ࡱ> ` Pbjbjss 4'H3)||||,b,b,b8db\b4vfeeeeewfwfwf$܏hDgUf"wfgg||ee?0kkkg*|Reekgkk"ed 0å$,bhlF0v\.j.0.xwf0f"kffwfwfwfDkjwfwfwfvggggUZdZ|||||| QBasic Chapter 3: Fundamental Statements OBJECTIVES: Differentiate between numeric and character string constants and give examples of each Use numeric character string constants correctly in programs Explain how variables are used to store values in the computers main memory List the rules for naming variables Define the term keywords Correctly document programs Assign values to variables Perform arithmetic operations using both constants and variables Evaluate arithmetic expressions according to the hierarchy of operations Display program output on the monitor screen Use the Immediate window to execute statements in immediate mode Use the various forms of help available with QBasic QBasic programs process data into meaningful results using Commands and Data Program DATA consists of variables and constants A constant is data that remains the same as the program runs (executes) There are two types of constants: Numeric constants and Character String constants Numeric constants are numbers included in a statement. They can be real numbers, which include decimal points or integers, which do not include decimal points. Valid Real numeric constants: 6.0 6.74356 .95 -9.56 Invalid Real numeric constants: 14,006.345 NO Commas allowed 67.9% NO percent signs allowed 1 56.7 NO spaces allowed Valid Integer numeric constants: 29 3259 100000005 247 Invalid Integer numeric constants: 86.8904 NO decimal portions allowed 45& NO & allowed Rules to remember when using numbers: No commas can be used when entering numbers into the computer. The computer interprets the digits before and after a comma as two separate numbers. [ 3456789234] If a number has no sign the computer assumes it is positive. [ 546 same as +546] If a number is negative, the negative sign must precede the digits. [ -34 ] Fractions must be written in decimal form. [ 3.75 ] Exponential Notation: QBasic uses scientific notation (exponential notation) to represent very large or very small numbers. General format for exponential notation: +x.xxxxD+n + represents the sign of the number (positive or negative) + is optional x.xxxx is the mantissa and represents the digits of the number D indicates this is a double-precisions number (used for storing large values) +n is the positive or negative exponential value. (D-9 means move the decimal point 9 places to the left -or negative direction on a number line) (D+4 means move the decimal point 4 places to the right-or positive direction on a number line) Scientific Notation Scientific NotationEquivalentType3.08E+123,080,000,000,000Single-precision-9.7587E+04-97,587Single-precision+5.164D-40.0005164 Double-precision-4.6545D-9-0.0000000046545Double-precision Single-precision scientific notation numbers contain a letter E (for Exponent). Whereas double-precision numbers contain a D (for Double-precision exponent). To translate scientific notation, multiply the portion of the number to the left of the letter (D or E) by 10 raised to the number to the right of the letter. Thus, +2.164D+3 means to multiply 2.164 by 1,000 (1,000 is 10 raised to the third power, or 10 3 ). Similarly, -5.432D-2 is negative 5.432 times .01 ( 10 raised to the -2 power or 10 -2 ). To multiply by 10 raised to a positive power, you need only move the decimal point to the right by the number of the power. To multiply a number by 10 raised to a negative power, you need only move the decimal point to the left by the number of the power. Numeric Variable Types (2nd edition Chapter 10) Variable can hold different types of numbers. TypeVariable SuffixRange of ValueExamplesInteger%-32,768 to +32,76812, 0, -765, 21843Long Integer& -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,64834567, 99876Single-precision !+3.402823 x 1038 to +2.802597 x 10-45-2.802597 x 10-45 to -3.402823 x 1038 1.0, 34.67896Double-precision#1.79769313486231 x 10308 to 4.940656458412465 x 10-324 -4.940656458412465 x 10-324 to -1.79769313486231 x 10308 -0.999999888776655 Integers: numbers without a decimal placewhole numbers Long Integers: Single-precision: any Real numbercontains fractional and decimal partskeeps accuracy to six decimal places Double-precision: any Real numbercontains fractional and decimal partskeeps accuracy to fourteen decimal places By default QBasic assumes that all variables are single-precision You place the suffix at the end of the variables name if you want QBasic to assume the variable is a specific type Examples: Variable nameQBasic Assumptiondistancesingle-precisiondistance%Integerdistance&Long integerdistance!Single-precisiondistance#Double-precision Numeric Variable Storage TypeMemory required for storageInteger2 bytesLong Integer4 bytesSingle-precision 4 bytesDouble-precision8 bytes Character String Constants: a collection of symbols called alphanumeric data alphanumeric data: any combination of letters, numbers or special characters as seen on the keyboard. The character string must be enclosed in double quotation marks [ character string ] You may include single quotation marks within a string that is contained within double quotation marks. She said, What is your name? Valid The letter e is a vowel. Invalid The maximum length of a string is 32,767 characters. The length of a string is determined by counting all its characters even the blank spaces. What is the length of this string? The length = 34 CONSTANTS The value of a constant does not change. TypeSuffixRange ExamplesIntegernone-32,768 to +32,768158, 0, -86Long Integernone -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,64821233343, -32889Fixed-point none Positive or negative