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INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC  PAGEREF _Toc285190634 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190635" CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED  PAGEREF _Toc285190635 \h 6  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190636" John Sumelius from the University of Helsinki, Finland  PAGEREF _Toc285190636 \h 6  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190637" Sibiri Jean Zoundi from SWAC/OECD, France  PAGEREF _Toc285190637 \h 6  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190638" Purushottam Mainali from the Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Nepal  PAGEREF _Toc285190638 \h 8  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190639" Jacques Loyat from CIRAD, France  PAGEREF _Toc285190639 \h 8  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190640" Abdul Raziq from SAVES, Pakistan  PAGEREF _Toc285190640 \h 12  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190641" Joost M.E. Pennings from the Maastricht University, the Netherlands  PAGEREF _Toc285190641 \h 12  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190642" Raymond Erick Zvavanyange from International Master Program of Agriculture, University of Taiwan, Taiwan  PAGEREF _Toc285190642 \h 13  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190643" B.P.Gangadhara Swamy from Christian Children's fund, India  PAGEREF _Toc285190643 \h 13  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190644" Chris Parry, independent consultant, Australia  PAGEREF _Toc285190644 \h 14  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190645" Gerdien Meijerink from Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands  PAGEREF _Toc285190645 \h 15  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190646" KV Peter from World Noni Research Foundation, India  PAGEREF _Toc285190646 \h 15  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190647" Kodjo Dokodjo from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Togo  PAGEREF _Toc285190647 \h 15  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190648" Stuart Clark from the Canadian Foodgrains Bank, Canada  PAGEREF _Toc285190648 \h 16  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190649" Calvin Miller from FAO, Italy  PAGEREF _Toc285190649 \h 16  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190650" Pradip Dey from the Indian Society of Soil Salinity and Water Quality, India  PAGEREF _Toc285190650 \h 16  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190651" Tim Williams from the University of Georgia, USA  PAGEREF _Toc285190651 \h 17  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190652" Don Scott from National Biodiesel Board, USA  PAGEREF _Toc285190652 \h 17  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190653" Carlo Russo, University of Cassino, Italy  PAGEREF _Toc285190653 \h 18  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190654" Abdul Raziq from SAVES, Pakistan  PAGEREF _Toc285190654 \h 19  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190655" Andrew MacMillan from Italy  PAGEREF _Toc285190655 \h 20  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190656" Christoph Tribl from Federal Institute of Agricultural Economics, Austria  PAGEREF _Toc285190656 \h 20  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190657" Tatsuji Koizumi from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan  PAGEREF _Toc285190657 \h 21  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190658" Valentin Batchvarov from the Institute of Cryobiology and Food Technology Bulgaria  PAGEREF _Toc285190658 \h 21  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190659" Hans Konrad Biesalski from University of Hohenheim, Germany  PAGEREF _Toc285190659 \h 23  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190660" Germanas Lamsodis from Lithuanian Agricultural and Food Market Regulation Agency, Lithuania  PAGEREF _Toc285190660 \h 24  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190661" Sabina M Silaula from Swaziland  PAGEREF _Toc285190661 \h 24  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190662" Jacqueline Birrer, Permanent Representation of Switzerland to FAO, IFAD and WFP  PAGEREF _Toc285190662 \h 25  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190663" Michiel Keyzer, Max Merbis and Lia van Wesenbeeck from the Centre for World Food Studies, Amsterdam (SOW-VU), Netherlands  PAGEREF _Toc285190663 \h 27  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190664" Cameron Short from Canada  PAGEREF _Toc285190664 \h 28  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190665" Nastasia Belc from the National Institute for Food Bioresources, Romania  PAGEREF _Toc285190665 \h 31  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190666" Sophia Murphy from the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Canada  PAGEREF _Toc285190666 \h 32  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190667" Tony Weis, The University of Western Ontario, Canada  PAGEREF _Toc285190667 \h 33  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190668" Franck Galtier from CIRAD, France  PAGEREF _Toc285190668 \h 34  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190669" Angeline Munzara from the Ecumenical Advocacy Alliance, Switzerland  PAGEREF _Toc285190669 \h 35  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190670" Fritz Schneider from the Swiss College of Agriculture, Switzerland  PAGEREF _Toc285190670 \h 36  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190671" Jayati Ghosh from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, India and Robert Pollin from the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, USA  PAGEREF _Toc285190671 \h 37  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190672" Carmen Socaciu, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania  PAGEREF _Toc285190672 \h 45  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190673" ActionAid International  PAGEREF _Toc285190673 \h 47  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190674" Concern Worldwide from Ireland  PAGEREF _Toc285190674 \h 49  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190675" Oxfam International  PAGEREF _Toc285190675 \h 49  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190676" Manfred Zeller from University of Hohenheim, Germany  PAGEREF _Toc285190676 \h 50  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190677" Antonio Tricarico from Campagna per la Riforma della Banca Mondiale, Italy  PAGEREF _Toc285190677 \h 51  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190678" Travis Power from the Australian Embassy, Italy  PAGEREF _Toc285190678 \h 53  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190679" Kamal Karunagoda from Sri Lanka  PAGEREF _Toc285190679 \h 54  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190680" Kaisa Karttunen, Senior Agriculture Consultant, Finland  PAGEREF _Toc285190680 \h 55  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190681" Georgina Peard from Commission on Environment, Social and Economic Policy (CEESP), Switzerland  PAGEREF _Toc285190681 \h 56  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190682" Bhavani R Vaidyanathan from M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, India  PAGEREF _Toc285190682 \h 56  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190683" Pradip Dey from the Indian Society of Soil Salinity and Water Quality, India  PAGEREF _Toc285190683 \h 57  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190684" Harouna Ibrahima from Ministre de l'Agriculture et de l'Elevage, Niger  PAGEREF _Toc285190684 \h 59  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190685" Clment Beaud from Banque de Dveloppement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC), Congo-Brazzaville  PAGEREF _Toc285190685 \h 59  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190686" Ipate Iudith from the Center of Study and Research for Agrobiodiversity, Romania  PAGEREF _Toc285190686 \h 60  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190687" Permanent representation of France to FAO, WWF and IFAD  PAGEREF _Toc285190687 \h 61  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190688" Jose-Maria Garcia-Alvarez-Coque from Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain  PAGEREF _Toc285190688 \h 62  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190689" Helena Paul from EcoNexus, Great Britain  PAGEREF _Toc285190689 \h 63  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190690" Masa Iwanaga from National Institute of Crop Science, Japan  PAGEREF _Toc285190690 \h 65  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190691" Jayachandran Kunjuraman Vijayamma from the Faculty of Fisheries, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean studies, India  PAGEREF _Toc285190691 \h 65  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190692" Julien Custot, Food for the Cities facilitator, FAO  PAGEREF _Toc285190692 \h 65  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190693" World Development Movement, UK  PAGEREF _Toc285190693 \h 66  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190694" Maryknoll Office for Global Concerns, Washington, USA  PAGEREF _Toc285190694 \h 71  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190695" Nicolas Bricas from CIRAD, France  PAGEREF _Toc285190695 \h 72  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190696" Arlne Alpha from GRET (Groupe de recherches et d'changes technologiques), France  PAGEREF _Toc285190696 \h 73  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190697" Earnn Clirigh from OECD, France  PAGEREF _Toc285190697 \h 76  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190698" Adeline Borot de Battisti, Consultante OECD CSAO, France  PAGEREF _Toc285190698 \h 76  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190699" Patricia Masanganise from African Institute for Community Driven Development, South Africa  PAGEREF _Toc285190699 \h 77  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190700" Frdric Par from Coalition pour la souverainet alimentaire, Canada  PAGEREF _Toc285190700 \h 78  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190701" Olivier De Schutter, UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Switzerland  PAGEREF _Toc285190701 \h 79  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc285190702" Lyn Pano  PAGEREF _Toc285190702 \h 80  INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC The High Level Panel of Experts for Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) was created in October 2009 as an essential element of the reform of CFS, and as the scientific and knowledge-based pillar of the Global Partnership for Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition. The HLPE was launched in July 2010 with the appointment of its Steering Committee. The HLPE seeks to improve the robustness of the policy making by providing independent advice to assist the CFS in reaching political consensus, and in turn, take political decisions based on comprehensive assessments (See the document HYPERLINK "http://typo3.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/fsn/docs/HLPE/HLPE_Key_elements_EN.pdf"HLPE Key elements for more information). Following the 36th meeting of the CFS, the HLPE was entrusted with the mandate to undertake studies and present policy recommendations on issues related to world food security. This includes a study on price volatility that covers the causes and consequences, including market distorting practices, actions, tools and institutions to manage the risks linked to excessive price volatility in agriculture. The CFS suggested that the study and its recommendations should include prevention and mitigation for vulnerable producers and consumers, particularly poor women and children that are appropriate to different levels (local, national, regional and international) and are based on a review of existing studies. The study should consider how vulnerable nations and populations can ensure access to food when volatility causes market disruptions. The development of recommended options for consideration by governments will be undertaken as a priority for the HLPE in 2011. The focus of the study will be to present policy options that reduce risk and build resilience at all levels, with a special and deliberate focus on options for developing countries with special attention on policies with positive impacts on household food security. There are different forms of food security (transitory, acute, chronic, seasonal etc.). There are also many different entry points and policy instruments that respond to different crises and sub-sets of the population. So too, there are short, medium and long-term options to be considered. In any country or region, there are multiple policy instruments that can be used either in anticipation (ex-ante) or in response to shocks (ex-post). The policy mix needs to provide a range of responsive instruments and processes that respond to changing contexts and situations (for example new shocks, unexpected events etc.) requiring a balance of risk management vs risk response options to ensure resilience. This consultation aims at promoting broad, inclusive inputs for the finalisation of the terms of reference for the HLPE Project Team that will be charged by the HLPE Steering Committee (StC) to prepare the study and policy recommendations on price volatility in agriculture. The possible policy instruments to be investigated by an expert panel are set out in Table 1. The purpose of this consultation is to gain opinion on whether the HLPE has identified the key policy instruments (refer to column 1 of Table 1) to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks, manage risk, strengthen coping strategies and improving resilience at all levels (household, national, regional and international). The HLPE also seeks innovative ideas of possible examples of these policy instruments to populate columns 2, 3 and 4 of Table 1. The outcomes of this consultation will inform the terms of reference for the study to be presented to the CFS in September 2011. The final recommendations will take into account the principles set out in the HLPEs methodology for preparation of these papers, and include consideration of: Developing economy perspectives Climate adaption and mitigation measures Provide incentives for farmers to keep producing vs short-term cheap food for consumers Comprehensive and holistic solutions Conflict and instability Pro-poor growth focus Nutrition-sensitivities Impact on vulnerable groups, including women and children Table 1: Draft policy instrument options for dialogue and finalisation Possible policy instrument optionsPolicy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocksPolicy instruments to improve ex-ante responses mitigating risk and improving resilience at all levels Policy instruments to improve ex-post responses coping with shocks and improving resilience at all levelsAgriculture and weather risk insurance for farmers and governments Biofuels and coherence of policy and practice with food security policiesControl of vector borne diseases and food safety standards Coordination of information mechanisms at country, regional and multi-national levelsDiversification of farming systems (including livestock and fish) Improved infrastructure roads, infrastructure, communication Improving public food reserves and the efficiency of responses to demand for drawing on these Improving household income including non-Increasing farm incomes Improving household resilience through increasing food availability, access and utilisation Increased investment in agricultural production and productivityInformation systems and equitable access to reliable information for decision making, early warning and monitoring and evaluation Innovative social protectionManagement of transmission effects of price changes Reduction of post harvest losses Reduction of protective trade measures (bans)Regulation of market speculation and futures Responsive financial services (insurance and credit) Strengthened research related to food security with regard to climate mitigation, second generation biofuelsSustainable use of resources - producing more with less A second public consultation will follow once the draft recommendations have been drafted. You will be informed of the arrangements for this second consultation. We look forward to your kind response. Yours sincerely, On Behalf of the Chairperson of the Steering Committee of the HLPE. CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED John Sumelius from the University of Helsinki, Finland Dear All Concerning the HLPE CONSULTATION ON PRICE VOLATILITY and the draft policy instruments options for dialogue and finalisation set out in Table 1, I find the list of possible policy instruments quite complete. Concerning possible examples I am afraid I cannot give any direct examples. Best wishes John Sumelius Professor Department of Economics and Management University of Helsinki Finland Sibiri Jean Zoundi from SWAC/OECD, France Bonjour tous, Je pense que le HLPE a identifi l'essentiel des instruments pertinents pour attnuer ou grer les effets de la volatilit des prix l'chelle du mnage dans les zones les plus vulnrables. 1). En ce qui concerne les mesure de gestion du risque (mesures curatives) Il est ncessaire de souligner la complmentarit entre les diffrents niveaux d'chelle pour la mise oeuvre de certains instruments prconiss, notamment entre le national et le rgional. On pourrait illustrer cela par l'exemple de la mise en place des rserves alimentaires (food reserve). L'initiative en cours depuis 2007 en Afrique de l'Ouest (espace de la communaut conomique des tats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest - CEDEAO, plus la Mauritanie et le Tchad)sur la mise en rseau des offices/socits charges de la gestion des stocks nationaux de scurit alimentaire parait difiante (mme si elle est toujours en gestation). Elle met en valeur la valeur ajoute que les organisations conomiques rgionales peuvent apporter (en appui aux efforts fournis individuellement par les Etats) dans la gestion des risques lis la volatilit des prix. Ce modle de solidarit rgionale face aux crises justifie l'existence mme des blocs conomiques rgionaux. Une initiative similaire "Regional Food Reserve Facility" est en gestation depuis 2001 dans la zone SADC (Southern African Development Community). Toutes ces initiatives rgionales tirent leurs origines du constat (fait par les Etats) que seule l'action des pays pris individuellement ne peut constituer le remde efficace dans la prvention et la gestion des crises alimentaires. Conclusion: Cette dynamique suggre que plus d'attention soit port sur: (a).l'accompagnement la dfinition et la mise en oeuvre des instruments rgionaux de gestion des risques. Dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre de sa politique agricole commune (Agricultural Policy for the Economic Community of West African States - ECOWAP), la CEDEAO par exemple, accorde une place importante ces types d'instruments visant la rduction de la vulnrabilit alimentaire et nutritionnelle des populations pauvres. (b).l'investissement pour le renforcement des infrastructures et services de march au niveau rgional au sein des blocs conomiques rgionaux. L'exprience montre que bon nombre d'instruments de gestion des risques lis la volatilit des prix au lan rgional ne peuvent fonctionner en l'absence d'un march rgional fonctionnel et dynamique. 2). En ce qui concerne les instruments permettant de prvenir ou d'viter la forte volatilit (mesures prventives de stabilisation des prix) Parmi les mesures prconises (cohrence entre politiques de biocarburant et celles de scurit alimentaire; mcanismes d'information et de coordination; etc.), je mettrai plus l'accent sur les instruments de "Rgulation" du march mondial de produits agricoles alimentaires. Mme si la question de la spculation lie aux marchs termes demeure un sujet controvers, l'action des marchs financiers dans le commecre de denres suggrent la recherche d'options politiques sous forme de code de conduite. Il ne s'agit nullement de remettre en cause les marchs termes, mais de trouver un remde au phnomne de spculation qui y est associe. Cette question est inscrite dans l'agenda du G20 (plan d'action de Soul), mais la recherche d'instruments ne parait pas une tche aise. Conclusion: le problme de la "Spculation" semble bien connu, mais il demeure encore difficile d'imaginer des instruments de rgulation pour faire face. Disposer d'une bonne discipline internationale pour les mettre en oeuvre des instruments constitue galement un obstacle majeur franchir. C'est vraiment un des dfis lanc au G20. Salut tous. Sibiri Jean Zoundi Translation in English Dear all, I think the HLPE identified most of the relevant instruments to mitigate or manage the effects of price volatility at the household level in the most vulnerable areas. regarding the extent of risk management (curative measures) It is necessary to stress the complementarity between the different levels of scale for the implementation of certain recommended instruments, especially between the national and regional levels. We could illustrate this by the example of the establishment of food reserves. The initiative ongoing since 2007 in West Africa (Economic Community space of the states of West Africa - ECOWAS plus Mauritania and Chad) on the networking of offices / companies responsible for managing national food security stocks is instructive (although it is still in gestation). It highlights the added value that regional economic organizations can bring (in support of efforts by individual states) in the management of risks associated with price volatility. This model of regional solidarity facing crises justifies the existence of regional economic blocs. A similar initiative "Regional Food Reserve Facility" is in preparation since 2001 in the SADC (Southern African Development Community). All these regional initiatives are based on the observation (made by the states) that only action by individual countries can not provide an effective solution in the prevention and management of food crises. Conclusion: This dynamic suggests that more attention be focused on: (a) Supporting the definition and implementation of regional instruments for risk management. As part of the implementation of its Common Agricultural Policy, ECOWAS, for example, attaches great importance to these types of instruments aimed at reducing food and nutrition vulnerability of the poor. (b) Investing to strengthen markets infrastructures and services at the regional level in regional economic blocs. Experience shows that many instruments of risk management related to price volatility at the regional level cannot function in the absence of a functional and dynamic regional market. regarding the instruments to prevent or avoid the high volatility (preventive measures to stabilize prices) Among the recommended measures (Biofuels and coherence of policy and practice with food security policies etc...) I would put more emphasis on the regulation instruments of the global food crops. Although the issue of speculation related to future markets is still a controversial subject, financial markets action in the commerce of food suggests policy options in the form of a code of conduct. This does not call into question the futures markets, but to find a solution to the speculation phenomena associated with them. This issue is on the agenda of the G20 (Seoul Plan of Action), but finding instruments does not seem an easy task. Conclusion: the problem of "Speculation" sounds familiar, but it is still difficult to imagine regulatory tools to cope. Having a good discipline for international implementation of the instruments is also a major obstacle to overcome. It's really a challenge launched at the G20. Best regards to all Sibiri Jean Zoundi Purushottam Mainali from the Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Nepal Along with the identified policy instruments options in Column 1 of the Table 1, following options also be considered. 1. Crops by-products, fodder/forage based livestock production system. 2. Climate resilient agriculture production practices. 3. Enhancing competitiveness in agriculture production system, both through policy adjustment and technology use. Purushottam Mainali Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives Nepal Jacques Loyat from CIRAD, France Je souscris aux remarques de Sibiri Jean Zoundi de ce jour. Et elles me conduisent la remarque complmentaire suivante: pour juger de la pertinence des instruments, encore faut-il en connatre les fondements. En effet, lidentification des causes de linstabilit des prix est un pralable au choix des politiques. Ci-dessous quelques rfrences: Alexander Sarris (prsentation la Confrence FARM sur Prix et risques de march頻, Nov 2009) Main factors that will affect medium term agricultural commodity prices and price volatility: - Developments in total incomes and consumption - Stocks and stock replenishment rates - Shocks to production And new factors that are likely to dominate: - Petroleum prices - Bio fuel policies and technology prospects - Developments in exchange rates - Developments in financial markets and speculative fund positions - New investments in agricultural production Galtier et al. (2009). Quels instruments mobiliser face linstabilit des prix alimentaires ? Rapport final de ltude. Ecart / Afd Maee. Aot 2009. 256 p + annexes Linstabilit des prix a trois causes: - Linstabilit naturelle: les fluctuations de prix sont lies aux variations de loffre domestique, du fait des alas naturels affectant la production (pluies, criquets etc.). - Linstabilit importe: la variabilit des prix internationaux, des taux de change ou des cots du fret provoquent linstabilit des prix sur le march intrieur. - Linstabilit endogne: la variabilit des prix est gnre par le fonctionnement du march lui-mme. Les oprateurs prennent leurs dcisions de production, dinvestissement ou de stockage en anticipant le niveau des prix. Sils fondent leurs anticipations sur lvolution passe des prix, un cercle vicieux peut senclencher: linstabilit des anticipations conduit une instabilit des prix, qui renforce linstabilit des anticipations. Ceci renvoie notamment aux phnomnes du cobweb, aux bulles spculatives ou aux mouvements de panique. Les prix peuvent donc varier indpendamment des fondamentaux. Les diffrentes catgories dinstruments de gestion de linstabilit des prix sont les suivantes:  Les instruments de la catgorie A (A-instruments) sont des instruments visant faciliter les arbitrages spatiaux et temporels des oprateurs du march (producteurs, commerants, consommateurs). Ils portent essentiellement sur les marchs craliers et concernent la fois les infrastructures (de transport, de communication et de stockage) et les institutions du march (comme lexistence de grades et standards, de systmes de warrantage ou de bourses permettant dassurer la centralisation et la confrontation de loffre et de la demande). Lide centrale des A-instruments est que les arbitrages des oprateurs du march conduisent homogniser les prix dans le temps et dans lespace (aux cots de stockage et de transport prs), ce qui, en principe, rduit leur instabilit. Les B-instruments sont galement des instruments bass sur le march. Leur objectif est de faire en sorte que linstabilit des prix ne gnre pas une instabilit des revenus (qui pourrait ensuite se rpercuter elle-mme sur la consommation et la production). Concrtement, ceci revient permettre aux agents conomiques de se couvrir contre les risques lis la variabilit des prix (contrats terme, options dachat ou de vente) et des rcoltes (assurance rcolte, assurance climatique). Les C-instruments sont des instruments dintervention publique dont lobjectif est de maintenir le prix entre certaines bornes. Selon les cas, il peut sagir de prix plancher, de prix plafond ou de fourchettes de prix. Les C-instruments portent sur le contrle de la production, des frontires ou des stocks. Il sagit dinstruments aussi divers que les subventions aux intrants, les taxes et les subventions (fixes ou variables) sur les importations ou les exportations, les quotas, les prohibitions ou encore les stocks-tampons publics. Les D-instruments sont des instruments dintervention publique visant soutenir les revenus des mnages en priode de prix levs. Ils procdent par transferts gnralement limits certaines catgories de mnages pauvres ou vulnrables (ciblage). Les instruments peuvent varier selon la nature du bien transfr (argent, bons, nourriture ou parfois intrants), le degr de prise en charge (don ou simple subvention, comme dans le cas des ventes prix modrs) et lexistence ou non dune contrepartie (en gnral en travail). Avis du Conseil conomique, social et environnemental sur le rapport prsent par Mme Christiane Lambert au nom de la section de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation Sance des 7 et 8 avril 2009 LES MODALITS DE FORMATION DES PRIX ALIMENTAIRES : DU PRODUCTEUR AU CONSOMMATEUR Plan I - LE CONSTAT A - UNE FORTE VOLATILIT DES PRIX AGRICOLES ..................... B - UNE SENSIBILIT DES PRIX ALIMENTAIRES A LA HAUSSE DES PRIX AGRICOLES, MAIS UNE RIGIDIT A LA BAISSE C - LINFLATION ALIMENTAIRE : UNE PROCCUPATION MAJEURE DES CONSOMMATEURS D - UN RAPPORT DE FORCE DSQUILIBR ENTRE LES ACTEURS ABOUTISSANT DES POSITIONS DOMINANTES E - UNE LIBRALISATION PROGRESSIVE DES RELATIONS COMMERCIALES F - UN MANQUE DE TRANSPARENCE SUR LES MARGES II - LES PRCONISATIONS A - COMBATTRE LA VOLATILIT DES PRIX DANS LINTRT DES CONSOMMATEURS, DES TRANSFORMATEURS ET DES PRODUCTEURS 1. Lutter contre le dmantlement des mcanismes de rgulation de la PAC 2. Inventer de nouveaux outils de gestion des risques 3. Pour une prfrence communautaire rnove B - PROMOUVOIR LORGANISATION DES FILIRES ET LA CONTRACTUALISATION 1. La contractualisation, alternative au laisser faire des marchs 2. Promouvoir lorganisation du commerce de proximit C - MIEUX CLAIRER LA FORMATION DES PRIX ET DES MARGES, ASSURER UNE TRANSPARENCE RELLE DES NGOCIATIONS COMMERCIALES 1. Crer une obligation de rciprocit dans la communication des informations financires 2. Assurer la publication dun rapport sur les prix et les marges au moins annuellement 3. Faire un bilan rgulier sur lapplication de la loi de modernisation de lconomie et son efficacit, renforcer le rle de la Commission dexamen des pratiques commerciales (CEPC) D - AMLIORER LINFORMATION DU CONSOMMATEUR SUR LES PRIX ALIMENTAIRES, NE PAS FAIRE DES PRIX BAS UN SYNONYME DE JUSTES PRIX 1. Trouver un consensus sur les instruments de mesure de prix, entre les reprsentants de tous les acteurs 2. Sensibiliser aux cots induits par la scurit et la qualit alimentaire Coordination Sud Agriculture: pour une rgulation du commerce mondial Mettre le dveloppement au cur des ngociations de lAccord sur lAgriculture lOMC - Dcembre 2005 Priorit au droit la protection des marchs agricoles et la souverainet alimentaire 1. Les droits conomiques, sociaux et culturels doivent primer sur les rgles du commerce international. 