ࡱ> `07bjbjss :L<<<<<<<P<<<<\=\PGt8= xHxHxHxHSISISIsssssss$whypsQ<6JSISI6J6Js<<xHxHtTTT6JJ<xH<xHsT6JsTT6Tp<<lqxH= "<R^4qvrt0GtPqWzR*Wz8lqlqWz<Rr$SI"uITIISISISIssTSISISIGt6J6J6J6JPPPD-DPPP-PPP<<<<<< Antifungal medication  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotrimazole" Clotrimazole (Canesten) antifungal cream by  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_AG" \o "Bayer AG" Bayer AG ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" \o "Australia" AU) An antifungal medication is a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication" \o "Medication" medication used to treat  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" \o "Fungi" fungal  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection" \o "Infection" infections such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" athlete's foot,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworm" \o "Ringworm" ringworm,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidiasis" candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptococcus" \o "Cryptococcus" cryptococcal  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" meningitis, and others. Such drugs are usually obtained by a doctor's  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_drug" \o "Prescription drug" prescription or purchased  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter_drugs" \o "Over-the-counter drugs" over-the-counter. ] Mode of action Antifungals work by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells to kill the fungal organism without dangerous effects on the host. Unlike  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium" \o "Bacterium" bacteria, both  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" \o "Fungus" fungi and humans are  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" \o "Eukaryote" eukaryotes. Thus fungal and human  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" \o "Cell (biology)" cells are similar at the molecular level. This makes it more difficult to find or design drugs that target fungi without affecting human cells. As a consequence, many antifungal drugs cause  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)" \o "Adverse effect (medicine)" side-effects. Some of these side-effects can be life-threatening if the drugs are not used properly. Precaution Apart from side-effects like liver-damage or affecting estrogen levels, many medicines can cause allergic reactions in people. For example, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azole" azole group of drugs is known to have caused  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis" anaphylaxis. There are also many  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_interactions" \o "Drug interactions" drug interactions. Patients must read in detail the enclosed data sheet(s) of the medicine. For example, the azole antifungals such as ketoconazole or  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itraconazole" itraconazole can be both substrates and inhibitors of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-glycoprotein" P-glycoprotein, which (among other functions) excretes toxins and drugs into the intestines. Azole antifungals also are both substrates and inhibitors of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" cytochrome P450 family  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4" CYP3A4, causing increased concentration when administering, for example,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blockers" \o "Calcium channel blockers" calcium channel blockers,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressants" \o "Immunosuppressants" immunosuppressants,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapeutic_drugs" \o "Chemotherapeutic drugs" chemotherapeutic drugs,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines" \o "Benzodiazepines" benzodiazepines,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" \o "Tricyclic antidepressants" tricyclic antidepressants,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrolides" \o "Macrolides" macrolides and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRI" \o "SSRI" SSRIs. Classes Polyene antifungals Main article:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyene_antimycotic" Polyene antimycotic A  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyene" polyene is a molecule with multiple  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_system" \o "Conjugated system" conjugated double bonds. A polyene antifungal is a macrocyclic polyene with a heavily hydroxylated region on the ring opposite the conjugated system. This