ÐÏà¡±á>þÿ :<þÿÿÿ9ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥Á @ ð¿ªbjbjqäqä (*ŽŽªÿÿÿÿÿÿˆ2222222FNNNNbFé¶‚‚‚‚‚] ] ] hjjjjjj$ŸRñ:Ž2’] ] ’’Ž22‚‚Û£ ’F2‚2‚h ’h 22 ‚vp UùsÈNØ h¹0é +ô+ FF2222+2 H] þ[l Ç$ë §] ] ] ŽŽFFDŠÄ FFŠTreaty of Versailles Norming Session It was the strength of the opposition forces, both liberal and conservative, rather than the ineptitude and stubbornness of President Wilson that led to the Senate defeat of the Treaty of Versailles. I. Strong, clearly developed thesis that evaluates the relative importance of different forces in the failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles (8-9) Thesis addresses the role of different factors (5-7) Limited or undeveloped thesis (2-4) No thesis or a thesis that does not address the question (0-1) II. Presents effective analysis of the role of Wilson as well as both liberal and conservative opponents; balance not necessary. Limited analysis Deals with question in general manner; simplistic, superficial treatment Inadequate or incorrect understanding of the question Does the thesis address all parts of the question and take a side in the debate? Does the thesis state a contestable argument? What information would the essay have to present to prove its thesis? A) Wilson’s stubbornness and the opposition of the parties, mainly from the liberals, equally caused the defeat of the Treaty by the Senate. B) The defeat of the Treaty of Versailles was due to the long-standing policy of isolationism, the unwillingness of Congress to amend the Constitution, and the desire of the United States to imperialize other nations. C) Although the stubbornness and ineptitude of Wilson detracted from the possibility of the Treaty passing, the ultimate reason for its defeat was the strength of the opposition and the public opinion that they mobilized. D) The failure of ratification was largely due to the formidability of conservatives who disliked international obligations laid out in the treaty as well as liberals who believed that the treaty did not provide for a peaceful future. Wilson’s personal stubbornness only was a small part of these two conflicting forces. III. Effective use of a substantial number of documents. (2-3 per paragraph) Effectively uses some documents (1-2 per paragraph) Mainly paraphrases, quotes, or briefly cites documents Has little or no understanding of documents or ignores them completely. IV. Substantial use of relevant outside information (2-3 pieces per paragraph) Considerable relevant outside information (1-2 per paragraph) Some use of relevant outside information (1 per paragraph) Little use of outside information or information is inaccurate/irrelevant (<1 per) Inappropriate or no use of outside information Is the crucial information from the Document shown rather than asserted? Is the Document contextualized with secondary source material? Is the Document put into context with the other Documents (implicit or explicit)? Is the Document discussed in a manner that ties it back to the question? Is it clear that the Document serves a legitimate purpose in the essay (not just Doc grubbing)? That is, does the Document fit clearly into the narrative of the essay or is it merely tacked on? A) It was difficult for Wilson to immediately win his battle because he faced other Americans who approved the treaty. Up and coming political leaders like Herbert Hoover urged the President to approve the treaty, not necessarily for its propositions but more so to help the European nations recuperate after war, gaining American support (Doc D). B) Wilson was also not willing to compromise. Doc H says “Because of the idiotic way in which stubbornness of Woodrow Wilson…the US was not represented.” This shows how it was Wilson’s stubbornness and refusal to compromise that led to the failure of the treaty. C) Opponents of the Treaty felt that it was unfair to Germany and would yield future wars; they brought this belief into the public’s mind and rallied opposition to the Treaty. The Treaty would put Germany into a state of servitude and would do nothing more than to intensify old wounds (Doc B, F). D) [Wilson] claimed “I would rather fail in a successful plan that succeeds than succeed in a plan that will fail.” When the Senate wanted him to change the 10th point, again he refused. Wilson’s stubbornness was a key reason his plan was not passed in the Senate. As Doc C shows, Wilson feels betrayed by being rejected on promises made by him to the World. Doc I also shows the wide difference of opinion that the Treaty had on people. E) Although many Americans after WWI continued to oppose the “foreign entanglements” that George Washington had warned about—a specter raised by the Article 10’s collective security requirement that the Senate believed violated their sole constitutional right to declare war (Doc E)—Wilson attempted to use the even older, Puritan tradition of the US as a city on a hill—the US as the “light of the world”—to argue that the US had to ratify the Treaty so that the Founders’ dream of the US as the leader of the free world could be realized (Doc G). Wilson was right that the election of 1920 would be a “national referendum” on the Treaty; the victory of the Republicans in the congressional elections showed that after the brutality of WWI most Americans were more interested in isolationism and “normalcy” than becoming an international police power. Even those Progressives like Jane Addams, who supported the goal of an “adequate international organization” to help achieve a “war to end all wars,” or W.E.B. Du Bois, who believed that isolationism was no longer desirable or possible, were torn over the Treaty and Wilson’s handling of the matter (Doc I and H). The unity of the conservative opponents and the inability of Wilson to unite the splintered liberals because of the deep flaws of the Treaty (the punishment of Germany, the Mandate system that mocked anti-imperialist goals) spelled its doom. %Sp‚‘²îñ ~ „ … ‰ · ½ Ã æ ç , . 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