2. Reconnatre le principe de la souverainet alimentaire Quest-ce que la souverainet alimentaire? - La priorit donne la production agricole locale pour nourrir la population, laccs des paysan(ne)s et des sans-terre leau, aux semences, au crdit. Do la ncessit de rformes agraires, de la lutte contre les OGM pour le libre accs aux semences, et de garder leau comme un bien public rpartir durablement - Le droit des paysan(ne)s produire des aliments et le droit des consommateurs pouvoir dcider ce quils veulent consommer () - Le droit des Etats se protger des importations agricoles et alimentaires trop bas prix - Des prix agricoles lis aux cots de production () - La participation des populations aux choix de politique agricole - La reconnaissance des droits des paysannes qui jouent un rle majeur dans la production et lalimentation. 3 Reconnatre le droit au dveloppement des agricultures - Droit des pays victimes des politiques de dumping protger leur march - Droit des pays se protger des alas excessifs des marchs internationaux - Droit des pays protger les produits ayant un caractre stratgique - Droit des pays accorder une prfrence aux produits nationaux et rgionaux 4 Assainir et rguler les marchs agricoles mondiaux - Mettre fin toutes les aides directes et indirectes lexportation - Redfinir la notion de dumping - Redfinir les soutiens lgitimes et ceux qui ne le sont pas - Matriser les volumes des produits changs sur le march mondial 5 Reconnatre la valeur sociale et environnementale des produits 6 - Contribuer au rquilibrage des rapports de force au sein des filires agroalimentaires 7 - Des politiques cohrentes avec la lutte contre la faim et la pauvret Abdul Raziq from SAVES, Pakistan Dear All, Regarding the price control, the only idea I have is to declare food item as the need of humanity but not the article of business. Investment in agriculture is specially needed to develop agriculture in the dry lands of the world. The drought resistant species of plants and livestock can be a good tool to harvest dry lands. Best Abdul Raziq Joost M.E. Pennings from the Maastricht University, the Netherlands Dear Colleagues, It may be interesting to add private risk management instruments to the table. These instruments are more and more successfully used by farmers and agribusiness companies. These instruments, particularly when they are centrally cleared, such as commodity futures contracts, can and have contributed significantly in price (and profit) risk reduction at farm and agribusiness level. The design of these instruments is crucial, such that the so-called hedging effectiveness (the risk reduction capacity) is relatively high. In the last 10 years great progress has been made in measuring the risk reduction capacity of these instruments (see references below). The challenge is to design these instruments such that they yield a high hedging effectiveness. Important to note is that these instruments do need stabilize the market as a whole, but stabilize the price (and profit) at the level of the farmer or agribusiness company. This feature allows individual decision makers to take exactly the amount of risk they wish (which of course is dependent amongst other on their risk attitude and risk perception). My experience from the last 15 years, working in both the academic arena as well as advising farmers, agribusinesses and governments, is that only when farmers, the members of their decision making unit (which includes, spouse, bankers, supra national governments) and exchanges work closely together successful risk management instruments can be created. Coordination by a supra national government is needed. The volume of the current commodity futures contracts is rising, particularly in the EU, driven by hedgers. It seems that the innovations in these commodity financial instruments (such as cleared swap transaction) is an important topic that needs to be addressed by the HLPE. Some references that may be helpful: Pennings, J.M.E. and P. Garcia (2010), Risk & Hedging Behavior: The Role and Determinants of Latent Heterogeneity? Journal of Financial Research, vol XXXIII, (4; Winter): 373-401. Pennings, J.M.E. and B. Wansink (2004), Channel Contract Behavior: the Role of Risk Attitudes, Risk Perceptions, and Channel Members Market Structures, Journal of Business 77 4(October): 697-723. Pennings, J.M.E. and R.M. Leuthold (2001), Introducing New Futures Contracts: Reinforcement versus Cannibalism, Journal of International Money & Finance 20 (5): 659-675. Pennings, J.M.E. and P. Garcia (2001), Measuring Producers Risk Preferences: A Global Risk Attitude Construct, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 83 (November): 993-1009. Pennings, J.M.E. and R.M. Leuthold (2000), The Motivation for Hedging Revisited, Journal of Futures Markets 20(9): 865-885. Pennings, J.M.E. and M.T.G. Meulenberg (1997), Hedging Efficiency: A Futures Exchange Management Approach, Journal of Futures Markets 17(5): 599-615. Pennings, J.M.E. and M.T.G. Meulenberg (1997), The Hedging Performance in New Agricultural Futures Markets: A Note, Agribusiness: An International Journal 13(3): 295-300. Best wishes, Joost Prof. dr ir Joost M.E. Pennings Professor in Finance Professor of Marketing Maastricht University School of Business and Economics Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands Raymond Erick Zvavanyange from International Master Program of Agriculture, University of Taiwan, Taiwan Fair game. My opinion is that speculation arises from overlaps in the working groups and systems already in place. The source of speculation is difficult to determine neither can its objectives be seen; as such engagement of all players encourages fair play. I am in agreement with the identified possible policy instruments. Model case studies showing resilience in case of price shocks are a good tool to use and aid in coordination of information mechanisms (Column 1 Row 4) The points to emphasize on are: (1) improved infrastructure, (2) Innovative social protection, and (3) Improving household incomes. B.P.Gangadhara Swamy from Christian Children's fund, India Dear All, At the out set, I congratulate the outstanding efforts of Committee on World Food Security (CFS), which is working on a serious issue like food security. Now we are all living in global villages, often more connected with each other. We are getting technology and commodities from different countries as and when we are in need of it. Hence lot of taking and giving is happening between all the countries. This is changing our mind set to such an extent that when we face the shortage of any commodity, definitely we will get it from outside countries at cheaper rates and then we will stabilize the food supply and food prizes. This is not true; in the long run it is going affect every country and every town. Hence it is time for the researchers and policy makers to focus more on the following issues over the time line. (20-50 Yrs) 1. Analyzing the growth pattern of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors and availability of human resource for each sector in the future. 2. Analyzing the changing food practices, food requirement, demand, supply and shortage on decentralized manner. (state and district wise) 3. Land use pattern and cropping pattern in the future 4. Effect of SEZ (special economic zones, Ed.): As we are allotting more and more agriculture land for industries and other purposes. What are the measures we are taking to cover these shortages? 5. Movement pattern of unskilled labour in different sector: As more and more opportunities are coming up in the cities, there is mass migration of rural community towards cities, making agriculture a burden for those who stay back villages. Hence a proper situation analysis is needed to predict the future of Indian villages. 6. Effect of modern education on primary sector: we have to have an inclusive education, where proper attention is given to develop all the sectors, not only focusing more on tertiary sector. Finally it is time remember the words of Lord Basaveswara Work is Worship. During the 12th century only he knew the importance of societal needs and all the jobs. If we are very keen to develop our country as a prosperous, we should focus on all the sectors and should try to develop it. Regards B.P.Gangadhara Swamy Chris Parry, independent consultant, Australia Dear Colleagues, It is the small farmers who are most vulnerable to the price volatilities of foods. They typically have little choice but to sell at harvest time when prices are low. They then struggle to afford enough food at other times of the year when foods are less available and prices are higher. This also leads to food being relocated from poorer to wealthier areas at low prices. By improving food storage facilities at a local level (e.g. local marketplace or community) the worst effects of price variations can be mitigated. Price variation in general will be lessened, farmers earnings will increase and locally produced food will be kept where it is needed most. For food storage facilities to be a financially viable option for small farmers it should be arranged that a cash advance could be made on the foods to be stored (a percentage of its market value). This can be recouped upon sale of the stored foods at higher prices and additional profits shared by the farmer and the storage facility operator. A scheme such as this will involve an initial investment but will become self-sustaining in a relatively short period of time. Chris Parry Gerdien Meijerink from Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands I have been reading the comments with interest. I have three contributions to table 1. First, regulation of market speculation and futures: as Joost Pennings has remarked, they have a very useful role to play in reducing price risk. In my view, the on-going debate about curbing speculation through more regulation is a red herring and may do more harm than good. This does not mean that the working of futures markets could be improved to serve the goals of farmers better. Second, reduction of protective trade measures (bans). At LEI Wageningen UR we are finalizing a study on the effect of trade bans and import subsidies on food prices. We find that these trade measures not only push up world prices even more, but also worsen food security in the world. The country imposing trade bans does enjoy lower domestic prices, but its farmers lose out. In this respect it is interesting to note that the most WTO rules were designed in an era of 'cheap food' and thus were designed to prevent low prices (instead of preventing high prices). Thus more could be done within the WTO and come up with avenues for improvement (what to do when prices are high). Third, Chris Parry brings up storage and I think this is a good point. Storage is one item that I miss in table 1. One way is to improve storage at farmers' level, or for instance through warehouse receipt systems. But strategic food stocks may be another option. Wageningen UR is also finalizing a study on strategic food stocks. We conclude that holding and operating strategic reserves by the public sector generally has two distinct but linked purposes: emergency response and price stabilization in food markets. Effective operation of strategic reserves requires (access to) comprehensive early warning and market information systems (e.g FAO/WFP, FEWS NET and local systems), professional, transparent and accountable management and predictable intervention policies to avoid negative effects. The management of reserves should have an Central Bank type autonomy with respect to government policy and political influences Gerdien Meijerink KV Peter from World Noni Research Foundation, India Price volatility is a major issue in perishable crops like fruits and vegetables. Todays onion wholesale price at Azadpur Mandi in Delhi, India is Rs.300-500/100 kg while it hovered Rs.3000-5000 kg during the last week of December. The high expectation of farmers for a reasonable price is not to be realised. Post harvest handling, storage, cool chambers etc are areas where emphasis needs to be given. Recently it has become fashionable to talk on organic agriculture biodynamic farming. What is needed is a blend of organic and modern fertilizer dependant farming. Rain fed agriculture demands more scientific attention. Effects of capitalism are also manifested in its ugly face. Prime agricultural lands are converted for industry. The classical example is the lease/surrender of the most fertile land in Tarai to a car manufacturing project. The orchards nearby have perished consequently. India will be a true Republic only when no one Indian goes to bed without food. K V Peter Kodjo Dokodjo from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Togo Dear Forum members, One of the main sources of price volatility is the unexpected increase in petroleum prices. The food price crisis of 2008 occurred when, all of a sudden petroleum prices highly increased. This dragged along market distortions and Social tensions. Both the producer and the consumer were blamed. So I suggest that a policy instrument to subsidize petroleum price shock at all level should be added to Table 1. At the other hand, Table 1 stated increased investment in agricultural production and productivity; I agree with this but I think this is not new. Investments are being increased in the agricultural sector since long time with the purpose to increase the production and the productivity, yet there is still hunger and poverty in the rural area. I think the policy instrument to develop is improved efficient land irrigation. However, the agricultural system of most of the developing countries is uniquely based on rain water. The production per crop from irrigated lands in these countries is less than five percent of the total production. In fact, crops yield are very weak in a system that use only rain water. Best regards Kodjo Dokodjo Stuart Clark from the Canadian Foodgrains Bank, Canada Core options to address price volatility It is clear to me that there is a problem with the market fundamentals (supply and demand) and that, among other strategies, it is necessary to consider short term ways to: (a) reduce demand (e.g. by adjustable biofuel mandates, esp corn/ethanol) and (b) increase supply (e.g. by internationally available food reserves). So these are two important areas for study. Table 1: Draft Policy Instruments provides a very comprehensive list of issues which MIGHT be linked to food price volatility but many of them appear very peripheral Given the limited resources provided to the HTEP, it seems important to shorten this list based on the strength of the probable linkage (e.g. Biofuels is more likely than Vector Borne Diseases and Food Safety Standards). The current list of 19 possible related issues could easily be reduced to under 10 thereby improving the potential for higher quality work. Calvin Miller from FAO, Italy There is not one, but rather a set of options to address price volatility. These include: a) improved market information and forecasting so producers can make informed choices, b) farm-level diversification to mitigate their risks from price volatility, c) more use of hedging at all levels, especially by millers and processors who can then offer more stable prices, d) improved secure storage and use of warehouse receipt financing such that crops can be stored safely and can be used as collateral to reduce sales in times of low prices (thus bringing more stability in prices and e) some control on futures speculation whereby it is too easy for wall street brokers to use commodities as an investment to bet for or against (but never with the intention of delivering). This last one is not clear-cut since we need forwards and futures but just want to limit the speculative betting. Pradip Dey from the Indian Society of Soil Salinity and Water Quality, India Esteemed Chairman & Members of the Steering Committee of the HLPE, and FSN Members, Season's Greetings & Good Day! Its my pleasure to put forth the following points for consideration regarding the topic of price volatility vis--vis food security strictly in my personal capacity and not in Official capacity: Analyzing the land sparing option for bio-fuel and effect on food security. Analyzing food security and population dynamics for local, regional, national and international level. Analyzing rapid urbanization vis--vis migration of farm labours and mechanization option to address the same for food security. Analyzing increasing cost of production vis--vis food availability to small holders. Analyzing dietary shift vis--vis food vulnerability. Analyzing food vulnerability of poor populace by the forces of an open market. Also I do feel that we need to create a sound social framework to address food vulnerability which will ultimate help check the price volatility. With warm regards, Sincerely, Pradip Dey FSN Forum Member Tim Williams from the University of Georgia, USA Y'all The real challenge is mechanisms that allow producers sufficient margin on their average production that they can deal with the times when prices are down without responding by stopping production of a particular commodity. The major mechanisms available to deal with this are subsidy which reduces risk and increases equity of the benefits of technology, storage (just another form of hedging) and trade (local, regional and global). The policy challenge lies in educating and providing support for producers to be able to do this while also allowing the consumer all scales to do this as well. Storage and mechanisms that buffer the interaction of supply and demand are the heart of addressing price volatility, but we need to understand that speculative raids by the unscrupulous and greedy are possible on any market, unless we have market rules that limit volumes and price changes - both options not likely in our 'free market' system. Of the list of possible interventions clearly multiple options are necessary depending on the agricultural, social and economic environments, and to consider a single one is not sensible - much more interesting is a discussion of how they could be used in combination to damp price oscillations to the interest of the majority of man. Best, Tim Don Scott from National Biodiesel Board, USA One thing (or set of things) that can mitigate price volatility is diversity. A diversity of crops being grown and a diverse set of markets and uses for those crops can help stabilize prices that would normally become volatile due to poor crop performance or rapidly increasing demand. Biofuels that can be produced from co-products of food crops and biofuels than can be produced from a diversity of feedstocks bring needed diversity to the agricultural sector. By developing a market for co-products, by-products and wastes, biofuels diversify the revenue stream for farmers and can offset the production costs for the portion of the crop that goes to food uses. By providing renewable alternatives for on-farm energy, biofuels can also mitigate price volatility of petroleum. The price volatility of fossil energy sources, upon which modern food production is reliant, is a major contributor to the volatility of food prices. Volatility of petroleum prices will increase as existing reserves are depleted, and new sources of energy are needed for food production and distribution. Experts on agriculture and international land use change will present their views on the symbiotic relationships between food production and renewable fuels at a free seminar in Phoenix, Arizona. New data from The World Bank debunked the report that created a storm on Food and Fuel, yet the debate still runs strong. This session will take a look at what's driving the conversations and why this is a topic we can expect to see for long while. Form your own opinions about the ongoing discussion as you hear the farmer's, the scientist's, the environmentalist's, and the economists viewpoint. For further information on the conference schedule and to register visit the conference website at  HYPERLINK "http://www.biodieselconference.org/2011/" http://www.biodieselconference.org/2011/. The Views on Food and Fuel seminar is session number 20 among the many educational session that will be held February 6-9 as part of the annual biodiesel conference. This session will be held from 8:45 am to 10:15 am. The National Biodiesel Board is proud to present this discussion on food and fuel and considers this topic so important to a general audience, that we are inviting the general public to hear these expert presentations without requiring conference registration for this session. Don Scott Director of Sustainability National Biodiesel Board USA Carlo Russo, University of Cassino, Italy Hello, Reducing the list in Table 1 is not easy, but it looks to me that some measures can be grouped in a smaller number of items, if we use a simple demand/supply framework to simplify and organize the data. In my opinion reducing price volatility and coping with its effects are two distinct issues. So maybe it is possible address the two problems disjointedly. For example, increasing supply per se does not reduce price fluctuation necessarily, but it may help with dealing with the consequences. Regarding price fluctuation, we know that it happens because of demand and/or supply shifting. Of course, variability in price is not necessarily a bad thing, as the market uses changes in prices as signals to producers and consumers. In my mind, what we want is to cut the tails of the price distribution (i.e, sudden and large price increases or decreases) and to reduce the purely random price variability that is not caused by structural factors (for example, bad yields or crop diseases). If we focus on these issues, we may argue that price fluctuations increase as: Demand and/or supply become less elastic There are changes in the behavioural model of economic agents (for example increase in market power or speculation) There are changes in policy (for example removal of price stabilization devices) Markets are inefficient (because of information failures or asymmetries, transaction costs, etc.) Maybe we can summarize Table 1 measures to reduce volatility into four groups: Measures to reduce the effects of exogenous shocks, which may include for example: Control of vector borne diseases and food safety standards Strengthened research related to food security with regard to climate mitigation, second generation biofuels Diversification of farming systems (including livestock and fish) Etc. Measures to increase demand and supply elasticity (note that this reduce fluctuation, but is not necessarily a good thing), for example: Biofuels and coherence of policy and practice with food security policies Improved infrastructure roads, infrastructure, communication Reduction of protective trade measures (bans) Etc. Measures to increase market efficiency, such as: Coordination of information mechanisms at country, regional and multi-national levels Information systems and equitable access to reliable information for decision making, early warning and monitoring and evaluation 4. Measures to address agents strategic behavior and speculation (if any). From a purely economic perspective, this point is part of point 3, but being a relevant (and touchy) subject it may be worth discussing it as a stand-alone topic. It includes for example: Management of transmission effects of price changes (including pro-competition policies) Regulation of market speculation and futures Also, it might be of interest to study the impact of recent (or perspective) policy reforms on price volatility. Policy measure to cope with price volatility may be grouped in demand-side (i.e., against high-price spikes) or supply-side (concerning large and unexpected price falls). Hope this may be of use. Best, Carlo Russo, University of Cassino, Italy Abdul Raziq from SAVES, Pakistan Dear All, I really agree with the ideas of Don Scott. Biodiversity is very important for the sake of food security. The loss in biodiversity can prone the humanity more to the food crisis. But unfortunately the efforts to minimize the speed of loss to biodiversity is still not in control in spite of some struggle though not enough. The loss to the farm animal genetic resources is even more speedy. Soon here in Pakistan we are going to lose three breeds of camel and one is already endangered. The Urbanization and political backing for exotic high producing livestock are the main reason behind suchdilemma. Best regards Abdul Raziq Andrew MacMillan from Italy Two brief observations. First, aggregate stock levels play a really important role in price volatility for major traded commodities. To consider the issue of improving public food reserves in the absence of information on overall global stocks is meaningless. Even the setting of realistic target levels for global publicly held reserves cannot be done without a knowledge of the stock levels within all elemets of the trading system. It is clearly in the global public interest, and particularly in that of those who are the first to suffer from rapid upward price shifts, to have good, up-to-date knowledge on total stock levels, and especially the level of stocks in a tradeable situation. While there may be some grounds for restricting certain information on the private sector dominated commodity trade, unless there is a requirement that stock levels are declared and made available in the public domain, the whole global food management system has to be run on a speculative basis or, as is the case now, not run at all. In view of the number of lives at stake, a hands-off approach on this issue, is untenable from a food justice perspective. The issue must be addressed without inhibition by the HLPE. Secondly, if a real food crisis emerges because of a gap between production and consumption levels, it will be essential for the CFS to have the power to intervene in countries to curb overconsumption of food, in order to prevent the full burden of the crisis falling on those who already go hungry. This could imply the ability to impose taxation systems or to institute food rationing These options should be included in the table. Andrew MacMillan Former director FAO field operations division Christoph Tribl from Federal Institute of Agricultural Economics, Austria A few remarks referring to risk management tools per se (ex ante) and coping strategies (ex post): There are different levels or magnitudes of risk (normal/catastrophic risk, idiosyncratic/systemic risk) and different kinds of risk in the agricultural sector (price risk, yield risk, income risk, etc.). In general, price risks are rather systemic risks. Each different kind of risk needs to be addressed in a different way. In addition to (output) price volatilities also input price volatilities should be considered. Risk management tools per se (ex ante) in the agricultural sector might include diversification at the farm level risk insurances at the farm level surplus funds (i.e. reserves) at the farm level risk funds and/or mutual funds for a group of farmers commodity futures income stabilization programmes It might be useful to consider a number of questions: Who (small vs. large farms, specialized vs. non-specialized farms, high vs. low income groups, consumers, households,) is affected by price volatilities (or, more general, by a certain risk) and to what extent? Which instrument or mix of instruments is the most suitable for which level or magnitude of risk? Who should be responsible or enabled for which specific option to act and for which kind of risk? For example, what can individual farmers do by themselves, options for group of farmers, options for food processors and cooperatives, national governments, supra-national institutions,? To what extent and in which case (i.e. for which level and kind of risk) can governments or supra-national institutions assist or support these various options? i) Examples for governmental support might be the support of educational services for farmers, support of risk management tools (e.g. in terms of tax allowances, subsidization of insurance premiums, subsidization of private storage, education etc.), establishment of legal frames (e.g. to enable insurance markets), provision of access to market information. ii) Examples for options at the government level per se might be catastrophe funds or income stabilization programmes. Best regards, Christoph Tribl Federal Institute of Agricultural Economics Austria Tatsuji Koizumi from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan I would like to comment on Biofuels and coherence of policy and practice with food security policies of Draft policy instrument options for dialogue and finalization. This comment is tentative one, because I didn't finalize the study for calculating the volatilities. This time, I focused on world sugar price volatility and Brazilian bioethanol program. Sugar price volatility can be measured as "Coefficient of variation (CV: Standard deviation / mean) of world sugar price". In my calculation of the CV, most of the CV increased from 1970s to 2000s. Although, the CV for world sugar price (No.11-fob stowed Caribbean port) increase from 1990s to 2000s, the CV has tendency to decrease from 1970s to 2000s. As a result of other econometric modeling study, we concluded that Brazilian bioethanol policy has a "floor price effect" for world sugar price. It may have an important role to play in supporting world sugar production and the sugar industry at a reproduction level. It may also stabilize world sugar price in the long run. I hypnotize that Brazilian bioethanol policy can contribute to diminish world sugar price volatility. I am examining these relationship with using GARCH (Generalized Auto regression Conditional Heteroscedasticity) model and other kind of models. Tatsuji Koizumi, Ph.D. Senior Economist, Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan Valentin Batchvarov from the Institute of Cryobiology and Food Technology Bulgaria My proposition for arrangement of policy instrument options according their priority and importance is shown on Table 1 Table 1 Draft policy instrument options Possible policy instrument options Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks Policy instruments to improve ex ante responses  mitigating risk and improving resilience at all levels Policy instruments to improve ex post responses  coping with shocks and improving resilience at all levels Information systems and equitable access to reliable information for decision making, early warning and monitoring and evaluation Adequate and reliable information systemsLegislative and administrative measures for good information systems functioningPermanent betterment of information systemsCoordination of information mechanisms at country, regional and multi national levels Active and day-to-day coordination of information mechanismsStudy of the good practicesUp-grade of information mechanismsIncreased investment in agricultural production and productivity Increased governmental attention to agricultureCreation of new investment oriented agricultural policyCorrection in investment oriented agricultural policyRegulation of market speculation and futures Governmental initiatives and measures Regular market price monitoring and evaluationAnti market speculations measures and high price limits establishmentReduction of protective trade measures (bans) Evaluation of the effectiveness of protective trade measuresBalance between protective trade measures and tariff, non-tariff measures and export subsidies Close interaction between the market speculations and protective trade measuresManagement of transmission effects of price changes Better studies of the world, local and