ࡱ> o@ .bjbj p p (loo&III8I\HJ".J(K"2K2K2K L L L$PRVO L LOO2K2KQSQSQSO^2K2KQSOQSQSkSnqx }2KJ =IOv{ -t0"3{[P@}}~, LLQSMNl L L L#($!;S(Sociology 4111 (Uggen): Deviant Behavior Midterm Review, Spring 2004 PART I: BASIC CONCEPTS -- DEVIANCE, CONTROL, AND CAREERS Social Facts and Social Constructions Defining Deviance Clinards Definitions of Deviance (Statistical, Absolutist, Reactivist, Normative) Adlers definitions Deviance as violation of social norms (Attitudes, Behaviors, Conditions, Prescriptive norms, Proscriptive norms) Role Subcultures Power Moral entrepreneurs Kai Erikson (1966) Differences between Criminology and Deviance Piece in The Criminologist: Heckert: positive deviance Altruism (hero) Charisma (dictator) Innovation (artist) Supra-Conformity (4.0) Innate/Ascribed (beauty) Ex-Deviant (saved) Middle Class norms - Typology of Deviance Social Controls and the Hobbesian Problem of Order Thomas Hobbes Hobbesian problem of order How can we create a society in which self-interested people dont use force and fraud to satisfy their (criminal, sexual, substance-abusing ) wants? 3 solutions to Hobbesian dilemma Normative Exchange Conflict Informal social controls Formal social controls social controls and constructions Clinard: Deviant Events in Context Joel Best: Social Constructionism Race and formal control Anderson on police as social control Local perspective/Why focus on police? Introduction to Deviant Careers (of people, firms, nations) Becoming Deviant Phases of the Deviant Career Subcultures, Power, and Unconventional Sentimentality (5 min. video: The Wall) Chambliss: Saints and Roughnecks Sanchez Jankowski: Joining a Gang Fox: Real Punks and Pretenders PART II: THEORIES OF DEVIANCE AND SOCIETAL REACTION Individualistic versus Sociological Theories Careers: Entry, management, exit Subcultures Counterculture Internal stratification Sexual asphyxia Lowery & Wetli (1982) Individualistic theories of deviance Biology Psychiatry and Psychology Economics: rational choice Complements or substitutes for sociology Social Organization of Deviance Functionalism Structural Anomie, Conflict, Functionalism Functionalism Emile Durkheim (Rules) Anomie, integration, and social change Functions Boundary maintenance Safety valve Conflict management Signaling Talcott Parsons (not in books) Critique of functionalism Anomie Mertons anomie theory (1938) Background: Durkheim, Parsons Assumptions Variation in motivation for deviance Cultural imbalance produces strain Conceptual tools Anomie Common success goals but not opportunity (why?) Reference groups and relative deprivation Typology of societies Typology of individual adaptations Critique Extensions Societal Individual Subcultural Conflict and Threat Theories Conflict and threat theories Assumptions Conflict, not consensus on norms Powerful make rules in their own interests Conflict theories/concepts Culture conflict (Sellin 1938) Class conflict (Quinney 1975) Left Realism (1980s+) Social Threat (Liska 1992) Africana Criminal Justice (today) Critique (Clinard) Value and relevance Basic Concepts of Labeling Theory (4 min. video: Gattaca) Theories of individual deviance: labeling (Becker 1963) Assumptions Societal reaction defines and creates deviance Labels affect identity and self-concept Conflict, not consensus on norms Concepts Primary and secondary deviance Rule-breaking behavior vs Deviance Moral entrepreneurs (example) Deviant Careers Rule-breaking vs deviance Moral entrepreneurs Critique Lessons Rules are not made automatically Labels have consequences Deviance as a process, sequence, or career (mental illness) Labeling + Conflict; Rule-making and Moral Entrepreneurs Tuggle and Holmes: smoking ban Behrens, Uggen, Manza: felon voting  HYPERLINK "http://www.soc.umn.edu/~uggen/4111" www.soc.umn.edu/~uggen/4111  HYPERLINK "http://www.socsci.umn.edu/%7Euggen/Behrens_Uggen_Manza_ajs.pdf" [pdf] US laws Racial Threat Group threat Labeling: Shift from Jim Crow to modern racism Three measures of racial threat Other Controls Overall picture and Key Findings Social Control Theory Background: Hobbes, Durkheim Assumptions Conceptual tool social bond 4 elements: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief Critique Extensions Value Differential Association and Learning Differential association & learning Background Assumptions Normative conflict Change in human behavior Deviance is learned Deviance is group behavior Concepts Culture and subculture Differential association process Differential social organization Extensions Ron Akers- differential association/reinforcement theory (e.g., drugs) Critique Value Best explains peers and subcultural deviance PART III: LEARNING THE SOCIAL FACTS OF DEVIANCE Government/Official Statistics (example: EEOC and sexual harassment) Bias, validity (internal and external) and reliability. Official statistics viewpoints Adlers Uggens Child abuse reporting Besharov and Laumann 1996 Surveys