ࡱ>  ubjbjcTcT 1v>>m%T T 84O."   }   )))  )))FB| `=DS Tޅ0O&s@8>vT^pT<)D0&vOT ]:  Revised 6/1/09 CURRICULUM VITAE CHRISTOPHER C. BAKER, M.D., F.A.C.S. The Isidore Cohn, Jr. Professor and Chairman Department of Surgery LSU Health Sciences Center, 1542 Tulane Avenue, Room 741 New Orleans, LA 70112 Office: (504) 568-4751; Fax: (504) 568-4633 Email: cbake5@lsuhsc.edu EDUCATION 1970 B.A., Magna cum laude Williams College Williamstown, MA 1974 M.D. Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 6/74-6/75 Surgical Internship University of California, (UCSF) San Francisco, CA 6/77-7/79 NIH Research Fellowship San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH) San Francisco, CA 7/75-6/81 General Surgical Residency University of California at San Francisco San Francisco, CA PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS 1981-1986 Assistant Professor of Surgery Yale School of Medicine New Haven, CT 1986-1989 Associate Professor of Surgery Yale School of Medicine 1989-2004 Professor of Surgery UNC School of Medicine Chapel Hill, NC 7/2004- Visiting Professor of Surgery 3/2006 Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 3/2006- Professor of Surgery 11/2007 Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 12/2007- Isidore Cohn, Jr., Professor of Surgery LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA 8/2008- Clinical Professor of Surgery Tulane School of Medicine New Orleans, LA BOARD CERTIFICATIONS 1975 Diplomate, National Board of Medical Examiners 1982 Advanced Trauma Life Support Instructor (Current) 1982 Diplomate, American Board of Surgery (27972) 1991/2002 Recertified 1987 Certificate of Special Qualification in Surgical Critical Care (025) 1996/2007 Recertified MEDICAL LICENSURE 1975-1982 California (G30322) 1981-1990 Connecticut (22716) 1989-2005 North Carolina (38293) 2004-2009 Massachusetts (220783) 2008- Louisiana (201858) RESEARCH FUNDING Grants: UCSF National Science Foundation Fellowship, NIH "Immunosuppression Following Burns and Trauma" with Carol Miller, PhD., San Francisco, CA ($ 40,000) Yale OHSE Fund (Yale) - PI "Studies on Sepsis and Immunosuppression" ($ 16,000) Departmental Research Fund (Yale) - PI "Studies on Endotoxin and Surgical Sepsis" ($ 17,500) Departmental Research fund (Yale) - PI "Immunosuppression after Intra-abdominal Sepsis" ($ 75,000) 1986-1989 NIH RO1 Grant- PI - "Macrophage Function in Surgical Sepsis" (GM35909) ($ 228,468) UNC 1991-1996 NIH NRSA Trauma Fellowship-NIGMS T32 GM08450 ($ 666,679) 1997-2002 T32 GM08450 ($ 722,865) continuation Contracts: 1990-1993 McGaw, Inc. Comparison of Immun-Aid and Vivonex in Trauma patients Co-P.I. with Mark Koruda ($ 99,673) 1991-1999 North Carolina Trauma Registry- North Carolina Office of Emergency Medical Services Administrative Director 1999-2004 Principal Investigator 1992-1993 Exosurf Sepsis Trial-Burroughs Wellcome Co-P.I. with Samir Fakhry ($ 120,000) 1992-1993 Centocor CHESS Trial Centocor , Inc. Co-P.I. with Samir Fakhry ($ 60,000 ) 1994-1995 Norasept II Miles Laboratories, Inc. Co-P.I. with Samir Fakhry ($ 38,000) 2006-2007 Reynolds Grant for Geriatric Education ($50,000) (Co-investigator) AWARDS/HONORS Williams College 1969 Phi Beta Kappa (Junior) 1969-1970 Class of 1914 Scholarship 1970 William Bradford Turner Award Harvard Medical School Alpha Omega Alpha (Junior) University of California at San Francisco 1978 Resident Research Award San Francisco Surgical Society 1978-1979 NSF Trauma Fellowship San Francisco General Hospital 1979 Carl Moyer Resident Award American Burn Association 1979 First Prize, Northern California Committee on Trauma Resident Paper Competition 1979 Second Prize, National Committee on Trauma ACS Resident Paper Competition Yale University 1981-1989 Fellow, Timothy Dwight College Teaching Awards University of North Carolina School of Medicine 1990-1991 Teacher of the Year, UNC Department of Surgery 1992 Whitehead Lecturer (Convocation) 1995 Best Third Year Clerkship (Director, Surgery) 1999 AOA Invited Lecturer 1992, 1994 Pearls Day Lecturer 1997, 1998 2001-2004 2001-2002 Anthony A. Meyer Mentor Award UNC Department of Surgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/ Harvard Medical School Harold Bengloff Award for Humanism in Education Department of Surgery, BIDMC Off-Service Faculty Teaching Award Department of Emergency Medicine Harold Bengloff Award for Humanism in Education Department of Surgery, BIDMC George W. B. Starkey Award For Excellence in Teaching Core Surgery Clerkship (HMS) at BIDMC 2006-2007 George W. B. Starkey Award for Excellence in Teaching Core Surgery Clerkship (HMS) at BIDMC 2006-2007 Rosette of the Shapiro Institute Center for Education, BIDMC NATIONAL/REGIONAL/LOCAL Whos Who in Executives and Professionals Outstanding Teacher Award, Association for Surgical Education 2000-2003 Honored Member, Strathmores Whos Who Millennium Edition 2003-2005 Americas Top Doctors 2003-2005 Marquis Whos Who in America Marquis Whos Who in Science & Engineering 2006-2007 Best Doctors in America Marquis Whos Who in Medicine & Healthcare Marquis Whos Who in the World Marquis Whos Who in America Cambridge Whos Who among Professionals in Research, Medicine, and Healthcare Miscellaneous Honors 9/10/94 First Degree Black Belt, American Taekwondo Association (ATA) 2/27/97 Second Degree Black Belt, ATA 9/16/98 Third Degree Black Belt, ATA MEMBERSHIPS National 1978-1988 American Burn Association 1980-present Association of Academic Surgery 1983-1999 Surgical Infection Society 1984-present Society of University Surgeons 1984-present American College of Surgeons 1985-1991 American Federation for Clinical Research 1986-present American Association for the Surgery of Trauma 1987-2008 Society for the Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 1990-present Surgical Biology Club II 1991-1999 Shock Society 1992-present American Surgical Association 1992-present Society of Clinical Surgery 1994-present Colombian Trauma Assn. (Corresponding) 1995-present Pan-American Trauma Society 1997-present Association for Surgical Education 2006-2008 Association of Program Directors in Surgery 2006-present Western Trauma Association 2009-present Southern Surgical Association Regional 1980-present Naffziger Surgical Society 1982-1989 Connecticut Society of American Board Surgeons 1984-2008 Northeast Medical Association 1987-2008 New England Surgical Society 1989-present Nathan A. Womack Surgical Society 1990-1994 North Carolina Medical Society 1990-1994 Durham-Orange County Medical Society 1991-2004 North Carolina Chapter of ACS 2004-2007 Massachusetts Chapter of ACS 2008- Louisiana Chapter of ACS 2008- Surgical Association of Louisiana 2008- Cohn-Rives Society 2008- Gulf Coast Vascular Society OTHER PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS Hospital or Affiliated Institution Appointments: 1981-1989 Attending Surgeon Yale New Haven Hospital New Haven, CT 1989-2004 Attending Surgeon Univ. of North Carolina (UNC) Hospitals Chapel Hill, NC 2004-2007 Attending Surgeon Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, MA 2007- Department Head, Surgery LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA Major Administrative Responsibilities: Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 1982-1989 Associate Medical Director, Emergency Service Yale