market pricesEvaluation of the influence of transportation routes, seasonal flows in staple foods, trade and agricultural marketing policiesPermanent price transmission analysis and management of the transmission effects of price changesStrengthened research related to food security with regard to climate mitigation, second generation biofuels Increasing the funding of food security research in national and international (FP7) levelsBetter coordination of food security research in national and international (FP7) levelsImplementation of food security research results in practiceSustainable use of resources  producing more with less Better knowledge of how non-renewable and renewable resources can contribute to a sustainable economy Effective use of non-renewable and renewable resourcesMeasures directed at increasing the effectiveness of usage of all resourcesBiofuels and coherence of policy and practice with food security policies Better coherence of policy and practiceBetter economic conditions for second generation biofuels productionStrict balance between food security and biofuels policies and practicesAgriculture and weather risk insurance for farmers and governments Enlargement of the sphere of agriculture and weather risk insurance for farmers and governmentsDevelopment of adequate weather risk management toolsBetter harmonisation between weather change and weather risk insuranceReduction of post harvest losses Improvement of infrastructure roads, transport, storage facilities and packing practiceImprovement of storage conditions and good storage practiceImprovement of cold and dry storage infrastructure and first-stage processing equipment.Improved infrastructure roads, infrastructure, communicationNational and regional programs for infrastructure improvementEvaluation of the needs for infrastructure improvementBettering the access to international funds for infrastructure improvementImproving public food reserves and the efficiency of responses to demand for drawing on these Increasing the facilities and resources for public food reservesEvaluation of existing facilities , resources and needs for improvement of public food reservesEvaluation and improvement of efficiency of responses to demands for drawing Diversification of farming systems (including livestock and fish) Governmental encouragement of diversification of farming systemsFinancial and tax concessions for diversification of farming systems Necessary corrections in the governmental measures for encouragement of diversification of farming systemsInnovative social protection Innovative policies and programs for social protectionPolitical and social measures for reducing poverty and vulnerabilityInnovative social policies - adequate choices and prioritiesControl of vector borne diseases and food safety standards Maintenance of strong public health infrastructure and effective food agencyIntensive research activities directed at improved means of control of vector borne diseases and vaccinesPermanent improvement of control of vector borne diseases and food safety standardsResponsive financial services (insurance and credit) Better financial conditions for insurance and credit Improvement and diversification of financial servicesDevelopment of new financial instruments for insurance and creditImproving household income including non Increasing farm incomesEvaluation of ways for improving the household incomesDiversification and increasing of productive services incomesEncouragement of new ways for household incomes increasingImproving household resilience through increasing food availability, access and utilisationBetter access to crop forecasts and provision of credit at moderate interest ratesEvaluation of household resilience Measures for increasing food availability, access and utilisation Valentin Batchvarov Director of the Institute of Cryobiology and Food Technology Bulgaria Hans Konrad Biesalski from University of Hohenheim, Germany Regarding food quality, the major problem occurring from price volatility is the fact that with increasing prices the overall food quality of the households decrease. Nutrition based on grain food, which contributes up to 80% of the total energy in many countries, is at least poor regarding a couple of micronutrients, in particular vitamin A, iron, zinc an further vitamins and trace elements. (Vitamin A, Iron and Zinc are the key micronutrient related to the world wide hidden hunger).Increasing the amount of low cost grain food in the diet, as a consequence of price volatility, instead of more expensive vegetables or meat results in an increase of stunting in children, as documented in the 2003 Indonesian food crisis. As a consequence price volatility counteracts the efforts to increase food security. I would recommend to add the impact of price volatility on food quality with respect to economically driven food choice of different households to the table 1. I wonder whether policy instruments might exist or can be implemented to combine grain food costs with non-grain food costs with higher quality (nutrient density) and at least food security in a way that helps to cover the needs. E.g. if 70% of the total energy derives from grain food (approx. 1800 kcal) (with low nutrient density) there are 600 kcal for non-grain higher quality food. A constant ratio would help to "calculate" food security on a simple basis. Germanas Lamsodis from Lithuanian Agricultural and Food Market Regulation Agency, Lithuania Few remarks regarding possible policy instrument options. First of all there is no single answer which policy instrument is better. All of them might be used in different situations. All of them have strengths and weaknesses. In any case governments, companies and single farmers are usually applying sets of instruments to manage risks and cope with price shocks. What I missed in the list of possible policy instrument options is development of modern nutrition solutions, innovative food products and food processing technologies. It enables better utilize primary agricultural products in production of food stuff as well as to produce more products of higher added value with fewer resources. I think that innovative, safe and relatively cheap products could be a good solution meeting growing demand for food. At the same time research related to food processing, packaging and storing technologies make possible to create new food stuff which is easier to store, transport and distribute. Therefore, such instrument might be considered as a good option to improve ex-ante and ex-post responses. Next, I think that encouraging investments in land, improving quality of soil and better management of land could be added. Small farmers usually cant pay enough attention to keeping of irrigation systems properly because it requires substantial investments and does not give quick payoff. The same relates to expansion of agricultural areas. Of course, this instrument might be considered as part of the sustainable use of resources. However, I didnt catch that from the list. Finally, I think that it is reasonable to classify possible policy instruments to several groups depending on their main characteristics and type of response (ex-ante, ex-post or mutual). One group might be risk management tools as it was considered by Christoph Tribl. Another group might be information management tools which actually increase market efficiency and might include coordination of information mechanisms, information systems and equitable access to reliable information for decision making, management of transmission effects of price changes. Third group might be food supply/demand oriented and actually include modern nutrition solutions, innovative food products and food processing technologies as well as increasing food availability and productivity, improved infrastructure roads, infrastructure, communication. Then regulatory tools and include reduction of protective trade bans, regulation of market speculation and futures, income stabilization programmes and market intervention and safety net mechanisms, ect. In my opinion this way it is easier to understand which instrument is the most reasonable depending on different factors. Germanas Lamsodis Deputy General Director for Lithuanian Agricultural and Food Market Regulation Agency Sabina M Silaula from Swaziland The HLPE has to a large extent identified the policy instruments that are critical in the regulation, management and control of food feed products price volatility. There is need to also to include. The following aspects to add/buttress the listing in Table 1policy: Food distribution and management systems/channels that will ensure food (that is of high quality and safe) is within easy reach (distance and affordability) to vulnerable populations and communities. This must also include aspects for the control of rampant distribution of Food Aid Promotion/popularization of the production, value addition and consumption of locally available food resources. This can also include the development and formulation of staple composite blends (expanding the utilization of not so appealing yet abundant or resilient to drought food resources) for institutional feeding like for schools, hospitals or food parcels where applicable. Use of research and technological innovation to transform the organoleptic/industrial value of a locally grown food/feed raw product (domesticated or wild) for widespread industrial use. Institutional and support systems strengthening such as the Farmers Unions and Micro-Finance products or value chain development and linkages with well established food industry for emerging women and youth farmers and agro-processors. Control and regulation of food imports that compete with local initiatives for the promotion of and strengthening of sustainable food security activities. Integrate local/indigenous knowledge indicators for weather forecasting and cropping tendencies. Sabina Silaula Independent consultant / strategist on rural development Jacqueline Birrer, Permanent Representation of Switzerland to FAO, IFAD and WFP Dear All, Please find below the feedback from Switzerland regarding the HLPE study on price volatility. Possible policy instrument options Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks Policy instruments to improve ex ante responses  mitigating risk and improving resilience at all levels Policy instruments to improve ex post responses  coping with shocks and improving resilience at all levels Agriculture and weather risk insurance for farmers and governments E.g. hail insurance in SwitzerlandBiofuels and coherence of policy and practice with food security policies Control of vector borne diseases and food safety standards Coordination of information mechanisms at country, regional and multi national levels Diversification of farming systems (including livestock and fish) Combine livestock and crop production, avoid monoculture (Switzerland: direct payments)Improved infrastructure roads, infrastructure, communication  Switzerland: credits and financial aid for structural improvements in agr Improving public and private food reserves and the efficiency of responses to demand for drawing on the public Private stocks prevent panic buyingSwitzerland: Public stock holding financed by private sector Improving household income including non Increasing farm incomes Off-farm income stabilizes household income; Switzerland: direct payments stabilize household incomeOff-farm income stabilizes household income; Switzerland: direct payments stabilize household incomeImproving household resilience through increasing food availability, access and utilisation See above (private stocks)Private and public stocksIncreased investment in agricultural production and productivity Sustainable intensification (in particular in LDC) through e.g. better crop seed, fertilizers or production methods (leads to higher and more stable yields). Switzerland: Development aidInformation systems and equitable access to reliable information for decision making, early warning and monitoring and evaluation Improved weather forecasts and availability of weather information (in particular in LDCs) leads to more stable and higher yields.Improved weather forecasts and availability of weather information (in particular in LDCs)Innovative social protection Management of transmission effects of price changes Reduction of post harvest losses Improve infrastructure (storage, transportation), improve knowledge on storage managementReduction of protective trade measures (bans) Regulation of market speculation and futures Better information and market transparency in futures markets lead to less volatile prices. Responsive financial services (insurance and credit) Strengthened research related to food security with regard to climate mitigation, second generation biofuels Sustainable use of resources  producing more with less Enhance research and development in agriculture to enhance and stabilize yields Improved market transparency and information (prices, storage etc.)Good information leads to good investments of producers Reduce food wasteMore food is available and therefore markets less vulnerable (instruments: improve distribution management, consumer information etc.) Improved R&D in agricultureHigher yields (in particular in developing countries) Improved education/training and agricultural consultancy Higher yields (in particular in developing countries)Equalizing funds for producers (raise in times with high prices/distribute in bad times)Stabilizes household income for producers in bad timesSafety netsShort-term emergency food aid (in particular in LDCs). Introduce future marketsSmart regulated futures markets may contribute to more stable prices on physical markets and lead to more investment in agriculture.Enables producers to stabilize their income through fixed prices/contracts. Best regards Jacqueline Birrer Permanent Representation of Switzerland to FAO, IFAD and WFP Italy Michiel Keyzer, Max Merbis and Lia van Wesenbeeck from the Centre for World Food Studies, Amsterdam (SOW-VU), Netherlands Suggestions for ToR of Food Security Committee HLPE study on price volatility The intended study intends to look into causes and consequences of price volatility, with a special focus on the prevention and mitigation for vulnerable producers and consumers. It also aims to propose policy options that reduce risk and build resilience at all levels (local, national, regional and international, considering short, medium and long term options). The HLPE steering committee has made the ToR of this study object of a forum discussion, specifically asking whether the list of 19 proposed key policy instruments needs extension, and whether innovative ideas of possible interventions can be given, comprising mitigation efforts as well as adaptation by both ex-ante and ex-post responses. Comment The itemized list of policy instruments might stand in the way of an objective analysis, since it suggests that price volatility is bad, and that all instruments available should be activated to counter it. There are gainers and losers from price volatility, many of the causes that lead to it cannot be countered, and among the imaginable instruments to address it some might actually prove very harmful for the world economy or for the poor. Hence, the list presented should only serve as a checklist, but not as the core of the ToR. The issue is therefore not whether the list is complete (it looks fairly comprehensive), but that a discussion of such an itemized and unstructured list may not offer the good entry point for analysis. If asked to draft such a ToR, we would envisage four steps: Clarifying the concept. The study might focus on a particular definition of price volatility as a concept: does one opt for the formal definition relating to fluctuating variances as in stochastic processes (which is relevant for financial markets because it affects the capacity to hedge) or for the more informal definition of price peaks (which is relevant in a more general policy discussion), or both. Explaining the process. It would be useful to provide an account of how this volatility came about, specifically in relation to the price peaks of 2007/2008 and 2010/2011. There is by now an abundance of reports on this for 2007/08, of which some synthesis would be useful. Pointing out the impact. The study could chart out who is affected and who is not, and who gains and who loses, at least in principle. Since the time line until September 2011 seems quite short, it will not be possible to provide much empirical evidence on this, particularly regarding the current price hike. Towards policy recommendations. Explanation of the process will most likely lead to the conclusion that the volatility partly results from fundamentals that act as basic drivers and may to a large extent have to be accepted as inevitable (weather shocks), too large to control by targeted interventions (economic growth and business cycles) or even desirable (free arbitrage on markets, which rules out the commodity agreements of the 1960s). Other factors, such as household vulnerability and rural development need long term strategies. There also will be a category that identifies some weaknesses or ill conceived policies (export bans, biofuel mandates) which could in principle be redressed quickly. In other words, the study should avoid an interventionist bias, and its recommendations should with respect to specified mechanisms that might cause volatility, allow for the possibility of ending up as do not touch, or even promote. Scope. Also in view of the tight time schedule, the ToR should be explicit as to the attention to be paid to various levels of investigation (international, national, district) and the emphasis to be put on short term versus long term interventions. With respect to the distinction between mitigation and adaptation, we feel that the explanation of the process in step (2) above should be such that it can convincingly suggest where to intervene, and how, both to reduces the amplitude and the frequency of the waves, and where to leave the system in peace, so as to promote its shock absorption capacity. Typically, on open markets a variety of social safety mechanisms will be required to protect against shocks, but improved regulation (in a technical sense, as is done by CFTC in the US) of commodity exchanges may be needed to ensure that these markets provide the correct signals (e.g. with respect to convergence). Regarding the long term, of course, the world will need to boost its food production in coming decades, but if there is one policy that could dwarf all efforts in that direction, then this is the subsidized boosting of agricultural production, and uncritical investment in rural development, which only creates gluts, depresses local prices, and deters investments into rural areas, not even to mention environmental degradation, and the subsequent cycles resulting from this. In short, the credibility of the study would suffer if its ToR were already to raise the suspicion of lobbying for more public funds for agriculture and rural areas. Cameron Short from Canada Please find below my inputs on Table 1 Table 1: Draft policy instrument options for dialogue and finalisation- Frequency and Magnitude Possible policy instrument optionsPolicy instruments Agriculture and weather risk insurance for farmers and governments Crop insurance is only purchased in developing countries if there are very high levels of subsidies. There are fairly large admin costs, the usual insurance problems of adverse selection and moral hazard and it reduces the many opportunities for farmers to mitigate risks through diversification etc. It needs to be spread of wide areas with not closely claims (eg droughts, floods storms) to work. There are many more profitable ways for public monies to be spent (infrastructure, research) than insurance. Weather index policies might be the only feasible vehicle. Micro finance type approaches would seem would only be practical if there were some sort of mechanism for members apportioning a payout within their group.Biofuels and coherence of policy and practice with food security policies Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks Policy instruments to improve ex-ante responses Policy instruments to improve ex-post responses One advantage of bio-fuels is that they increase global production of feedstocks (grains, oilseeds and sugar). They also maintain land in production that might otherwise be no longer available for agriculture or difficult to bring back into crop production. The resources devoted to feedstocks and the grain oilseeds and sugar used for biofuel production could be thought of as a food reserve. Continued biofuel production together with mechanisms that make it possible to divert biofuel feedstocks to food and feed would therefore contribute to food security. These mechanisms would include flexibility in biofuel mandates, flexibility in energy markets and the resources to compete for with biofuel industry for grain and oilseeds.Control of vector borne diseases and food safety standards Policy instruments to improve ex-ante responses The science based standard is critical. The cost of evaluating new technologies needs to be reduced. Some sort of global harmonization of standards would be extremely useful. As developed countries turn increasingly to the private sector, minor uses and south commodities are being left behind. The focus of much CGIAR research is on food crops often sold on local markets. Food security is an income problem, so the focusCoordination of information mechanisms at country, regional and multi national levels Policy instruments to improve ex-ante responses Policy instruments to improve ex-post responses Better information on supply disposition tables for all major producers and consumers. Preferably these should be updated monthly with regular proofing through inventory surveys oat least semi-annually. Diversification of farming systems (including livestock and fish) Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks This is the best method to manage smallholder risk. Extension support for various on-farm strategies is useful.Improved infrastructure roads, infrastructure, communication Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks Policy instruments to improve ex-ante responses Policy instruments to improve ex-post responses This should have a very high priority. It should include access to social services like education and health and rural electrification. Communication is perhaps especially important as it integrates rural people in larger markets and makes possible access to banking services. Market information could be provided through text messagingImproving public food reserves and the efficiency of responses to demand for drawing on these Public food reserves are highly problematic and create as many problems as they aspire to address, whether physical or virtual.Improving household income  including non Increasing farm incomes Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks Policy instruments to improve ex-ante responses Policy instruments to improve ex-post responses Non-farm income generating activities is useful. Farm income can contribute. Cash contribute most to farm income and result in market integration and diversification. It needs support through research, etc. Improving household resilience through increasing food availability, access and utilisation Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks Policy instruments to improve ex-ante responses Policy instruments to improve ex-post responses Targeted food aid is most effective. It can be used to meet the needs of vulnerable groups in terms of calories and nutrition while maintaining production incentives. Members of vulnerable groups need to be identified before there is a crisis.Increased investment in agricultural production and productivity Policy instruments to improve ex-ante responses Support for research and infrastructure should be a priority. Accelerate systems to evaluate and where appropriate approve new technologies.Information systems and equitable access to reliable information for decision making, early warning and monitoring and evaluation Policy instruments to improve ex-ante responses Policy instruments to improve ex-post responses Communication is perhaps especially important as it integrates rural people in larger markets and makes possible access to banking services. Market information could be provided through text messagingInnovative social protection Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks Policy instruments to improve ex-ante responses Targeted food aid as aboveManagement of transmission effects of price changes This is a bad idea and not really necessary if there is an effective targeting of vulnerable groups in placeReduction of post harvest losses Reduction of protective trade measures (bans) Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks New agreements are needed to discipline the use of export measuresRegulation of market speculation and futures Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks Policy instruments to improve ex-ante responses Applying North American type regulation to European and Asian futures market would be useful. Additional futures market transparency would be a good thing. Speculators in futures markets do not affect spot prices directly but they can affect outcomes for those who hedge in futures markets or those who choose to speculate in hoarding or pre-purchasing grains because of activity on the futures market. Additional regulation will not really change this result, but it may actually increase uncertainty and speculative activity by those who buy and sell grain rather than grain futures. Responsive financial services (insurance and credit) Micro finance has proven successful for credit. It is extremely doubtful that micro-insurance can work.Strengthened research related to food security with regard to climate mitigation, second generation biofuels Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks Policy instruments to improve ex-ante responses Policy instruments to improve ex-post responses Research related to cash crops is needed more. None of the CGIARs focus on any cash crops They are all oriented on staple commodities. Most staple commodities are sold on local markets. Productivity gains in a local staple food market leads to a large price decline and lower income for farmers who are themselves poor and food insecure. Food security is an income problem. Sustainable use of resources  producing more with less Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks Policy instruments to improve ex-post responses Research research research Nastasia Belc from the National Institute for Food Bioresources, Romania Below I give some ideas in order to populate the empty columns from table 1 Possible policy instrument optionsPolicy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocksPolicy instruments to improve ex-ante responses mitigating risk and improving resilience at all levels Policy instruments to improve ex-post responses coping with shocks and improving resilience at all levelsAgriculture and weather risk insurance for farmers and governments Biofuels and coherence of policy and practice with food security policiesStimulation of stress resistent crop production for biofuels without affecting the high productive soils wich have to be used in agricultureUsing the land unproper for food crops (potential lands)Taking into account the reserve landsControl of vector borne diseases and food safety standards Coherent and applicable rules in food safety with optimization of the infrastructure investment and bureaucracyImproving of hygiene monitoring and assessment though official controls; best practices analyzed and disseminated Coordination of information mechanisms at country, regional and multi-national levelsDiversification of farming systems (including livestock and fish) Stimulation of integrated farming systems; (re-)design agroecosystems to meet both goals of biodiversity conservation and food securityInformation farmers about markets requests and new technologies; Information about current crop and farming system models (including biophysical, biological, economics) to perform risk assessment and identify hot spots of high returns Improved infrastructure roads, infrastructure, communication Improving public food reserves and the efficiency of responses to demand for drawing on these Improving household income including non-Increasing farm incomes Improving household resilience through increasing food availability, access and utilisation Increased investment in agricultural production and productivityStimulation of using of high productivity equipments for productionStimulation investment in agricultural research Information systems and equitable access to reliable information for decision making, early warning and monitoring and evaluation Innovative social protectionManagement of transmission effects of price changes Reduction of post harvest losses Reduction of protective trade measures (bans)Regulation of market speculation and futures Responsive financial services (insurance and credit) Strengthened research related to food security with regard to climate mitigation, second generation biofuelsSustainable use use of resources - producing more with lessBest regards Nastasia Belc Director General R&D National Institute for Food Bioresources Bucharest, Romania Sophia Murphy from the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Canada Volatility comes in many guises and has many causes. While price fluctuations enable markets to function, the degree of volatility experienced in recent years is a problem on a different order of magnitude. It is on this aspect of price volatility that the panels work must focus. At most, six of the topics presented are worth investigation, given the panels severe limitations of time and money, and given the body of existing work that is already available on many of these topics. The issues that are new and challenging include 1) biofuels; 2) the deregulation and financialization of commodity markets; 3) export controls originating in the few countries that supply a large share of a given global commodity market; 4) the mechanisms that determine price transmission between global and local markets; 5) diminishing returns from Green Revolution technologies; and 6) shifting risks associated with less predictable weather due to climate change. Food prices are unusually volatile. There is no one cause, and no certainty which of the various theories put forward is right. We do know that different regions and countries face a different mix of problems. We also know some of the reasons given in 2008 to explain the crisis were inadequate. A number of government responses exacerbated the problem, from panic buying on world markets and sudden drops in import tariffs (in the cases where the governments are dependent on food imports and have some financial means), to export bans (if the country has a surplus to export). Better preparation for uncertaintyin other words, increased resiliencemust be a central objective for agricultural systems the world over. Price signals are central to a functioning market. Recent volatility in commodity markets suggests that there is significant uncertainty about where prices should settle. Three distinct areas: supply; demand; and, the instruments used to