ࡱ> DFCq` bjbjqPqP 4&:: ,(h"($($($($($($($ *hs,H(H(](&&&^"(&"(&&Z&|' 0n٥|.&"(s(0(&+-r+-$'+-'P"@&XlH(H( (  Soc 2155 (Summer, 2006) Midterm exam study guide In general: there will be 50-60 multiple choice questions, several short answer questions, and some SPSS output that you must interpret. Although I have listed the most important concepts, there may be things on the exam that are not represented here. 1. Introduction to Inquiry Ways of knowing things (upside/downside of each) What happens when direct experience clashes with what we know How is science different from other ways of knowing? The causal, probabilistic nature of science Common errors in observation and how science helps avoid them Philosophy vs. science (premodern, modern, postmodern) Doing science Normative or philosophical questions versus empirical questions A scientific understanding must Variables (language of science) and attributes Independent vs. dependent variables Dialects in social science--Idiographic versus Nomothetic, Induction and Deduction, Qualitative and Quantitative, Pure versus Applied Guidelines for evaluating research (e.g., accuracy, authority) Be able to apply to discussion of scholarly journals, books, internet sites 2. Paradigms, theory, and research Paradigms (what are they, why important) In social science Early positivism Conflict Symbolic interactionism Structural functionalism Can we study society in a rational and objective manner? Ash experiments, The Sherif flashlight study 3. Ethics and Politics Define ethics and differentiate from politics Milgram experiments, Laud Humphreys study, Tuskegee Pillars of the ethics code in social science (voluntary, no harm) Informed consent Anonymity and confidentiality Deception/debriefing Ethics for analysis and reporting Institutional review board (what are they, what do they do, does UMD have one). Politics What is ideology? American political ideologies Terms/concepts in ideology Intersubjectivity Knowledge destruction 4. Research design Three purposes of research (e.g., define, example) Criteria for establishing causation in social science (and how to demonstrate each) Common mistakes for interpreting causal relationships Necessary and sufficient Units of analysis (be able to find this critter in an example) Individual vs. group/aggregates Mistakes relating to unit of analysis (ecological fallacy/reductionism) Time in research Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal Advantages (downsides) of longitudinal research Types of longitudinal studies Ways to get around doing longitudinal research (and problems with these) 5. Conceptualization, Operationalization Concepts that social scientists study as made up Butcan still measure (agreement) The process of conceptualization The danger of reification Kaplans 3 classes of things that scientists measure (observables) Indicators (define, example) Dimensions (example) Real, nominal, operational definitions Why definitions (operational) are more problematic for descriptive than for explanatory studies Operationalization (decision making) Range of variation Qualities of variables (mutually exclusive, exhaustive) Levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) Multiple indicators Reliability and validity (define, explain, examples) Tension between these two concepts How to check/demonstrate reliability and validity 6. Indexes and Scales Why use a composite measure? Similarity and differences between an index/scale Constructing a scale Items should be empirically related (but not measure exactly the same thing) Unidimensionality Variance Missing data (and solutions) Scaling Bogardus scale Be able to interpret SPSS output regarding an index 7. Sampling Why sample? Probability vs. non-probability samples Advantage and disadvantage of each Types of each Sampling terminology Element, population, sample, sampling frame t v l E^_&E^e hH.hH. hH.5hH.hH.hH.5hTh@hhEz343 4 O # a  6 Z l m  & Fgdgd & Fgd@ & Fgd & FgdEz & FgdEz & FgdEz  R ?Pn/J\r & Fgd & Fgd & Fgdgd & Fgd & Fgd & FgdrsE_8h,NogdT & FgdT & FgdT & FgdT & Fgd & Fgdgd^gd'1Ez5J & FgdH. & FgdH.gdT & FgdH. & FgdH. & FgdT & FgdT*+8`8^8gd^gdH.8^8gd@ & FgdH. & FgdH.gdH. 21h:pH./ =!"#$% @@@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH DA@D Default Paragraph FontRi@R  Table Normal4 l4a (k@(No ListJ*@J TEndnote ReferenceCJH*OJQJHOH \W Jeff's endote d1$CJh<+@< \W Endnote TextCJaJH@"H @ Balloon TextCJOJQJ^JaJ&3434O#a6Z lmR?Pn/J\rsE_  8 h , N o ' 1 E z  5 J *+8`000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0D 0m 0m 0m 0m 0 000 0 0N 0N 0 0 0 0 0N 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0o 0o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0  0 0 0  0  0  0  0  0  0:  0:  0:  0:  0 0  0 00 0 0 0 0  0  0  0  0 0  0000 0 0 0  0  0 00000  r yy8*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCityV*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplacehttp://www.5iantlavalamp.com/ إygmJ[  3334N6Ym?./rswE_  & N ' 1 E 5 J +7`{S4~HpRl^ 6H{1[A" ch  ^ `OJQJo(hHh  ^ `OJQJ^Jo(hHohxx^x`OJQJo(hHhHH^H`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohX X ^X `OJQJo(hHhhh^h`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh88^8`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHh  ^ `OJQJ^Jo(hHohxx^x`OJQJo(hHhHH^H`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHl^ 1{ScAp                                                       H.rM A@ OD\WD_N{TTEzIC@`@UnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial5& zaTahoma?5 z Courier New;Wingdings"qh&&艧&6 6 Y242QHX)?Ez2Soc 2155 (Summer, 2006)College of Liberal ArtsCollege of Liberal Arts$      Oh+'0 8D d p | Soc 2155 (Summer, 2006)College of Liberal ArtsNormalCollege of Liberal Arts1Microsoft Office Word@A@@di@~6 ՜.+,0 hp   University of Minnesota Duluth Soc 2155 (Summer, 2006) Title  !"#$%&'()*+,-./012456789:<=>?@ABERoot Entry FlGData 1TableO-WordDocument4&SummaryInformation(3DocumentSummaryInformation8;CompObjq  FMicrosoft Office Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q