Surveys on deviance Sampling Response bias and internal validity Operationalization Causality: Adlers v. Uggen (p. 97) Substance use - Michigans Monitoring the Future survey Critique Value External validity/generalizability Independent of social control How else would we know? Qualitative Approaches Participant observation, intensive interviews, archival work Adlers research on drug dealers Miller female gang research Summary and Exercise: brainstorming, selecting appropriate data and methods managing bias and enhancing validity and reliability SAMPLE QUESTIONS Match each element of Hirschis bond with its respective definition. _____ Attachment a. The amount of time spent in conventional activities; insufficient idle time for possible deviance _____ Commitment b. Feelings that conventional activities offer rewards; development of a "stake in conformity" and the feeling that deviance jeopardizes valued benefits _____ Involvement c. The extent of internalization of conventional norms; development of "inner controls" over deviance_____ Belief d. Feelings of respect and affection for relevant groups; concern for what others think  In the article The Police and the Black Male, what do black men carry with them in order to gain a certain level of status and fair treatment by police officers? ___________________ Identifications: Identify the following authors or concepts and their importance for the sociology of deviance in a sentence or two: Subculture Informal controls Kai Erikson Thomas Hobbes Social facts Social constructionism Role Retreatism Howard Becker Secret deviance Power Positive deviance Edwin Sutherland Deviant career Anomie Travis Hirschi National Health and Social Life Survey ESSAYS Using the example of same-sex marriage, compare and contrast the statistical, absolutist, reactionist, and normative definitions of deviance. (1-2 paragraphs) Using underage drinking as an example, give examples of negative, positive, formal, and informal sanctions that might be used to intensify or stop the behavior. (1-2 paragraphs) Using the example of prostitution, explain how the application of formal social controls may unintentionally intensify or reinforce deviant activity. (1-2 paragraphs) Explain at least 3 deviance management techniques that a smoker might use. (1 paragraph) Discuss the social threat hypothesis as it relates to felon voting and the overrepresentation of African Americans in the criminal justice system. Critique this hypothesis from a functionalist perspective (1-2 paragraphs) Describe two examples of primary deviance and two examples of secondary deviance. Based on lecture and Eriksons notion of boundary maintenance, provide a functionalist interpretation of the recent Janet Jackson/Justin Timberlake controversy in the 2004 Super Bowl. Would a functionalist model adequately explain the recruiting and sex-related scandals in the Colorado and Minnesota football program? Why or why not? Critique your answer from the perspective of a conflict theorist. (3-4 paragraphs) What sort of methodologies would you use to advance knowledge about the following research questions? Explain the sort of official statistics, surveys, or qualitative approaches you would use to reduce bias for each question (1 paragraph each) How do people exit Asian gangs in St. Paul? How many repeat drunk driving offenders are there in the U.S.? Are the norms surrounding same-sex marriage changing in response to recent debates? Are football players more deviant than other athletes? Have suicide rates always varied by race in the US? Do US patterns hold in other countries? Subcultures and organization (3 paragraphs total) Apply Foxs model of the internal stratification of the Punk subculture to a deviant group that interests you. Apply Sanchez-Jankowskis idea of supply side and demand side factors to recruitment into this group. Do you think the group meets the definition of a subculture? Explain. Why and how does social class matter in the labeling process? Use examples from labeling theory, Chambliss Saints and Roughnecks, or other course materials According to the Adlers, what are the strengths and weaknesses of using official data, survey data, and qualitative approaches to studying deviance? How did Uggens presentation in lecture differ from the Adlers view? Use specific examples or studies to explain your answer. (2-3 paragraphs) One of Uggens students recently began working as an exotic dancer at a local establishment. (4 paragraphs total) Explain how Hirschis social control theory might explain her entry into this form of deviant work. Explain how Sutherlands differential association theory might explain her entry into this form of deviant work. Explain how the individual-level version of Mertons anomie theory might explain her entry into this form of deviant work. Which account do you find most convincing. Explain. 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