mediate between the two, all need careful consideration. A number of long-term measures should and could be put in place to restore market confidence. But governments need short-term responses as wellmeasures that can be applied before additional acres can be planted and harvested. One time-tested and obvious solution is grain reserves. The HLPE might consider some of the following questions: How can existing national reserves learn from one another and improve their functioning? What kinds of governance systems can best ensure accountability and effectiveness? How might regional cooperation among reserves be strengthened? (The ASEAN rice reserve pilot offers an example to consider). How might a global reserve for certain of the most important food crops operate? Would it help to hold a given quantity of the most important food stocks in a transparent, publicly governed reserve? How can modern storage, transportation and communications technology be applied to better stocks management? These are questions which the HLPE, with its significant and diverse expertise, could shed some important light. Excessive speculation on commodity markets is also an important cause of food price volatility. It would be useful for the HLPE to examine the potential impacts of recent reforms in U.S. commodity market regulation on international markets. A second area for consideration is the proposed EU Commodity Regulatory Authority and how it could be structured to ensure regulatory consistency among the major commodity markets. The U.S. legislation, for example, requires investors to report their transactions in real time, while proposals under consideration in the EU would allow for much longer delays in the reporting of large-scale trades. Such reporting delays can exacerbate price volatility and distort price discovery. Another question is whether limits on investor positions can help to curb destabilizing flows of money into commodity markets? Will developing country capacity to forward contract agricultural imports and exports be improved if regulatory reforms lead to more reliable convergence between commodity futures and cash market prices? How much price volatility is due to hoarding in physical markets and lack of transparency in global stocks information? The Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy is delighted that these issues are receiving the attention they deserve from the HLPE and the CFS. We would be glad to help the panel with its work as may be deemed useful, and look forward to reviewing the draft documents that emerge. Tony Weis, The University of Western Ontario, Canada One significant policy instrument that was not listed, and which I would strongly encourage considering adding, is the issue of payments for ecosystems services, or alternative land use services (ALUS), in which payments are made to farmers for non-consumptive uses that enhance the protection of watersheds, biodiversity, soil formation, etc. (sometimes discussed through the lens of multi-functionality). This could provide an important means to stabilize farmer income in low-input, labour-dense agricultural systems while simultaneously managing consumer prices, in a way that is equitable and progressive (amounting to managed transfer of income to rural areas that is based upon sustainable practices). Perhaps a reason it didnt appear on the list is because it might be seen to be a specific tool within one of the other categories, in particular innovative social protection for farmers and improving household incomes. However, I think the Forum would be well-served to have it explicitly included as a distinct category of policy instruments to ensure that there is dialogue, and also because it is not straightforward but involves different approaches and is an area where there seems to be much policy innovation happening. Another issue which might be fruitfully separated as a distinct category for dialogue is that of international research, monitoring, and reporting capacity with respect to finance capital, market speculation, and futures. I recognize that this might be seen as a subset of one of a number of other categories identified (Regulation of market speculation and futures; Management of transmission effects of price changes; Information systems and equitable access to reliable information for decision making; or Coordination of information mechanisms). Still, given how very important, complex, and fast evolving this matter is, it might be constructive to have a dialogue about information capacity on this issue, and where it might reside, as distinct from the challenge of regulation. I would also like to call attention to the trajectory of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) or industrialized livestock production, as a major issue in the world food supply. This may arise in the realm of Sustainable use of resources producing more with less, but I believe that this matter, given its scale, inefficiencies, and regressive character, warrants as much attention as does biofuels. Finally, I would encourage re-phrasing the category reduction of protective trade measures (bans) to leave it more open to a dialogue about the sovereignty of states over trade policy and the efficacy of protection against destabilizing and uneven (e.g. heavily subsidized) competition. Flexibility in this realm is something which groups like Va Campesina have emphasized is an important aspect of food sovereignty, and this wording seems to preclude the possibility that states might be able make use of selective trade measures. Sincerely, Tony Weis, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Geography The University of Western Ontario (CANADA) Franck Galtier from CIRAD, France Dear All, Few comments on the proposed list of policy instruments: The proposed typology (columns of the table) seems relevant. Indeed, it is very important to classify the tools depending on their objective: reduce price shocks versus mitigate the effect of price shocks (by ex ante or ex post responses). It could be interesting to use a second criterion to classify the tools: the governance. Indeed, whereas some tools are market-based, others are based on public intervention. This dimension is important because the conditions of success are quite different in each case (depending on the case, the efficiency of the tools can be undermined by market failures or state failures). Crossing these two criteria (objective and governance) lead to raise interesting questions. For instance, among the tools to mitigate the effect of price shocks, the ones which are market-based are often ex ante (futures, call and put options), whereas the ones which are based on public intervention are often ex post (food aid, food for work, cash for work). Would it be relevant to develop more public interventions to offer an ex ante protection to poor households? It is the logic of safety nets. The crisis of 2005 in Niger showed that it is necessary to increase the level of assets of poor households in order to increase their resilience to price shocks. In the table, some tools are presented in an unfair way. For instance, futures and export bans are only presented as sources of price instability. A more balanced presentation would be much better. If futures can have a destabilizing effect on prices, they are also a way to hedge against price risk. If exports bans can have a destabilizing effect on international prices (as in 2008), some kind of export restriction is necessary for exporting countries to protect themselves from international price spikes. What matters is the trade-off between the positive and negative effects of the tools. For instance, the concrete question of the regulation of futures markets is to reduce the probability of bubbles without undermining the hedging service provided. Some important tools are missing in the list, especially the tools linked to the modernization of markets (roads, storage facilities, grades and standards, market information systems, warehouse receipt systems, commodity exchanges). Indeed, efficient food markets can reduce price instability by increasing spatial and temporal arbitrages (by trade and storage). This allows compensating the deficit production of one area by the excess production of another one, or the deficit production of one year by the excess production of another one. Other missing tools are the public tools to mitigate the effects of price spikes (only public food reserves are mentioned, but many other tools are available: cash transfers, vouchers). It will be necessary to take the context into account. The effectiveness of the tools strongly depends on the context (especially on the causes of price instability). For instance, to have efficient market infrastructures and institutions inside the country has a stabilizing effect on domestic prices if the instability stems from the variability of domestic harvests. However, it is useless if the instability comes from international markets. In this case, some tools based on public interventions are necessary (variable taxes on imports, export restrictions). It will also be necessary to question the relevant scales for the implementation of the tools (local, national, regional, international). Kind regards, Franck Angeline Munzara from the Ecumenical Advocacy Alliance, Switzerland The Ecumenical Advocacy Alliance (EAA) is of the view that basic commodities/staples should not be exposed to volatility in the first place. It is important to see how this study could connect with discussions about whether basic food/staple should be excluded from international trading rules? The EAA is of the overall feeling that the study is too broad. We would like to see a study that is more focussed on regulation instruments of speculation in food crop and short term responses to sky rocking prices. There are interesting examples of Government led local procurement of food products for school feeding programs in Bolivia and Brazil. By making more direct links between (organized small) producers and consumers there is less vulnerability to international price shocks. Instruments that are being discussed should be examined further, such as: Sort of commodity trading commission for more transparency De-centralised local physical stocks Limited transactions on stock markets (in quantity and size) Prohibition of the index funds concerning food items Another key question, we would like to propose in the study is, would a policy of food sovereignty for nations (meaning raising the rate of primary food production within the country, in order not to rely on imports so much) be a protection from volatile prices? The underlying question behind whether free trade is the cure or the problem? Or: how to decouple production for domestic markets from the production for the international market. The EAA is also of the view that price changes may occur because of high and changing price of inputs i.e. energy/transport. We are of the opinion that the solution would be the promotion of agro-ecological farming and more local food systems that can use and produce their own energy and be less dependent on expensive external inputs. More research is needed into investment for a future ecological agriculture and knowledge that can be used by family and women farmers, rather than continuing with an extractive and input intensive agriculture. It could also be argued that a green revolution may further contribute to increasing unstable prices, or dependency on input, while what we need is not a green but an ecological revolution. A agriculture that fits into the system and is in harmony with it rather than to be eating into its resources in need of more water, more fertilizer, more pesticides We also do not see the following instruments clearly outlined: What could be effective sources of equalizing effects for vulnerable producers and consumers? How could food be considered as a public good as opposed to a mere commodity? Building resilience at the household level seems to be a good idea. But the very notion of resilience entails the idea of coping successfully with shocks. Couldnt those shocks be prevented from happening in the first place, or at least take advantage of this study to make explicit the main drivers of those shocks? As for column 1 in table 1 no account is made of forest-related income sources and environmental services. Several studies point out that as much as one quarter of rural incomes are obtained from forest-related activities across the tropics. This study should include them when addressing policy options. The possible policy instrument options, presented in table 1 include: Reduction of protective trade measures (bans).We are of the opinion that this might need some differentiation as in some cases protective measures could be necessary/effective for the promotion of food security at local/national level. The EAA also proposes an additional instrument on food processing and value added activities (dimensions of local economic development and the role of SMEs) this has an important gender aspect Angeline Munzara, Ecumenical Advocacy Alliance Switzerland, //www.e-alliance.ch/ Fritz Schneider from the Swiss College of Agriculture, Switzerland Dear moderator Based on the processes which lead to the publications Livestocks long Shadow and Livestock in a Changing Landscape I offer the following comments to the draft TOR as received by the CFS: Price Volatility In the list of possible policy instrument options I would include the proposed Global (Voluntary) Guidelines for Livestock Production. I am aware that there is no decision as yet to develop such guidelines, the usefulness of such guidelines could be explored in your study. Furthermore I am asking myself whether there are policy instruments to positively influence carbon trade. With best regards Fritz Schneider Head Agriculture Swiss College of Agriculture Jayati Ghosh from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, India and Robert Pollin from the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, USA This response is specifically concerned with one aspect of the need to reduce price volatility and food price shocks in global markets and their transmission to developing countries. It focuses on the regulation of market speculation and commodity futures. Recent trends in food prices It is clear that we are now back in another phase of sharply rising global food prices, which is wreaking further devastation on populations in developing countries that have already been ravaged for several years of rising prices and falling employment chances. The  HYPERLINK "http://www.fao.org/giews/english/gfpm/GFPM_01_2011.pd" food price index of the FAO in December 2010 surpassed its previous peak of June 2008, the month that is still thought of as the extreme peak of the world food crisis, and has increased even more in January 2011. Some of the biggest increases have come in the prices of sugar and edible oils. The US import price of sugar doubled over the second half of 2010. Traded prices of edible oils like soya bean oil and palm oil increased by an average of 50 per cent over the same period. But even staple prices have shown sharp increases, with the biggest increase in wheat prices, which went up by 95 per cent between June and December 2010. Rice prices have been relatively stable in global trade over the past year in comparison, but in fact  HYPERLINK "http://www.fao.org/giews/english/gfpm/GFPM_01_2011.pdf" the FAO reports that domestic rice prices in major rice producing and consuming countries, especially in Asia, continued to increase and are now at their highest ever levels. The figures below document these price trends since January 2006.   It is important to recognise that the global food crisis is not something that can be treated as discrete and separate from the global financial crisis. On the contrary it has been intimately connected with it, particularly through the impact of financial speculation on world trade prices of food. This is not to deny the undoubted role of other real economy factors in affecting the global food situation. While demand-supply imbalances have been touted as reasons, this is largely unjustified given that there has been hardly any change in the world demand for food in the past three years. In particular, the claim that food grain prices have soared because of more demand for food from China and India as their GDP increases, is completely invalid, since both aggregate and per capita consumption of grain have actually fallen in both countries. Supply factors have been and are likely to continue to be more significant. These include the short-run effects of diversion of both acreage and food crop output for bio-fuel production, as well as more medium term factors such as rising costs of inputs, falling productivity because of soil depletion, inadequate public investment in agricultural research and extension, and the impact of climate changes that have affected harvests in different ways. Another important element in determining food prices is oil prices: since oil (or fuel) enters directly and indirectly into the production of inputs for cultivation as well as irrigation and transport costs, its price tends to have a strong correlation with food prices. So curbing volatility in oil prices would also help to stabilise food prices to some extent. Despite all these factors, it is clear that the recent volatility in world trade prices of important food items simply cannot be explained by real demand and supply factors. The extent of price variation in such a short time already suggests that such movements could not have been created by supply and demand, especially as in world trade the effects of seasonality in a particular region are countered by supplies from other regions. In any case, FAO data show very clearly that there was scarcely any change in global supply and utilisation over this period, and that if anything, output changes were more than sufficient to meet changes in utilisation in the period of rising prices, while supply did not greatly outstrip demand in the period of falling prices. Instead, it can be plausibly argued that financial speculation and specifically, investor activity in unregulated (OTC) commodity futures - was the major factor behind the sharp price rise of many primary commodities, including agricultural items over the past year (UNCTAD 2009; IATP 2008 and 2009; Wahl 2009; Robles, Torrero and von Braun 2009, World Development Movement 2010, UN Special Rapporteur 2010). Even recent research from the World Bank (Bafis and Haniotis 2010) recognises the role played by the financialisation of commodities in the price surges and declines, and notes that price variability has overwhelmed price trends for important commodities. Correlation between financial deregulation and food prices Futures markets for food, oil and other commodities have long been used by farmers and others to maintain stability in their business operations and plan for the future. Commercial traders would purchase food commodities from farmers for future delivery at a fixed price. This would relieve the farmers of any risks associated with future fluctuations in the prices of the food commodities they were growing. As with any insurance-type arrangement, the commercial traders would be assuming the farmers risk for a fee. They would earn their fee no matter what happened to food prices over time. But the traders would also be speculating that they could profit from changes in future market prices. However, these basic dynamics of a futures market for food commodities changed dramatically with the deregulation of these markets in the United States under the 2000 Commodities Futures Modernization Act. This change in the regulations governing commodities futures markets in the US led to huge increases in index traders within the futures marketsi.e. traders who were entering the market strictly to benefit from favorable movements in futures prices. Overall, the number of derivatives contracts increased more than six-fold between 2002 and mid-2008, as these investment vehicles became a safe haven from the subprime crisis and financial meltdown. It has been estimated that index fund purchases from 2003-7 already were higher than the futures market purchases of physical hedgers and traditional speculators combined, and then doubled in the first half of 2008. The trend movements in food prices underwent a structural shift at the same time as index traders began dominating the commodities futures markets for food. Thus, between 1975-76 and 2000-01, world food prices declined by 53 percent in real US dollar terms. However, since 2000-01, this trend has been reversed. Between Jan 2002 and June 2008, the global food index rose by 133 percent. The rapid price increases were led by grains in 2005, despite a record global crop yield in 2004-05. Between Jan 2005- June 2008, maize prices tripled, wheat rose by 127 percent, and rice rose 170 percent. A 2009 study by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development reports that the price boom between 2002 and mid-2008 was the most pronounced in several decadesin magnitude, duration and depth. After the dramatic rise especially in the period June 2007 to June 20, when the global food price index nearly doubled global commodity prices then collapsed almost equally sharply, such that by December 2008 they were back to their levels of the previous year. Obviously, such large swings in commodity (and especially food) prices cannot be explained by changes in real demand and supply, especially as FAO data indicate that aggregate global supply and utilisation changed very little over this period. Food prices started rising again in early 2009, though at a slower rate. However, in the second half of 2010 they have once again been rising rapidly. As of December 2010, the index was 136 per cent higher than in January 2002. In the second half of 2010, food prices have risen sharply, nearly doubling in the case of wheat and increasing by more than 60 per cent in the case of maize. Similar trends are evident in the petroleum market, which has driven oil prices up to around $100 a barrel. Higher oil prices also feed into higher food prices, creating another source of price spiral. It is likely that the movement of the index funds is driven by the price of oil, itself a highly speculative market with some 70% of futures investments coming from non-commercial speculators. Under such institutionalized structures, the price of oil drives the movement of the index funds and pushes up the prices of food and other agricultural commodities, regardless of the real supply and demand of such commodities. Similarly, it is likely that a combination of panic buying and speculative financial activity is once again playing a role in driving world food prices up well beyond anything that is warranted by real quantity movements. The most recent data on financial activity in commodity futures markets from the US Commodity Future Trading Commission suggest that until the end of December the net long positions of index investors had increased dramatically in commodities like wheat and corn. This is likely to have increased even more in the past few weeks, given the announcements about lower levels of public stocks. Research Exploring Links between Correlation and Causation This is an issue that is still much debated. Some researchers have argued that these price changes are driven by fundamentals that reflect real if temporary changes in demand and supply. These demand/supply shifts include such as sudden supply shocks in particular areas, as well as the associated impact on panic buying or bans on selling, such as export bans in the world trade market. It is then argued that financial activities in the commodity futures markets have had relatively little impact on price volatility, and if anything have operated to stabilise prices rather than destabilise them. This section considers some of the recent evidence on the relationship between food and finance. A major limitation of most of the empirical work on the relationship between food and activity in financial markets (specifically, in the markets for commodity futures) is that the statistical relationship has been examined ONLY for the period of the price surge up to June 2008, rather than also including the subsequent period of price fall and volatility in price behaviour. If the subsequent price volatility were included in the analysis, it is likely that there would be much less possibility of assigning the causation entirely to real factors, given the evidently extreme extent of overshooting. Despite this limitation, some of the relevant contributions are briefly outlined here. Irwin and Sanders for OECD. A widely cited OECD Working Paper by Irwin and Sanders (2010) argues that the inflow of index fund in the commodities market is not a factor causing rising food prices. Irwin and Sanders acknowledge that the increased flow of index fund investment represents a structural change within global commodities markets. But they argue that this has not lead to a price bubble in the futures markets themselves. This conclusion in turn implies that they do not believe any connection exists between the rise of index trading in futures markets and the rapid price increases in spot markets. In researching this question, Irwin and Sanders conduct Granger causality tests for 12 agriculture commodities using data published by the U.S. Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) from June 2006 - December 2009. Based on these Granger causality tests, they observe that that with the results for corn and cotton only is there any evidence that activity of index traders may have significantly influencedi.e. Granger-caused movements in future prices. But even for these two cases, the evidence they report is weak. In addition, they conclude that the long-positions of swap dealers and index traders lead to reduced, not increased, volatility in the futures markets. They do not directly address the question of a relationship between price movements in futures and spot markets. Several studies whose conclusions contrast sharply with those of Irwin and Sanders that contrast sharply with Irwin and Sanders have also recently been published. Baffles and Hanniotis for World Bank. The 2010 World Bank Working Paper by Baffles and Hanniotis argues that demand-supply fundamentals cannot explain the rise in food prices and that the use of commodities by financial investors may have been at least partly responsible for the 2007 - 08 food price spike. Among the factors they cite are that first, since investment in commodities is a relatively new phenomenon, and funds have been mostly been flowing in and not out of the futures market, this is likely to encourage extrapolative price-setting behavior. That is, rising prices encourages more purchases by investment funds, which in turn pushes prices still higher. In addition, the large size of these funds as a share of the overall commodities marketsboth future and spot marketsmay exacerbate price movements. Mayer for UNCTAD. A 2009 UNCTAD discussion paper by Mayer also finds evidence of a causal relationship between speculation in futures markets and the rapid price increases in spot markets for food. As with Irwin and Sanders, Mayer carries out Granger causality tests to examine causal lead and lag dynamics. However, in his model, Mayer focuses on the relationship between changes in the positions of financial investors on commodity futures exchanges and changes in commodity prices for four agricultural commoditiesmaize wheat, soybeans, and soybean oilas well as four non-agricultural products--cooper, gold, crude oil, and natural gas. The tests were carried out for two time periods: January 2006-June 2009, and 52-week period prior to the price peak of the specific commodity. Mayer concludes from his Granger tests that there has been significant impact of financial investment on price developments. He writes: The increasing importance of financial investment in commodity trading appears to have caused commodity futures exchanges to function in such as way that prices may deviate, at least in the short run, quite far from levels that would reliably reflect fundamental supply and demand factors. Financial investment weakens the traditional mechanisms that would prevent prices from moving away from levels determined by fundamental supply and demand factorsefficient absorption of information and physical adjustment of markets. This weakening increases the proneness of commodity prices to overshooting and heightens the risk of speculative bubbles occurring (p. 23). Additional recent studies addressing these same questions, and relying on similar econometric techniques include Robles, Torrero and Braun (2009), and two by Gilbert (2010a and 2010b). A balanced assessment of these studies is that, overall, they support the idea that the huge increase in speculative trading on commodities futures markets did contribute to rising spot prices for food. But the evidence is not decisive as to the strength and consistency across individual food spot markets. That said, such mixed results from econometric testing will almost always result when a research question is relatively new, and a variety of techniques and empirical specifications are being deployed by different researchers. In addition, as has been noted above, it is likely that once the period of study is extended to include the price volatility evident after June 2008, there is more reason to suspect that speculative factors have played a role since movements in real supply and utilization do not suggest such dramatic changes. Implications for policy How should public policy proceed in light of such evidence? Here one must keep in mind the subject at hand, which is food prices, and the fact that sharp increases in food prices can have devastating effects on the well-being throughout the developing world, in particular. For example, the United Nations found that sharp price increases in 2008 led to malnourishment for 130 million additional people. (WESP 2010) Global price volatility has had very adverse effects on both cultivators and consumers of food. It is often argued that rising food prices at least benefit farmers, but this is often not the case as marketing intermediaries tend to capture the benefits for themselves. In any case, with price changes of such short duration, cultivators are unlikely to gain. On major reason is because they send out confusing, misleading and often completely wrong price signals to farmers that cause over sowing in some phases and under cultivation in others. Many farmers in the developing world have found that the financial viability of cultivation has actually decreased in this period, because input prices have risen and output prices have been so volatile that the benefit has not accrued to direct producers. In addition, this price volatility has meant bad news for most consumers, especially in developing countries. It turns out that the pass through of global prices was extremely high in developing countries in the phase of rising prices, in that domestic food prices tended to rise as global prices increased, even if not to the same extent. However, the reverse tendency has not been evident in the subsequent phase as global trade prices have fallen. In late 2010 around 20 countries faced food emergencies and another 25 or so were likely to have moderate