ࡱ> kmj3 Bbjbj "bb-"l4444444H."."."."l"|H,r"#"#"#"#"#"#"#"#*******$ . *0^*Y4"#"#"#"#"#*#44"#"#R,###"#4"#4"#*#"#*#x#Z(*44*"## °U H."#**h,0,*,0#0*#HH4444Chapter 5- Sensation Day 1 Sensation vs. Perception lSensation: a process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy lSensation is the raw data our brain takes in from the environment. lPerception: a process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. lPerception  makes sense of sensation. lExample: Prosopagnosia Bottom Up vs. Top Down Processing lBottom Up Processing: analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain s integration of sensory information. l lTop Down Processing: Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes lAs when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. l Psychophysics lPsychophysics: study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them lLight- lSound- lPressure- lTaste- Sensation: Thresholds lAbsolute Threshold: lUsually defined as the stimulus needed for detection 50% of the time.  Subliminal Messages lSubliminal: information that is below one s awareness for conscious attention l lDifference Threshold or (JND-Just Noticeable Difference): the minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuli. lWeber s Law: to perceive a difference between two stimuli, they must differ by a constant proportion llight intensity- lweight- ltone frequency- lSignal Detection Theory: predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) lAssumes that there is no single absolute threshold Sensory Adaptation lSensory Adaptation: diminished sensitivity with constant stimulation. The Science of Energy and Sensation lTransduction- lWavelength- lHue- lIntensity- lbrightness lloudness Day 2 Sense 1- vision Biology of Vision Step One: Light Enters the Eye Light enters the eye through the _____________: (transparent protector) and the light passes through the _______________: (small opening/hole). The size of the opening (pupil) is regulated by the ____________: the colored portion of your eye that is a muscular tissue which widens or constricts the pupil causing either more or less light to get in. Biology of Vision Step Two: An Image is Produced Behind the pupil, the ___________, a transparent structure, changes its curvature in a process called _________________, and focuses the light rays into an image on the light-sensitive back surface called the __________: where image is focuses. Biology of Vision Step Three: Chemical Reactions and Sight Image coming through activates photoreceptors in the retina called __________________. As rods and cones set off chemical reactions they form a synapse with _________________ which forms a synapse with ______________ which fire action potentials along the _______________: that carries this information to be processed by the ________________: (sensory switchboard) that sends information to the ___________________ which resides in the ___________________. The brain then constructs what you are seeing and turns image right side up. Parts of Retina lBlind Spot: part of retina where optic nerve leaves the eye& no receptor cells are there. lFovea: central focal point of the retina, where cones cluster. lCones: located near center of retina (fovea) lfine detail and color vision lRods: located near peripheral retina ldetect black, white and gray Errors In Vision lAcuity: lNearsightedness: lnearby objects seen more clearly lFarsightedness: lfaraway objects seen more clearly Visual Involves Parallel Processing lParallel vs. Serial: parallel means simultaneous while serial means step by step. Our brains process are often parallel processes while computers work serially. lParallel Processing: simultaneous processing of several dimensions through multiple pathways. Different part of brain for: Parallel Processing lFeature Detectors: neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features Visual Information Processing lTrichromatic (three color) Theory lYoung and Helmholtz lthree different retinal color receptors Color Deficient Syndrome People who suffer red-green blindness have trouble perceiving the number within the design Opponent-Process Theory- opposing retinal processes enable color vision. Color Constancy lHuman Beings maintain Color Constancy: perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if lighting changes to alter the wavelength given off by the object. Context Affects Color lWe only retain color constancy when the context remains the same. lSame color will look different when compared in different contexts. Day 3 Sense 2: Hearing (Audition) lThe loudness of a sound is determined by a waves amplitude (height.) lThe frequency, number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time, determines the sounds pitch: Hearing Threshold Hearing is measured in decibels. Parts of the Ear lOuter Ear: lJob: lParts: auditory canal and eardrum. lMiddle Ear lJob: lParts: Ossicles, made up of three tiny bones: hammer, anvil, and stirrup (malleus, incus, and stapes) lInner Ear lJob: lParts: Oval Window, Cochlea, Basilar Membrane, Hair Cells. Process of Hearing 1.Your ______________________________________________________________. 2.Your _________________________ with sound waves 3.This causes _________________________________ (the hammer, anvil and the stirrup) ____________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________. The cochlea is fluid filled and _____________________________. 5. Inside the cochlea is a ____________________________________________ and are transduced into a _____________________________ 6. Hair cells synapse with _______________________________________________ 7. The auditory nerve transmits sound messages though your ____________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Inner Ear and Vestibular Sense lThe semicircular canals are connected to the cochlea by the vestibular sacs. lThe semicircular canals contain substance that move when our head rotates or tilts and allows us to maintain our vestibular sense. How Do We Perceive Pitch: 2 Theories lHemholtz s Place Theory: argues we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places in the cochlea s membrane lFrequency Theory: We sense pitch by the basilar membrane in cochlea vibrating at the same rate as the sound. Explains low pitch well& . lVolley Principle- Parallel Processing lJust like with vision, audition involves parallel processing Hearing Loss lConductive Hearing Loss: hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea like eardrum and ossicles. l Sensorineural Hearing Loss: damage caused to cochlea s receptor cells (hair cells) or auditory nerves. Day 4 Sense 3-Touch lPremature Babies lMonkeys l Skin sensations are a variation of the basic 4 lPain Is a Good Thing! lGate Control Theory: l Social Influence On Pain -Pain is both a physiological and a psychological phenomenon. -Depending on symptoms, doctors may use drugs, surgery, etc. or relaxation training, thought distraction. Example: Memories of Pain lMore to our memories of pain than the pain we experienced. lPeople tend to overlook duration of pain and instead concentrate on its peak moments and how much pain they felt at the end. Sense 4-Taste l4 Basic Sensations lSweet lSour lSalty lBitter Taste and Smell lTaste and Smell are both chemical senses. lTongue is central muscle for taste which contain taste buds. lSmell runs through receptor cells in nasal cavity which are send neural signals to the olfactory bulbs in the brain. Sense 5-Smell l5 million receptor cells at the top of your nasal cavity lDetect 10,000 odors lDecreases with age l Nasal Cavity brings the smell up to your receptors lReceptor cells send the message to the brain s olfactory bulb,then to the temporal lobe s primary smell cortex Smell and Emotion lSense of smell activates areas in limbic system involved in emotion and memory. lSmells can often evoke memories of the past or emotional experiences more often than most other senses. 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