New Haven Hospital 1982-1989 Director, Trauma Center Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT UNC Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC 1989-2004 Chief of Trauma Services UNC Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC 1992-2000 Section Chief, General Surgery H UNC Department of Surgery 1989-2000 Associate Director, Critical Care Service for Surgery UNC Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC 1993-2004 Associate Program Director, Surgery 1993-2004 Associate Program Director, Critical Care 1994-2004 Surgery Clerkship Director UNC School of Medicine 2000-2004 Chief, Division of Trauma, Burns, and Surgical Critical Care UNC Department of Surgery 1998-2004 Associate Chairman for Surgical Education UNC Department of Surgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 7/04-11/07 Chief of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, BIDMC Boston, MA 7/04-4/07 Vice Chair for Outcomes, Dept. of Surgery, BIDMC 7/04-11/07 Program Director, Surgical Critical Care Fellowship, BIDMC 5/05-11/07 Program Director, General Surgery Residency, BIDMC 4/07-11/07 Vice Chair for Education, Dept. of Surgery, BIDMC LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 12/2007- Chief of Surgery, University Hospital, New Orleans, LA 12/2007 Chairman, Department of Surgery, LSUHSC MAJOR COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS: Yale New Haven Medical Center, New Haven, CT 1982-1982 Acting Medical Director of Emergency Service 1982-1989 Assistant Emergency Service Director for Surgery 1982-1989 Director of Trauma Center 1984-1988 Medical Staff Cabinet 1981-1989 Emergency Service Advisory Committee 1987-1989 SICU Committee 1985-1988 Surgery Residency Coordinator 1981-1986 Transfusion Committee Chairman (1983-1986) 1982-1987 Infection Control Committee 1982-1989 Critical Care Committee University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC 1989-2004 Multidisciplinary Trauma Committee Chairman (1989-2004) 1989-1990 Task Force for Trauma & Emergency Medicine Member Chairman (1991-1996) 1993-1995 OR Surgery CQI Subcommittee (Chairman) UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 1989-1990 Dean's Committee on Organization of Emergency Services 1990-1991 Dean's Search Committee for Chairman of Department of Emergency Medicine 1994-1996 Gender Equity Committee 1994-2004 Third & Fourth Year Clerkship Committee 1996-1998 Co-Chair, Third and Fourth Year Clerkship Committee 1995-1997 Graduate Medical Education Task Force 1995-1998 Curriculum Management Committee 1995-1997 Dean's Curriculum Advisory Group 1996-1998 Curriculum Policy Committee Multidisciplinary Activities, UNC Chapel Hill 1998-2004 Trauma Services, UNC Hospitals-Director 1990-2004 Multidisciplinary Committee, Chairman 1994-2004 Trauma CQI, Chairman 1989-2004 Trauma Registry, Director 1991-1996 Long Range Planning Committee, Chair 1992-2002 Trauma Training Grant, P.I. North Carolina Trauma Registry (NCTR) 1989-2004 Member, NCTR Group 1991-2004 Executive Director, NCTR 1990-2004 Member, Publications Committee 1993-2004 Highway Safety Research Center, UNC 1993-2004 Advisory Board Member, HSRC 1990-2004 Member, Injury Prevention Research Center, UNC 1993-2004 Coordinator, Acute Care Research Center 1993-1994 Member, Search Committee for Director for Health Promotion Disease Prevention (HPDP), UNC School of Medicine 1994-1997 Member, Steering Committee for HPDP at UNC School of Medicine 1994-2004 Member, Center for Biology of Gastrointestinal Disease 1994-2004 Member, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Center for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Associate Director Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 2004-2007 Trauma Care Committee, Chairman 2004-2007 Multidisciplinary Trauma Committee, Chairman 2004-2007 Critical Care Executive Committee 2004-2007 HMFP Compliance Oversight Committee 2004-2007 Disaster Preparedness Committee 2005-2007 Trustee, Carl J Shapiro Institute for Education and Research Harvard Medical School 2006-2007 Promotion and Tenure Committee LSUHSC School of Medicine 2008- Clinical Chairs Advisory Group 2008- Medical School Administrative Council 2008 Chair, Centers for Clinical Excellence Group SOM Strategic Planning Process 2008 Chair, Ad hoc Committee on Foundation Expenses 2008 Chair, Pathology Chair Search Committee 2007-2008 Health Care Network Compliance Committee 2009- CME Advisory Committee Community Service Related to Professional Work: Regional: Connecticut 1984-1986 Connecticut Peer Review Organization Trauma Steering Committee 1981-1989 South Central Connecticut EMS 1981-1989 Medical Advisory Committee 1982-1983 EMS Council Member 1983-1984 EMS Executive Council 1984-1989 Office of Emergency Medical Services 1984-1989 Task Force on Helicopter Standards 1985-1989 Medical Care Review Subcommittee 1987-1989 Hospital Trauma Network Standards North Carolina 1991-2004 OEMS Advisory Council Member 1991-1995 Hospitals & Training Subcommittee 1990-1991 Advisory Council Subcommittee to evaluate the 1990 NHTSA Report on EMS 1991-1991 Trauma Criteria Task Force 1991-1992 Trauma System Task Force Co-Chairman, Hospital Subcommittee 1989-2004 North Carolina Trauma Registry 1989-2004 Advisory Committee 1990-2004 Administrative Director Principal Investigator Massachusetts 2004-2007 Massachusetts ACS Committee on Trauma 2004-2007 Region IV Trauma Systems Committee Louisiana 2008 Secretary, Cohn-Rives Society 2008 State LERN Board 2009 Executive Council, Surgical Association of Louisiana National: 1980 Testimony for the University of California before the Public Employee Relations Board Hearing on "Student vs. Employee" Status American Board of Surgery 1986 Guest Examiner, Buffalo, NY 1992, 1998 Guest Examiner, Chapel Hill, NC 1992-1997 Qualifying Exam Consultant Service to Professional Societies Association of Academic Surgeons 1983-1985 Program Committee 1987-1989 Councilman 1988 Nominating Committee American Association for the Surgery of Trauma 1989-1992 Scholarship Committee Society of University Surgeons (SUS) 1985-1987 AAMC Representative 1987-1997 Executive Council 1987-1988 Secretary-Elect 1988-1991 Secretary 1991-1992 President-Elect 1992-1993 President 1992 Program Committee SUS Foundation 1994 Secretary 1995 Second Vice-President 1996 First Vice-President 1997 President American College of Surgeons 1982-1989 Committee on Trauma, Connecticut 1982-1984 Associate Member 1984-1989 Member 1986-1989 Chairman 1986-1989 Executive Council, CT Chapter Committee on Trauma, North Carolina 1996-2004 NC Committee on Applicants (District 3) 2000-2006 Committee on Surgical Education in Medical Schools 2004-2007 Committee on Trauma, Massachusetts National Committee on Trauma, ACS 1992-2002 Member 1992-1993 Education Subcommittee 1993-1996 Executive Committee 1993-1996 Chairman, Publications Subcommittee Society of Clinical Surgery 1993-1996 Membership Committee 1993-1994 Local Arrangements Chairman 1998-2000 President Elect 2000-2002 President Association for Surgical Education 1998-present Curriculum Committee 2000-2003 CESERT Grant Committee Member American Surgical Association 2001-2006 Advisory Membership Committee PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS SUS Presidential Address --Reference # 58 on Publications List Delivered at the Society of University Surgeons meeting in Seattle, WA 2/ 1993. EDITORIAL AND ADVISORY BOARDS Editorial Boards: 1986-1988 Associate Editor Yale Journal of Biology & Medicine 1988-1990 Editorial Consultant Thieme-Verlag Publisher 1989-1995 Editorial Board Journal of Surgical Research 1992-1993 Editorial Board Circulatory Shock 1994-2001 Editorial Board Shock 1999-2004 Editorial Board Contemporary Surgery 1999-present Editorial Board International Journal of Surgical Investigation 1998-present Editorial Board Journal of Trauma 2009- Editorial Board Journal of the Medical Society of Louisiana Ad Hoc Reviewer 2003-present Archives of Surgery Annals of Surgery 2005-2008 Obesity Research PUBLICATIONS: Refereed 1. Baker, CC: Subclavian subtleties. Ann. Thorac. Surg., 1977; 24: 87-89. 