numbers that have decimal points4.76, -0.08Floating-point Single-precision Double-precision  ! # -3.37 x 1038 to 3.37 x 10 38 -1.67x 10 308 to 1.67 x 10308  1.08E+8 -1.8765456D-09 QBasic interprets the constants in your programs and makes a good judgment on how to store them Variables: A variable is a storage location in your computer that holds values. A variable contains data that changes as the program runs (executes). A variable can contain a number, a special character, a word, a sentence or an entire paragraph of text Variable have certain characteristics. Each variable has a name Each variable has a type Each variable holds a value that you specify Because you will use many variables in one program, you must assign a unique name to each variable so that you can keep track of them. Variable names: should describe the contents of the variable (storage location). should have useful meaning to the purpose of the program. This is a good programming habit referred to as descriptive variable names. can be from one to forty characters long -- While longer names are possible QBasic only recognizes the first 40 characters. Therefore we will observe this good programming habit must begin with a letter; the characters that follow can be letters, numbers, or a period (The use of a period is not a good practice. We will NOT use it in this class. Use the underline instead) can be a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters to separate parts of the variable name, cannot have spaces in them cannot have the same name as QBasic commands or functionsaka keyword Valid Variable name examples: Salary Aug04Sales I index Age.Min Invalid Variable names: Maximum/Average Contains invalid character / 1stChoice Must start with a letter Sq Yards Contains invalid character between q and Y The variable names Sales and SALES refer to the same variable. String variables: used to store a character string, such as a name, an address, or social security number. String variable name begins with a letter followed by letter or digits and must end with a dollar sign. Nme$ SSnumb$ Dte$ Keywords: reserved words that have a predefined meaning to QBasic. You can not use them as variable names. See Appendix A for a list. Please note that DATE$ and Name are on the list Clearing the Screen Command CLS We will use the CLS as the first line of every program so that the screen clears before each time the program runs so the program starts with a fresh screen. You can insert the CLS statement anywhere in a program. Documenting a Program The REM (short for remark) command is used to make the code more understandable to humans. The computer ignores the command and everything that follow. The format of the REM command REM any message you choose to explain to fellow programmers what the REM program is doing You can insert as many remarks in your program as you want anywhere you want. You will use the REM command at the beginning of each program to record you name, the file name and the purpose of the program. You will use the REM command through out the program to explain what your code is trying to accomplish. Since the REM command appears so often in programs there is an abbreviation for the statement. Instead of typing REM, you can type and apostrophe. REM Programmers name: John Doe REM Filename: Les2_1.bas Blank REMarks like the following one help separate the remarks comments from surrounding code. REM REM This program puts a few values in variables REM and then prints them to the screen REM CLS LET age = 32 stores the age LET salary = 25000 Yearly salary LET dependents = 2 Number of dependents Print the results PRINT age PRINT salary PRINT dependents END The purpose of line numbers is to transfer control to another portion of a program. Because QBasic is a structured language, this type of transfer is not needed. Therefore we will not use line numbers when programming. Assigning Value to a Variable LET variable = expression LET is optional but in this class you must use this command when assigning a value to a variable. variable is any valid variable name expression is a value or expression that you want to assign to the variable Examples LET age = 32 LET salary = 25000 LET dependents = 2 LET ClassSize$ = 30 LET Heading$ = Salary Totals  DO NOT place commas in values you assign to variables. You can assign the value stored in one variable to another variable LET spouseTaxRate = taxRate  Variables can store or hold only one value at a time LET age = 32 LET salary = 25000 LET age = 25  After these lines of code have executed what is the value of age? If you do not place a value in a variable, by default QBasic stores a zero in that variable. The same variable name can appear on both sides of the equal sign  What is the value stored in Count after the first line of code is executed? What is the value stored in Count after the second line of code is executed? Arithmetic Operations ***(See file Lesson 4 Math Operations) Displaying Results PRINT Statement The PRINT statement, during the execution of the program, sends to the screen whatever is to the right of the word PRINT PRINT expression The expression that you print can be a variable or constant. If you use a variable as expression, PRINT prints the contents of that variable on the screen. If expression is a constant, PRINT prints that constant. If you put PRINT in a line of code with no expression, the program prints a blank line. A literal is a group of characters containing any combination of alphabetic, numeric and /or special characters. It is a term applied to constants used in a PRINT statement. PRINT SampLe of outPut *^%? 76 PRINT PRINT NAME, RANK, SERIAL NUMBER PRINT _____, _____, _______________  Screen output SampLe of outPut *^%? 