ࡱ> Y[X7 bjbjUU "67|7|l<pppp |T<SRt+++QQQQQQQ$S UQ+7+++Q[ R+jQ+Q LlP @ Y<4pjM*P#R0SRNVVPX@History of Modern Genetics continued New theories, techniques, areas of study tend to be over-sold. Everyone jumps on the band wagon, things become extrapolated beyond what is actually known. In some cases this can be catastrophic. Darwinian Trend Cont. ~1900s English Eugenic Movement Upper class had concerns about the lower classes having more kids than the upper class English Biometry- mathematical approach to science Pearson developed correlation approach Fisher developed the F in statistics Mendelian Trend Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk Bred peas for 10 yrs attempting to study the mode of inheritance ~1864 he presented his results to the Bruhn Natural History Society (ignored & forgotten) Published his results the same year 3 Main Laws: Segregation Independent assortment Dominance Dumb luckthere was not linkage between the traits he chose to study, each trait was on a different chromosome Forgotten until ~1900 However, he continued to gather data, but after his death the data was thrown out and burned, monastery didnt see any relevance of keeping it Early Cell Biology Made possible by the invention of the microscope Cell theory each cell generates daughter cells Staining of cells led to the discovery of chromosomes with in nucleus (chroma= color; soma= bodies) Discovered that gametes (sperm/egg) have half the number of chromosomes as other cells Hmm could chromosomes be involved in heredity? But studies languished until ~1900 SUMMARY Foundation of Modern Genetics  1860sDarwinMendelEarly Cell BiologyGaltonDiscovery of Chromosomes1900sEnglish BiometryMendel RediscoveredRole of Chromosomes and Gametes in Inheritance It all comes together ~1900 Genetics and Society Social consequences of things getting extrapolated beyond the actual knowledge of the field United States Immigration laws in 1920s Laws restricted immigration from eastern & southern Europe No genetists involved in decisions Eugenic biases involved Purpose of prejudice and bias high crime and low employment in immigrant neighborhoods (primarily Italians and Eastern European Jews, and later Irish Catholics) Sterilization Laws 1906 Indiana passed the first compulsory sterilization law Myth: law written for eugenics purposes Fact: law written for monetary purposes people who couldnt take care of themselves were placed in public institutions (asylums), and were having children the state had to support Targets were people with severe mental or physical defects 1940s about the states had compulsory sterilization laws, Laws varied from state to state, as did the level of enforcement at the institutions Many critics at the time 1920s compulsory sterilization becomes constitutional with Buck vs. Bell supreme court case Carrie Buck Mother had been diagnosed with feeblemindedness She and sister in and out of institutions throughout their childhoods Married and had a 2-year old daughter, also diagnosed as feebleminded An institution wanted to sterilize her Critics of these laws rallied and took it to court Oliver Wendel Holmes three generations of idiots is enough Supreme Court ruled that it was constitutional School records of Carries daughter were followed up years later, she was not mentally deficient, but a very average, normal student Carries sister had been forcibly sterilized while in an institution, but never told (got married and tried to conceive, but couldnt) Germany 1933 Nazis came into power in Germany Incorporated compulsory sterilization laws Modeled after the laws in the US Targets were those with hereditary diseases retardation, mental disorders Nuremberg laws Aim of racial hygiene Controlled who could marry who Euthanasia Program began with sterilization of a boy with severe birth defects Lives not worth living propaganda First diseases focused onHuntingtons, schizophrenia, mental retardation Euthanasia Program perfected the technology for mass murder German soldiers/gunmen protested euthanasia by gunshot Then used vans to kill by carbon monoxide Led to mass gassings Not just horrificbut bad genetics Ex: Hans with PKU, wont be a preferable mate, not likely to have many, if any offspring Euthanasia of Hans isnt going to much to decrease rates of PKU Carriers of PKU would need to be killed, may as well just kill everyone Principle of genetic load Genetic Load On average EVERYONE has 3-4 deleterious genes i.e. EVERYONE is a CARRIER for something Most are recessive genes, need two sets to have the disease Dont worry: Mate will have 3-4 deleterious genes, but very low probability of having the same bad genes Cystic Fibrosis is the most likely for most of us, still a low probability, even if with mate who is also a carrier, only 25% chance that an offspring will have both genes Unless mating with a relative A relative is more likely to carry one of the same deleterious genes Soviet Union Early push in Soviet Socialization Environmental extremist: Lysenko Friend of Stalin Thought he could teach plants so the next generation would be better (i.e. believed in inheritance of acquired characteristics) Purged the Soviet Union of geneticists by imprisonment in Siberian camps Had disastrous effects on agriculture, put country way behind The biggest impact of genetics on daily life is through what we eat Take home points When political agendas rule the science it is always disastrous! We are on the verge of a new science put into play, society is enthusiastic, but we have to be cautious about claims! Genetic Engineering Maybe will work, could aid those born with diseases HOWEVER-- Low-tech solutions may be a better route to go Ex: Certain types of dwarfism can be prevented by giving