2. Baker CC and Way WL: Clinical utility of CT body scans. Am.J.Surg. 136: 37-44, 1978. 3. Miller CL and Baker CC: Changes in lymphocyte activity after thermal injury: The role of suppressor cells. J. Clin.Invest. 63: 202-210, 1979. 4. Baker CC, Miller CL and Trunkey DD: Predicting fatal sepsis in burn patients. J. Trauma 19: 641-648, 1979. 5. Garrison RN, Shively EH, Baker CC, Trunkey DD and Polk HC: Evaluation of management of emergency right hemicolectomy. J. Trauma 19: 734-739, 1979. 6. Miller CL and Baker CC: Development of inhibitory macrophage after splenectomy. Transplant Proc. 11: 14-16, 1979. 7. Baker CC, Miller CL and Trunkey DD: Identity of mononuclear cells which compromise trauma patients' resistance. J. Surg. Res. 26: 478-487, 1979. 8. Baker CC, Peterson SR and Sheldon GF: Septic phlebitis: A neglected disease. Am. J. Surg. 138: 97-103, 1979. 9. Baker CC, Miller CL and Trunkey DD: Correlation of traumatic shock with immunocompetence and sepsis. Surg. Forum 30: 20-21, 1979. 10. Sheldon GF and Baker CC: Complications of nutritional support. Crit. Care Med. 8: 35-39, 1980. 11. Mavroudis M, Roon AJ, Baker CC and Thomas AN: Management of acute cervicothoracic vascular injuries. J. Thorac, Cardovasc. Surg. 80: 342-349, 1980. 12. Baker CC, Trunkey DD and Baker WJ: A simple method of predicting severe sepsis in burn patients. Am. J. Surg. 139: 513-517, 1980. 13. Baker CC, Thomas AN, and Trunkey DD: The role of emergency room thoracotomy in trauma. J. Trauma 20: 848-855, 1980. 14. Baker CC, Oppenheimer L, Stephens B, Lewis FR and Trunkey DD: The epidemiology of trauma deaths. Am. J. Surg. 140: 144-150, 1980. 15. Baker CC, Caronna JJ and Trunkey DD: Neurologic outcome following emergency room thoracotomy. Am. J. Surg. 139: 677-681, 1980. 16. Baker CC, Chaudry IH, Gaines HO and Baue AE: Evaluation of factors affecting mortality rate after sepsis in a murine cecal ligation and puncture model. Surgery 94 (2): 331-335, 1983.8 17. Baker CC, Gaines HO and Niven-Fairchild AT: The effect of tuftsin and splenectomy on mortality after intra-abdominal sepsis. J. Surg. Res. 36: 499-502, 1984. 18. Zeman RK, Lee CH, Stahl R. Viscomi GN, Baker CC, Cahow EC, Dobbins J, Neumann R and Burrell MI: Strategy for the use of biliary scintigraphy in non-iatrogenic biliary trauma. Radiology 151: 771-777, 1984. 19. Jacobson BK and Baker CC: Immunosuppression following excision of burn eschar and syngeneic grafting in major thermal trauma. Yale J. Biol. Med. 57: 797-808, 1984. 20. Baker CC, Degutis LC, DeSantis JF and Baue AE: The impact of a trauma service on trauma care in a university hospital. Am. J. Surg. 149: 453-458, 1985. 22. Gertler J, Shea K, Cameron D and Baker CC: The esophageal obturator airway - Obturator or obtundator? J. Trauma 25: 424-426, 1985. 23. Kupper TS, Baker CC, Ferguson TA and Green DR: A burn induced Ly-2 suppressor T cell lowers resistance to bacterial infection. J. Surg. Res. 38: 606-612, 1985. 24. Kupper TS, Green DR, Durum SK and Baker CC: Defective antigen presentation to a cloned T helper cell by macrophages from burned mice can be restored with interleukin 1. Surgery 98: 199-206, 1985. 25. Baker CC, Gartman DM, Cahow CE and Zeman RK: The value of hepatobiliary scanning in complex liver trauma. J. Trauma 25: 887-891, 1985. 26. Baker CC and Kupper TS: Clarification of the role of endotoxin in intra-abdominal and systemic sepsis. Surg. Forum 36: 68-70, 1985. 28. Faist E, Kupper TS, Baker CC, Chaudry IH, Dwyer J and Baue AE: Depression of cellular immunity after major injury: Its association with post-traumatic complications and its restoration with immunomodulating agents. Arch. Surg. 121: 100-105, 1986. 29. Gertler J. Degutis LC, Garvey R, Clay R and Baker CC: Pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of blunt splenic trauma. Conn. Med. 50: 645-647, 1986. 30. Kupper TS, Deitch E, Wong W and Baker CC: The human burn wound as a primary source of IL-1 activity. Surgery 100: 409-415, 1986. 31. Baker CC: Epidemiology of trauma: The civilian perspective. Ann. Emerg. Med. 15: 1389-1391, 1986. 32. Degutis LC and Baker CC: Trauma in the elderly: A statewide perspective. Conn. Med. 51: 161-164, 1987. 33. Faist E, Mewes A, Baker CC, Strasser T, Alkan SS, Reiber P and Herberer G: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-dependent suppression of IL-2 production in patients with major trauma. J.Trauma 27: 837-848, 1987. 34. Baker CC, Yamada A, Faist E and Kupper TS: Interleukin-1 and T cell function following injury. J. Burn Care Rehab. 8: 503-508, 1987. 35. Jacobson BK, Cuono CB, Kupper TS and Baker CC: Immunological alterations following excisional wounding and immediate repair with syngeneic or allogeneic skin grafts. J. Burn Care Rehab. 9: 354-358, 1988. 36. Faist E, Mewes A, Strasser TH, Walz A, Alkan S, Baker CC, Ertel W and Heberer G: Alteration of monocyte function following major injury. Arch. Surg. 123: 287-291, 1988. 37. Baker CC and Caragnano CL: The effect of endotoxin and trauma on survival after cecal ligation and puncture in mice. Surg. Forum 39: 116-118, 1988. 38. Ross P, Degutis LC and Baker CC: Cardiac contusion: The effect on operative management of the trauma patient. Arch. Surg. 124: 506-507, 1989. 39. Faist E, Ertel W, Mewes A, Beck E, Baker CC and Herberer G: Terminal B-cell maturation and immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis in vitro in patients with major injury. J. Trauma 29: 2-9, 1989. 40. Longo WE, Baker CC, McMillen MA, Modlin IM, Degutis LC and Zucker KA: Non-operative management of blunt splenic trauma in adults: Criteria for success. Ann. Surg. 210: 626-629, 1989. 41. Longo WE, Degutis LC and Baker CC: Blunt hollow viscus injuries of the digestive tract: A poorly recognized phenomenon. Conn. Med. 53: 451-454, 1989. 42. Baker CC, Niven-Fairchild T, Caragnano C and Kupper TS: Outcome following femur fracture and subsequent cecal ligation and puncture in endotoxin sensitive (C3H/HeN) and endotoxin resistant (C3H/HeN) mice J.Surg. Res. 50: 170-174, 1991. 43. Baker CC, Niven-Fairchild T,Yamada A, Caragnano CL and Kupper TS: Macrophage antigen presentation and interleukin-1 production after cecal ligation and puncture in C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice. Arch. Surg. 126: 253-258, 1991. 44. Nayduch DA, Moylan J, Rutledge R, Meredith W, Thomason M, Cunningham P, Baker CC, Oller D, Azizkhan RG and Mason T: Comparison of adult and pediatric trauma score's ability to predict outcome following major trauma. J. Trauma 31: 452-458, 1991. 