76 NAME RANK SERIAL NUMBER _____ _____ ________________  Example program: example1.bas LET age = 32 LET salary = 25000 LET dependents = 3 PRINT age PRINT salary PRINT dependents In the editor window choose Run Start to see the output. Program output: example1.bas C:\> 32 25000 3 Write a short program using variables and the PRINT command that will output the following. C:\> 27 -56 7890 What is the output of the following code? LET X = 15 LET Y = 5 PRINT ( X + Y ) / 2, X / Y END 10 3 Using the END Command The END command is optional but we will use it. This will assure me that you meant for the program to end and none of your code is missing. END The END command will halt the execution of the program as soon as it is encountered. The Immediate Window Programming statements are ordinarily executed in programming mode; execution does not begin until you instruct QBasic to RUN. The Immediate window at the bottom of the QBasic screen can be used to execute statements as soon as ENTER is pressed. Programming mode: The mode in which programs usually are entered and executed. Immediate mode: The mode in which a QBasic statement is executed as soon as ENTER is pressed. Press any key to return to the Immediate Window. To move the cursor from the View window to the Immediate window, press F6. Getting Help The function key F1 allows you to access online help. If you want help regarding any of the options in any of the menus simply highlight the option and then press F1. If you need information about using a QBasic keyword (command) use the mouse or arrow keys to position the cursor in the keyword and press F1. you can also press the right mouse button instead of the F1 function key. Press Esc (Escape key) to close the help screen To access a list of help topics press Alt and H. Press the highlighted letter to choose a particular command. QBasic has a smart editor to catch many types of syntax errors as you are typing in a program. As soon as you press ENTER a message will display providing hints on how to correct the error. But remember in order to interpret these messages you must think like the QBasic editor. The smart editor will: automatically add closing quotation mark when printing a literal automatically capitalized keywords automatically insert spaces after punctuation and around math operators. What will be the result of each line of the following code? CLS LET age = 32 PRINT age LET salary = 25000 PRINT salary LET dependents = 3 PRINT dependents END Review Questions What are the two parts of a QBasic program? What is a variable? Which of the following variable names are valid? Why? 81QTR QTR.1.SALES data file DataFile True or False: A variable can be any of three types of integers: integer, single integer, or double integer. True or False: A variable can be any of two types of floating points: single-precision or double-precision. How many values can a variable hold at one time? What command writes output to the screen? What command erases the screen? What are the regular-number equivalents of the following scientific-notation numbers? What are their types? -3.0E+2 4.541D+12 1.9D-03 Rewrite the following numbers in scientific-notation format (assume single-precision): 15 -0.000043 -54,543 531234.9 Review Questions What are the two parts of a QBasic program? Commands and data What is a variable? A storage location in your computer that holds values Which of the following variable names are valid? 81QTR QTR.1.SALES data file DataFileQTR.1.SALES and DataFile Variable names cannot start with a number and cannot include spaces in their names True or False: A variable can be any of three types of integers: integer, single integer, or double integer. False: There is no such type as single integer or double integer True or False: A variable can be any of two types of floating points: single-precision or double-precision. True How many values can a variable hold at one time? One What command writes output to the screen? PRINT What command erases the screen? CLS What are the regular-number equivalents of the following scientific-notation numbers? What are their types? -3.0E-2 4.541D+12 1.9D-03 -0.03 single-precision 4,541,000,000,000 double-precision 0.0019 double precision Rewrite the following numbers in scientific-notation format (assume single-precision): 15 -0.000043 -54,543 531234.9 1.5E+1 -4.3D-05 -5.4543 5.312349E+5 Lesson 2 Exercises For 1-6 use Microsoft Word to type the following short programs. Turn in a hard copy of your work. Write a program that stores your weight (you can fib), height (in feet) and shoe size in three variables. Use the LET statement. Write a program that clears the screen and then prints the current temperature on-screen. (You can use the Internet to find this information.) Write a program that stores you two favorite television channels in two variables and then prints them. Clear the screen first. Write a program that stores and prints the four types of variable that you learned about today. Make up any valid variable names that you want. Use the suffixes of the values when you are storing and printing the values. Rewrite the program you wrote in number four so that the code clearly indicates exactly where the program ends. Write a program that stores the following scientific-notation numbers in three variables and then prints them to a blank screen. Make sure that you use the right type of variable by adding the correct suffix to its name. -3.43E-9 +5.43345D+20 5.43345 x 10-20 Write each program in the QBasic editor, save each program as Les2_1, Les2_2, etc. , then run the program. Record below what appears on the screen. 1. 2.3.4. 5.6.      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