makes polyene antifungals  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiphilic" \o "Amphiphilic" amphiphilic. The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyene_antimycotic" \o "Polyene antimycotic" polyene antimycotics bind with  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol" \o "Sterol" sterols in the fungal  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane" cell membrane, principally  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosterol" ergosterol. This changes the transition temperature (Tg) of the cell membrane, thereby placing the membrane in a less fluid, more crystalline state. As a result, the cell's contents including monovalent ions (K+, Na+, H+, and Cl-), small organic molecules leak and this is regarded one of the primary ways cell dies Animal cells contain  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol" cholesterol instead of ergosterol and so they are much less susceptible. However, at therapeutic doses, some amphotericin B may bind to animal membrane cholesterol, increasing the risk of human toxicity. Amphotericin B is  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrotoxic" \o "Nephrotoxic" nephrotoxic when given  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenously" \o "Intravenously" intravenously. As a polyene's hydrophobic chain is shortened, its sterol binding activity is increased. Therefore, further reduction of the hydrophobic chain may result in it binding to cholesterol, making it toxic to animals.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natamycin" Natamycin - 33 Carbons, binds well to ergosterol Rimocidin  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin" Filipin - 35 Carbons, binds to cholesterol (toxic)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystatin" Nystatin  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphotericin_B" Amphotericin B Candicin  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamycin" Hamycin Imidazole, triazole, and thiazole antifungals Azole antifungal drugs inhibit the enzyme  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanosterol_14_%CE%B1-demethylase" \o "Lanosterol 14 -demethylase" lanosterol 14 -demethylase; the enzyme necessary to convert  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanosterol" lanosterol to ergosterol. Depletion of ergosterol in fungal membrane disrupts the structure and many functions of fungal membrane leading to inhibition of fungal growth. Imidazoles  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miconazole" Miconazole (trade name Micatin)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoconazole" Ketoconazole (trade names Nizoral, Fungoral and Sebizole)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotrimazole" Clotrimazole (trade names Lotrimin, Lotrimin AF and Canesten)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econazole" Econazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoconazole" Omoconazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifonazole" Bifonazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butoconazole" Butoconazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenticonazole" Fenticonazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoconazole" Isoconazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxiconazole" Oxiconazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertaconazole" Sertaconazole (trade name Ertaczo)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulconazole" Sulconazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tioconazole" Tioconazole Triazoles  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluconazole" Fluconazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itraconazole" Itraconazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isavuconazole" Isavuconazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravuconazole" Ravuconazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posaconazole" Posaconazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voriconazole" Voriconazole  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terconazole" Terconazole Albaconazole Thiazoles  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abafungin" Abafungin Allylamines Allylamines inhibit  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalene_epoxidase" \o "Squalene epoxidase" squalene epoxidase, another enzyme required for ergosterol synthesis:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbinafine" Terbinafine (trade name Lamisil)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naftifine" Naftifine (trade name Naftin)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butenafine" Butenafine (trade name Lotrimin Ultra) Echinocandins  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinocandin" \o "Echinocandin" Echinocandins may be used for systemic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, they inhibit the synthesis of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucan" glucan in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall" cell wall via the enzyme  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,3-%CE%B2_glucan_synthase" \o "1,3- glucan synthase" 1,3- glucan synthase:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anidulafungin" Anidulafungin  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspofungin" Caspofungin  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micafungin" Micafungin Echinocandins are poorly absorbed when administered orally. When administered by injection they will reach most tissues and organs with concentrations sufficient to treat localized and systemic fungal infections Others  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygodial" Polygodial - strong and fast-acting in-vitro antifungal activity against  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" Candida albicans.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoic_acid" Benzoic acid - has antifugal properties but must be combined with a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratolytic" keratolytic agent such as in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitfield%27s_Ointment" \o "Whitfield's Ointment" Whitfield's Ointment  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclopirox" Ciclopirox - (ciclopirox olamine), most useful against  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinea_versicolour" \o "Tinea versicolour" Tinea versicolour  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolnaftate" Tolnaftate (trade names Tinactin, Desenex and Aftate)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecylenic_acid" Undecylenic acid - an  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(chemistry)" \o "Saturation (chemistry)" unsaturated  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" fatty acid derived from natural  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oil" castor oil; fungistatic as well as anti-bacterial and anti-viral  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flucytosine" Flucytosine or 5-fluorocytosine - an  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimetabolite" antimetabolite  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griseofulvin" Griseofulvin - binds to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer" \o "Polymer" polymerized  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule" \o "Microtubule" microtubules and inhibits fungal  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis" mitosis  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloprogin" Haloprogin - discontinued due to the emergence of more modern antifungals with fewer side effects  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) - shown effective against green mold on citrus under refrigeration and powdery mildew on rose plants Alternatives Research conducted in 1996 indicated that the following substances or essential oils had anti-fungal properties:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allicin" Allicin - created from crushing garlic  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" Tea tree oil - ISO 4730 ("Oil of Melaleuca, Terpinen-4-ol type")  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citronella_oil" Citronella oil - obtained from the leaves and stems of different species of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbopogon" Cymbopogon (Lemon grass)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine" Iodine -  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugol%27s_iodine" Lugol's iodine  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_leaf" olive leaf  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_oil" orange oil  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbopogon_martinii" \o "Cymbopogon martinii" palmarosa oil  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patchouli" patchouli  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" \o "Backhousia citriodora" lemon myrtle  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem_Seed_Oil" \o "Neem Seed Oil" Neem Seed Oil  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_Oil" \o "Coconut Oil" Coconut Oil - medium chain  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride" \o "Triglyceride" triglycerides in the oil have antifungal activities  