45. Rutledge R, Thomason M, Oller D, Meredith W, Moylan J, Clancy T, Cunningham P and Baker CC: The spectrum of abdominal injuries associated with the use of seatbelts. J. Trauma 31: 820-826, 1991. 46. Hennington M, Tinsley EA Jr., Proctor HJ and Baker CC: Acute appendicitis following blunt abdominal trauma - incidence or coincidence? Ann. Surg. 214: 61-63, 1991. 47. Ross RJ, Degutis LC, and Baker CC: Clarification of the role of CT scan in the acute evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma. Conn. Med. 55: 330-332, 1991. 48. Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, Rutherford EJ, Muakkassa F, Baker CC, Koruda M and Meyer AA: Apache II Score and outcome in the surgical intensive care unit: An analysis of multiple intervention and outcome variables in 1250 admissions. Crit. Care Med. 19: 1048-1053, 1991. 49. Oller DW, Rutledge R, Clancy T, Cunningham P, Thomason M, Meredith W, Moylan J and Baker CC: Vascular injuries in a rural state: A review of 978 patients from a state trauma registry. J. Trauma 32: 740-746, 1992. 50. Meyer AA, Messick WJ, Young P, Baker CC, Napolitano L, Fakhry S, Muakkassa F, Rutherford E and Rutledge R: A prospective comparison of clinical judgment and APACHE II score in predicting the outcome of critically ill surgical patients. J. Trauma 32: 747-754, 1992. 51. Cuenca R, Butts JD and Baker CC: Young citizens as victims of lightning injuries: Analysis of incidence over an eleven year period. J. Wilderness Med. 3: 269-276, 1992. 52. Patsey T, Messick WJ, Rutledge R, Meyer AA and Baker CC: A population-based multivariate analysis of the association between 911 access and per capita trauma death rates. Ann. Emerg. Med. 21: 1173-1178, 1992. 53. Rutledge R, Messick WJ, Baker CC, Rhyne S, Butts J, Meyer AA and Ricketts T: Multivariate population-based analysis of the association of county trauma centers with per capita county trauma death rates. J. Trauma 33: 29-38, 1992. 54. Rutledge R, Lalor A, Oller D, Hansen A, Thomason M, Meredith W, Foil MB and Baker CC: The costs of not wearing seatbelts: A comparison of outcome in 3396 patients from the North Carolina Trauma Registry. Ann. Surg. 217: 122-27, 1992. 55. Thomason M, Rutledge R, Messick WJ, Oller DW, Meredith W, Moylan J, Cunningham P, Clancy T and Baker CC: Head CT scan versus emergency exploration in the hypotensive trauma patient: An analysis of the injuries expected and the interventions required. J.Trauma 34: 40-45, 1993. 56. Rutledge R, Fakhry S, Baker CC and Oller D: Injury severity grading in trauma patients: A simplified technique based upon ICD-9 Coding. J. Trauma 35: 497-507, 1993. 57. Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, Meyer AA, Sheldon GF, and Baker CC: An analysis of the association of Trauma centers with per capita hospitalizations and death rates from injury. Ann. Surg 218: 512-524, 1993. 58. Baker CC: Zen and the art of surgery. Surgery 114: 133-139, 1993. 59. Rutledge R, Fakhry SM. Baker CC, Weaver N, Ramenofsky M, Sheldon GF, and Meyer, AA: A population-based study of the association of medical manpower with county trauma death rates in the United States. Ann. Surg. 219: 547-567, 1994. 60. Oelschlager BK, Carragnano CL, Carpenter J and Baker CC: The effect on macrophage activity of resuscitation with lactated ringer's and hydroxyethyl starch after hemorrhagic shock and sepsis. Shock 2: 141-144, 1994. 61. Moore FA, Moore EE, Kudsk KA, Brown RO, Bower RH, Koruda MJ, Baker CC and Barbul A: Clinical benefits of an immune-enhancing diet for early post-injury enteral feeding. J. Trauma 37: 607-615, 1994. 62. Huynh T, Currin RT, Tanaka Y, Lemasters JJ and Baker CC: Activation of Kupffer cells in vivo following femur fracture. Arch. Surg. 129: 1324-1329, 1994. 63. Meredith W, Rutledge R, Hansen AR, Oller DW, Thomason M, Cunningham P and Baker CC: Field triage of trauma patients based on the ability to follow commands: A study in 29,573 injured patients. J. Trauma 38: 129-135, 1995. 64. Cairns BA, Oller DW, Meyer AA, Napolitano, LM, Rutledge R and Baker CC: Exploratory laporatory following shotgun wounds to the abdomen: Does trauma score predict the need for surgery? Ann. Surg 221: 272-277, 1995. 65. Ramadan F, Rutledge R, Oller, D, Howell P, Baker CC, and Keagy B: Carotid artery trauma: A review of contemporary trauma center experiences. J. Vasc. Surg. 21: 46-57, 1995. 66. Rutledge R, Hunt JP, Lentz CW, Fakhry SM, Meyer AA, Baker CC and Sheldon GF: A statewide population-based time series analysis of nonoperative management of abdominal solid organ injury. Ann. Surg. 222: 311-326, 1995. 67. Napolitano LM, Koruda MJ, Meyer AA, and Baker CC: The impact of femur fracture with associated soft tissue injury on immune function and intestinal permeability. Shock 5: 202-207, 1996. 68. Hunt JP, Baker CC, Lentz CW, Rutledge R, Oller DW, Flowe KM, Nayduch DA, Smith C, Clancy TV, Thomason MH, Detterbeck FC and Meredith JW: Thoracic Aorta Injuries: Management and outcome of 144 patients. J. Trauma 40: 547-556, 1996. 69. Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, Baker CC, and Meyer AA: The impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the management and outcome of biliary tract disease in North Carolina: A statewide, population-based, time-series analysis. J. Am. Coll. Surg., 183: 31-45, 1996. 70. Fabian TC, Richardson JD, Baker CC, et al. (AAST Multicenter Trial Group): Prospective study of blunt aortic injury: Multicenter trial of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J. Trauma, 42: 374-383, 1997. 71. Huynh T, Baker CC, Bracey L and Lemasters JJ: Adaptive Kupffer cell alterations after femur fracture in rats. Am. J. Physiol., 97; 272: G1457-1462, 1997. 72. Napolitano LM, Koruda MJ, Baker CC, and Meyer AA: Pentoxifylline alters class-specific Immunoglobulin synthesis in resuscitated burn injury. J Burn Care Rehab, 18: 389-394, 1997. 73. Cunningham P, Rutledge R, Baker CC, and Clancy TV: A comparison of helicopter and ground ambulance transport with outcome of injury in trauma patients transported from the scene. J. Trauma, 43: 940-946, 1997. 74. Clancy TV, Ramshaw D, Maxwell JG, Covington D, Churchill P, Rutledge R, Oller D, Cunningham PR, Meredith JW, Thomason M, and Baker CC: Management of outcomes in splenic injury: A statewide trauma center review. Ann. Surg., 226: 17-24, 1997. 75. Bradley EL, Young PR, Chang MC, Allen JE, Baker CC, Meredith W, Reed L, Thomason M: Diagnosis and initial management of blunt pancreatic trauma: guidelines from a multi-institutional review. Ann. Surg., 227(6):861-9, 1998. 76. Young PR, Meredith JW, Baker CC, Thomason MH, Change MC: Diagnosis and initial management of blunt pancreatic trauma: a multi-institutional review. Am. Surgeon, 64(9): 838-44, 1998. 77. Hunt JP, Baker CC, Fakhry SM, Rutledge RR, and Meyer AA: Accuracy of administrative data in trauma. Surgery, 126(2): 191-7, 1999. 78. Brownstein MR, Manning JE, Katz L, Pearce L, and Baker CC: Bovine hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC-201) for resuscitation of uncontrolled, exsanguinating liver injury in swine. Shock, 13 (2):152-9, 2000. 79. Fakhry S, Brownstein M, Watts D, Baker CC, and Oller D: Relatively short diagnostic delays (<8 Hours) produce morbidity and mortality in blunt small bowel injury: An analysis of time to operative intervention in 198 patients from a multi-center experience. J. Trauma, 48: 408-415, 2000. 