to severe food crises. Even in countries that are not described as facing food emergency, the problem is severe for large parts of the population. For example, in India retail prices of some important food items have risen by more than 50 per cent in the past two years, causing great hardship in a country in which just under half the population is malnourished. Under such circumstances, the most appropriate position for regulators to assume is a precautionary principle. That is, given at least strong evidence showing that the sharp rise in speculative trading on commodities futures markets contributed significantly to the volatility rise in spot prices of food, the responsibility of regulators should be to establish regulatory policies capable of effectively dampening such excessive speculative trading. Moving commodity futures trading onto regulated exchanges There is a very strong case for moving all such trade off of over-the-counter (OTC) markets and on to regulated exchanges. The aim of this is to introduce greater transparency and oversight and enable more effective regulation of investor activity in such markets. This would be consistent with the regulatory standards that prevailed in the United States prior to 2000 and that are being re-established through the Dodd-Frank Financial Reform Bill. Prior to 2000, the organizing principle of the regulatory system in the United States was precisely to require trading on regulated exchanges under the control of the CFTC. Operating trading through exchanges entailed four major regulatory requirements: 1) the disclosure of positions by traders; 2) capital requirements for organizers of exchanges; 3) margin requirements for traders; and 4) position limits for traders. All of these are effectively regulatory tools that can be applied effectively in other settings (such as the EU). Disclosure of positions The simple premise underlying any well-functioning market is that market participants are well-informed about the actual conditions in the market. Markets where information is limited and opaque are highly vulnerable to rumours and herd-line behaviour (Shiller 2005 presents a classic description of the problem). Such markets can thereby be readily manipulated by large-scale traders who are able to achieve dominant positions in the market. Thus, the first step toward creating more stable and well-functioning commodities futures markets is for accurate information in these markets to be widely and cheaply available. This should therefore be the initial goal in moving commodities futures market trading back onto regulated exchanges. Capital requirements Regulated exchanges in the United States, even during the era of deregulation, operated with capital requirements that were applied to registered futures commission merchants (FCMs). These are firms that accept funds from customers or use their internal funds to trade on exchanges. The purpose of these capital requirements has been precisely to guard against excessive riskiness on the part of brokers and futures trading merchants. The problem with deregulation was that traders could avoid these regulations by trading over-the-counter. One concern with capital requirements is that they are usually designed to be static. That is, the same requirements are maintained regardless of conditions. To operate more effectively in dampening speculative bubbles, the requirements should rather be stiffened during the upward phase of a bubble. Capital requirements could also be relaxed during slumps, to the extent that, in such periods, encouraging market trading would be beneficial. Margin Requirements Margin requirements require traders to use their own cash reserves, in addition to borrowed funds, to make new asset purchases. There are two overall purposes to margin requirements. The first is to discourage excessive trading by limiting the capacity of traders to finance their trades almost entirely with borrowed funds. The second is to discourage excessively risky trading by forcing traders to put a significant amount of their own money at risk when undertaking new asset purchases. Generally, margin requirements, unlike capital requirements, are designed to operate dynamicallyi.e. they are stiffened during booms and relaxed during slumps. Operating as such, margin requirements do have the capacity to contribute toward effectively stabilizing commodities futures markets. At the same time, regulators will need to be careful to observe how changes in the margin requirements affect smaller hedge traders versus large speculative investors. For example, large speculative traders could bid up margin requirements on exchanges through increasing price volatility. The rise in margin requirements would then increase the costs of hedging by small trader, perhaps creating barriers to hedging for the smaller market players. One way to deal with this is through establishing differential margin requirements for traders operating at different levels. Another is to set clear position limits for trading. Position Limits It is extremely important to establish hard position limits for all types of derivatives contracts. This would give regulators the power to prevent speculation affecting the underlying physical market. Ideally, such position limits should be such as to allow commercial hedging while minimising the negative impacts of excessive speculation. The purpose of position limits is to prevent large speculative traders from exercising excessive market power. That is, large traders can control the supply side of derivative markets by taking major positions, either on the short or long side of the markets. Once they control supply, they can then also exert power in setting spot market prices. The issue of the level at which position limits should be set is also important. The limits should be set at levls that are relevant in controlling speculative activity. Because it is difficult to distinguish between hedging and speculative activity in a market, setting position limits relative to the median for the overall market may be as or more effective as attempting to set limits only after having distinguished commercial from index traders. Concluding comments We now have direct recent experience of how financial speculation in commodity markets can create not only unprecedented volatility, but also affect prices in developing countries with extreme effects on hunger and nutrition for at least half of humanity. The case for moving swiftly to ensure effective regulation in this area and for dealing with supply issues in a serious and sustainable way - has never been more compelling. References Baffes, John and Tassos Haniotis (2010). Placing the 2006/08 commodity price boom into perspective World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5371. July 2010. Ghosh, Jayati. (2010) Unnatural Coupling: Food and Global Finance, Journal of Agrarian Change, January, 72-86. Gilbert, Christopher L (2010a). Speculative Influences on Commodity Futures Prices 2006-2008 UNCTAD Discussion Paper no. 197. March 2010 Gilbert, Christopher L (2010b). How to Understand High Food Prices. Journal of Agricultural Economics 61:398-425. Irwin, S.H and D. R Sanders (2010). The Impact of Index and Swap Funds on Commodity Markets OECD Food,Agriculture, and Fisheries Working Papers, no 27. Mayer, Jorg (2009), The Growing Interdependence Between Financial and Commodity Markets, UNCTAD Discussion Paper no 195. Robles, Miguel, Maximo Torero and Joachim von Braun (2009). When Speculation Matters. IFPRI Policy Brief 57. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington DC. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2009) Trade and Development Report, 2009, Chapter 2, The Financialization of Commodity Markets, pp. 52-84, Geneva: United Nations. UN-DESA (2010) World Economic and Social Prospects 2010. New York: UN. Dr. Jayati Ghosh Professor of Economics, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India and Executive Secretary, International Development Economics Associates (IDEAs) Dr. Robert Pollin Professor of Economics and Co-Director of the Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) University of Massachusetts-Amherst Carmen Socaciu, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Dear Chairman & Members of the Steering Committee of the HLPE, and FSN Members, Please find enclosed my input to table 1.- Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks Possible policy instrument optionsPolicy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocksPolicy instruments to improve ex-ante responses mitigating risk and improving resilience at all levels Policy instruments to improve ex-post responses coping with shocks and improving resilience at all levelsAgriculture and weather risk insurance for farmers and governments Biofuels and coherence of policy and practice with food security policiesNo intersection between the fields dedicated to biofules and food/feed production. National decissions are needed for specific destinations of landControl of vector borne diseases and food safety standards Appropriate national legislation, according to EU and world legislation is needed to control diseases and food safetyCoordination of information mechanisms at country, regional and multi-national levelsEstablishement of official cooperation beteen agencies involved in food safety at multinational levelDiversification of farming systems (including livestock and fish) Improved infrastructure roads, infrastructure, communication Improvement of communication ( logistics)Improving public food reserves and the efficiency of responses to demand for drawing on these Improving household income including non-Increasing farm incomes Stimulation of small farms production of specific plants , e.g. medicinal, aromatic herbsImproving household resilience through increasing food availability, access and utilisation Stimulation of small farms production of organic vegetables and fruits for a better food availabilityIncreased investment in agricultural production and productivityNational involvement ( by Agriculture ministry) to stimulate investments in agriculture in smal and medium-size farmsInformation systems and equitable access to reliable information for decision making, early warning and monitoring and evaluation Improvement, at national level, of information systems and communication to different farm levels: monitoring and evaluationInnovative social protectionManagement of transmission effects of price changes Supervising by IT technologies the price changes and modulationReduction of post harvest losses Valorization of waste by new biotechnological methods (fermentaion, extraction of antioxidants, pigments, etc.)Reduction of protective trade measures (bans)Regulation of market speculation and futures Creation of a competitive environment by stimulation of small farms to enter in the marketResponsive financial services (insurance and credit) Strengthened research related to food security with regard to climate mitigation, second generation biofuelsSustainable use use of resources - producing more with lessIncreasing the productivity by decreasing the price of labour ( small and low-energy mashines)Regarding the topic of price volatility vs food security in my personal opinion I would point out that regarding the policy instruments to improve ex-ante responses - mitigating risk and improving resilience at all levels in the agrifood sector we should consider: The stimulation and diversification of production, at small scale (farm level) which assure good quality and safety of primary food production Assurance of risk coverage at farm level Governmental stimulation of small farms association ( 3 to 10) for cheaper costs of risk and/or mutual funds National programmes to assure stable incomes for farmers ( stabilization programmes) National /governmental support by educational services for farmers, risk management tools , marketing training and information. Best regards, With best regards, Sincerely, Prof. Dr.Carmen Socaciu Head, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Director, Department of Quality Assurance University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania ActionAid International Esteemed colleagues, Im glad to send you the ActionAid contribution to the HLPE TORs for the study on price volatility. Please dont hesitate to contact us for any further clarification. Best regards, Alberta Guerra Alberta Guerra Food Policy officer ActionAid International International Food Security Network Rome, Italy ActionAid contribution to the HLPE TORs for the study on price volatility General principles ActionAid welcomes the HLPE commitment to embark on the study on food price volatility with the aim to present policy options that can reduce risk and build resilience at all levels., especially for developing countries and their household food security. Despite record or bumper cereal harvests in most regions in 2010, 29 countries around the world face food difficulties and are in need of external food assistance, and the global food import bill is estimated to hit a near-record high of $1,026bn in 2011, and rising global prices mean import bills for 77 Low-Income Food- Deficit Countries are expected to increase by 20% an extra cost that many will struggle to afford. ActionAid wishes the HLPE to give priority to those most affected and threatened by hunger, mainly women and children, mostly affected by high food prices, especially if living in net food importing poor countries. We would like to draw the attention of HLPE that when the global prices started declining after September 2008 national prices remained high in many countries. It is therefore crucial to investigate national factors along with international factors. ActionAid in its recent research examines the factors responsible for recent price movements at the national level in three countries, one of them in Asia and the others in Africa. They are Pakistan, Kenya and the Gambia. It revealed a complex set of problems, including; Shortage in local and national level crop production High cost of production (expensive and low quality inputs, fertillizer and seeds Soil degradation High cost of fuel and transportations costs High electricity cost impact on milling cost Exploitation of market forces through hoarding, low price return to farmers Sales and other kind of taxes on food items High cost of imported food Food export to neighboring countries Additionally, ActionAid analyzes following factors at international level contributing to food price rise. declining ratios of stocks to consumption in many crops; a decline in the rate of growth of crop yields; climate problems such as floods, irregular rains, droughts and a lowering of water tables; the depletion of soils from exhaustion; bad wheat harvests in many countries like droughts in Australia, Russia and the Ukraine; the diversion of agricultural land to produce biofuel; increases in oil and fertilizer prices; a long-term decline in agricultural investment; and international speculation in the markets for food and oil commodities ActionAid encourages HLPE whilst analysing extreme causes of volatility in food prices to look at all causes of food price volatility including the causes mentioned above. Finally AA welcomes the holistic approach the HLPE wants to adopt, in a way that permit to address volatility under its multiple aspects. Policy responses In terms of policy options that can reduce and mitigate the risk of price volatility provided in the HLPE table, ActionAid believes that the following urgent measures need to be taken at global level and recommended to Governments, namely to: Bolster and maintain global, regional, and national food reserves Establish an Agriculture Stability Forum at FAO to improve transparency and oversight of global food markets Scrap US and EU industrial biofuel targets and subsidies Regulate food commodity derivatives and impose position limits Agree a protocol on export bans to ensure supplies to vulnerable neighbors The HLPE should include in the study the following actions to protect particularly vulnerable countries: To be ready to adjust import tariffs and export duties on food staples to maintain fair prices To consider using price controls to stabilize local prices To intensify efforts with agencies such as the World Food Programme to identify the most vulnerable and provide regionally-procured food assistance To expand social safety nets, and particularly target the poorest and most vulnerable, such as women, children and the elderly To increase support to smallholder-based sustainable agriculture and women in particular Nevertheless ActionAid believes that short-term measures are not enough to tackle price volatility. Its crucial to take long term measures to support smallholder farmers, especially women, in their capacity to produce enough food in a sustainable way to feed their community, and get fair price for their production. On the longer term, the HLPE should emphasize the need to major investment in agriculture, claiming for donors and African governments to fulfill their Maputo declaration and LAquila commitments to increase support to smallholder-based sustainable agriculture and social protection, and fulfill new pledges to provide $100 billion to poor countries to adapt to climate change by 2020. Poor countries should on their side ensure national agricultural and anti-hunger plans such as developed through CAADP in Africa expand social protection and focus support on smallholder-based sustainable agriculture and on the needs of women in particular, as well ensure women, smallholders and civil society groups have a larger role in the governance of local, national, and regional food systems. ActionAid finally asks the HLPE to take into account in its study the above policy options and to focus on them when developing recommendations to prevent and mitigate effects of food price volatility. Concern Worldwide from Ireland Please find attached a copy of Concern Worldwide's submission on the HLPE consultation on Land Tenure and Price Volatility. Throughout the study on price volatility, it will be important to distinguish between net producers and net consumers as the impacts may be very different. In addition, there will be a need to consider different crops for different regions when talking about food (for example wheat may not be as important for food security in Zambia as it is in Russia). The study could be strengthened by considering the role of price smoothing initiatives. The government / regional purchases of crops at a minimum price to foster production is not an sustainable option. As much as half of all food produced is never consumed. Ensuring that as much of the food produced as possible can be either transported, stored or processed effectively and efficiently is vital. This will require greater investment in infrastructure, roads and also greater understanding of where food waste is greatest along the food chain and potential steps to mitigate/reduce levels of waste. We would recommend broadening the Possible policy instrument option of reduction of post harvest losses to consider reducing waste more generally. We very much look forward to continuing partnering with the HLPE and inputting further as the studies progress. Kind regards Jennifer Thompson Oxfam International Please find the input from Oxfam to the consultation on price volatility: Principles in the methodology should consider: Measures to be taken have to looked at within a long term perspective of the right to food, sustainable livelihoods and poverty eradication, secure access and sustainable use of resources, and putting smallholders and poor consumers at the center of the responses The analysis of the impacts and responses should address both unpredictable and high price changes both upwards and downwards Measures should be assessed from their short term and long term impacts. Comparative cost/benefit analysis between not intervening and policy instruments intervention. Ex. it is often stated that food reserves management is costly, but it is not clear if it is cost-effective compared to the costs of not intervening The governance of policies, practices and instruments is a key question. How conflicting interests will be dealt with? How to address monitoring, evaluation of specific measures? How to increase the transparency and accountability of them? How to assure a coordinated response in using existing stocks spread over different countries? What are the roles and responsibilities of the public sector, the private sector, small food producers, consumers? Not only to consider impacts, but look at ways to strengthen vulnerable groups. Increasing resilience goes along with strengthening their representative organisations. Take the principle of subsidiary into account to identify the levels of intervention required (from local, national, regional cooperation, international levels). Identify the causes related to exogenous aspects of the markets, and those related to endogenous aspects of the markets Instruments to be considered: Trade measures could be expanded to policy space to mitigate volatility and strengthen regional markets to build resilience to volatile international markets Aspects of currency fluctuations and interest rates needs to be addressed Assess measures how to decrease the correlation with the energy markets Assess three different kind of stocks and food reserves with their advantages and disadvantages: emergency stocks, stocks to regulate prices and stocks to reduce volatility. Assess how they can be managed in a coordinated way and analyze experience of different model of management (e.g. government-led, producer/importers-led or with all stakeholders participation). Assess impacts of stocks at different levels (community, national and regional). On insurances for smallholders: look at experiences on holistic approached and insurance-for-work initiatives (such as HARITA and R4 supported by Oxfam and WFP). Assess the role that developed countries subsidies and other policy instruments (like stocks, supply management, set aside instruments) still play in global food price volatility. Assess the role played by the concentration of the agricultural sector and the way food value chain works, and how the risks related to price volatility are being spread between the different actors of the food chain Identify new international financial mechanisms that assist importing countries to deal with increasing food bills, finance food aid, strategic food reserves With our best regards, Thierry Kesteloot Oxfam Manfred Zeller from University of Hohenheim, Germany Dear all: Table 1 is a very helpful starting point for identifying different policy instruments to reduce volatility and to address ex-ante or ex-post coping mechanisms as well as to enhance the resilience of food-insecure households, villages or countries to price volatility. I have a few minor remarks here. The responsive financial services shall include also savings (not only mention insurance and credit). At present, vulnerable women and men often rely on informal savings with low returns and high transaction costs (e.g. food, cash under the pillow, to some extent also livestock in some situations), and that capital cannot be used by others more productively. The instrument Increased investment in agricultural production and productivity can include a huge array of policy instruments. Given the the marked seasonality in rain-fed systems with unimodal rainfall (much of Africa) and the corresponding high seasonality and volatility of prices, it appears important to mention of increased investment in irrigation systems and water harvesting. Such investments will dampen seasonal price volatility in local, remote rural markets and regions where we often can observe doubling of prices between harvest and the month before the next harvest season. The resilience of agriculture and farming systems to price volatility can be enhanced in general by policies which allow producers/consumers to smooth their consumption and their incomes. Many of the policy options in Table 1 (such as diversification within agriculture or finance, or insurance) address these points. However, Table 1 does not address non-farm rural development pathways that can reduce vulnerability to volatility to agricultural prices by hh, villages, and countries. Hence, options for diversification of the rural economy (e.g. job creation through rural enterprises, industry, high-value production, large-scale investments coupled with contract farming and other forms of vertical coordination), including education and migration policy should be also considered in Table 1. With best regards, Prof. Dr. Manfred Zeller Chair Rural Development Theory and Policy Web:  HYPERLINK "https://webmail.uni-hohenheim.de/services/go.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fentwicklungspolitik.uni-hohenheim.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D73645&_t=1291717023&_h=kLiALVZns7O_hzO3Millnw1YVdg" \t "_blank" https://entwicklungspolitik.uni-hohenheim.de/index.php?id=73645 Director, Food Security Center (FSC) Web:  HYPERLINK "https://webmail.uni-hohenheim.de/services/go.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodsecurity.de&_t=1291717023&_h=zEl0Y-tIBg4bUxscpaavIuaZ3Go" \t "_blank" www.foodsecurity.de University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany Antonio Tricarico from Campagna per la Riforma della Banca Mondiale, Italy Scope of the submission CRBM (Campagna per la Riforma della Banca Mondiale in English: Campaign for the Reform of the World Bank, Ed.) welcomes the work of the HLPE, and in particular its focus on food price volatility. CRBM urges the Panel to give high priority to the policy topic of regulation of market speculation and futures, on which the present submission is focused. At the same time CRBM is interested to further contribute in the next weeks on issues related to weather risk insurance, investments in agriculture and responsive financial services (credit and insurance), all of which are strictly related to financial speculation on commodity markets and thus should be addressed by the HLPE in the context of the wider trend of financialisation of agriculture. Regulation of market speculation and futures Price food volatility has several causes, however in the last three years particular attention has been paid to the correlation between financial markets mainly based on commodity derivatives and physical commodity markets. In particular to the role played by excessive speculation in producing price spikes and structurally affecting commodity markets' dynamics. It is important to recall that commodity markets are recognised by nearly all experts and scholars as markets which have always tended not to function well. This is due to several reasons, among which the lack of liquidity which leads to encourage speculative actors to participate in these markets. Furthermore, producers and end users have always a strong need to hedge their risk given the peculiarity of these markets. However in the last decade financial markets related to commodities have grown substantially, and in particular the speculative component of commodity markets has become far larger than the hedging one. Derivatives (futures, options, swaps) related to soft commodities have played a key role in this regard. In short, their risk management function has proven to be illusionary. Therefore, regulatory approaches should also treat derivatives not just as a risk managing instrument but as a speculative one. This trend has generated an unprecedented phenomenum of transformation of commodites into financial assets what can be defined as financialisation of commodities. In particular the price of key food commodities is more and more set de facto on futures market than on physical markets, with several implications. Furthermore, the correlation established through index funds among different commodity derivatives has generated new drives of price volatility between different commodities, in particular linking more and more oil prices with soft commodities prices. All these evolutions of financial markets and their direct link with physical commodity markets generate what recent US legislation has defined as excessive speculation, which structurally distorts market dynamics by introducing irrational price volatility clearly detached from market fundamentals. It is crucial that commodity derivatives markets are regulated distinct from other derivative markets as the underlying commodities are different from interest rates, currencies, and equity shares or other. This applies firstly to the purpose of the commodity derivative markets which is to serve producers and end users to hedge their risks. Secondly, any disruption of these markets is of vital importance for billions of people, many millions of them even in danger of hunger when an abuse, a bubble or another problem occurs in commodity derivative and commodity markets. Even if we do not state there is strong and univocal evidence for a negative impact of speculation in commodity markets in general, we think that there is strong evidence for a negative impact of excessive speculation. Such a negative impact has been acknowledged twice by US Senate investigations as well as by numerous scientific studies from scholars all around the world. In the annex to this submission you find a list of scientists, analysts and public institutions evidence on the negative impact of speculation of different kinds. In this respect, we also would like to remind that on any economic question of importance there is no 100% proof possible, not 90% or 80%, or even less. Economics de facto is both an empirical and a social science which deals with lots of uncertainties. On all economic questions, various opinions co-exist. However, political decisions have to be, and are taken, many of them with less evidence than exists on financialisation and excessive speculation. Finally, where evidence on which to base policy is inconclusive, a precautionary approach should prevail. The burden of proof is with the speculators not with its critics. Recommendations Therefore, bold action has to be undertaken in order to prevent at least excessive speculation. We call on the HLPE to strongly focus on regulation of market speculation and futures and to go clearly beyond only improving transparency when proposing regulatory measures for derivatives markets. In particular to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocks it is needed to introduce specific national and international regulations aimed at: defining limits on speculators' positions, banning index funds or at least exclude soft commodities from these funds banning exchange traded funds linked to commodities, banning OTC transactions and imposing strict reporting and transparency requirements. Regarding ex-ante responses, mitigating risk and improve resilience of all, it is important to foresee authomatic mechanisms aimed at decoupling physical commodity markets from financial markets, in particular by imposing limits on prices i.e. by defining a limited range for price volatility - and prohibition of some investments. Finally ex-post responses should include specific measures of screening of market positions and eventual sanctioning. This necessarily requires a strong coordination between national supervisors and regulators. About CRBM The Campagna per la Riforma della Banca Mondiale (CRBM) started its activities in 1996, with the support of 41 Italian development NGOs, environmental, human rights and grass root associations. The CRBM works in solidarity with local communities affected by projects and investment worldwide for a democratic and radical change of international financial and trade institutions, which remain among the main responsibles for the unjust globalization process we are living. A special attention is given to the impacts of public and private investments from the North to the South of the world regarding environment, development and social and human rights, in solidarity with the local communities which directly suffer from these impacts. CRBM advocacy and public campaigning scope of the work evolved far beyond its original focus on the World Bank, and today its activities are articulated under the following work areas: public financial support for the private sector; financial markets regulation; corporate accountability and legal strategies; natural resources management. CRBM has a thematic focus on three key topics: land/food; water/infrastructure and energy/climate. At the same time CRBM promotes public finance alternatives and non-market based approach for natural resources management. For further information please contact: Antonio Tricarico Coordinator CRBM Via Tommaso da Celano, 15 00179 Rome Italy  HYPERLINK "mailto:atricarico@crbm.org"atricarico@crbm.org Travis Power from the Australian Embassy, Italy Dear moderator Please find below comments from Australia on food price volatility. I would appreciate it if you could post this in the appropriate section. Best regards Travis Power Deputy Permanent Representative to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization Australian Embassy, Rome Australia appreciates the opportunity to comment at this early stage on the proposed policy options to be considered in the HLPE work on price volatility. Australia supports this practical approach, and urges the HLPE to take a comprehensive look at food price volatility, not just possible responses to mitigate the effects . Reforming long-term concerns such as distorted global trading markets is a vital step in addressing excessive food price volatility. Australia notes that there is extensive work on food price volatility already conducted by research institutions, UN and other international organizations and many other international bodies, including the G20. In line with its mandate, we urge the HLPE to not attempt to conduct extensive new research and analysis and instead work to synthesize this existing knowledge and present policy options. We also urge the close connection of the work of the HLPE and that of the international organizations for the G20, given the similar timing and linked mandate for each process. Specific comments on Possible policy instrument instruments: Improving public reserves A number of studies have outlined the costs and risks of food reserves such as buffer stocks. Historical experience in commodity agreements and public reserves has shown them to be costly and with limited success. Any proposals for food reserves should be tempered by the recommendations of these studies. We note that the issue of food reserves is also broader than those in the public domain. Management of transmission effects of price changes Effective and transparent price transmission from world to domestic markets will encourage agricultural production and is vital for increasing agricultural production in all countries. During times of high prices farmers will have an incentive to increase production and in periods of low prices farmers will consider other crops. Responses such as social safety nets have been shown to be superior policy options to price restrictions such as price floors and ceilings. Regulation of market speculation and futures This item seems to pre-empt that increased regulation is required. Investment in futures markets offers a broad range of vital services to international commodity trading, such as increasing liquidity of markets, price discovery and risk hedging. Care must be taken to ensure that these vital services are not undermined and that the effort expended in this area is commensurate with the effect of these issues on volatility. For example, studies into the impact of speculation have found that the impact on world prices is not as significant as many other factors such as supply and demand changes (eg climatic events such as droughts and floods and unexpected export or import decisions). These are complex issues with implications far beyond agricultural production and trade issues. Suggest adding Research and Development as a new option. R&D is required to maintain and increase agricultural production in the face of climate variability. Greater production capacity in agriculture will assist in moderating price volatility. Note that current policy option for Strengthened research has a focus limited to climate mitigation and second-generation biofuels. The benefits of R&D are far broader. Suggest adding Increased volumes of trade in agricultural products. The level of trade in global agricultural commodities is currently a very low proportion of global agricultural production. Greater levels of trade (i.e. deeper markets) will allow surplus production to meet the demand at any particular time. This is particularly important in the future with expected greater climatic variability and resultant fluctuating agricultural production. Kamal Karunagoda from Sri Lanka Dear All, Please findmy views on the proposedwork onprice volatility (additions to the list of policy instruments options in Table 1) thanking you Kamal Karunagoda Table 1: Draft policy instrument options for dialogue and finalization Possible policy instrument options Policy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocksPolicy instruments to improve ex ante responses  mitigating risk and improving resilience at all levels Policy instruments to improve ex post responses  coping with shocks and improving resilience at all levels Regulation of market collusion, speculation and futures Regulation of collusion of food processing and importing firmsPromotion of critical investments on sustainable productionControl of soil erosion, use of organic manure. etcIdentification of off-seasonal production potential and Promotion of off-seasonal food productionIdentification of regional differences /seasonal differences and promotion of off-seasonal production (different regions, protected agriculture, rain protected agriculture, etc.)Timely supply of risky inputs( fertilizers, irrigation water, seeds with )Match with crop needs (fertilizers), seasonal price changes (time of issue of irrigation water).Promotion of cottage level food processing (drying, pickling,etc) Ensure availability of food during the off-season at affordable price Improvement of food diversity thorough the promotion of traditional foods and under-utilized foods Management of wildlifePromotion of home gardening (for fresh and pesticide free fruits and vegetables)Promotion of available technology that could alter the impact of climatic change. Induction of flowering of fruits, staggered fruit production etc. Conservation of development of low risk (for climate change, floods, etc) agricultural landsPrevention of alternative uses (commercial, housing, etc.)Maintenance of seed buffer stocks Development of value chain  Kaisa Karttunen, Senior Agriculture Consultant, Finland I would like to draw attention to the potential impacts of climate variability and climate change in the food systems, which implies e.g. investments in risk preparedness and building of long-term resilience and adaptive capacity of the systems. Insurance mechanisms at the farm level will help households recover from the shocks, but they do not compensate the immediate reduction in production and supply of the products caused by extreme weather events. Therefore efficiently managed public or public-private food reserves are still necessary to smoothen the supply and reduce price fluctuations. The policy option Strengthened research related to food security with regard to climate mitigation.needs to be supplemented by research on climate change adaptation and seek options with synergies between adaptation and mitigation. Diversifying income to non-farm sources will built resilience and food security at the farm/household level provided that labor market exists and that there is demand for the new products and services. Since agriculture is still a dominant income source in rural areas, only limited attention has been paid to developing institutions (strategies, policies, financing, advisory services) supporting rural income diversification. I would also like to emphasize that understanding households internal dynamics and social capital is important in analyzing the root causes of food insecurity and the impact of price volatility at the household level. I suggest also that the policy options listed in the paper are reorganized in such a way that those having immediate effects at the household level (eg. social protection, productivity improvements, and financing services) form one group and those having more long-term effects, altering policies and structures and creating an enabling environment form another group. Then some prioritization could be made within the groups. Kind Regards Kaisa Karttunen Senior Agriculture Consultant Finland Georgina Peard from Commission on Environment, Social and Economic Policy (CEESP), Switzerland Table 1 could benefit from an additional column that would identify all factors that are potentially contributing to price volatility, and the associated policy response/option to mitigate for this risk. We hope these comments and suggestions are useful. Please do not hesitate to get back to me if the team thinks that IUCN can be of further assistance. Kind regards Georgina Peard Network Officer Commission on Environment, Social and Economic Policy (CEESP) Environment and Development Group IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature Switzerland Bhavani R Vaidyanathan from M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, India Adequate attention to production, productivity and availability of essential items of food consumption, viz cereals, pulses and vegetables is a must for ensuring price stability. In recent times, diversion of corn to biofuel production has contributed to food price rise. Diversion of fertile crop land for non-agricultural purposes has led to increasing pressure of population on shrinking land available for cultivation. Focus on increasing productivity of small farms which characterize the majority of farm holdings in the developing world is another must. Cutback in state support for agriculture in the developing world as a result of policies of liberalisation is now being reflected in stagnant/falling production levels - something that calls for urgent policy reversal. State support cannot be done away with in countries where the majority are dependent on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihoods and need to be given necessary infrastructure support and assured fair price. And the irony is that this is being done while advanced nations like the US continue to protect their small farmer communities. There also has to be strict control on hoarding and speculation and forward market trade in essential commodities. Food being the most basic necessity of life, priority has to be accorded to ensure that all citizens get access to the minimum needed for a healthy life. A multi-pronged approach addressing both food availability and food access is called for. In the Indian context, the National Commission on Farmers (www.kisanayog.gov.in) had made several recommendations on measures needed to ensure price stability. Pradip Dey from the Indian Society of Soil Salinity and Water Quality, India Esteemed Chairman & Members of the Steering Committee of the HLPE, and FSN Members, Good Day again! Its my pleasure add some more points (given below) to the "Draft policy instrument options for dialogue and finalisation" table regarding the topic of price volatility strictly in my personal capacity and not in Official capacity: Possible policy instrument optionsPolicy instruments to reduce the frequency and magnitude of price shocksPolicy instruments to improve ex-ante responses mitigating risk and improving resilience at all levels Policy instruments to improve ex-post responses coping with shocks and improving resilience at all levelsAgriculture and weather risk insurance for farmers and governments Study the impact of land use on soil sustainability Biofuels and coherence of policy and practice with food security policiesAnalyzing the land sparing option for bio-fuel and effect on food security Control of vector borne diseases and food safety standards Early warning systems need to be in placeCoordination of information mechanisms at country, regional and multi-national levelsCoordination and dissemination of appropriate information on soil resource assessment and management Diversification of farming systems (including livestock and fish) Decision support interface for diversifying land use Quantitative soil landscape model for estimation of nutrient transport, sediment loss and carbon sequestration under different land use systems Marketing tie-up for the diversified produceImproved infrastructure roads, infrastructure, communication Improving public food reserves and the efficiency of responses to demand for drawing on these Improving household income including non-Increasing farm incomes Promotion of watershed based development Improving household resilience through increasing food availability, access and utilisation Promoting nutritional-garden in the homesteadIncreased investment in agricultural production and productivityInformation systems and equitable access to reliable information for decision making, early warning and monitoring and evaluation Promotion of mobile-based farm information system rather than computer based system Innovative social protectionManagement of transmission effects of price changes Reduction of post harvest losses Follow-up based hands-on training Marketing tie-up for the processed produce. Reduction of protective trade measures (bans)Regulation of market speculation and futures Responsive financial services (insurance and credit) Strengthened research related to food security with regard to climate mitigation, second generation biofuelsTackling the issue of terminal heat tolerance in crops through R&D Sustainable use use of resources - producing more with lessIncentivize input use efficiency. Strengthening social framework for natural resource management and improving efficiency Also one point I would like to addfor consideration under the head of"Possible policy instrument options" as given below: "Creation of Seed Bank which will lend seeds of OP varieties and charge interest and insurance premium in terms of seed from the farmers; I hope it will open up an alternate currency - the seed. With warm regards, Sincerely, Pradip Dey Harouna Ibrahima from Ministre de l'Agriculture et de l'Elevage, Niger La flambe des prix des denres alimentaires qui a secou le monde en 2008 na malheureusement pas pargn notre pays, le Niger, pays sahlien enclav dune superficie de 15 millions dhectares cultivables avec 270000 ha de terres irrigables, toutes soumises aux effets de la pression dmographique, de linsuffisance des politiques agricoles ainsi que de pratiques culturales inadquates et peu respectueuses de lquilibre de lenvironnement. Dj meurtri par la crise alimentaire qui la frapp en 2005, le Niger a subi de pleins fouets cette crise des prix qui a conduit le gouvernement en place adopter des mesures correctives tant sur le court terme que le moyen et le long terme. Au titre des mesures court terme, figurent des mesures fiscales et douanires relatives la suspension des droits et taxes limportation du riz, notamment: les droits de douanes; la redevance statistique; la taxe sur la valeur ajouteet la taxe de vrification limportation. le prlvement communautaireet le prlvement communautaire de solidarit; De mme, il a t dcid en raison des circonstances de suspendre le quota denlvement obligatoire du riz local sur la dure dapplication de ces mesures. Ces mesures ont eu des effets mitigs sinon trs limits sur la production et mme sur les prix. En effet, les oprateurs conomiques nont pas respect leurs engagements relativement la stabilisation des prix. Toutefois, le niveau lev des prix du riz import a rendu le riz local comptitif et toutes les superficies des amnagements hydro agricoles destines cette culture sont dsormais exploites. Aussi, nous pensons que les stratgies et politiques de scurit alimentaire doivent tenir compte de trois (3) proccupations majeures: lebon niveau de prix est lindispensable quilibre entre le prix rmunrateur pour le producteur (qui doit tre au centre de la proccupation de nos pays) et le prix qui ne grve pas le panier de la mnagre (en particulier pour les populations les plus vulnrables et pour celles urbaines enclines provoquer et organiser des meutes de la faim); la claire dfinition des rles et responsabilits des acteurs dont chacun doit respecter ses engagements avec au besoin des clauses contraignantes; le droit dintervention humanitaire de lEtat sur les prix dans les pays fragiles et donc une redfinition du libralisme en matire scurit alimentaire. Clment Beaud from Banque de Dveloppement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC), Congo-Brazzaville Causes et consquences de la volatilit des prix des produits agricoles : Causes : les changements climatiques ; la baisse de la fertilit des sols ; la faible maitrise de l'eau ; labaisse des rendements ; la difficult d'vacuation des denres vers les centres de consommation ; la raretdes financements ; le vieillessements des plantations et des producteurs ; la prolifration des ravageurs des cultures ; la rente de situation ; la scheresse; les inondations, les invasion par des criquets migrateurs et des oiseaux granivores, Consquences : - crise alimentaire ; grves ; meutes de la faim ; -dplacements des populations; -augmentation de la morbidit et de la moralit ; -troubles politiques; -rorientation des producteurs vers d'autres activits. Propositions : Investir une partie de la manne ptrolire dans les projets agricoles; Organiser les services publics dappui et dencadrement, pour la mise sur pied dorganisations de producteurs; Dsenclaver les zones de production pour faciliter laccs aux marchs; Organiser les circuits de commercialisation, Construire des infrastructures de transformation, de conservation et de stockage; intensifier la production des cultures vivrires dans chaque village avec lappui des techniciens Concernantla gestion des terres, il faut ncessaire passer parune rforme foncire. Clment BEAUD Ingnieur Agroconomiste Charg d'tudes Direction des Etudes et des Financements Banque de Dveloppement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC) Brazzaville (Rp. du Congo) Ipate Iudith from the Center of Study and Research for Agrobiodiversity, Romania Food prices are particularly volatile, being influenced by supply and demand. As demand is high, the price can easily grow depending on their possibilities of obtaining local heritage resources. If these resources begin to deplete local prices will increase even more. It is therefore very important for the conservation of local resources for their sustainable exploitation. The sustainable development is influenced by climatic changes. Climate change will affect biodiversity with profound effects on ecosystem components. Healthy ecosystems are more resilient to climate change can provide us a sustainable development of natural heritage, but do not know exactly if it is possible to conserve these ecosystems due to climate changes that might occur before preparing the strategies and adaptation of certain policies. Impact studies should take into account the environmental costs of ecosystem degradation and reduce the negative effects of improper use of bioresources in a growing economy. Adaptation must be done by finding technological solutions to be in cooperation with the private sector. For example is important the need to apply research results on the existence of genes "heat stress" in domestic animals hardy breed-specific (eg. Grey steppe - podolian breeds); to encourage the growth of local breeds are more resistant than breeds import. Adaptation to climate change must take place primarily at the local level, then regionally, nationally and internationally. All communities should be awareness of the seriousness of the problems, to be started campaigns to disseminate information from the farmers to be trained and taught how to adapt to these changes, how to use local resources sustainably to produce more with less cost. Exchange of information on adaptation strategies could significantly reduce training costs at all levels. From personal experience I can tell you that we participate in the dissemination of such information to local and regional levels where people have responded with great interest. From the research we conducted showed that climate change is real and that will be affected throughout their existence. From personal experience I can tell you that we participate in the dissemination of such information to local and regional levels where people have responded with great interest. From the research we conducted showed that climate change is real and that will be affected throughout their existence. Tools of the magnitude of price reduction can start at the community level by developing strategies to reduce uncertainties and to expand the knowledge base. Because agriculture and livestock production is increasingly will continuously variable increasing risk to global food supply, so it is necessary to evaluate the potential effects of any increase in biomass energy production on global food supply. Best regards Ipate Iudith Center of Study and Research for Agrobiodiversity HLPE Romania Permanent representation of France to FAO, WWF and IFAD Commentaires de la France sur la proposition de Termes de rfrences du HLPE sur la volatilit Les termes proposs pour la consultation en vue de ltablissement des termes de rfrence de l'tude sur la volatilit conviennent globalement. Ils pourraient tre enrichis sur quelques aspects. Conformment au mandat donn par le CSA en 2010 l'tude devrait ainsi tudier parmi les causes et les consquences de la volatilit les liens avec les marchs financiers. Il est dit que Cette tude sappuiera sur un examen des publications existantes et sintressera la manire dont les pays et les populations vulnrables peuvent se procurer des produits alimentaires lorsque la volatilit des prix provoque dimportantes perturbations sur les marchs. La question de la volatilit doit tre aborde aussi du point de vue des producteurs pour lesquels le risque prix constitue une forte ds-incitation investir et innover et qui ptissent de diminutions de revenus et de capital lors des pisodes de baisse, comme cela est clairement indiqu dans la troisime des puces relatives aux rsultats attendus : Des mesures incitatives lintention des agriculteurs pour quils continuent produire plutt que de fournir aux consommateurs une alimentation bon march court terme Cette approche devrait aussi apparaitre dans les lments de cadrage. En pralable l'analyse des instruments potentiels, le rapport devrait aborder en tant qu'lment de cadrage la question du cot de la volatilit (lment d'analyse indispensable pour ensuite discuter de la justification et du cot des politiques de stabilisation). Concernant les instruments expertiser, devraient tre inclus : les politiques de concurrence (comment viter les distorsions des monopsones de la distribution et du ngoce international ? ) Les mesures de sauvegarde, rgles de protection les systmes de maitrise de l'offre (quotas, gel de terre, affectation des utilisations nonalimentaires etc.) les systmes de fixation de prix (dans le cadre daccords internationaux de produits ou de contrle national des prix par exemple) les stocks ( tous les niveaux) Lapproche en 3 colonnes est intressante mais il nous semble que des critres supplmentaires aideraient mieux caractriser la pertinence et faisabilit des diffrents outils : le niveau dintervention : national, rgional ou international le type dintervenant principal : puissance publique ou institution prive Enfin, quelques erreurs de rdaction sont mentionner : p. 1 2, la phrase suivante est apparemment incomplte (les 5 derniers mots ne sont pas cohrents avec ce qui prcde) Y figure une tude sur les causes et les consquences de la volatilit des prix, y compris les pratiques lorigine de la distorsion des marchs ainsi que les actions, les outils et la volatilit excessive des prix agricoles idem pour la phrase suivante (il manque un sujet) Le CSA a demand que porte galement sur les mesures de prvention et dattnuation qui concernent les producteurs vulnrables p. 1 4, : il faut remplacer Il existe plusieurs formes de scurit alimentaire (transitoire, aigu, chronique, saisonnire, etc.) par Il existe plusieurs formes d'inscurit alimentaire (transitoire, aigu, chronique, saisonnire, etc.) Cline Branchi Secrtariat des Conseillers Reprsentation permanente de la France auprs de l'OAA, du PAM et du FIDA Jose-Maria Garcia-Alvarez-Coque from Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain Dear Chaiman, I am happy to contribute to this discussion. I find Table 1 quite comprehensive in the topics covered and also the three columns make sense. What I can propose could be taken into account for further definition of the terms of referenc. I prefer not to say you to correct this or that. I would not delete any item. Just take into account the following aspects, some of them in line with previous contributions: 1. The importance of knowledge in supplying tools for farmers and their organizations to improve their ability to manage risks. 2. A value chain approach would be suitable to improve the way market signals are transfered and to share risks across the collaboration between actors and different stages of the chain. 3. Regarding income diversification, don't forget the chances given by the proximity to urban markets and product differentiation based on fresh products. Included here pay attention to "urban agriculture" which is getting hundreds of millions of people involved. 4. Related to agricultural insurances, don't forget "income insurances". It is true that this solution is yet to be tested and faces possible opportunistic behaviors (moral hazard). However, don't neglect their potential on a priori basis. 5. Study the compatibility of proposed instruments with WTO tools and in which way new tools can be consistent with a reform of the Agriculture Agreement. 