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" Zinc - in dietary supplements or natural food sources, including  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_seeds" \o "Pumpkin seeds" pumpkin seeds and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_peas" \o "Chick peas" chick peas  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium" Selenium - in dietary supplements or natural food sources, particularly  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_nuts" \o "Brazil nuts" Brazil nuts  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horopito" Horopito (Pseudowintera colorata) leaf - contains the anti-fungal compound  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygodial" polygodial HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal_medication" \l "cite_note-McCallion_R_F_1982_pp134-138-4#cite_note-McCallion_R_F_1982_pp134-138-4" [5]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Israel" \o "Science and technology in Israel" Israeli researchers at  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" Tel Aviv University's Department of Plant Sciences published a study in 2009 indicating that  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" \o "Carnivorous plant" carnivorous plants like the Venus flytrap contain compounds that may be useful in providing a new class of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fungal" \o "Anti-fungal" anti-fungal drugs for use in humans, for fungal infections that are resistant to current anti-fungal drugs. Anti-dandruff shampoos Antifungal agents (such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoconazole" ketoconazole) are often found in anti- HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandruff" dandruff  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shampoo" \o "Shampoo" shampoos. The antifungal drugs inhibit the yeast  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malassezia" \o "Malassezia" Malassezia globosa which encourages  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" seborrhoeic dermatitis and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" tinea versicolor.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nizoral.jpg" \o "Enlarge"  Nizoral ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoconazole" ketoconazole) 2% shampoo ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" \o "Australia" AU) AgentTrade namesMedical applications HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoconazole" Ketoconazole HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal_medication" \l "cite_note-15#cite_note-15" [16]Nizoral, Fungoral and SebizolePreliminary findings, research and studies including the completion of a small controlled clinical trial have produced data suggesting that ketoconazole shampoo is effective as a hair loss treatment in men with  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgenic_alopecia" androgenic alopecia. Larger controlled clinical studies are still needed to evaluate the ideal dosage, formulation, and to determine the routine of treatment for this condition, thus ketoconazole shampoo is not FDA approved for this indication.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclopirox_olamine" \o "Ciclopirox olamine" Ciclopirox olamineLoproxThe cream and lotion form of this agent is used to treat fungal infections of the skin. The lacquer form is used as part of a treatment plan to treat fungal infections of the nails. The shampoo form of this medication is used to treat and prevent dandruff or to treat seborrhoeic dermatitis. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piroctone_olamine" Piroctone olamineOctopirox and Nivea Complete ControPiroctone olamine is sometimes used as an anti fungal agent, and it often used in dandruff shampoos in lieu of zinc. Piroctone Olamine is said to be less toxic than other anti-dandruff agents, often bypassing some of the normal FDA warnings, but still must be used with care, and only externally. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_pyrithione" Zinc pyrithione HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_%26_Shoulders" Head & Shoulders, Johnson and Johnson ZP-11, Clinic All Clear,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantene_Pro_V" \o "Pantene Pro V" Pantene Pro V and Sikkai PowderAn antifungal and antibacterial agent first reported in the 1930s. Zinc pyrithione is best known for its use in the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis. It also has antibacterial properties and is effective against many pathogens from the streptococcus and staphylococcus class. Its other medical applications include treatments of psoriasis, eczema, ringworm, fungus, athletes foot, dry skin, atopic dermatitis, tinea, and vitiligo. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium_sulfide" Selenium sulfide HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsun_Blue" Selsun Blue,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_%26_Shoulders" Head & Shoulders and Vichy Dercos Anti-Dandruff ShampooSelenium sulfide is available as a 1% and 2.5% lotion and shampoo. In some countries, the higher strength preparations requires a doctors prescription. The shampoo is used to treat dandruff and seborrhea of the scalp, and the lotion is used to treat tinea versicolor, a fungal infection of the skin. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar" Tar HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal_medication" \l "cite_note-pmid10773717-20#cite_note-pmid10773717-20" [Neutrogena  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Gel" \o "T-Gel" T-GelIs effective as a therapeutic treatment to control scalp itching and flaking symptomatic of scalp psoriasis, eczema, seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" Tea tree oilDr. Bronner's Castile SoapNO[\|}     , 2 3 x y   ' ( 1 2 m n | }      @ A   ҳhQhQ5\mH sH hQhQ>*B*mH phsH hQhQmH sH jhQhQUmH sH &hQhQ5CJ0KH$\aJ0mH sH F MeB $ & FddA$[$\$gdQ$dd@&A$[$\$gdQ$ddA$[$\$gd8$dd@&A$[$\$gdQ$ddA$[$\$gdQ$A$gdQ$dd@&A$[$\$gdQ7 k l x y 56;<LM &'34()YZ_`67HICD}~X"hQhQ5CJ$\aJ$mH sH hQhQ>*B*mH phsH jhQhQUmH sH hQhQmH sH MXYhiqrPQijlm67MNPQ1245z{78KLOP°"hQhQ5CJ\aJmH sH "hQhQ5CJ$\aJ$mH sH hQhQmH sH hQhQ>*B*mH phsH jhQhQUmH sH Efg{|$%34ijtu'(45ef   B C v w  ! !!!!hQhQmH sH hQhQ>*B*mH phsH jhQhQUmH sH R !D!}$$$V%%&W&&&-'s''(^((($ & FddA$[$\$gdQ$dd@&A$[$\$gdQ$ddA$[$\$gd8$dd@&A$[$\$gdQ$ & FddA$[$\$gdQ!D!n!o!""""4#6#####{$|$}$$$$$$$$$$$%%&%'%5%<%>%F%K%S%V%W%%%%%%%%%%%%%&&&&&&H&I&T&U&W&X&&&&&&hQhQ5\mH sH hQh8mH sH hQhQ>*B*mH phsH jhQhQUmH sH hQhQmH sH "hQhQ5CJ\aJmH sH C&&&&&&&&''*'+'-'.'d'e'p'q's't'''''''''((((((O(P([(\(^(_((((((((((((((,)-)9):)<)=)u)v)))))))))))******N*O*hQhQ5\mH sH hQhQ>*B*mH phsH hQhQmH sH jhQhQUmH sH N((<)))*^***** ++,l,,,$ & FddA$[$\$gdQ$dd@&A$[$\$gdQ$ & FddA$[$\$gdQ$dd@&A$[$\$gdQ$ddA$[$\$gdQ$ & FddA$[$\$gdQO*[*\*^*_************* +++s+t+++++++++ ,,,,K,L,U,V,c,i,l,m,,,,,,,,,,$-%-2-3---------&.(.:.<.\.^./ /J/յյ"hQhQ5CJ\aJmH sH hQhQ5\mH sH hQhQmH sH jhQhQUmH sH hQhQ>*B*mH phsH GJ/L/P/R///////)0*050608090n0o0y0z0P1W1X11111111122%2&2)2*2a2b2n2o222222222Y3Z3n3o3q3r333墴&hQhQ6>*B*]mH phsH #jhQhQ6U]mH sH hQhQ6]mH sH "hQhQ5CJ\aJmH sH hQhQ>*B*mH phsH hQhQmH sH jhQhQUmH sH 8,P//80|0P1W1)2q3I44J66=8899$ & FddA$[$\$gdQ$ & FddA$[$\$gd8$dd@&A$[$\$gdQ$ddA$[$\$gd8$ & FddA$[$\$gdQ$ddA$[$\$gdQ333334454F4G4I4J44444444444444455 5 5j5k5v5w5x5y55555556666J6K6666666666666õáՓՓՓhQhQ5\mH sH &hQhQ6>*B*]mH phsH hQhQ6]mH sH #jhQhQ6U]mH sH hQhQmH sH jhQhQUmH sH hQhQ>*B*mH phsH :6,7-797:7F7G77777777777782838:8;8=8>8s8t8~888899)9*9192999::::L:M:T:U:v:w:::::::,;-;;;<;z;{;;;;;;;;;hQh8mH sH "hQhQ5CJ\aJmH sH hQhQH*mH sH hQhQ>*B*mH phsH jhQhQUmH sH hQhQmH sH D9:v::;W<<<H===S>9?`@5AB7ENEGGG$A$gdQ$dd@&A$[$\$gdQ$ddA$[$\$gdQ$ & F ddA$[$\$gdQ$ddA$[$\$gd8;<< < <E<F<T<U<W<X<<<<<<<<<<<<<7=8=E=F=H=I=}=~===========B>C>P>Q>S>T>>>>>>>????9?:?i?j?n?o?????@@ @ @R@S@]@^@`@a@@@@@@@&A'AhQhQmH sH jhQhQUmH sH hQhQ>*B*mH phsH T'A2A3A5A6AiAjArAsAuAAAAAAAAABBBBBBC CCC!C"C`CaCtCuCCCDD&D'DDDDDDD5E6E7EඪՍhQh8mH sH #hQhQ>*B*H*mH phsH hQhQH*mH sH jhQhQH*UmH sH hQhQ6]mH sH hQhQmH sH jhQhQUmH sH hQhQ>*B*mH phsH 07ENEiEjEEEEEEEEEFFF FHFIFQFRF{F|FFFFFFF)G*G@GAGFGGGGGGGGGGGGG$H%H1H2H@HAHHHHHH㱣&hQhQ6>*B*]mH phsH hQhQ6]mH sH #jhQhQ6U]mH sH hQhQ>*B*mH phsH jhQhQUmH sH hQhQmH sH "hQhQ5CJ$\aJ$mH sH 6GHHHHH_I~IK^kd$$IfFlx 6    34a $$A$IfgdQ$A$gdQHHHHHHHHHHHHHHXIYI]I^I_I}I~IQJRJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKMM M!M]M^MoMpMqMMMNNNNNN O O O OJOKO[O\Oܾء hQh8hQhQ>*B*H*phhQhQH*jhQhQH*UhQhQ>*B*phhQjhQUhQhQCJaJ hQhQhQhQ5\?KKKKM MqM5^kd$$IfFlx 6    34a $$A$IfgdQ^kdw$$IfFlx 6    34aqMMNN OOQ^kde$$IfFlx 6    34a $$A$IfgdQ\OOOOOOOOOQQQQQQRRR R?R@RKRLRNRORRRRRRRSSSS"T#T&T'T(TTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUU456ȲUhQhQ>*B*H*phhQhQH*jhQhQH*UhQhQCJaJ hQhQhQhQ>*B*phjhQUhQBQQRRSST5^kdS$$IfFlx 6    34a $$A$IfgdQ^kd$$IfFlx 6    34aTTUUUU5^kd$$IfFlx 6    34a $$A$IfgdQIs used topically as an ingredient in creams, ointments, lotions, soaps, and shampoos. In addition to antifungal properties, tea tree oil has antiseptic, antibacterial, and antiviral actions. It is effective against bacteria, viruses, fungal infections, mites (such as scabies), and lice (such as head lice). 567$^kdA$$IfFlx 6    34a67h uZ_Ho(81h:p u. 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