80. Huynh T, Bracey LW, Lemasters JJ, and Baker CC: Pro-inflammatory Kupffer cell alterations after trauma and sepsis in rats. Shock, 14 (5): 555-560, 2000. 81. Hunt JP, Cherr GS, Hunter CT, Wright MJ, Wang Y, Steve G, Buechter KJ, Meyer AA, and Baker CC: Accuracy of administrative data in trauma: Splenic injuries as an example. J. Trauma 49: 679-688, 2000. 82. Clarke JR, Spefewski B, Gertner AS, Webber BL, Hayward CZ, Wagner DK, Baker CC, Champion HR, Fabian TC, Lewis FR Jr., Moore EE, Weigelt JA, Eastman AB, and Blank-Reid C: An objective analysis of process errors in trauma resuscitations. Acad. Emerg. Med. 7 (11): 1303-1310, 2000. 83. Hunt JP, Hunter CT, Brownstein MR, Ku J, Currin RT, Lemasters JJ, and Baker CC: Alteration in Kupffer cell function after mild hemorrhagic shock. Shock 15 (5): 403-407, 2001. 84. Manning JE, Katz LM, Pearce B, Batson DN, McCurdy SL, Gawaryl MS, and Baker CC: Selective aortic arch perfusion with hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier-201 for resuscitation from exsanguinating cardiac arrest in swine. Crit. Care Med. 29 (8): 1-8, 2001. 85. Scott L, Shen P, Baker CC, and Brice J: An analysis of EMT Paramedic verbal Reports to physicians in the Emergency Department trauma room. Prehosp.Emerg. Care. 7(2): 247-251, 2003. 86. Morton JM, Baker CC, Farrell TM, Yohe ME, Kimple RJ, Herman DC, Udekwu P, Galanko JA, Behrns KE, and Meyer AA: What do surgery residents do on their on-call nights. Am. J. Surg. 188: 225-229, 2004. 87. Robinson W III, Stiffler A, Rutherford EJ, Ahn J, Hurd H, Baker CC, Meyer AA, and Rich PB: Blood Transfusion is an independent predictor of increased mortality in non-operatively-managed blunt hepatic and splenic injuries. J. Trauma 58: 437-445, 2005. 88. Hultman CS, Pratt B, Cairns BA, McPhail L, Rutherford EJ, Rich PB, Baker CC, and Meyer AA: Multidisciplinary approach to abdominal wall reconstruction after decompressive laparotomy for abdominal compartment syndrome. Ann. of Plastic Surgery: 54:269-275, 2005. 89. Hultman, CS, Zenn, MR, Agarwal T, and Baker CC: Restoration of fecal continence after functional gluteoplasty: Long-term results, technical refinements, and donor-site morbidity. Ann. Plastic Surg. 55:1-7, 2005. 90. Callaway D, Shapiro NI, Donnino MW, Baker CC, and Rosen, CL: Serum lactate and base deficit as predictors of mortality in normotensive elderly blunt trauma patients. J. Trauma 66: 1040-1044, 2009. 91. Janz, BA, Frassica J, Baker CC, Clifford G, and Mark RG: A new paradigm for managing information in the ICU in response to the 80 hour work week. Ann. Surg. (Submitted). 92. Wahl GM, Marr AB, Brevard SB, Weintraub SL, Hunt JP, Duchesne JC, McSwain NE Jr., Baker CC: The changing face of trauma: New Orleans before and after Hurricane Katrina. Am. Surg. ( Submitted) 92. Duchesne JC, Islam TM, Dellavolpe JD, Wahl G, Hunt JP, Barbeau JM, Kao Y, Torrance BS, Greiffenstein P, Marr A, Steeb GE, McGinness C, Baker CC, and McSwain NE Jr.: Hemostatic resuscitation during surgery improves survival in patients with traumatic induced coagulopathy. J. Trauma (submitted). 93.. Duchesne JC, Islam TM, Hunt JP, Wahl G, Dellavolpe JD, Barbeu JM, Kao K, Greiffenstein P, Marr AB, Zea N, Steep GE, McGuiness C, Wright MJ, Baker CC, and McSwain NE: Damage control resuscitation: The new face of damage control. J. Trauma (submitted). 94. Duchesne JC, Islam TM, Hunt JP, Wahl GM, Dellavolpe JD, Barbeau JM, Kao Y, Greiffenstein P, Marr AB, Wright J, Steeb GE, McGinness C, Baker CC, McSwain, Jr. NE. Ratio Of 1:1:1 PRBC to FFP to platelets does dot convey a survival advantage when compared to 1:1 PRBC to FFP ratio alone during damage control resuscitation. J. Trauma (submitted) 95. Duchesne JC, Hunt JP, Marr AB, Islam TM, Wahl GM, Dellavolpe JD, Greiffenstein P, Steeb GE, McGinness C, Baker CC, McSwain, Jr. NE. Permissive hypotension: A century later. J. Trauma (submitted). 96. Duchesne JC, Hunt JP, Marr AB, Islam TM, Wahl GM, Dellavolpe JD, Barbeau JM, Greiffenstein P, Zea N, Steeb GE, McGinness C, Wright MJ, Baker CC, McSwain, Jr. NE. Damage control resuscitation: Making sense of non-sense. J. Trauma (submitted). 97. Wahl GM, Islam T, Gardner B, Stuke L, Marr AB, Hunt JP, McSwain NE, Baker CC, Duchesne JC. Red light cameras: Do they change driver behavior and reduce accidents? J. Trauma (submitted). PUBLISHED ABSTRACTS 1. Baker CC, Degutis LC and Baue AE: Predictors of outcome following major trauma. J. Trauma 23: 627, 1983. 2. Baker CC and Degutis LC: Trauma in the elderly. J. Trauma 25: 672, 1985. 3. Rutledge R, Cunningham P, Clancy T, Oller D, Moylan J, Meredith W, Thomason M and Baker CC: Trauma Score as a predictor of multiple measures of outcome in 12,334 trauma patients. Crit. Care Med. 18 (4): S271. 1990. Muakassa F, Bell E, Rutledge R, Rutherford E, Fakhry S, Baker CC, Koruda M and Meyer A: Improving the predictive power of Apache II scores in Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) patients : A study of 1250 patients. Crit.Care Med.,18 (4): S197, 1990. Thomason MH, Rutledge R, Napolitano L, Clancy T, Foil MB, Oller DW and Baker CC: Critical care management of the injured patient: A review of resource utilization and outcome. Crit. Care Med. 19 (4): S33, 1991. Napolitano L, Rutledge R, Meyer AA and Baker CC: Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in elderly patients. Crit. Care Med. 19 (4): S33, 1991. Napolitano L, Messick WJ, Rutledge R, Baker CC and Meyer AA: Impact of age on ICU complications, outcome, and resource utilization. Crit. Care Med. 19 (4): S19, 1991. Rutledge R, Napolitano L, Messick WJ, Rutherford E, Baker CC, Fakhry S, Muakkassa F and Meyer AA: The revised trauma score as a predictor of outcome in both trauma and non-trauma surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Crit. Care Med. 19 (4): S20, 1991. Baker CC: The role of cytokine modulation in shock and sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 20 (Supp. 1): 120, 1994. Glasser R, Bell E., Fakhry S, Rutledge R and Baker CC: The role of gender in homicide: A ten year analysis of victims and perpetrators. Fax 9: 64, 1994. Lentz C, Fakhry S, Hunt J, Rutledge R and Baker CC: A prospective analysis of the impact of opening an intermediate care unit on resource utilization in a surgical intensive care unit. Crit. Care Med. 23 (4): A24, 1995. Huynh T, Bracey L, Baker CC and Lemasters JJ: Kupffer cell activation after trauma. The Toxicologist 15: 313-314, 1995. 13. Fakhry SM, Gaffar N, Welna S, Hultman CS, Tuttle-Newhall J, Hunt J, Meyer AA, Rutledge R, and Baker CC: "Do-not-resuscitate" (DNR) orders in critical care setting: An immediate prelude to withdrawal of support? Crit. Care Med. 14. Ku J, Roberts ML, Hunter CT, Hunt JP, Lemasters JJ, and Baker CC: DHEA alters Kupffer cell function after hemorrhagic shock. ACS Program Book, 1998 15. Hunt JP, Cherr G, Hunter CT, Brownstein M, Meredith JW, Baker CC, Thomason M, Rutledge RR, Meyer AA, and Fakhry SM: The management of blunt splenic injuries: Conservative therapy, outcomes and relationships to infectious complications. J. Trauma, 2002. 16. Stiffler A, Schiro S, Tintinalli J, and Baker CC: Evaluation of trauma team activation criteria and outcome indicators in a Level I Trauma Center. J. Trauma, 2002. 