6. Some countries still debate on traditional instruments as income direct support, price bands, incentives to private storage and so on. Do we have to abandon them completely? Or there are some chances to keep some of them in certain cases and within limits? In which conditions? Well, keep going with your work, which is worth it. Best regards Jose-Maria Garcia-Alvarez-Coque Professor of Agricultural Economics Universitat Politecnica de Valencia Valencia Helena Paul from EcoNexus, Great Britain Food should not be traded in speculative markets or hoarded to the same end; this is unethical and the issue should be tackled at international level. The role of biofuels and biomass targets, subsidies etc and their impact on food production and local people must be analysed. However, why is the production of animal feed not included here? It already uses one third of arable land and is set to expand. Biofuels and animal feed work in synergy, with the feed often seen as a by-product of the fuel. In the case of soya it is a co-product. They thus stimulate each other and will continue to do so, as so-called first generation biofuels will continue to be the major source for some time to come. We already know that animal feed directly competes with human food production for land and reduces the amount of human food produced. For example, it is clear that the soya boom in Argentina starting in 1996 led to hundreds of thousands of people leaving the land and a drastic reduction in local food production, food diversity and security and sovereignty. Argentina is now importing food. See http://www.econexus.info/publication/argentina-case-study-impact-genetically-engineered-soya Food sovereignty is key to addressing price volatility: countries should be as self sufficient as possible BEFORE they export food. A member of the Africa Biodiversity Network in Tanzania to me that a bag of maize produced by the farmer may be better security for that household than a few dollars earned from exports to buy food. Small farmers and food providers should be at the centre of the discussion, not marginalised by it. They are too often talked about rather than included. They know what they need and have their own solutions. The development of policy frameworks should centre on genuine discussion with them. Innovative social protection: this should developed by the people themselves, in their own time, not imposed on them. Speculation in land and in agriculture generally as well as in food plainly need to be examined and controlled. Since the property crash, there is great interest in making such (speculative) investments. Investors will obviously seek for planting whatever yields the best short-term return, whether it is for food, feed, fuel, or biomass for biofuel and the new bioeconomy. On previous evidence, this will not improve long term livelihood and food security for local people. Improving household resilience through increasing food availability, access and utilisation: there must be the right conditions for this to happen: people need to have control over their own resources at local level. Provision of credit and how this is done appears to be particularly problematic, since there appears to be a crisis in micro-lending, yet credit is essential. Methods of developing truly farmer-friendly sources of credit under local control need to be investigated. Increased investment in agricultural production and productivity: this is not a neutral thing: we must define what we mean by production and productivity, as they are defined differently in diverse, smallscale farming systems from the way they are defined in large-scale industrial production systems, where employment is seen as an extra cost to be avoided and where many negative impacts are simply externalised on to other players. Investment must be directed with great care, with transparency and local control. It should not be purely speculative for profit maximisation. Work needs to be done to assess if and how this could be achieved. Improving public food reserves and the efficiency of responses to demand for drawing on these: this is a vital aspect that should be highlighted, as they can be a good buffer against volatility. Also important are local storage issues and the improvement of infrastructure to facilitate production and consumption to be as close as possible to each other, to enhance local food sovereignty and security. Innovative social protection: this would need to be developed as locally as possible by the people concerned. The barefoot economist, Manfred max Neef discovered how creative people are in devising their own forms of protection. He described how people set up their own savings schemes under their own control, in order to generate funds that could be used on a rotating basis by a group of people. This includes the elements of local control, contributing to the funds as well as taking from them and maintaining resources in the community. Provide incentives for farmers to keep producing vs short-term cheap food for consumers there are consumer-producer initiatives in Asia (Japan) that (I believe) bring both sides together to talk about a fair price. (this is not my area of focus, but I think it is crucial) Consumers need to understand that food cannot be sold below the cost of production and to be more aware of the problems faced by food providers. Climate adaption and mitigation measures: once again, these should be tackled at a local level working with farmers, herders, fisherfolk etc. We should be careful to avoid techno-fix solutions put forward under the guise of addressing climate change. It is more important to stabilise and facilitate local production, while working with communities to develop their own adaptation and mitigation measures, so unleashing their creativity and providing the information and support they need. Masa Iwanaga from National Institute of Crop Science, Japan Dear Moderator, I am a plant breeder and the leader of the national crop research system in Japan. I agree with others that the Table 1 is quite comprehensive. The item No.3 (i.e. Control of vector borne disease and food safety standards) seems to include two different subjects, one on disease control and other on food safety standards. I would, therefore, suggest separating the two as independent items (as No.3 and 4). Masa Dr. Masa IWANAGA Director General National Institute of Crop Science National Agriculture Research Organization Jayachandran Kunjuraman Vijayamma from the Faculty of Fisheries, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean studies, India Dear Moderator, I agree with the comments already proposed including the price volatility statements. My opinion is that stakeholders role must also be brought out in the Table Dr. Jayachandran Julien Custot, Food for the Cities facilitator, FAO Dear Chairperson and members of the HLPE, The goal of policy instruments to be developed, contributing to the right to food, is to achieve food and nutrition security. Nutritious and balanced diets need fresh products, particularly fruits and vegetables. Reducing food prices volatility should therefore not be limited to staple food, but must also include fresh products and dairy products (eggs, milk)(1). These fresh products are perishable, seasonal, prone to important price variations, and often not associated with the same trade mechanism as staple food are. As mentioned in the topic and in many contributions, the study must consider both producers and consumers. A majority of the world population now lives in cities and urban dwellers rely mainly on food purchases. In this case there can be a wide gap between commodity prices and price of the food available for the people. Even if incomes of urban consumers may be higher than in rural areas, their food insecurity can easily raise(2). The specificities of urban consumers should be considered and mentioned in the terms of reference of the study. Consultation and contributions of consumers association during the study would then be useful. The tools to be developed will deal with all different levels, including the local level. Local authorities are then key players for a wide range of interventions for food and nutrition security such as infrastructures development (linked with urban planning, especially in relation with food production, storage and supply), innovative social protection tools and livelihoods or public procurements of food. Due to the proximity with the people, local authorities need to integrate policies and develop holistic approaches. The study could investigate the role and ways of more efficient interventions of local authorities to food and nutrition security policies focusing on the prices. Considering the importance of a food system approach(4), policy instruments proposed could be articulated within food systems centered on cities, including the management of natural resources, adapted to local contexts. It would provide a framework to articulate tools from the city level to the global level, with a support to stronger urban-rural linkages and territorial development. It contributes to disaster risk management policies and recovery strategies. Cities are a link to improve resilience from national, regional and international levels to the individuals and households(5). Julien Custot Food for the Cities facilitator, FAO (1) Global financial and economic crisis the most vulnerable are at increased risk of hunger and malnutrition, UN Standing Committee on Nutrition, 2009 HYPERLINK "http://www.unscn.org/files/Publications/Briefs_on_Nutrition/SCN_2-pager_advocacy_brief.doc"http://www.unscn.org/files/Publications/Briefs_on_Nutrition/SCN_2-pager_advocacy_brief.doc (2) The food price crisis and urban food (in)security, Marc J. Cohen and James L. Garrett, August 2009 - HYPERLINK "http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10574IIED.pdf"http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10574IIED.pdf (3) Technical Consultation "Food, Agriculture, and Cities: challenges and way forward, FAO, 2009 - HYPERLINK "http://www.fao.org/fcit/meetingevents/september-2009-technical-consultation/en/"http://www.fao.org/fcit/meetingevents/september-2009-technical-consultation/en/ (4) Comprehensive framework for action, High Level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, 2010 (p. 18, 21) - HYPERLINK "http://un-foodsecurity.org/sites/default/files/UCFA_Final.pdf"http://un-foodsecurity.org/sites/default/files/UCFA_Final.pdf (5) Food for the Cities Brochure, 2009 HYPERLINK "http://www.fao.org/fcit"www.fao.org/fcit , HYPERLINK "ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/ak824e/ak824e00.pdf"ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/ak824e/ak824e00.pdf World Development Movement, UK Introduction The  HYPERLINK "http://www.wdm.org.uk/about" World Development Movement welcomes this timely consultation by the HLPE on food price volatility. While all of the issues covered within the proposed scope of the study merit attention, we will focus our comments specifically on the need for policy instruments related to the regulation of market speculation and futures. Summary of the problem Recent price volatility in international grain markets is a major cause of hunger and political instability around the world, and particularly in net food importing countries. It is also disruptive for agricultural producers, as it makes planning and investment cycles highly risky. The HLPE has rightly identified a number of long-term structural questions that need to be address in order to improve the sustainability of local, national and international agricultural production and food distribution systems to smooth out long-term price movements. Looking at recent episodes of food price volatility though, it is evident that other factors are at play that exacerbate or, at times, supersede trends in supply and demand. In this regard, it is impossible to undertake a serious examination or develop an effective response of recent food price volatility without addressing the issue of financial speculation on agricultural commodity derivatives. Derivative markets, and in particular futures markets, were intended to allow commercial traders to manage risk and for price discovery. This role of price discovery is crucial as changes in derivative markets can have a direct effect on prices in the physical markets (e.g. commodities where the physical price is based directly off the futures price) and an indirect effect (e.g. where the physical price is informed by the futures price). The close linkage between derivative and physical markets means financial speculation can have a significant impact on the underlying assets, often moving prices away from the fundamentals, inflating prices and increasing volatility. The impacts of excessive speculation can be seen in both the events over recent months, as well as in the previous serious global food price spike of 2007-2008. In terms of the former episode, after the dramatic rise in the period June 2007 to June 2008, when the global food price index nearly doubled, global commodity prices then collapsed almost equally sharply, such that by December 2008 they were back to their levels of late 2006. Obviously, such large swings in commodity (and especially food) prices cannot be explained by changes in real demand and supply, especially as FAO data indicate that aggregate global supply and utilisation changed very little over this period. However, what did change significantly in that period is the volume of financial trading in commodity derivatives. Overall, the number of derivatives contracts increased more than six-fold between 2002 and mid-2008, as these became perceived as viable alternatives to investments in equity, bond, and real estate markets. Hedge fund manager Michael Masters estimated that on the regulated exchanges in the U.S., 64 percent of all wheat contracts were held by speculators with no interest whatever in real wheat. According to Barclays Capital, about $320bn of institutional and retail money is now invested in commodities (not including hedge funds) compared with only $6bn a decade ago. In the second half of 2010, food prices once again began to rise rapidly, nearly doubling in the case of wheat and increasing by more than 60 per cent in the case of maize. While these price rises were triggered in response to concerns over poor harvests and export restrictions, the suddenness and sharpness of these increases correlate with a sharp increase in agricultural futures trading. The price of wheat futures nearly doubled in a six-week period between late June to early August 2010. This intense speculative activity continued throughout the latter half CME Group, the worlds largest commodity derivatives market, recently reported that agricultural commodities volume averaged 836,000 contracts per day in December 2010, up 37 percent compared with the prior December. Furthermore, the CME exchanges saw record average daily volumes in agricultural commodities during the fourth quarter of the year. Similar trends are evident in the petroleum market. Hedge funds and other large speculators  HYPERLINK "http://noir.bloomberg.com/apps/quote?ticker=.MMCLNET%3AIND" \o "http://noir.bloomberg.com/apps/quote?ticker=.MMCLNET:IND" increased net-long positions, or wagers on rising crude-oil prices, by 17 percent in the seven days ended Feb. 1, according to the Commodity Futures Trading Commissions weekly Commitments of Traders report on Feb. 4. Oil for March delivery advanced by $4.58, or 5.3 percent, to $90.77 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange from Jan. 25 to Feb. 1, the week covered by the CFTC report. This was despite petroleum inventories in the US rising to their highest levels since 1993, and demand falling to an 11 month low. Higher oil prices also feed into higher food prices, creating another source of price spiral. There are now grave concerns that ongoing inflation in food and oil could lead to another sharp increase in global hunger, as well as contribute to political instability and social unrest over the coming months. Discussion of the evidence There are essentially two main arguments against taking action to tackle excessive speculation on commodity derivatives markets. The first is that the evidence about the impacts of financial trading in the futures markets on commodity spot prices is patchy and unconvincing, and the second is that tampering with these markets may be counter-productive by starving agricultural markets of liquidity and/ or interfering with the price discovery function of the markets. i) Evidence base Turning to the first argument around evidence, there is a contingent of market analysts who believe the problem of commodity speculation to be over-stated, and remain dubious of the destabilising impacts of financial activity in these markets on spot prices. Amongst these, one particular set of analyses by Irwin and Sanders (eg. the 2010 OECD paper) is often cited. These authors argue that the increased flow of index fund investment into commodity markets has not led to a price bubble in the futures markets themselves, and deny a connection between the rise of index trading in futures markets and the rapid price increases in spot markets. In researching this question, Irwin and Sanders apply an econometric modelling exercise known as a Granger causality test. However, a number of academic economists and market analysts have since disputed their application of this test to the commodity derivatives market, including Baffes and Haniotis (2010), two studies by Gilbert (2010a), (2010b), Mayer (2009) and Robles, Torero and von Braun (2009). The conclusions of these studies contrast sharply with those of Irwin and Sanders, According to Pollin and Ghosh (2011), A balanced assessment of these studies would conclude that, overall, their results support the idea that the huge increase in speculative trading on commodities futures markets did contribute to rising spot prices for food. Beyond the Granger test measurements, there is a significant body of research that indicates that financial speculation in commodity derivative markets has had an impact in sharply rising prices, off the back of pressures on fundamentals. In addition to the studies names above, we would draw the attention of the HLPE to expert analysis by Tang and Xiong (2011), Philips and Yu (2010), de Schutter (2010), Ghosh (2010), the United States Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (2009), Masters and White (2008) amongst others. The basic conclusions arising from this body of work is that the increased adoption of long-only financial positions in commodity futures, particularly via index funds linked to investment banks, weakens the traditional mechanisms that would prevent prices from moving away levels determined by fundamental supply and demand factors. Rising prices encourages more purchases by investment funds, which in turn pushes prices still higher. In addition, the activity of other financial players such as hedge funds and over-the-counter derivative swap traders means that large amounts of capital can pour quite quickly into and out of commodity derivative markets. According to the Bank for International Settlements, the value of outstanding amounts of OTC commodity linked derivatives (excluding gold and precious metals) increased from $5.85 trillion in June 2006 to $7.05 trillion in June 2007 to as much as $12.39 trillion in June 2008. As Mayer (2009) notes, this type of activity increases the proneness of commodity prices to overshooting and heightens the risk of speculative bubbles occurring. Give the relatively recent nature of the financialisation of commodity markets, econometric testing will inevitably yield mixed results, especially with a variety of techniques and empirical specifications being deployed by different researchers. However, on balance there is currently far more reason to indicate that speculative factors have played a role since changes in real supply and demand do not suggest such dramatic price movements. ii) Interfering with the market Another argument sometimes heard is that, even if excessive speculation in agricultural derivatives markets is an issue, interfering in these markets could do more harm than good. Those adopting this line will point out that futures trading plays a valuable role in agricultural commodity markets, e.g. by providing a price discovery mechanism and enabling risk hedging. However, such arguments miss the basic issue at stake; which is that the original function of futures markets is being disrupted by opaque and excessive speculative activity, and that this activity is increasingly disconnected from the fundamental dynamics of supply and demand in physical commodity markets and related more and more to mood swings within the wider financial markets. Simply stating that curbing excessive speculation would remove liquidity necessary for commercial hedging displays a lack of awareness around recent trends within commodities derivatives markets. Prior to 1999 there were rarely complaints about the lack of liquidity in food commodity derivative markets. At that time, speculators held about 25% of positions in agricultural derivative markets, with the other 75% being held by commercial traders (i.e. hedgers). Today, that ratio has reversed, and there is now considerable evidence by experts to suggest that the price discovery function of commodity futures markets has been badly damaged by over liquidity. This is particularly relevant to the activity of index funds, which are taking long-only positions rolled over from one contract to the next without regard to changes in the fundamentals of supply and demand; artificially putting up price and distorting the price discovery function of the futures market. Without intervention, these trends only look set to continue in the context of wider volatility in both the food and financial systems. Proposed policy response According to the FAO, sharp price increases in 2008 led to malnourishment for 130 million additional people. Now, again, by late 2010 the FAO estimated that around 20 countries faced food emergencies and another 25 or so were likely to have moderate to severe food crises. Even in countries that are not described as facing food emergency, the problem is severe for large parts of the population. Under such circumstances, the most appropriate position for policymakers to adopt with regards to better regulation of global food markets is a precautionary principle. That is, given at least strong evidence showing that the sharp rise in speculative trading on commodities futures markets contributed significantly to the both the increase in the level of food prices and their volatility, the responsibility of regulators should be to establish regulatory policies capable of effectively dampening such excessive speculative behaviour. In particular, two sets of policy tools are necessary to ensure better oversight and functioning of commodity derivatives markets. These include measures to improve the transparency and accountability of commodity derivatives trading to public and regulatory scrutiny; and measures to enable meaningful limits to the agricultural futures positions that can be held by financial participants in a given commodity market. i) Transparency The simple premise underlying any well-functioning market is that market participants are well-informed about the actual conditions in the market. Markets where information is limited and opaque are highly vulnerable to rumours and herd-like behaviour. Such markets can thereby be readily manipulated by large-scale traders who are able to achieve dominant positions in the market and are prone to bubble formation. In order to ensure transparency, oversight, effective competition (both within and across trading venues) and accurate, uniform price formation WDM therefore believes that all sufficiently liquid commodity derivatives should be traded on regulated markets or other similarly regulated and organised trading facilities. The significant size of the current over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives market hampers effective price formation by creating barriers to information flow, allowing dealers to maintain and exploit information asymmetries at the expense of their clients, and jeopardising equal and fair pricing between clients. In addition significant OTC trading could continue to have a knock-on effect on regulated public markets due to the inter-relationships between markets in related derivative contracts (e.g. futures and swaps) and in underlying asset classes (e.g. between commodities). The goal in addressing these market failures should be to ensure that as many derivatives as possible are traded through a regulated exchange. ii) Position limits Regulators should be given the power to adopt hard position limits for all types of derivative contracts, whether they are traded on exchange or OTC, and especially for food commodity derivatives. Regulators must have the power to prevent speculation affecting the underlying physical market and position limits are the most effective tool to ensure the effective functioning of these markets. In addition these limits can be set to allow sufficient liquidity to allow commercial hedging while minimising the negative impacts of excessive speculation. Such position limits should be permanently established to set a sustainable balance of market participants that allow sufficient liquidity, avoid market abuse, retain price discovery to movements or information regarding the fundamentals and reduce the impact of certain uninformed traders such as index funds. These limits should be put in place for the lifetime of the traded contracts to ensure effectiveness throughout the market, not just towards the end of the life of the contract. For more information please contact Murray Worthy at the World Development Movement  HYPERLINK "mailto:Murray.Worthy@wdm.org.uk" Murray.Worthy@wdm.org.uk References Baffes, John and Tassos Haniotis (2010). Placing the 2006/08 commodity price boom into perspective World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5371. July 2010. De Schutter, O. (2010) Food Commodities Speculation and Food Price Crises. United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Briefing Note 02. Ghosh, Jayati. (2010) Unnatural Coupling: Food and Global Finance, Journal of Agrarian Change, January, 72-86. Ghosh, J. and Pollin, R. (2011) Response Re: Public Consultation on the Review of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) Gilbert, Christopher L (2010a). How to Understand High Food Prices. Journal of Agricultural Economics 61: 398-425. Gilbert, Christopher L (2010b). Speculative Influences on Commodity Futures Prices 2006-2008 UNCTAD Discussion Paper no. 197. March 2010 Irwin, S.H and D. R Sanders (2010). The Impact of Index and Swap Funds on Commodity Markets OECD Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries Working Papers, no 27. M.W. Masters & A.K. White, How Institutional Investors Are Driving Up Food and Energy Prices (July 31, 2008), 10.  HYPERLINK "http://accidentalhuntbrothers.com/index.php?s=%22How+institutional+investors+are+driving+up+food+and+energy+prices%22" http://accidentalhuntbrothers.com/index.php?s=%22How+institutional+investors+are+driving+up+food+and+energy+prices%22. Mayer, Jorg (2009), The Growing Interdependence Between Financial and Commodity Markets, UNCTAD, Discussion Paper no 195. Philips, P. & Yu, J. (2010) Dating the Timeline of Financial Bubbles During the Subprime Crisis.  HYPERLINK "http://www.mysmu.edu/faculty/yujun/Research/DatingSubprime.pdf" http://www.mysmu.edu/faculty/yujun/Research/DatingSubprime.pdf Robles, Miguel; Maximo Torero; and Joachim von Braun (2009). When Speculation Matters. IFPRI Policy Brief 57. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington DC. Tang, K. & Xiong, W. (2011) Index Investment and The Financialization of Commodities.  HYPERLINK "http://www.princeton.edu/~wxiong/papers/commodity.pdf" http://www.princeton.edu/~wxiong/papers/commodity.pdf United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2009) Trade and Development Report, 2009, Chapter 2, The Financialization of Commodity Markets, pp. 52-84, Geneva: United Nations. United States Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (2009): Excessive Speculation in the Wheat Market.  HYPERLINK "http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=fb439667-dcd3-4025-b95b-1b91f8ea29d1" http://hsgac.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=fb439667-dcd3-4025-b95b-1b91f8ea29d1 Maryknoll Office for Global Concerns, Washington, USA Clearly a number of tactics must be employed to impact the various causes of food price volatility and I have been impressed with the depth and breadth of the recommendations so far. I would only like to stress what I believe to be a crucial first step in approaching the subject which is to rein in excessive speculation in commodity markets. Some contributors have suggested that there is a lack of clarity about whether excessive speculation is a contributing factor or not. I would like to draw your attention to a  HYPERLINK "http://stopgamblingonhunger.com/?p=914" list compiled by Marcus Henn at WEED ( HYPERLINK "http://stopgamblingonhunger.com/?p=914" http://stopgamblingonhunger.com/?p=914) of more than 50 studies showing excessive speculation to be a problem. An especially revealing quote describes the results of an extensive survey of wheat commodity market participants and analysts. The U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Investigations reported: In previous investigations conducted by the Subcommittee into the operation of the commodity markets, there usually has been a range of views on the causes of particular price movements. Typically, different traders with different market perspectives have had differing views on the behavior of the market. In contrast, during this investigation, there has been a striking unanimity of perspective. Virtually all of the traders and analysts contacted by the Subcommittee stated that the large presence of commodity index traders in the Chicago market was the primary factor contributing to the pricing problems in the wheat market. Also note that two of the studies in the list, ( HYPERLINK "http://stopgamblingonhunger.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Response-to-OECD-study.pdf" \t "_blank" Frenk, D. (Better Markets Inc.) (2010): Review of Irwin and Sanders 2010 OECD report and  HYPERLINK "http://www.rice.edu/energy/publications/docs/MedlockJaffeOilFuturesMarket-082609-1.pdf" \t "_blank" Medlock, K. and Myers Jaffe, A. (Rice University) (2009): Who is in the Oil Futures Market and How Has It Changed?) refute the methodologies and conclusions of two of the studies most often held up as proof that speculation is not a problem a 2010 OECD study and a 2008 CFTC study. Despite the recognition of the problem, as of yet, no laws have changed to prevent the excessive speculation that augmented the food price bubble in 2008. The U.S. has passed some reforms, but they have yet to be implemented, and may never be if U.S. regulatory agencies remain underfunded. The European Commission and the G20 are also considering reforms to address excessive speculation, but there is resistance from the UK, Brazil and others. In the U.S., a large number of commodity market business end users together with a tremendous coalition of more than 450 civil society organizations have called for the following reforms for commodity markets. Similar reforms need to be implemented on an international level: Drastically reduce, or eliminate, unregulated over-the-counter (OTC) markets by requiring all commodity derivative trades to be traded on exchanges or at least cleared through a clearinghouse with measures to avoid fraud and manipulation. Place speculative limits on the amount of commodity derivatives that any individual investor can hold at one time in order to prevent manipulation and/or excessive speculation. These limits should be aggregated across all markets. Establish a limit for the cumulative effect of speculators in commodity markets. When speculators comprise 20-25 percent of a market as they did in commodity markets for most of the 20th century, they are beneficial in providing needed liquidity. But when speculators comprise 75-80 percent of a market as they did in many commodity markets in 2008, that excessive speculation financializes these markets so that the prices no longer reflect supply and demand conditions, but the investing patterns of large institutional investors. Mechanisms should be put in place to avoid this financialization of commodity markets. We are of the opinion that index investors, mostly hedge funds, pension funds, endowments and other large institutional investors have no place in commodity futures markets. Their purchasing of commodity indexes and ETFs negatively affect commodity markets by absorbing liquidity with their strategy of holding long-only bets for long periods of time. This speculation strategy also throws off the price discovery. For a clear description of the problem with these types of passive investments, please see  HYPERLINK "http://stopgamblingonhunger.com/?page_id=435" http://stopgamblingonhunger.com/?page_id=435. Finally, we would second the call from Ms. Munzara of the Ecumenical Advocacy Alliance to carry out studies around the question Would a policy of food sovereignty for nations (meaning raising the rate of primary food production within the country, in order not to rely on imports so much) be a protection from volatile prices? Nicolas Bricas from CIRAD, France Bonjour, Il me semble ncessaire de d'abord caractriser la volatilit des prix dont on parle. La volatilit des prix n'est pas la mme selon que l'on se situe: - au niveau des consommateurs ou au niveau des producteurs - au niveau local, national, rgional ou au niveau international - elle dpend des produits: diffrence par exemple entre les produits des cultures prennes (ex. caf, cacao, huile de palme) et des cultures annuelles (crales, racines et tubercules, coton, huile de soja ou d'arachide, etc.) - elle dpend des pas de temps considrs : variations saisonnires, variations inter-annuelles, cycles pluri-annuels de prix par exemple pour les cultures prennes. Il faut donc distinguer ces diffrents types de volatilits. Elles n'ont ni les mmes causes, ni les mmes consquences et l'on ne peut pas traiter de la volatilit des matires premires agricoles en gnral. Je suggre de ne pas limiter l'analyse la seule volatilit des prix des produits alimentaires de base, et en tout cas pas aux seules crales. Les racines (ex : manioc), tubercules (ex : ignames, pommes de terre) et lgumineuses (haricots frijoles, nib) sont aussi des produits de base dans certaines rgions et peuvent gravement affecter la scurit alimentaire de millions de personnes si les prix flambent. Au del des produits de base, les produits commercialiss par les agriculteurs vulnrables doivent tre aussi pris en compte dans l'analyse : les prix du coton, du caf, du cacao mais galement une multitude de produits commercialiss vers les villes affectent les revenus des producteurs-consommateurs ruraux. L'analyse doit aussi prendre en compte les effets de la volatilit des intrants de l'agriculture et du transport et de la transformation des produits agricoles : l'nergie et les engrais principalement. Les flambes des prix que l'on a subit depuis 2007 ne manifestent-elles pas le dbut d'une priode de plus forte tension sur les marchs internationaux. La croissance de l'offre agricole a un peu ralentit et nombreux sont ceux qui appellent relancer la production agricole. Mais la demande s'est elle aussi accrue : la demande alimentaire reste en croissance rapide du fait de la dmographie et des changements de rgimes alimentaires avec l'augmentation de la part des produits animaux dans la ration. La demande non alimentaire, agro-carburants, commence devenir significative et est appele crotre. La question de la volatilit des prix sur un march tendu ne peut sans doute pas tre traite sans discuter des moyens de rduire la tension du march, et notamment sans s'interroger sur les moyens de jouer sur la demande. Deux questions me semblent devoir tre intgres dans l'analyse : la consommation de produits animaux et les agro-carburants. Pour quoi ne pas imaginer des politiques visant plus de frugalit et la promotion de rgimes alimentaires moins prdateurs de ressources rares : terres, eau, engrais, nergie fossile? Dans le tableau 1 des termes de rfrence proposs, la liste des "Possible policy instrument options" mlange des instruments relativement prcis et des objectifs plus gnraux. Il serait utile de mieux catgoriser ces instruments en repartant par exemple d'un modle causal consensuel. Bien cordialement Nicolas Bricas Arlne Alpha from GRET (Groupe de recherches et d'changes technologiques), France Bonjour, j'ai le plaisir de vous prsenter ci-dessous quelques lments de contribution votre consultation: 1. Traiter la volatilit des prix au niveau national Amliorer le fonctionnement des marchs internationaux de produits agricoles, notamment par une meilleure transparence, une meilleure information sur les fondamentaux du march (stocks), la coordination de rserves d'urgence...