ࡱ> EGDe rbjbj xv*B6 6 yyyyy$P\%?b4\>^>^>^>^>^>^>$ACV>]y>yy>""" yy\>"\>""8:|<@H[;H>>0%?;^ D~t D4|<|<4 Dy<">> %? D6 ?: CE361 Introduction to Transportation EngineeringPosted: Wednesday 3 December 2008Homework 12Due: Wednesday 10 December 2008 Moving Freight and USING ENERGY Dear Consultant: Freight transportation is often overlooked, yet it is crucial to a societys quality of life. In this HW, you are asked to demonstrate your ability to analyze various aspects of the shipment of goods. Please complete the exercises below completely and clearly. You may submit your assignment as a member of a group of CE361 students not to exceed three in size. Signatures of all group members must appear on the top page of the work submitted. Mixed Freight Train. An 85-car container train is scheduled to move through Horseshoe Curve (pictured) near Altoona PA at 16 mph. The 220 degree arc that forms Horseshoe Curve comprises two curves; the north side has a radius of 637 feet while the south side tightens to 609 feet. [http://www.northeast.railfan.net/horseshoe.html] Assume the tare weight of each 4-axle rail flat car is 40,000 lbs, each 40-ft container weighs 60,000 lbs (gross), and there is no gradient in the curve. (7 points) If there is one container per railcar, calculate Rtt, Rcurv, and Rtotal. Total weight each car = 40,000 + 60,000 = 100,000 lbs / 2000 lbs per ton = 50 tons; w = 50 tons/4 axles = 12.5 tons/axle (12.5) Rtt =  EMBED Equation.3  =  EMBED Equation.3  Rtt = 0.6+1.6+0.16+0.4787 = 2.8387 lb/ton (7.8) D = 5729.6/R = 5729.6/609 = 9.41 degrees (or 9.15 degrees from the Horseshoe website) (12.7) Rcurv = 0.8 D = 0.8 * 9.41 degrees = 7.528 lb/ton (or 7.40 lb/ton) (12.8) Rtot = (2.8387+0+7.528) lbs/ton * 85 cars * 50 tons per car = 44,058 lbs (or 43,514 lbs) (7 points) If the containers are double-stacked, calculate Rtt, Rcurv, and Rtotal. Total weight each car = 40,000 + (2*60,000) = 160,000 lbs / 2000 lbs per ton = 80 tons; w = 80 tons/4 axles = 20 tons/axle (12.5) Rtt =  EMBED Equation.3  =  EMBED Equation.3  Rtt = 0.6+1.0+0.16+0.4787 = 2.2387 lb/ton; note that K=0.0935 for single- or double-stack COFC (FTE 684) (12.7) Rcurv = 0.8 D = 0.8 * 9.41 degrees = 7.528 lb/ton (12.8) Rtot = (2.2387+0+7.528) lbs/ton * 85 cars * 80 tons per car = 66,414 lbs (5 points) On a straight section of track before or after Horseshoe Curve, what ruling grade is equivalent to the curvature of Horseshoe Curve for the single-stack container train? (12.7) Rcurv = 0.8 D = 0.8 * 9.41 = 7.528 lbs/ton; (12.6) Rgrade = 20 G = 7.528 lbs/ton when G = 0.376 percent (or 0.37 percent). [FYI: The steepest standard-gauge mainline railway grade in the United States is the Saluda Grade in Polk County, North Carolina. It reaches 5.1% at one point.] (6 points) Each available locomotive has Rlocomotive=1536 lbs, 6660 HP, and 86 percent efficiency. How many locomotives are needed to pull the single-stack container train in Part A? (12.10) = (12.11): 44,058 + (1536*N) = (375*6660*N*0.86)/16; Solve for N=0.33 (or N=0.33) ( 1 engine (25 points) Horsepower for 3x5 tow. A 3 x 5 tow (each scow is 35 by 195 feet) is carrying coal and has a draft of 8.5 feet. The desired speed in still water is 5.6 knots. If the water is 16 feet deep, estimate the horsepower to be delivered to the tow if the engine/propeller system is 66 percent efficient. Follow steps in FTE Example 12.14 so that we can use (12.14). (12.15) f = 0.0106 L-0.031 = 0.0106 * (5*195)-0.031 = 0.008563. (12.17) Fr =  EMBED Equation.3  = 0.0565. Because Fr<0.15, wavemaking resistance RWM can be neglected. At 5.6 knots, Raero can also be neglected. The tows overall underwater dimensions are (3*35) x (5*195) x 8.5 feet. The wetted surface per tow consists of the bottom area (3*35*5*195 = 102,375 sq ft) and the area of the sides underwater (8.5 * 2 * (105 + 975) = 18,360 sq ft). Swet = 102,375 + 18,360 = 120,735 sq ft. Rsf = f * Swet * V1.825 = 0.008563 * 120,735 * 5.61.825 = 23,984 lbf Based on FTE Example 12.16, rearrange (12.21):  EMBED Equation.3  = 592.6 horsepower, but this is for deep water. FTE Example 12.17 shows how to adjust this HP value for a shallow channel and for a tow other than the 3x2 configuration covered in FTE Figure 12.36 (below). 5.6 kt *. EMBED Equation.3  = 6.44 mi/hr. In the figure below, HP = 500 (approx.) for deep water and 6.44 mph. For 16 feet of depth and 6.44 mph, HP = 1400 (approx.). In Example 12.17, the wetted surface of the 3x2 tow was calculated as 49,365 sq ft. The HP needed for a 3x4 tow at 6.44 mph in water 16 feet deep = 592.6 * (1400/500) * (120,735/49,365) = 4058 HP.  Freight modes and energy intensity. (6 points) Edition 27 of the Transportation Energy Data Book was released by Oak Ridge National Laboratory in June 2008. It can be viewed at  HYPERLINK "http://cta.ornl.gov/data/download27.shtml" http://cta.ornl.gov/data/download27.shtml. Use the TEDB to update FTE Table 12.16 with the most recent available entry for each mode. Hint: Trucks in 2006 traveled 142,706*106 veh-mi and carried 1255.9*109 ton-mi. Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970-2006 are found in Table 2.16 of the TEDB. For Truck, 23,260 BTU/veh-mi * 142,706*106 veh-mi / 1255.9*109 ton-mi = 2643 BTU/ton-mi. FTE Table 12.16 is updated as follows: ModeTruckRailWater20003200 BTU/ton-mile352 BTU/ton-mile508 BTU/ton-mile2005514 BTU/ton-mile20062643 BTU/ton-mile330 BTU/ton-mileData not available (9 points) At  HYPERLINK "http://blog.syracuse.com/opinion/2008/06/alternative_routes_the_fuel_cr.html" http://blog.syracuse.com/opinion/2008/06/alternative_routes_the_fuel_cr.html, the following statements are made: A single train can deliver hundreds of truckloads, and carry a ton of cargo on 423 miles per gallon of fuel -- compared with 59 miles for a truck. A barge can carry a ton 514 miles on a single gallon. Verify (or contradict) these claims. What data did you use? Find BTU/gal for each mode in FTE Ex. 12.24 or FTE Table 13.5. 423 ton-mi by train consumes one gal at 138,700 BTU/gal. 138,700/423 = 327.9 BTU/ton-mi. Very close to 330 BTU/ton-mile in updated FTE Table 12.16. 59 ton-mi by truck consumes one gal at 138,700 BTU/gal. 138,700/59 = 2351 BTU/ton-mi. Fairly close to 2643 BTU/ton-mile in updated FTE Table 12.16. 514 ton-mi by barge consumes one gal at 150,000 BTU/gal. 150,000/514 = 292 BTU/ton-mi. This value is much smaller than the 514 BTU/ton-mile in updated FTE Table 12.16. Perhaps the blogger confused 514 BTU/ton-mile with xxx ton-mi/gal for barge. (10 points) View two new CSX commercials at  HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeCIruqe0FM" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeCIruqe0FM and  HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=saqb4MtVm4o&feature=related" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=saqb4MtVm4o&feature=related. What is the key capacity-related or energy-related statement made in each commercial? Verify (or contradict) these claims. What data did you use? In the first commercial, the statement is A single CSX train carries the load of 280 trucks. In the video, the 53-ft semi-trailers morph into a train with flat cars carrying double-stacked containers. If a container is the equivalent of a semi-trailer (60,000 lbs each, based on HW9 and Problem 1 this HW), the CSX statement is true for a 140-car train. In the second commercial, the statement is CSX trains can move a ton of goods 423 miles on one gallon of fuel. This happens to be exactly the value cited in the blog in Part B of this problem. The BTU/ton-mi value checked out in Part B. The Tesla Tussle. (5 points) In a few sentences, describe the Tesla automobile and what its advantages might be. Cite your source(s) The Tesla is an electric automobile under development that is due to be available in a few years. It will, of course, not use fossil fuels (at least not directly). A driver can expect to get at least 250 miles per recharge of the battery. (5 points) At  HYPERLINK "http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/005118.html" http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/005118.html, an article by Jeremy Faludi is followed by a series of comments posted. A debate breaks out between Joseph Willemssen and Mario. Looking only at the postings through 26 October 2006, summarize in a sentence or two (no more) what Josephs assertion was. Do not include any personal attacks in your answer. the repeated claims that [the Tesla is] twice as efficient as a Prius is simply not accurate. the gasoline equivalent fuel economy of the Tesla is 55 mpg -- the same as the combined EPA rating of the Prius." -- Posted by Joseph Willemssen October 24, 2006 (5 points) Looking only at the postings through 26 October 2006, summarize in a sentence or two (no more) what Marios assertion was. Do not include any personal attacks in your answer. Your methodology is sound until you make the conversion to BTU/mile. the mileage they are stating can be obtained on paper.--Posted by: Mario on October 25, 2006 11:09 AM (10 points) Based on these postings (and any other information you care to search for), whose position do your find more persuasive Josephs or Marios. Explain why and provide excerpts In JWs second post (October 24, 2006 1:09 PM), he said, I don't know about you, but if the people of Tesla said "we're producing an exotic car capable of going 0-60 in 4 seconds, with the fuel economy of a Prius", I'd be pretty impressed just with that. The assumptions in their white paper all tend to give advantage to efficiency estimates for their vehicle vis-a-vis other vehicles, which can only end up disappointing people if those levels of efficiency never materialize once the vehicle starts getting used as an everyday driver. If they had simply speculated what the relative efficiency was based on certain assumptions, I wouldn't have noticed or cared as much, but this "twice as efficient as a Prius" thing seems to be a meme they keep repeating. As such, it made me question it, since it seemed fairly unlikely to be accurate. This seems like a reasonable statement. He then answers Marios objections with lots of data, calcs, and references. However, that does not mean that JW is correct. 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[How many students chose JW? How many chose Mario? Please keep a tally.] Interestingly, the author of the article that started it all, chimed in with Hey, all, delighted to see all the comments here and the detailed calculations going on. 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