17. Ziglar M, Schiro S, Rotondo M, Oller D, and Baker CC: Outcome after major trauma-Does time to definitive care make a difference? J. Trauma 2002. 18. Campbell BT, Raval MV, Radisch DL, and Baker CC: From gunstore to smoking gun: Tracking guns that kill. J. Trauma 2004. 19. Stiffler A, Bowling M, Baker CC: Assessment of public knowledge related to a statewide trauma system. J. Trauma 2004. 20. Duchesne JC, Islam TM, Dellavolpe JD, Wahl G, Hunt JP, Barbeau JM, Kao Y, Torrance BS, Greiffenstein P, Marr A, Steeb GE, McGinness C, Baker CC, and McSwain NE Jr.: Hemostatic resuscitation during surgery improves survival in patients with traumatic-induced coagulopathy. J. Trauma,2008 21. Duchesne JC, Islam TM, Hunt JP, Wahl G, Dellavolpe JD, Barbeu JM, Kao K, Greiffenstein P, Marr AB, Zea N, Steep GE, McGuiness C, Wright MJ, Baker CC, and McSwain NE: Damage control resuscitation: The new face of damage control. J. Trauma , 2008. 22. Duchesne JC, Islam TM, Hunt JP, Wahl GM, Dellavolpe JD, Barbeau JM, Kao Y, Greiffenstein P, Marr AB, Wright J, Steeb GE, McGinness C, Baker CC, McSwain, Jr. NE. Ratio Of 1:1:1 PRBC to FFP to platelets does dot convey a survival advantage when compared to 1:1 PRBC to FFP ratio alone during damage control resuscitation. J. Trauma, 2008. 23. Duchesne JC, Hunt JP, Marr AB, Islam TM, Wahl GM, Dellavolpe JD, Greiffenstein P, Steeb GE, McGinness C, Baker CC, McSwain, Jr. NE. Permissive hypotension: A century later. J. Trauma, 2008. 24. Duchesne JC, Hunt JP, Marr AB, Islam TM, Wahl GM, Dellavolpe JD, Barbeau JM, Greiffenstein P, Zea N, Steeb GE, McGinness C, Wright MJ, Baker CC, McSwain, Jr. NE. Damage control resuscitation: Making sense of non-sense. J. Trauma, 2008. 25.. Wahl GM, Islam T, Gardner B, Stuke L, Marr AB, Hunt JP, McSwain NE, Baker CC, Duchesne JC. Red light cameras: Do they change driver behavior and reduce accidents? J. Trauma, 2009. REVIEWS AND CASE REPORTS IN REFEREED JOURNALS 1. Baker CC and Hohn DC: Sepsis in the trauma patient. West J. Med. 130: 378-383, 1979. 2. Baker CC and Trunkey DD: Burn rounds at San Francisco General Hospital. J. Burn Care 1: 37-41, 1981. 3. Baker CC and Gusberg RJ: Retroperitoneal sarcoma: A continuing surgical challenge. Conn. Med. 50: 217-220, 1986. 4. Baker CC: Immune mechanisms and host resistance in the trauma patient. Yale J. Biol. Med. 59: 387-393, 1986. 5. Biondi JW, Hines RL, Barash PG, Baker CC, Matthay MA and Matthay RA: The adult respiratory distress syndrome. Yale J. Biol. Med. 59: 575-597, 1986. 6. Ross P, Jr. and Baker CC: Acute cholecystitis complicating ERCP: A case report. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 10: 350-351, 1988. 7. Graham SM, Barwick K, Cahow EC and Baker CC: Cholangitis glandularis proliferans: A histologic variant of primary sclerosing cholangitis with distinctive clinical and pathological features. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 10: 579-583, 1988. 8. Letsou G, Gertler J, Baker CC and Hammond GL: Blunt innominate artery injury: A report of three cases and review of literature. J. Trauma 29: 104-108, 1989. 9. Ross P Jr, Denny DF Jr and Baker CC: Angiographic embolization of traumatic hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: A case report. Conn. Med. 54: 308-310, 1990. 10. Beale RW, Tinsley EA Jr., and Baker CC: Pott's Disease Revisited: Paravertebral abscess extending into the right lower extremity. NC Med. J. 53: 217-220, 1992. 11. Van Savage JG, Dahners LE, Renner JB and Baker CC: Fracture-dislocation of the lumbosacral spine: Case report and review of the literature. J. Trauma 33: 779-784, 1992. 12. Ku J, Brasel KJ, Baker CC, and Rutherford EJ: Triangle of death: Hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy. New Horizons, 7 (1):61-72, 1999. Brasel KJ, Ku J, Baker CC, and Rutherford EJ: Damage control in the critically ill and injured patient. New Horizons, 7 (1): 73-86, 1999. Jones DR, Guy JS, Mill MR, Baker, CC: Retrograde Arterial Bullet Embolus to the Coronary Artery: Case Report. J. Trauma, 46: 1135-6, 1999. Gross SC, Cairns BA, Baker CC: Addressing End-of-Life Issues in the Surgical Intensive Care UnitPractical and Ethical Guidelines for Residents and Surgeons. Contemp. Surg., 56: 10-13, 2000. Baker CC and Cannon J: Traumatic cranial nerve palsy (Images in clinical Medicine) N. Eng. J. Med. 353: 1955, 2005. Kang TL, Dudick C, Ashiku S, and Baker CC: Blunt rupture of the subclavian-innominate venous junction: Case report and review of the literature. J. Trauma. 66: 1-3, 2009. . EDITORIALS Baker CC and Way LW: Problems in determining the utility of CT body scans. Gastroenterology 77: 195-197, 1979. Baker CC: Hemorrhagic shock and interleukin-2 production. Crit. Care Med. 16 (4): 358-359, 1988. Baker CC: Blunt hepatic and splenic trauma: Where have all the surgeons gone? Hepatology Elsewhere 5: 893-895, 1990. Baker, CC: Removing the bullet reduces the risk of abscess in patients with gunshot wounds to the colon. Colon and Rectal Surgery Outlook 4: 5-6, 1992. Baker CC: Undetected injuries: The role of the trauma surgeon. Current Surgery 29: 70-73, 1992. Baker CC: Invited commentary: The impact of a dedicated trauma program on outcome in severely injured patients. by Demetriades, Berne T, Belzberg H, Asensio J, Cornwell, Dougherty W, Alo K and DeMeester TR, in Arch. Surg. 130: 220, 1995. Baker CC: The incidence of childhood injuries in Taekwondo competition. J. Trauma 43: 95-96, 1997. 9. Baker J, Rhyne S, and Baker CC: The North Carolina trauma system. N.C. Med. J., 58: 245-247, 1997. 9. Baker CC: Trauma: A paradigm for general surgery. Contemp Surg 56, 3: 137, 2000. 10. Rutherford, EJ, Hayward DH, Baker CC, and Fakhry SM: Critical care education in medical school. Focus on Surg. Education 17: 26-28, 2000. 11. Baker CC: Surgical mentors from bosom buddies to Baghdad by the bay Arch. Surg. 138: 1154-1156, 2004. PUBLICATIONS: Non refereed Lim RC and Baker CC: Assuming responsibility for emergency thoracotomy. ER Reports 2: 23-26, 1981. Baker CC and Kornguth PJ: The use of radiologic procedures in trauma patients with multiple injuries. Curr. Concepts Trauma Care 7: 16-21, 1984. Baker CC and Degutis LC: Predicting outcome in the multiple trauma patient. Infect. Surg. 5(4): 243-245, 1986. Baker CC: Host defenses in patients with multiple injuries. Surg. Rounds Orthop. 1(9): 15-26, 1987. Telford GL, Bland KI, Flynn TC, Popp MB, Wetstein L, Jessup JM, Kirklin JK, Hoover HC, Bessey PQ, Baker CC, Gashill HV, Ricotta JJ and Naji A: Writing a scientific abstract. Current Surg. 45: 454-458, 1988. Hennington MH, Cuenca RE, Sun B, Wilms C and Baker CC: Chronic afferent loop obstruction masquerading as pancreatic pseudocyst. Surg. Rounds. p. 832-836, 9/92. Reines HD, Baker CC, Herndon DN and Malangoni MA: Management of sepsis in the surgical ICU. Perspect. in Crit. Care, Cerra FB, Editor, Quality Medical Publishing, Inc., St. Louis, MO, 1995, pp. 31-40. Baker CC: Tricks of the trade-Placing a second tube. Emergency Medicine 28: 47, 1995. Baker, CC: My first time: Personal account of golfing milestones. Golf Digest, 1/2000. CONTRIBUTIONS TO TEXT BOOKS 1. Baker CC: Emergency room thoracotomy - A life-saving procedure. In Controversies in Trauma Management. (Yearbook of Emerg. Med.) Dailey RJ and Callahan M (eds.). New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1985, pp. 93-102. 