ࡱ> ?A>|y DCbjbj  j{{824f|3$6":::j#l#l#l#l#l#l#$+%'#]"#::g#&#&#&#::j#&#j#&#&#&#:/$&#V#$03$&#m(,m(&#m(&#0L6&#E,q)##"3$m( : Comparison of TOPMODEL and STOPMODEL: Conceptualizations and Implementations Dawn Sedorovich, M.Todd Walter, Pierre Garard-Merchant, Tammo S. Steenhuis, Abstract TOPMODEL (Beven and Kirkby 1979) is a popular physically-based watershed model capable of simulating variable source area processes (Anderson et al. 1997). STOPMODEL is a refined conceptualization of TOPMODEL for systems in which the variable source area processes are driven by shallow, transient, interflow (Walter et al. 2002). Although the landscape drainage expressions are very similar for TOPMODEL and STOPMODEL, it is unclear how STOPMODEL s refined conceptualization will alter model results. Figure 1 illustrates the conceptual differences between TOPMODEL and STOPMODEL. The following is a summary of the implementations of each model. Model Structures TOPMODELSTOPMODELBoth models perform a suite of local water balance calculations for each topographic index, li, representing a discrete area of a watershed, Ai. These calculations are (1) (7). The first operation is to determine the local saturation deficit, Si. EMBED Equation.3 (1)Calculate the root zone water deficit: EMBED Equation.3 C Determine the local soil water: EMBED Equation.3 Update SWi using the Thronthwaite-Mather methodology. (2)If RZ < 0, then the drainage into the unsaturated zone, DUZi = RZi and RZi is set to zero.If SWi > FCi, then there is drainage into the deep groundwater, Di, equal to the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the restricting layer, Ks. Bulk drainage, Dgw = Dgw + DiAi The soil water is updated: EMBED Equation.3 (3)Water in the unsaturated zone, UZi is updated: EMBED Equation.3 C If UZi > Si then the overland flow is: EMBED Equation.3 C If SWi > SATi, then the overland flow is: EMBED Equation.3 C SWi is set to SATi. The net change in soil water, DSW = DSW + DSW(4) Bulk overland flow is OF = OF + OFi (5)If Si > 0, then there will be drainage to the deep saturated groundwater region: EMBED Equation.3 Make sure no more water drains from the unsaturated zone than is available: If DSZi > UZc, DSZi = UZi and UZi = UZi DSZi The bulk drainage, DSZ = DSZ + DSZi For simplicity, STOPMODEL assumes all water leaving the root zone goes directly to the groundwater. We may want to modify this later.(6)The root zone deficit is updated, taking into account evaporation: EMBED Equation.3 C This was done in (1)(7) The following calculations are done on a bulk, or watershed basis at the end of each time step. The drainage from the landscape, or baseflow, is calculated as: EMBED Equation.3 The drainage from the landscape, or interflow, is calculated as: EMBED Equation.3(8)The average saturation deficit is updated: EMBED Equation.3 The average soil water deficit is updated: EMBED Equation.3is:(9)The groundwater is updated: EMBED Equation.3 Base flow is calculated using a linear reservoir assumption: EMBED Equation.3 (10)Streamflow is calculated: EMBED Equation.3 Streamflow is calculated: EMBED Equation.3(11) References Anderson, M, N.E. Peters, and    vwxz{ IK~wjh-EHU jA h-UVmHnHujrh-EHU j4A h-UVmHnHujZh-EHU jA h-UVmHnHujh-U h-6 h-6H*h-6OJQJ h-5CJh-CJOJQJ h-CJh-.&M hkd$$IflFf!#0    4 lal$If $$Ifa$ 1234zokd$$Ifl40f!#f!04 lalf4$If $$Ifa$ @AE$If $$Ifa$okd$$Ifl40f!#f!04 lalf4 EF1Ql}ttttttt $$Ifa$kd$$IflFf!#0    4 lal-./@ACFGILMNOQlm}~    Ⱦjh-EHU jKA h-UVmHnHuj h-EHU jA h-UVmHnHuj@ h-EHU jA h-UVmHnHujh-Uh-56H* h-56 h-6H* h-6h-5 8Jypppppppppp $$Ifa$$IfkdH $$IflFf!#0    4 lal 89LMNOPRS^ab X\bflpr"$DFHJ  ĽĽjh-EHU jÑA h-UVmHnHuh1h-6H*h-OJQJ h-56h-5OJQJjLh-EHU jA h-UVmHnHujh-U h-6H* h-6h-8JKPd (*,tv~mkd$$Ifl4Ff!#0    4 lalf4$If $$Ifa$ ~"L!EF $$Ifa$okd!$$Ifl40f!#f!04 lalf4  47:=@CE)*+,&/CDTUVWﯥyoj>h-EHU j'A h-UVmHnHujZh-EHU jA h-UVmHnHujh-EHU jA h-UVmHnHu h->*jh-EHU jؓA h-UVmHnHujh-U h-56h- h-6H* h-6+'(-.CGvvvvvvv $$Ifa$kd$$IflFf!#0    4 lalGHIvvvv $$Ifa$kd$$IflFf!#0    4 lalCX\ $$Ifa$okdW$$Ifl40f!#f!04 lalf4\]vvvvvv $$Ifa$kd$$IflFf!#0    4 lalUVfghi@3@Ⱦwmg`g^gU h-5CJ h-CJjg+h-EHU j9A h-UVmHnHuj[)h-EHU jA h-UVmHnHuj&h-EHU jsA h-UVmHnHuj}$h-EHU jA h-UVmHnHuj!h-EHU jCA h-UVmHnHujh-Uh-$Ujkpvvvvvvv $$Ifa$kd#$$IflFf!#0    4 lalpqvvvvvv $$Ifa$kd($$IflFf!#0    4 lalV@@AAABztthdZZtt h^h`< h<^h` !$a$kd-$$IflFf!#0    4 lal D. Walling. (eds). 1997. Special Issue: TOPMODEL. Hydrol. Proc. J. 11(9): 1069-1356. Beven, K.J. and M.J. Kirkby. 1979. A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrol. Sci. Bull. 24(1):43-69 Walter, M.T., T.S. Steenhuis, V.K. Mehta, D. Thongs , M. Zion, E. Schneiderman. 2002. A Refined Conceptualization of TOPMODEL for Shallow-Subsurface Flows. Hydrol. Proc.16(10): 2041-2046.  Figure 1: Schematics of the conceptual design for TOPMODEL (a) and STOPMODEL (b). ST and SS indicate the physical locations where TOPMODEL and STOPMODEL, respectively, store the water that controls variable source areas. Also note the different interpretations of recharge, R.     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