under directory:
/home/administrator/ns-allinone2/ns-2.27
Sample script files for wireless network simulations can be found under the directory:
/home/administrator/ns-allinone2/ns-2.27 /scripts/wireless
Setting your environment
In order to run your scripts from any directory, the PATH environment variables must be set. In order to do this, type the following at the command prompt as it is-
export ns_HOME=/home/administrator/ns-allinone-2.27/
export PATH=$ns_HOME/tcl8.4.5/unix:$ns_HOME/tk8.4.5/unix:$ns_HOME/
bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ns_HOME/tcl8.4.5/unix:$ns_HOME/tk8.4.5/unix:\
$ns_HOME/otcl-1.8:$ns_HOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export TCL_LIBRARY=$ns_HOME/tcl8.4.5/library
Data files for ns-2: The input to ns-2 is a Tcl script file. Each script file corresponds to one specific experiment scenario and has the extension .tcl
To edit your script file use any Windows editor such as editplus, notepad, etc.
To run the script using ns type the following at the command prompt
% ns filename.tcl
Some small scripts can also be run in command line mode. For this, just type ns and enter your commands line by line.
Procedure for Running Scenario-based Experiments:
The procedure for running the scenario-based experiments are shown as a flow diagram in Fig.2 and are elaborated in the following sections
3.1. Setting up the user parameters
For any experiment, we have a set of control parameters which are specified by the user and a set of output parameters which we need to investigate upon. In the scenario based experiments, the set of input parameters are the parameters for the definition of the scenario and the specification of the traffic pattern. These parameters are defined in the following sections-
(i) Scenario parameters -
The scenario for a particular experiment is defined using the tool BonnMotion, a Java software which creates and analyses mobility scenarios. It is developed within the Communication Systems group at the Institute of Computer Science IV of the University of Bonn, Germany, where it serves as a tool for the investigation of mobile ad hoc network characteristics. The scenarios can also be exported for the network simulator ns-2 and GlomoSim/QualNet. Several mobility models are supported, namely
the Random Waypoint model,
the Gauss-Markov model,
the Manhattan Grid model and
the Reference Point Group Mobility model.
More information on these mobility models can be found at [2]. The parameters for the scenario can be specified through the command line. For e.g.,
bm -f battlefield2-b RPGM -d 100 -i 1000 -n 90 -x 2000 -y 2000 -a 10
f: output filename
b: RPGM mobility model
d: 100 duration of simulation (second)
i: 1000 number of seconds to skip from starting point
n: 80 number of nodes
x: 2000 width of the simulation movement field (metric)
y: 2000 length of the simulation movement field (metric)
a: 10 average number of node per group
Command to convert output file to NS-2 format
Bm NSFile f filenametoconvert
For example, on running
Bm NSFile f battlefields2-b
We will have battlefields2-b.ns_movement file. This file can be used as an input to the Tcl script which is described in a later section.
(ii) Traffic pattern:
The ns package comes with a traffic generator utility which can be found in the folder /home/administrator/ns-allinone2/ns-2.27/indep-utils/cmu-scen-gen/. This utility is used to generate trace files for specifying the type, duration and the rate of traffic flow in the network. The utility can be invoked by calling the Tcl script cbrgen.tcl as follows-
$ ns cbrgen.tcl [list of parameters]
List of Parameters:
Type of traffic: CBR or TCP
Seed: starting number for random number generator
Nr: number of node
Nc: maximum number of connection
Rate: number of packet per second (bit rate)
The output values can be written to a file using the > directive on the command line. This file can be used as an input to the Tcl script which is described in a later section.
3.2. The script demystified
In this section we present a walkthrough of the script which is used to run the simulation for analyzing the performance of routing protocols in MANETs. The script can be used as a skeleton to simulate any kind of routing protocol desired.
(a) Set up the simulation and define the constants
The first step in the simulation is to define the wireless physical medium parameters and initialize the simulation.