2. Faist E, Hartl W, Siskind B, Baker CC, Rogers G, Duray P, Witte J, Heberer G and Baue AE: The use of infrared sapphire contact coagulation and fibrinogen adhesive for hemostasis after partial hepatectomy: A comparative study. In Fibrin Sealant in Operative Medicine. Vol. 6 of General Surgery and Abdominal Surgery. Schlag G. and Redl H (eds.). Berlin, Heidelberg, W. Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1986, pp. 72-84. 3. Baker CC: Alterations in host resistance in surgical patients. In Focus on Infection: New Surgical and Medical Approaches: Sande M, Root R and Trunkey DD (eds.). New York: Churchill Livingston, 1987, pp. 49-62. 4. Baker CC: Multiple organ failure: The "success" story of the 1980's. In Advances in Trauma Vol. III. Maull KI, Cleveland HC, Strauch GO and Wolferth CC. Chicago, IL: Yearbook Medical Publishers, 1988, pp. 37-51. 5. Baker CC and Degutis LC: Trauma and multiple organ failure: The clinical challenge. In Trauma Management. Kreis DJ and Gomez GA (eds.). Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company, 1989, pp. 473-489. 6. Baker CC: Macrophage-T-cell interactions in surgical sepsis. In Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis. Faist E, Ninnemann J, Green D (eds.). Berlin, Heidelberg, W. Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 63-68. 7. Baker CC: The role of scoring systems in multiple organ failure. In Multiple Organ Failure: Pathophysiology and Basic Concepts of Therapy. Deitch EA (ed.). New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 1990, pp. 26-39. 8. Baker CC and Faist E: Immunologic response. In Trauma (Second Edition). Moore EE, Mattox KL and Feliciano DV (eds.). E. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1991, pp. 263-278. 9. Napolitano L and Baker CC: Bacterial translocation: Fact or fancy? In Advances in Trauma Vol. VII. Maull KI, Cleveland HC, Strauch GO and Wolferth CC. Chicago, IL: Yearbook Medical Publishers, 1992, pp. 79-96. 10, Johnson,G and Baker, CC : Penetrating abdominal vascular injury. In Emergency Vascular Surgery, Greenhalgh RM and Hollier LH (Eds.) London, Eng., W. B. Saunders Co. LTD, 1992, pp. 217-227. 11. Baker. CC: Peritonitis and abdominal abscess. In Current Surgical Therapy (Fifth Edition) Cameron J (ed.), 1995, pp. 943-947. 12. Baker CC and Huynh T: Acute pancreatitis--Surgical management. In Critical Care Clinics, Fisher R (ed), WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, Vol. 11, #2, 1995, pp. 311-322. 13. Baker CC: Commentary on "Resuscitative Thoracotomy." In The Textbook of Penetrating Trauma, Ivatury RR and Cayten CG (Eds.), Williams and Wilkins, Media, PA, 1995, pp. 215-216. 14. Baker CC and Hunyh T: Management of Sepsis in the Critically Ill Patient. Current Problems in Surgery, Wells, SA (Ed.), Mosby, St. Louis, MO,1995, pp.1015-1083. 15. Baker CC and Huynh T: Immunologic Response. In Trauma (Third Edition). Moore EE, Mattox KL and Feliciano DV (eds.), 1996, pp. 1177-1192. 16. Baker CC: Anorectal Disorder. In Manual of Clinical Problems in Adult Ambulatory Care (Third Edition), Dornbrand L, Hoole AJ, Fletcher RH (Eds.), Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, 1997, pp. 236-238. 17. Baker CC: Gas gangrene of the extremity. In Current Surgical Therapy (Sixth Edition). Cameron J (ed), Mosby-Year Book Inc., St. Louis, MO, 1998. 18. Baker CC: Fecal Incontinence. In Current Surgical Therapy (Seventh Edition). Cameron J (ed.), Mosby-Year Book Inc, St. Louis, MO, 2000. 19. Baker CC: Common Anorectal Disorders. In Netters Internal Medicine Runge MS and Greganti MA (eds.) Icon Learning Systems LLC, 2003, pp. 287-292. BOOK REVIEWS 1. Baker CC: Gastrointestinal Surgery (2 vol), Fromm D (ed.). New York, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1985. In Clin. Gastroenterol. 2. Baker CC: Gastrointestinal Emergencies. Imrie CW and Moosa AR (eds.). Echinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone, 1987. In Clin. Gastroenterol. 3. Baker CC: Trauma Surgery Part 1. Champion HR, Robbs JV and Trunkey DD (eds.). In Operative Surgery, 4th edition. Dudley H, Carter DC and Russell RCG (Gen. Eds.). London, VK: Butterworths, 1989. In World J. Surg. THESIS PUBLICATIONS 1. Fleishman CE, Degutis LC, Shea K and Baker CC: The Efficacy of Advanced Life Support Versus Basic Life Support in the Pre-Hospital Care of Trauma Victims. MD Thesis, Yale University School of Medicine, 1989. 2. Thompson JA, Degutis LC and Baker CC: The Emergency Diagnosis of Acute Ischemic Bowel. MD Thesis, Yale University School of Medicine, 1989. 3. 1984-Joseph DeSantis, Prospective Prediction of Outcome in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit. (MD thesis, Yale University School of Medicine). 4. 1984-Roger Phillips, Prehospital Airway Management: A Comparison of Esophageal Obturator Airway and Endotracheal Intubation. (MD thesis, Yale University School of Medicine). 5. 1986-Alan H. Yamada, Effects of Sepsis on Antigen Presentation and Interleukin-1 Elaboration of Murine Spleen Cells. (MD thesis, Yale University School of Medicine). 6. 1986-Bruce Jacobson, Effect of Excision and Grafting on Immune Suppression after Thermal Injury. (MD thesis, Yale University School of Medicine). 7. 1989-Craig Fleishman, The Efficacy of Advanced Life Support in the Pre-Hospital Care of Trauma Victims. (MD thesis, Yale University School of Medicine). 8. 1989-John A. Thompson, The Emergent Diagnosis of Acute Ischemic Bowel. (MD thesis, Yale University School of Medicine). 9. 1992-Nancy Harthun, The Effect of Cocaine on Post-Traumatic Injury. (MD thesis, Yale University School of Medicine). INVITED PRESENTATIONS 1979 12/10/79 Immunologic Alterations after Burn Injury University of California Trauma Postgraduate Course San Francisco, CA 1984 4/11-12/84 Non-operative Management of Blunt Splenic and Renal Trauma University of California, Davis Sacramento, CA 1985 3/01-2/85 Immunology of Sepsis Maine Medical Center Portland, ME 11/01/85 T Cell Suppression following Thermal Injury Brooke Army Institute of Surgical Research Fort Sam Houston, TX 11/06-7/85 Emergency Thoracotomy for Penetrating Trauma Butterfield Hospital Symposium Grand Rapids, MI 1986 1/11/86 Management of Complex Pelvic Fractures Baystate Medical Center Springfield, MA 3/06/86 Treatment of Open Pelvic Fractures: Colostomy or Not? Goligher Symposium Waterbury, CT 3/9-10/86 Immunologic changes after Cecal Ligation and Puncture University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 3/17/86 Epidemiology of Trauma-The Civilian Perspective ACEP Winter Symposium Orlando, FL 5/9/86 Treatment of Complex Duodenal Injuries Upstate New York ACS Chapter Albany, NY 10/17/86 Current Management of Hepatic Trauma ACS Trauma Course New Orleans, LA 10/30/86 Results of Non-Operative Management of Blunt Splenic Trauma Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center New York, NY 11/19/86 A Potpourri of Challenging Trauma Cases University of Massachusetts Medical Center Worcester, MA 1987 1/20-24/87 T suppressor Cell Activity after Burns Inhibitory Macrophages after Splenectomy Symposium on Immunosuppression and Trauma Salt Lake City, UT 2/14/87 Sepsis in the ICU Setting Longwood Area Trauma Rounds Boston, MA 5/01-4/87 Computerized Monitoring in