- ne sera jamais suffisant pour lutter contre les problmes de volatilit des prix agricoles sur les marchs nationaux. L'amlioration du fonctionnement du march international peut potentiellement jouer positivement sur les marchs nationaux au travers des effets de transmission de prix. Mais il y a deux problmes. Le premier est que les effets de transmission ne s'observent pas, ou partiellement, pour de nombreux produits agricoles. Les crales sches locales (mil, sorgho...) et de nombreux autres produits locaux (manioc, igname, nib....) connaissent des fluctuations de prix excessives et cela freine le dveloppement des productions et des filires locales. Le second problme est que compte tenu des causes de la volatilit des prix agricoles (cf point 4), les transmissions de prix de l'international au local peuvent avoir des impacts trs ngatifs. Les solutions envisages au niveau international sont donc absolument ncessaires mais pas suffisantes. Il faut mettre davantage d'nergie que ce n'est le cas actuellement dans la rflexion sur les solutions aux problmes de volatilit des prix agricoles et alimentaires sur les marchs locaux, nationaux et rgionaux. Il est galement absolument ncessaire de donner la priorit au dveloppement de la production locale dans les pays en dvelopppement dans un objectif d'amlioration de leur autosuffisance alimentaire et de moindre dpendance l'gard du march international. Certes, il est important de restaurer la confiance dans le march international, mais il existe de fortes potentialits dans les PED pour augmenter la production locale. L'enjeu de la lutte contre la faim et la pauvret et de raliser ces potentialits. Vu les perspectives de croissance dmographique, amliorer l'autosuffisance alimentaire dans les PED ne se traduira pas ncessairement par un march international plus troit -et le risque d'une agravation de la volatilit des prix. 2. Prendre en compte les stocks rgulateurs La rflexion sur les rserves alimentaires est actuellement focalise uniquement sur les rserves d'urgence. Le tableau des instruments laisse supposer que seul ce type de rserve est envisag. Or, il est absolument ncessaire d'intgrer dans la palette des instruments possibles les rserves ayant des fonctions de rgulation du march, c'est dire permettant d'avoir des prix planchers aux producteurs et des prix la consommation qui voluent dans une fourchette de prix raisonnables. Les expriences malheureuses d'offices publics de rgulation des marchs dans les pays africains, en particulier pour des questions de mauvaise gouvernance et de gestion, ne doivent pas conduire occulter totalement les expriences positives menes ailleurs, en particulier en Indonsie. L'expertise doit absolument porter sur l'analyse de ces expriences russies, qui ont permis des progrs spectaculaires en matire de production agricole et de lutte contre la faim et la pauvret. Il faut analyser les contextes dans lesquelles ces expriences ont t mises en place, les pr-requis pour les envisager ailleurs, leur mode de fonctionnement, etc. 3. Rflchir des outils commerciaux adapts la volatilit des prix La rflexion sur les outils commerciaux est focalise sur les restrictions aux exportations et la faon de mieux discipliner leur utilisation afin d'viter qu'elles contribuent aux flambes des prix. Les outils commerciaux permettant "d'isoler" les marchs domestiques des fluctuations de prix internationaux sont gnralement considrs comme distorsifs. Cependant, il est absolument ncessaire d'introduire ces outils commerciaux dans le tableau. L'exprience montre que la seule faon d'assurer un dveloppement de la production agricole locale est de limiter les impacts ngatifs du march international sur les marchs domestiques et de soutenir la production. Il s'agit de scuriser les producteurs locaux, en particulier les plus vulnrables, pour qu'ils ralisent les investissements productifs ncessaires. 4. Eviter la volatilit excessive des prix agricoles (intra-saisonnire ou inter-annuelle) La volatilit des prix agricoles est un phnomne normal. Elle est lie des facteurs naturels (accidents climatiques dans telle ou telle rgion du monde) faisant que la production agricole elle-mme est volatile. La volatilit des prix est aussi lie la rigidit de la demande et de l'offre agricole et alimentaire (cycles de production, cots de transfert c'est dire cots de transport et de transaction pour acheminer les produits). Les spcificits de l'activit agricole font qu'il est trs difficile pour les oprateurs conomiques de dcrypter les signaux du march. Une hausse de prix une anne indique t-elle un changement dans les fondamentaux du march qui ncessite un ajustement sensible de la production agricole, en l'occurrence une pnurie de production et des dcisions d'augmentation des semis ? Ou bien cette hausse rsulte t-elle d'un "simple" accident climatique quelque part dans une rgion ne ncessitant pas d'ajustement car l'anne suivante les rcoltes seront bonnes et les prix descendront ? Cette difficult interprter les signaux du march conduit des erreurs d'anticipation des oprateurs conomiques. Ces erreurs sont une source (endogne) de volatilit des prix, sans doute au moins aussi importante que les facteurs naturels. Ces facteurs naturels et endognes de la volatilit des prix sont valables toutes les chelles de marchs agricoles, du local l'international. Compte tenue de cette analyse de la volatilit des prix sur les marchs agricoles, il est illusoire de penser que le seul largissement des marchs, par la libralisation des changes et la compensation des pnuries et des excdents de production entre les rgions, va conduire une limitation des fluctuations de prix. La libralisation des changes ne suffira pas viter les fluctuations excessives de prix. C'est bien pour viter les fluctuations excessives de prix, et non pas pour gommer toute fluctuation des prix, qu'il est ncessaire d'envisager une combinaison d'instruments de nature prive mais aussi publique ("policy mix"). Se limiter amliorer le fonctionnement des marchs agricoles ne suffira pas viter les fluctuations excessives car cela ne rpondra pas au problme des facteurs endognes de la volatilit. Compte tenu des consquences dramatiques des fluctuations excessives des prix agricoles et alimentaires, pour les producteurs (dsincitation aux investissements productifs, impact moyen-long terme sur la productivit et la production agricole) et pour les consommateurs (y compris les producteurs qui sont acheteurs nets), il est ncessaire d'envisager des interventions publiques directes sur les marchs agricoles. 5. Attention la primaut du technique sur le politique pour dcider partir de quel niveau les fluctuations sont excessives Les modles techniques sur les sries de prix peuvent permettre de dceler les fluctuations qui "anormales" ou excessives. Cependant, l'exprience montre que l'action et la prise de dcision politique ne peuvent s'appuyer sur les seuls lments techniques. Ces lments ne sont que des outils d'aide la dcision. Celle-ci doit toujours in fine tre de nature politique et rsulter de compromis entre des positions portes par des acteurs diffrents, refltant des intrts et des reprsentations sociales diffrents. 6. La spculation est l'arbre qui cache la fort Beaucoup d'nergie est consacre la rflexion sur la rgulation des marchs financiers. En effet, la financiarisation du march agricole, autrement dit les interdpendances croissantes entre march agricole et march financier, a incontestablement contribu la flambe des prix agricoles en 2007/08 et la crise alimentaire. Aujourd'hui encore, ce facteur semble jouer un rle non ngligeable dans la flambe de certains produits de base depuis le mois de juin, compte tenu de la dconnexion entre la flambe actuelle et les fondamentaux du march (les stocks ont t partiellement reconstitus et les perspectives de rcoltes au niveau mondial sont bonnes). Il existe des controverses parmi les experts sur l'importance relative de la spculation par rapport d'autres facteurs (agro-carburants, stocks...), ainsi que sur le fait qu'il s'agisse d'un facteur explicatif ou d'un facteur aggravant. Peu importe ces controverses, l'important est de retenir qu'il est ncessaire de corriger la drgulation des marchs financiers qui a eu lieu dans les annes 1990 et de revenir des formes de rgulation permettant que les produits drivs soient des instruments de couverture des risques et soient plus en phase avec l'conomie relle/les fondamentaux du march. Mais le problme fondamental n'est pas la spculation. Le problme est que dans la plupart des PED, le dmantlement d'outils de rgulation des marchs, qu'il s'agisse de gestion de stocks rgulateurs ou d'outils commerciaux aux frontires, est all beaucoup trop loin. Rflechir aujourd'hui ces outils c'est corriger les erreurs du pass. Bien cordialement, Arlne Alpha GRET (Groupe de recherches et d'changes technologiques) France Earnn Clirigh from OECD, France Thank you for the opportunity to input to the specification of the HLPE studies. I wish to make a number of points in relation to the study on Price Volatility. Much of the focus of debate and analysis is on price volatility in global food markets, while for food insecure people in the poorer developing countries, particularly in rural areas the chronic price instabilities they face in domestic markets are of much more significance. Low prices at harvest and high prices in lean periods driven by market failures and rent seeking are regular features of rural economies prevent the accumulation of household reserves, limit investment in production and productivity increases, weaken resilience, decrease incomes and food entitlements contributing to ongoing food insecurity. The HLPE should adequately address this aspect of price volatility. Food Insecurity is a far from an homogenous phenomenon. Its cause and impacts are different in different countries and regions and for different population groups rural/urban, consumers/producers. The analysis and any recommendations need to be adequately differentiated so as to be relevant to these different situations and groups. It is particularly important that responses appropriate to LDCs where the population and economy are largely rural-based are discussed. The agenda set out in the note (bullet points and matrix) seems somewhat disparate and lacking in focus. The suggested list of policy instruments could be usefully shortened by focusing on actual instruments. Much of the list are not instruments but objectives of policy (eg Improving household income including non increasing farm incomes or Improving household resilience through increasing food availability, access and utilization). It would be better to focus on the specific practical policy measure that can achieve these objectives in the quoted example cash transfers could be an appropriate policy instrument. I see form the website that the consultation closes today, 10/02/11, I do hope that this has arrived in time. Please do keep me informed as this process progresses. With best wishes, Earnn Clirigh Senior Policy Advisor Global Food Security Poverty Reduction and Growth Division Development Co-operation Directorate, OECD. Adeline Borot de Battisti, Consultante OECD CSAO, France Cher modrateur, Je me permets de vous addresser une contribution qui je l'espre retiendra votre intret dans le cadre de votre consultation sur la volatilit des prix. Au cours de l'anne 2010, le Club du Sahel et de l'Afrique de l'Ouest de l'OCDE a consacr sa thmatique et son forum annuel la problmatique des rserves rgionales alimentaires d'urgence - projet dont j'ai assur la coordination. A cet gard, ont t inventories les diffrentes expriences de rserves rgionales travers le monde, dont les succs et les checs ont t sommairement analyss. Un rsum de ce travail est prsent dans le guide du forum que je joins ce mail pour votre information. En esprant que cette tude pourra contribuer activement votre appel (dans la catgorie 'Improving public food reserves and the efficiency of responses to demand for drawing on these'), je reste disponible pour plus d'information si vous le souhaitez.  HYPERLINK "http://typo3.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/fsn/docs/HLPE/Guide_du_Forum_2010_CSAO.pdf" http://typo3.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/fsn/docs/HLPE/Guide_du_Forum_2010_CSAO.pdf Bien vous, Adeline Borot de Battisti Consultante OECD CSAO Patricia Masanganise from African Institute for Community Driven Development, South Africa Dear Moderator, The policy instruments listed are okay, but addressing any problem should be done systematically. The first step is to identify the causes, in this case, the question is 'what causes price volatility in agriculture?'. After identifying the causes, the second step is to identify the policy instruments that can be used to address the causes identified in step 1. Also to note is that there are various actors in the agriculture and food systems, major ones being, small producers, large producers, consumers (rich and poor), rural based agro-industry, large scale agro-industry (mainly urban based). The different actors participate in the systems at different levels and require targeted policy instruments that allow each group to maximise either on their production (supply) or consumption (demand) in the agriculture and food systems. For the small producers, the following should be investigated: Policy instruments (subsidies, incentives, knowledge and skills enhancement) to increase and sustain productivity Policy instruments to motivate diversification of farming systems and consumption of diversified diets? Policy instruments to develop and sustain local food systems. Small producers are the major victims of price volatility in agriculture. It is important that small producers are food self-sufficient, thus, the need for developing food networks at village or community levels. There is also need to investigate institutions and institutional arrangements required to manage the local food systems Policy instruments to enhance workings of the markets for inputs (including financial services) and outputs Policy instruments to develop opportunities for increasing off-farm income for small producers For large scale producers (for example Estates), the following should be investigated: Policy instruments to motivate food production by large producers Policy instruments to enhance workings of the markets, for example, use of futures markets to even out supply, Urban poor Policy instruments to ensure access to food eg food safety nets Policy instruments to keep unemployed people in rural areas (Urban areas have many people, who are not employed and these are major victims of price volatility. Many countries are feeding people who are not participating in any production processes. Thus, there is need to investigate policy instruments to ensure that all productive people populations are involved in some form of productive activities). For rural based agro industry: Policy instruments that enhance the development of agro-industry at local levels, especially in rural areas. Some of the policy instruments listed in the table apply to all the actors and these can be investigated as well. Patricia Masanganise African Institute for Community Driven Development South Africa Frdric Par from Coalition pour la souverainet alimentaire, Canada J'aimerais d'abord signaler l'appui de notre Coalition pour la souverainet alimentaire aux propos tenus par Monsieur Tony Weis sur la question du type de mesure apparaissant au tableau #1, appele Reduction of protective trade measures (bans). Non seulement il faudrait viter de fermer priori les discussions ce sujet en proposant ainsi un priori dans ce tableau, il faudrait plutt notre avis ouvrir compltement cette question toutes les options. Selon nous, l'ouverture toujours plus grande des marchs, notamment par la diminution des protections tarifaires, fait partie du problme de la faim, et non de la solution. Rappelons que l'cart de rendement, exprim en kg de production par heure de travail, entre un paysans Africain travaillant manuellement et celui du Brsil se servant des plus rcentes machines agricoles, est de 1 pour 1000. Exprim en kg par hectare, il est de 1 pour 3,4 (tait de 1 pour 2 en 1960). Ces carts gigantesques de productivit ne font d'ailleurs qu'augmenter, la faveur des pays riches, bien sr. L'agriculture sera d'autres part toujours fortement dtermine par le lieu o elle se pratique. Les conditions mto, la pluviomtrie, l'ensoleillement, la topographie et d'autres facteurs physiques incontrlables rendent cette activit jamais inquitables sur le plan conomique. Comme l'indique bien le Rapporteur spcial des nations unies pour le droit l'alimentation, cet tat de fait doit fortement militer pour non pas une ouverture accrue des marchs, exposant davantage ces agricultures une comptition dloyale, mais au contraire des protections accrues pour ces agricultures moins capitalises et plus marginalises. Le tableau 1 doit donc viter ce type de suggestion trs maladroites. La question de la volatilit des prix des denres alimentaires est trs importante. Mais pose de cette faon, elle risque fortement d'emprisonner nos visions dans le paradigme marchand. Il faut au contraire questionner cette marchandisation des aliments et dmontrer au contraire, chiffres l'apui, que les interventions fortes sur les facteurs du march, comme sur les prix ou sur les quantits produites, peuvent tre trs bnfiques aux revenus agricoles, la scurit alimentaire et des prix dcents pour les consommateurs. C'est du moins ce que dmontre une tude de Daniel Mercier-Gouin, professeur l'Universit Laval, dont voici le lien internet.  HYPERLINK "http://www.go5quebec.ca/fr/pdf/RapportFinalFraLaitier.pdf" http://www.go5quebec.ca/fr/pdf/RapportFinalFraLaitier.pdf D'autres part, d'autres mesures prventives, celles sur lesquelles il faut bien davantage tabler que celles qui sont curatives, sont utiles prvenir, moins directement toutefois, la volatilit des prix. Gnralement, les mesures comme la protection du territoire agricole et des mesures qui empchent une trop grande concentration dans la possession des terres, les mesures d'assurance rcolte et les mesures d'assurance qui stabilisent le revenu des agriculteurs par rapport aux prix du march et aux cots de production, sont bonnes pour scuriser la classe agricole et lui donner confiance dans l'avenir. Au Qubec, l'assurance stabilisation des revenus agricoles est dfrayes par les agriculteurs (1/3) et par l'tat (2/3). Il s'agit donc d'une forme de partenariat intressante. En scurisant ainsi le revenu des agriculteurs, il est aussi possible de scuriser la production nationale et de faire moins reposer la scurit alimentaire sur le commerce international. Les pays prennent ainsi la pleine mesure et un plus grand contrle sur leur propre responsabilit l'gard du droit l'alimentation. Au plaisir. Frdric Par, agronome Coordonnateur, Coalition pour la souverainet alimentaire Canada. Olivier De Schutter, UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Switzerland The UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Mr. Olivier De Schutter, welcomes this HLPE on-line consultation on the terms of reference for the HLPE Project Team that will prepare the study and policy recommendations on price volatility in agriculture proposed scope of the HLPE study on land tenure and international investments. He would like to contribute with the following information, comments and suggestions. This consultation aims at promoting broad, inclusive inputs for the finalisation of the terms of reference for the HLPE Project Team that will be charged by the HLPE Steering Committee (StC) to prepare the study and policy recommendations on price volatility in agriculture. Key policy instruments For the policy instrument Improving public food reserves and the efficiency of responses to demand for drawing on these, the Special rapporteur would like to draw the attention of the HLPE to the experience of China's State Grains Administration (see preliminary note of the Special Rapporteurs mission to China, available at (by early March 2011) at:  HYPERLINK "http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/annual.htm" http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/annual.htm) and the regional experiences in Africa and Asia, which were recently reviewed by the South-West Africa Club (SWAC) in the context of the preparation of the 2010 Sahel and West Africa Club (SWAC/OECD) Forum, held in Accra (Ghana) in December 2010: "Regional Solidarity to Address Food Crises: South-South Cooperation and Regional aid Effectiveness". The background document for this forum presents these initiatives ( HYPERLINK "http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/38/30/46546442.pdf" http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/38/30/46546442.pdf) and various presentations made during the forum give additional details. Innovative ideas of possible examples of policy instruments The Special Rapporteur has referred to example of best practices and challenges in the following reports/statements: - Report to the Human Rights Council on agroecology and the right to food (A/HRC/16/49), available at:  HYPERLINK "http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/annual.htm" http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/annual.htm. - Report to the General Assembly on access to land and the right to food (A/65/281), available at:  HYPERLINK "http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/annual.htm" http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/annual.htm. - Report to the Human Rights Coucil on the role of development cooperation and food aid in realizing the right to adequate food (A/HRC/10/5), available at:  HYPERLINK "http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/annual.htm" http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/annual.htm. - Briefing Note (2010) Food Commodities Speculation and Food Price Crises. Regulation to reduce the risks of price volatility, available at:  HYPERLINK "http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/other_documents.htm" http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/other_documents.htm - Statement on climate change and the right to food (available at:  HYPERLINK "http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/docs/climate-change-and-hr-adequate-food.pdf" http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/docs/climate-change-and-hr-adequate-food.pdf Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Switzerland Lyn Pano Dumping has been directly responsible for the continued erosion of self-sufficiency the main reason in turn for the proliferation of unbridled price speculation on food. As already mentioned, local conditions in Third World agriculture were already paving the way for monopoly pricing and speculation even before the WTO institutionalized dumping. But since dumping, along with deregulation and privatization, has turned local conditions from worse to worst, trading cartels and speculators both local and TNCs have taken advantage of the worsening local conditions to control food supply and dictate prices. This in turn has increased the already high production costs since trading cartels and TNCs also control the trade of imported seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. Speculation is being done on the declining local productivity and on where the declining ending stocks would stop at the end of a given period, and prices behave according to speculation. In short, since production outputs are getting more and more unpredictable and markets, more vulnerable, and since governments have given up their regulatory functions, trading monopolies have turned to speculation to rake in huge paper profits. In the First World, on the other hand, the intensity of the capitalist crisis has led to financial deregulation that has allowed fund investors to speculate on commodities futures. In 1989, the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) deregulated commodity purchases involving financial intermediaries (typically banks) and the dealers. In 1990, the CFTC considered oil trading as "forward contracts" rather than "futures contracts", in short, it deregulated oil futures trading. In 1991, from energy markets, institutional investors started diversifying into food. For almost 75 years, the CFTC had imposed limits on how much of certain agricultural commodities, including wheat, cotton, soybean, soybean meal, corn, and oats, could be traded by non-commercial players, i.e. investors who were not part of the food industry. But starting in 1991, also with US Congress legislation in 1992 and further revisions of CFTC rules in 2000, pension funds increasingly turned to food commodity markets. In 2005, the CFTC expanded trading limits on the amount of wheat, corn, oats and soybeans that traders could buy or sell at any one time on the futures markets. In 2006, Deutsche Bank (and an undisclosed fund) asked to be exempted from all trading limits, and they were assured that there would be no penalties for exceeding the limits. From 2000 to 2007, the price of wheat increased 147% on the Chicago Board of Trade. Over the same period, the price of corn increased 79% and soybeans, 72%. In 2007, in particular, the price movements have been dramatic, which has all the more inspired speculators to demand further deregulation. Price speculation is not new but what is unspeakable this time is that the commodity that is being subjected to speculation is none other than food. Billions of dollars are being poured in as hot money into food commodities to escape sliding stock markets and the credit crunch. Based on estimates, investment funds now control up to 60% of the wheat traded on the worlds biggest commodity markets. According to the Globe and Mail, a Toronto-based publication, the amount of speculative money in commodities futures markets where investors do not buy or sell a physical commodity, like rice or wheat, but merely bet on price movements has ballooned from US$5 billion in 2000 to US$175 billion to 2007. Exceptional inflows of speculative investment in commodity futures, which according to expert estimates reached as much as $1billion a day during February and March 2008, have made prices more volatile and divorced prices from the realities of production. 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According to Michael Masters, a veteran U.S. hedge fund manager, this amount could easily reach $1 trillion, and since international agricultural markets are small compared to stock markets, these funds could easily have a substantial clout in the markets. He estimates that these big fund investors control enough wheat futures to supply the needs of American consumers for the next two years and blames these speculators for the recent hyperinflation of food. In sum, there should be enough food for the entire globe, but productivity is not reaching its current potentials due to backwardness and domination of monopolies in production and trade monopolies, which have pushed for the globalization of food production and trade for more profits. Globalization has eroded local production and self-sufficiency and increased speculation on food commodities. It is in sum the culprit for the food shortages, steep increases in food prices, and the ensuing widespread social unrest. There is a growing concern that the reason for the steep increases in food prices that started in 2008 and have not tapered and gone back to previous levels ever since is the unprecedented speculation in food commodities. Speculation has become excessive such that the volatility of corn and soybean in April 2008 for instance was only 30% and 40%, respectively, of what market fundamentals could back up. Speculation is defying conventions, including human rights that even markets have previously recognized. The increase in food prices beyond the reach of the ordinary citizen is already violative of the right to food and food security, but the increase in food prices caused by speculators betting on production failures is not only outside the ethics of the market already but directly against the people's food sovereignty. There is an ongoing debate, however, on how much is speculation pushing up food prices. The major traders of food commodity index funds are the big financial speculators and holders of complex financial instruments such as those that were exposed in 2008 during the start of the global financial and economic crisis. These include Goldman Sachs and the American Insurance Group, which are headquartered in the US but trade globally. Banks such as Bank of America Citibank, Deutsche Bank and HSBC as well as diverse group of financial companies such as Rabobank and many other commercial financial firms are involved in offering investment and speculation instrumentsthat are based on commodity indices. And as what they did with the subprime mortgages, the speculators bundle the commodity index funds with futures contracts based on a formula that weighs and tracks the prices of up to 24 agricultural and non-agricultural commodities as a single financial instrument. Meanwhile, agricultural commodities make up an average 30% of these indices. There is also an ongoing debate on what could be 'legal' or excessive speculation. Lyn Pano   See FAO (2009 and 2010) and Ghosh (2010).  27. The Committee requested HLPE to undertake studies, to be presented at the 37th session of the CFS, on the following important issues, in accordance with the CFS Reform Document agreed in 2009 and the Rules and Procedures for the Work of the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition: i) Price volatility: all of its causes and consequences, including market distorting practices and links to financial markets, and appropriate and coherent policies, actions, tools and institutions to manage the risks linked to excessive price volatility in agriculture. This should include prevention and mitigation for vulnerable producers, and consumers, particularly the poor, women and children, that are appropriate to different levels (local, national, regional and international) and are based on a review of existing studies. 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Urb+GLOBAL FORUM ON FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONMirullaMirullapY                           ! 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