#----------------------------------------------------------------
# Definition of the physical layer
#----------------------------------------------------------------
set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel
set val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround
set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy
set val(mac) Mac/802_11
set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue
set val(ll) LL
set val(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna
#-----------------------------------------------------------------
# Scenario parameters
#------------------------------------------------------------------
set val(x) 2000 ;# X dimension of the topography
set val(y) 2000 ;# Y dimension of the topography
set val(ifqlen) 100 ;# max packet in queue
set val(seed) 0.0 ;#random seed
set val(adhocRouting) [routing protocol]
set val(nn) [no. of nodes] ;# how many nodes are simulated
set val(cp) [traffic pattern file]
set val(sc) [mobility scenario file]
set val(stop) [simulation duration] ;# simulation time
(b) After setting up the initial parameters, we now create the simulator objects
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Set up simulator objects
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# create simulator instance
set ns_ [new Simulator]
# setup topography object
set topo [new Topography]
# create trace object for ns and nam
set tracefd [open output trace file name w]
$ns_ use-newtrace ;# use the new wireless trace file format
set namtrace [open nam trace file name w]
$ns_ trace-all $tracefd
$ns_ namtrace-all-wireless $namtrace $val(x) $val(y)
# define topology
$topo load_flatgrid $val(x) $val(y)
# Create God
set god_ [create-god $val(nn)]
NOTE:
(i) GOD or General Operations Director is a ns-2 simulator object, which is used to store global information about the state of the environment, network, or nodes that an omniscient observer would have, but that should not be made known to any participant in the simulation.
(ii) The load_flatgrid object is used to specify a 2-D terrain. Support is available for simulation of 3D terrains for more realistic depiction of scenarios.
(c) Define node properties
Now we define the properties of a node in the ad hoc network through the following code snippet-
$ns_ node-config -adhocRouting $val(adhocRouting) \
-llType $val(ll) \
-macType $val(mac) \
-ifqType $val(ifq) \
-ifqLen $val(ifqlen) \
-antType $val(ant) \
-propType $val(prop) \
-phyType $val(netif) \
-channelType $val(chan) \
-topoInstance $topo \
-agentTrace ON \
-routerTrace ON \
-macTrace ON
A unicast node in ns-2 has the following structure [ ]
Fig.3. Structure of a unicast node in ns-2 [from the ns manual]
By default, a node is specified as a unicast node. If a multicast protocol is desired, a separate clause has to be specified during simulator initialization-
set ns [new Simulator -multicast on]
(d) Attach the nodes to the channel and specify their movements
# Create the specified number of nodes [$val(nn)] and "attach" them
# to the channel.
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn) } {incr i} {
set node_($i) [$ns_ node]
$node_($i) random-motion 0 ;# disable random motion
}
# Define node movement model
puts "Loading connection pattern..."
source $val(cp)
# Define traffic model
puts "Loading scenario file..."
source $val(sc)
# Define node initial position in nam
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr i} {
# 50 defines the node size in nam, must adjust it according to your scenario
# The function must be called after mobility model is defined
# puts "Processing node $i"
$ns_ initial_node_pos $node_($i) 50
}
NOTE: The above code attaches the nodes to the channel and specifies the movement of the nodes and the traffic flow between them. The default random motion of the nodes must be disabled.
(e) Finish up and run the simulation
#
# Tell nodes when the simulation ends
#
for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn) } {incr i} {
$ns_ at $val(stop).0 "$node_($i) reset";
}
$ns_ at $val(stop).0002 "puts \"NS EXITING...\" ; $ns_ halt"
# dump the initial simulation info to the trace file
puts $tracefd "M 0.0 nn $val(nn) x $val(x) y $val(y) rp $val(adhocRouting)"
puts $tracefd "M 0.0 sc $val(sc) cp $val(cp) seed $val(seed)"
puts $tracefd "M 0.0 prop $val(prop) ant $val(ant)"
puts "Starting Simulation..."
$ns_ run
3.3. Running a New Routing Protocol
A new routing protocol for ns-2 has to be coded in C/C++ (there is no support for Java yet). The output for this file can be incorporated into the simulator by specifying the file name in the Makefile (/home/administrator/ns-allinone-2.27/ns-2.27) and building ns-2 again. If the routing protocol involves a different packet format than what is defined in packet.h, this must also be specified in the header file. More details can be found in Marc Greiss tutorial [2].
3.4. Post Analysis
The final but most important step in our experiment is to analyze the output from the simulation. After the simulation we obtain the trace file which contains the packet dump from the simulation. The format of this trace file for ad hoc wireless networks is as follows:
N: Node Property
I: IP Level Packet Information
H: Next Hop Information
M: MAC Level Packet Information
P: Packet Specific Information
EventAbbreviationFlagTypeValueWireless Events: Send r: Receive d: Drop f: Forward -t double Time (* For Global Setting) -Ni int Node ID -Nx double Node X Coordinate -Ny double Node Y Coordinate -Nz double Node Z Coordinate -Ne double Node Energy Level -Nl string Network trace Level (AGT, RTR, MAC, etc.) -Nw string Drop Reason -Hs int Hop source node ID -Hd int Hop destination Node ID, -1, -2 -Ma hexadecimalDuration -Ms hexadecimalSource Ethernet Address -Md hexadecimalDestination Ethernet Address -Mt hexadecimalEthernet Type -P string Packet Type (arp, dsr, imep, tora, etc.) -Pn string Packet Type (cbr, tcp)
Depending on the packet type, the trace may log additional information. More detailed trace file format may be found at [4]. The java program to analyze the trace files is attached with the appendix. This file is used to record the packets and compute the following metrics
Number of data packets sent
Number of data packets received by the destination host
Total number of routing packets
Normalized routing load ratio of routing packets over data packets received.