growth hormones at certain points of development Ex: Cystic Fibrosis Build up of mucus in lungs, bacteria grows Few lived past age 12 Now lifespan has progressed What would work best and be cost effectiveengineer them at birth or create an inhaler containing the needed enzyme? Be wary of things involving behavior Ex: Schizophrenia Medication can help, there is not a cure Genetic profiles wouldnt be able to tell with any certainty if one would develop schizophrenia Why? Identical twinsif one twin is schizophrenic, the other one only has a .5 chance of developing it as well This is the case with all behavior Even if one could develop designer babies, you couldnt predict behavior, IQ and personality with any kind of certainty %%DW # $ % & ' ( ) * - . S T N \ -.jOJQJUmHnHu >*OJQJ5>*OJQJ\OJQJ5OJQJ\"&' %|}5v $ & F & F h^h & F $.BCW! x $a$ & F & F & F h^h & F    " # % ' ) + $l$$IfTl\4$<d d d 64 la $$Ifa$ + , - 5 6 O $$Ifa$n$$IfTl\4$<d d d 64 laO P Q R S U V W X Y Z [ a r l $$Ifa$l$$IfTl\4$<d d d 64 la L M N \ ] w  & F  & F  & F  & F $a$ ; G-l 'uv & F & F & F  & F  0z{-./R5OP] & F & F 8h^h & F 8h^h & F & F[%jxyO-.op & F & F & F & F2l-I! & F & F & F 1h/ =!"#$% i8@8 NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH 0@0 Heading 1$@&>*6@6 Heading 2$@& 5>*\D@D Heading 3$$@&a$5>*OJQJ\<A< Default Paragraph Font<C@< Body Text Indent ^6!z!z!z z z zD k &' %|}5v $.BCW!x"#%')+,-56OPQRSUVWXYZ[arLMN\]w ;   G - l 'uv 0z{-./R5OP][%jxyO-.op2l-I!000&0&0&0&0&00 0 0 0  0  0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0C 0C 0C 0C 0C 0!C 0C0C0C0C(0C0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000C00000N0N 0N 0N 0N 0N0N0N0N 0N 0N 0N 0N 0N 0N 0N 0N0N0N 0 N 0 N 0 N 0N 0 N 0 N 0 N 0 N 0 N0N0N0N0 0  0  0  0 0  0  0v  0v 0  0  0  0  0 0  0  0{  0{  0{ 0 0 0  0  0  0  0 0 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 0N0j0j0j0j0 0 0 0 0 000000000000 0 0 02 02 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 00$ + O 8  @ (  6r    6r   NB  S DNB  S DNB  S DNB  S DNB  @ S D NB   S DB S  ?#%')-S '_t hoht4o4totbt4k4;t t zt .44 : }+4:@:::::::: Amy SmithMC:\WINDOWS\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of Document1.asd Amy Smith8C:\MyStuff\CLASSES\Psyc3102 - TA Intro BG\Tues9_4_01.doc Denise M. HixBC:\WINDOWS\Profiles\Denise\My Documents\ibg\BG Class\Lecture 2.doc Denise M. Hix]C:\WINDOWS\Profiles\Denise\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of Lecture 2.asd Denise M. Hix]C:\WINDOWS\Profiles\Denise\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of Lecture 2.asd Denise M. Hix]C:\WINDOWS\Profiles\Denise\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of Lecture 2.asd Denise M. Hix]C:\WINDOWS\Profiles\Denise\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of Lecture 2.asd Denise M. Hix]C:\WINDOWS\Profiles\Denise\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of Lecture 2.asd Denise M. Hix]C:\WINDOWS\Profiles\Denise\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of Lecture 2.asd Denise M. Hix]C:\WINDOWS\Profiles\Denise\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of Lecture 2.asd>2n[rO\ءrvnPi{4x lM#wx-FN13P V5\7&Y>dbfL W[kځAmeIFse$x?DAe}Z2 r~T^X  hh^h`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJQJo( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJQJo( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJQJo( 88^8`OJQJo( pp^p`OJQJo(o @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( PP^P`OJQJo(o   ^ `OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJQJo( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh pp^p`OJQJo(h @ @ ^@ `OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh PP^P`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh pp^p`OJQJo(h @ @ ^@ `OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh PP^P`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJQJo( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJQJo( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJQJo( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJQJo(^`.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L. hh^h`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJQJo( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJQJo( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh pp^p`OJQJo(h @ @ ^@ `OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh PP^P`OJQJo(^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh pp^p`OJQJo(h @ @ ^@ `OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(h ^`OJQJo(oh PP^P`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJQJo( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJQJo( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJQJo( hh^h`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o pp^p`OJQJo( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(o PP^P`OJQJo(mFsW[k{xe}lM#$xV5>13&Y>Pi r~rvb-[rOD5        D5 D5      D5        D5                          D5        D5        D5                 D5        D5                                   D5        D5        D5        "#%')+,-56OPQRSUVWXYZ[ar""""""@R@UnknownG:Times New Roman5Symbol3& :ArialABook Antiqua;Wingdings?5 :Courier New"qhhRiFSiFc ,!>0dI @ 2Q.PSYC 3102: Introduction to Behavioral Genetics Amy Smith Denise M. Hix$,  ՜.+,0, hp  University of Colorado,  0PSYC 3102: Introduction to Behavioral Genetics Title  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGZ]HRoot Entry FWe\@1TableVWordDocument"6SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8 CompObjjObjectPool Y Y   FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q Oh+'0 ( D P \hpx/PSYC 3102: Introduction to Behavioral Genetics0SYCmy my NormaltDenise M. Hix16Microsoft Word 9.0@ @RX@ YDenise M. Hix ՜.+,D՜.+,p, hp  University of Colorado,  0PSYC 3102: Introduction to Behavioral Genetics Title4