ࡱ> % *bjbj%% ">GG&l8>Z,# H  $  B   4     0j^  0# ;R; Enterprise Applications: Enterprise Systems and Systems for Supply Chain Management, Customer Relationship Management, and Knowledge Management. Many firms are using information technology to build systems to further integrate key internal business processes and to link the firm's business processes to those customers, suppliers, and other companies in its industry.  HYPERLINK "javascript:winnew1()" Enterprise applications, consisting of enterprise systems and systems for supply chain management, customer relationship management, and knowledge management, are increasingly used for this purpose.  INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\images\\trans.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET Deployment of enterprise applications requires firms to think more strategically about their business processes. Business processes are the unique ways in which organizations coordinate and organize work activities, information and knowledge to produce a valuable product or service. Organizations have business processes supporting each of the major business functions and business processes that span multiple functions. Organizational efficiency can be increased by automating parts of these processes or by using information technology to redesign and streamline the processes. [Figure 2 12]  INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\images\\laudonf02-12.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Figure 2-12 The order fulfillment process. Generating and fulfilling an order is a multi-step process involving activities performed by the sales, manufacturing and production, and accounting functions.  INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\images\\trans.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET Enterprise systems, or enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems model and automate many business processes, such as filling an order or scheduling a shipment, with the goal of integrating information across the entire company and eliminating complex, expensive links between computer systems in different areas of the business. Information that was previously fragmented in different systems can seamlessly flow throughout the organization so that it can be shared by business processes in manufacturing, accounting, human resources, and other areas of the firm. Discrete business processes from sales, production, finance, and logistics can be integrated into company-wide business processes that flow across organizational levels and functions. [Figure 2-13, which =old Figure 2-16 and Figure 2-14 which = old Figure 2-17]  INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\images\\laudonf02-13.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Figure 2-13 Traditional view of systems. In most organizations, separate systems built over a long period of time support discrete business processes and discrete business functions. The organizations systems rarely included vendors and customers. INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\images\\trans.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET The enterprise system collects data from various key business processes and stores the data in a single comprehensive data repository where they can be used by other parts of the business. Managers emerge with more precise and timely information for coordinating the daily operations of the business and a firm-wide view of business processes and information flows.  INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\images\\laudonf02-14.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET Figure 2-14 Enterprise systems. Enterprise systems can integrate the key business processes of an entire firm into a single software system that allows information to flow seamlessly throughout the organization. These systems focus primarily on internal processes but may include transactions with customers and vendors. INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\images\\trans.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET Enterprise systems can help promote a single organizational culture, focused on overall business performance using organization-wide performance standards such as return on assets, stock price, growth, or market share. Such systems can provide general managers with a firm-wide understanding of value creation and cost structure. Enterprise systems can help create a customer driven or demand organization, which better serves the customers value chain. The firm has new capabilities to forecast new products, and build them as demand appears.  INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\images\\trans.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET Enterprise systems raise four challenges for firms: a daunting implementation process, surviving a cost/benefit analysis, achieving robustness, and realizing strategic value.  INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\images\\trans.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET Enterprise systems purport to replace legacy systems based on out-dated information technology. But the legacy systems that must be replaced are the primary control systems of the corporation, containing millions of lines of software instructions. Thousands of employees use and rely on these systems everyday, as well as customers and vendors. The prospect of successfully and rapidly transforming the corporate nervous system, re-training thousands of workers, while also redesigning the fundamental business processes, all at once, while carrying on business as usual is daunting.  INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\images\\trans.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET The costs of enterprise systems are large, upfront, highly visible, and politically charged, while their benefits are elusive to describe in concrete terms at the beginning of an enterprise project. The reason is that the benefits often accrue from employees using the system after it is completed and gaining the knowledge of business operations heretofore impossible to learn. Enterprise systems are built with software programs that are just as difficult to understand, complex, poorly documented, and yet intertwined with corporate business processes as the legacy systems they will replace. There is every prospect that the new enterprise systems will be as brittle and hard to change as old legacy systems as the organizations environment and information requirements change over time. Perhaps the most significant issue facing enterprise systems is learning how to realize strategic value from the investment. Because so much of technology can be purchased by all competitors, technology per se, including ES, will not produce a sustainable strategic advantage. However, utilizing ES to achieve a better understanding of ones business operations and customers is a totally unique asset that cannot be duplicated easily by competitors. Supply chain management systems focus on coordinating all of the activities and information flows involved in buying, making and moving a product until it reaches the customer. These systems provide information to help firms schedule, control, and coordinate procurement, production, inventory management, and delivery of products and services to customers. [new Figure 2-15] Supply chain management systems provide information to combat the  HYPERLINK "javascript:winnew2()" bullwhip effect, in which information about the fluctuations in demand for a product becomes distorted as moves across the supply chain.  INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\images\\laudonf02-15.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Figure 2-15 A supply chain. This figure illustrates the major entities in the supply chain and the flow of information upstream and downstream to coordinate the activities involved in buying, making, and moving a product. Suppliers transform raw materials into intermediate products or components, and then manufacturers turn them into finished products. The products are shipped to distribution centers and from there to retailers and customers. In some industries, companies have extended their supply chain management systems to work more collaboratively with customers, suppliers, and other firms in their industry as a means of improving their planning, production, and distribution of goods and services. The use of shared systems based on digital technologies to enable multiple organizations to  HYPERLINK "javascript:winnew3()" collaborative commerce, develop, build, and manage products through their lifecycles is called collaborative commerce [Figure 2-16=old Figure 2-15]. Collaborative commerce is often based on Web-enabled networks for coordinating transorganizational business processes called  HYPERLINK "javascript:winnew4()" private industrial networks.  HYPERLINK "E:\ch2\"    INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\images\\laudonf02-16.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Figure 2-16 Collaborative commerce. Collaborative commerce is a set of digitally enabled collaborative interactions between an enterprise and its business partners and customers. Data and processes that were once considered internal can be shared by the collaborative community. Customer relationship management (CRM) is a business and technology discipline for coordinating all of the firms business processes in sales, marketing and service that involve its interactions with customers. CRM systems consolidate customer data from multiple sources and communication channels to help firms identify profitable customers, acquire new customers, improve service and support, and target products and services more precisely to customer preferences. [Figure 2-17  INCLUDEPICTURE "E:\\images\\laudonf02-17.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET Figure 2-17Customer relationship management (CRM). Customer relationship management applies technology to look at customers from a multifaceted perspective. CRM uses a set of integrated applications to address all aspects of the customer relationship, including customer service, sales, and marketing.Knowledge management systems support processes for discovering and codifying knowledge, sharing knowledge, and distributing knowledge, as well as processes for creating new knowledge and integrating it into the organization. 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