Packet delivery fraction ratio of received packets over sent packets in percentage.
End to end delay average time for a data packet delivered from host to destination.
It writes these values to a .csv file which can be imported into an Excel spread sheet to obtain the performance graphs. The output trace files may also be visualized in network animator(nam).
EMBED Visio.Drawing.11
References
[1] ns-2 Home page : HYPERLINK "http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/" http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
[2] ns-2 Tutorial: HYPERLINK "http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial/nsindex.html" http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial/nsindex.html
[3] ns-2 installation on Cygwin: HYPERLINK "http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~christin/ns-cygwin.shtml" http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~christin/ns-cygwin.shtml
[4] ns-2 trace format: HYPERLINK "http://k-lug.org/~griswold/NS2/ns2-trace-formats.html#wireless:new" http://k-lug.org/~griswold/NS2/ns2-trace-formats.html#wireless:new
[5] T. Camp, J. Boleng, and V. Davies, "A Survey of Mobility Models for Ad Hoc Network Research", Appeared in Wireless Communication & Mobile Computing (WCMC): Special issue on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: Research, Trends and Applications, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 483-502, 2002- HYPERLINK "http://toilers.mines.edu/papers/pdf/Models.pdf" http://toilers.mines.edu/papers/pdf/Models.pdf
Appendix : Java program to analyze the trace files and compute performance metrics
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
public class ParseTrace {
public static void main (String args[]) {
String s, thisLine, currLine,thisLine1;
int j=0;
FileReader fin,fin1;
FileWriter fout,fout1;
final int FILES = 0;
final int MAX_PACKETS = 400000;
try {
int i=0, sends=0, receives=0;
int drops=0,packet_id=0, highest_packet_id = 0;
int line_count=0,current_line=0, routing_packets=0;
int count=0;
if (args[0].length()<1 || args[1].length()<1)
{
System.out.println("usage: java ParseTrace ");
System.exit(0);
}
String outputFileName = args[0] + args[1] + ".csv";
fout = new FileWriter(outputFileName);
BufferedWriter op = new BufferedWriter(fout);
for(int k=0;k<=1000;k+=50)
{
String inputFileName = args[0] + "-pt-" + k +"-"+args[1]+".tr";
float pdfraction, time=0, packet_duration=0, end_to_end_delay=0;
float avg_end_to_end_delay=0;
float start_time[] = new float[MAX_PACKETS];
float end_time[] = new float[MAX_PACKETS];
float sent_packets[] = new float[MAX_PACKETS];
float received_packets[] = new float[MAX_PACKETS];
String tokens[] = new String[100];
// initialize the start time
for (i=0; ihighest_packet_id) highest_packet_id = packet_id;
// set the start time, only if its not already set
if (start_time[packet_id] == 0) start_time[packet_id] = time;
// calculate the receives and end-end delay
if (tokens[0].equals("r") && tokens[18].equals("AGT") && tokens[34].equals("cbr"))
{
receives++;
end_time[packet_id] = time;
}
else end_time[packet_id] = -1;
// calculate the routing packets
if ((tokens[0].equals("s") || tokens[0].equals("f")) && tokens[18].equals("RTR")
&& (tokens[34].equals("AODV") || tokens[34].equals("DSR")
|| tokens[34].equals("message") ))
routing_packets++;
}
}
// calculate the packet duration for all the packets
for (packet_id = 0; packet_id <= highest_packet_id ; packet_id++) {
packet_duration = end_time[packet_id] - start_time[packet_id];
if (packet_duration >0) end_to_end_delay += packet_duration;
}
// calculate the average end-end packet delay
avg_end_to_end_delay = end_to_end_delay / (receives );
// calculate the packet delivery fraction
pdfraction = ((float)receives/(float)(sends))*100;
System.out.println(" \nsends "+sends);
System.out.println(" receives "+receives);
System.out.println(" routing overhead (packets) "+ routing_packets);
System.out.println(" Normalized routing load "+(float)routing_packets/(float)receives);
System.out.println(" pdfraction " +pdfraction);
System.out.println(" Avg End-End delay " +avg_end_to_end_delay);
op.write(sends);
op.write(","+receives);
op.write(","+ routing_packets);
op.write(","+(float)routing_packets/(float)receives);
op.write("," +pdfraction);
op.write("," +avg_end_to_end_delay);
op.write('\n');
}//end of for
op.close();
} //end of try
catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} } }
Fig.1 ns-2 over Cygwin
WindowsXP
CYGWIN 4.3.2
ns-2 ver. 2.27
Fig.2 Flow diagram for running MANET protocols in ns-2
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F EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D@0 $ = A R I A L 6@@ 4 # c= lA ? ? ( R p A r i a l }wwM wM w|8| || 2| |p|m|| |o
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F t EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@@ 4 < @ ? lA ? ? % T T V Z @A AV L P < %
F EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@h \ p r o t o ? lA ? lA)? lA@9? lA@A? lA ? ? % T l \ s @A A\ L X p r o t o %
F t EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@@ 4 . Q? lA ? ? % T T u v @A Au L P . %
F t EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@@ 4 h nY? lA ? ? % T T x | @A Ax L P h %
F t EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@@ 4 > ?i? lA ? ? % T T ~ @A A~ L P > %
F t EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@@ 4 # c= c ? ? % T T , 0 @A A, L P # %
F EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@ x i n c l u d e V= c r> c P> c΄> c r> c> c > c\> c ? ? % T | 1 R @A A1 L \ i n c l u d e %
F t EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@@ 4 < @ ? c ? ? % T T V Z @A AV L P < %
F EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@ x d s r a g e n t ? c ? c.? c58? c@H? c W? cg? c|w? c ? ? % T | \ @A A\ L \ d s r a g e n t %
F t EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@@ 4 . c? c ? ? % T T @A A L P . %
F t EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@@ 4 h @? c ? ? % T T @A A L P h %
F t EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@@ 4 > ? c ? ? % T T @A A L P > %
F EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@ v o i d m a i n c= H= = H= 1> H= VJ> H=΄> H=> H= > H=> H= G> H= ? ? % T , W @A A, L ` v o i d m a i n %
F | EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@H < ( ) @? H=@n? H= ? ? % T X Y _ @A AY L P ( ) %
F t EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@@ 4 { c= -X> ? ? % T T , . @A A, L P { %
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F t EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@@ 4 . >Z> ? ? % T T K L @A AK L P . %
F t EMF++@ *@ $ B B` D1D6@@ 4 } c= > ? ? % T T , / @A A, L P } %
F EMF++@ *@ $ B B Bp @@0 $ G> A R I A L 6@P D 6 F l o w d i a g r a m f o r r u n n i n g M A N E T r o u t i n g p r o t o c o l s i n n s 0<> -> > -> > -> d> ->$? -> %? -> A? -> L? -> fh? ->
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F t EMF++@ *@ $ B B Bp @6@@ 4 - Ϡ@ -> ? ? % T T b f @A Ab L P - %
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F L @ EMF++@ @
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ף> fff@H < {AO{XDq=pBO{XDq=pBSD{ASD{AO{XD @ $ $ = = _ 8 8 8 fff % % V 0 M > d 6 644 6% % $ $ A A ( F 4 ( EMF+
@ $ GAO{RDffAA( $ $ = = ' % % V 0 I 3 ^ [4[5(5(4[4% % $ $ A A F EMF+@ @ 4
ף> @H < GAHWD
IBHWD
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F t EMF++@ *@ $ B Bƒ%BqRD6@@ 4 / )? > ? ? % T T i M k Z @A Ai X L P / %
F EMF++@ *@ $ B Bƒ%BqRD6@ u t i l i t i e s 0? >ZB? >K? >S? >[? >c? >m? >t? >@]? > ? ? % T l M Z @A Al X L ` u t i l i t i e s %
F EMF++@ @ GA^DGAb]D'AO{\D:
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ף> @ $ $ = = _ 8 8 8 % % U \ p 6 [7[d7 7U 7 7Nd7N7N7N7N7N8R8UR8R8[8[7% % $ $ A A ( F EMF+*@ $ B B/\B
7\D6@p d O u t p u t u> >;> >> >> >> >6? > ? ? % T p N t r @A AN L X O u t p u t %
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