the ICU Eastern States COT Trauma Symposium Atlantic City, NJ 10/01-2/87 Approaches to Complex Pelvic Injuries MIEMSS Baltimore, MD 12/12-13/87 Priorities in the Multiply Injured Patient Region VII COT Trauma Symposium Kansas City, MO 1988 3/01-6/88 Immunologic Changes after Cecal Ligation and Puncture International Symposium on Sepsis and Trauma Munich, WEST GERMANY 4/22/88 Cecal Ligation and Puncture as a Model for Studying Immune Suppression Following Sepsis Toronto University Research on Shock and Trauma Toronto, Ontario, CANADA 6/15-6/88 Nutritional Support after Severe Blunt Trauma Eastern States COT Trauma Symposium Atlantic City, NJ 7/4/88 Prevention of Sepsis in the Multiple Trauma Patient St. Bartholomew's Hospital London, ENGLAND 9/22/88 Treatment Priorities in Complex Pelvic Fractures Thames River Orthopaedic Society Groton, CT 10/26/88 Management of Panceatico-Duodenal Injuries ACS Trauma Course Chicago, IL 11/9/88 Scoring Systems for Sepsis Lincoln Hospital 8th Annual Trauma Symposium New York, NY 12/8-10/88 Clinical Decision-Making in the Unstable Trauma Patient New Mexico COT Trauma Symposium Albuquerque, NM 1989 4/6-7/89 Immune Suppression Following Trauma Hunter Sweaney Visiting Professor University North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 4/8/89 Laboratory Models for Studying Human Sepsis Sinai Hospital Baltimore, MD 6/12-13/89 Management Priorities in Open Pelvic Fractures Eastern States COT Trauma Symposium Atlantic City, NJ 10/13/89 Epidemiology of TraumaA Civilian Perspective Seventh International Surgery Day United States Uniformed Health Services Bethesda, MD 1990 2/3/90 Management of Blunt Abdominal Trauma Trauma Symposium New Hanover Memorial Hospital (AHEC) Wilmington, NC 5/1/90 Management of Trauma Cases-Panel May Day Trauma Conference (UNC) Chapel Hill, NC 6/26/90 Non-Operative Management of Blunt Abdominal Trauma Wake Medical Center (AHEC) Raleigh, NC 7/20/90 Multiple Organ Failure in the ICU New Hanover Memorial Hospital Wilmington, NC 9/20-22/90 Retroperitoneal Trauma Eastern States COT Trauma Symposium Atlanta City, NJ 12/13/90 Prevention of Sepsis in the ICU New England Deaconess Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 1991 2/22-23/91 Emergency Thoracotomy for Trauma University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 3/05-10/91 A Clinical Approach to Sepsis in the ICU International Symposium on Shock, Trauma, & Sepsis Munich, GERMANY 3/21-22/91 Immune Suppression Following CLP and Femur Fracture University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, CANADA 4/17-18/91 Trauma System Development in North Carolina University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 5/1/91 Management of Gunshot Wounds of the Abdomen May Day Trauma Conference Chapel Hill, NC 7/13/91 Non-operative Management of Blunt Hepatic Trauma North Carolina Chapter, ACS Asheville, NC 9/20-21/91 Non-operative Management of Splenic trauma Postgraduate Course in Surgery (UNC) Chapel Hill, NC 10/02-3/91 The Role of Pre-hospital Care in Preventing Late Sepsis after Trauma EMS Today Greensboro, NC 10/22/91 Approaches to the Management of Renal Trauma ACS Trauma Symposium Chicago, IL 10/22/91 Cytokine Modulation is Not Indicated in Treating Sepsis ACS Critical Care Course Chicago, IL 11/02-03/91 Risk Factors for Multiple Organ Failure Issues and Challenges in Surgical Critical Care Williamsburg, VA 1992 1/9-11/92 Management of complex Duodenal Injuries Third Annual California Trauma Conference (UC Davis) Sacramento, CA 3/22-24/92 Management of Fecal Incontinence Cook County Postgraduate Course Sea Island, GA 3/27-29/92 Strategies for Preventing MOF in the ICU Third Critical Care Symposium (UT Knoxville) Asheville, NC 4/1-5/92 Current Management of Blunt Abdominal Trauma General Surgery Update Hilton Head Island, SC 4/8-9/92 Management of ARDS in the ICU Surgery Postgraduate Course-Carolinas Medical Center Charlotte, NC 5/1/92 Complex Trauma Cases-Panel May Day Trauma Conference Chapel Hill, NC 5/4-5/92 Management of Hemorrhagic Shock Eastern States COT Trauma Symposium Atlantic City, NJ 5/20/92 Diagnosis and Management of Intra-abdominal Abscess University of Zaragosa Zaragosa, SPAIN 10/13/92 Splenorraphy for Splenic Trauma-How I do it ACS Trauma Symposium New Orleans, LA 1993 1/15-16/93 Enteral Nutrition in the ICU-The Way to Go Graduate Hospital Philadelphia, PA 2/26/93 MOF in the ICU Critical Care Symposium (UNC) Chapel Hill, NC 3/25/93 A Potpourri of Complex Trauma Cases Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC 5/1/93 Resuscitation End-Points in Shock May Day Trauma Conference Chapel Hill, NC 5/5-6/93 Immune Suppression Following Trauma Visiting Professor and Philip E. Lear Lecturer Long Island Jewish Medical Center New Hyde Park, NY 9/26-28/93 Blunt Hollow Viscus Injury SUNY at Brooklyn and Triborough Surgical Association Brooklyn, NY 11/13/93 Immune Suppression after Severe Trauma Invited lecturer, Osaka Trauma Institute Osaka, JAPAN 11/17-19/93 The Role of the Macrophage in Early Immune Suppression after Trauma Distinguished Invited Lecturer, Japanese Assoc. of Acute Medicine Hiroshima, JAPAN 12/17-18/93 Current Management of Blunt Abdominal Trauma Medical College of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 1994 3/2-4/94 The Role of Cytokine Modulation in Shock and Sepsis International Symposium on Shock, Trauma, and Sepsis Munich, Germany 4/18-20/94 Current Management of Multiple Organ Failure Lunda Visiting Professor in Trauma University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 5/02-3/94 Complex Trauma Cases-Panel May Day Trauma Conference Chapel Hill, NC 5/18/94 The Role of Cytokines in the Development of MOF Visiting Professor, Depts. of Emergency Medicine & Surgery Bowman Gray School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC 5/20-21/94 Management of Retroperitoneal Injuries Visiting Professor and Symposium Participant New Hanover Regional Medical Center (AHEC) Wilmington, NC 10/27/94 Nutritional Support in the Trauma Patient Lecturer, Fall Trauma Symposium Anderson Hospital Anderson, SC 11/16-19/94 Metabolic Response to Injury and its Modulation Distinguished Invited Lecturer, Pan American Trauma Society Cartagena, Colombia, SA 12/1/94 Emergency Thoracotomy in Trauma Postgraduate Symposium, St. Thomas Hospital Nashville, TN 1995 4/21-22/95 New Advances in Prevention of Sepsis Guest Faculty, Nafziger Postgraduate Course in Surgery, UCSF San Francisco, CA 5/5/95 Trauma System Development in North Carolina May Day Trauma Conference Chapel Hill, NC 7/14-16/95 The Impact of Seatbelts on Abdominal Injuries North Carolina Chapter ACS Asheville, NC 11/1/95 The Impact of Managed Care on Trauma Systems Lincoln Hospital Symposium New York, NY 11/10/95 Management of Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injuries Vascular Surgery Symposium Chapel Hill, NC 12/1/95 Ethics of End-of-Life Decision-Making in the ICU Critical Care Symposium Chapel Hill, NC 1996 2/20/96 Enteral Nutrition in the Trauma Patient Danville Regional Medical Center Danville, VA 5/7-8/96 Management of Complex Perineal Injuries East Carolina University Greenville, NC 5/96 Lessons Learned from Two Decades of Trauma Care May Day Trauma Conference Chapel Hill, NC 11/3-8/96 Six talks in Five days on Multiple Trauma Topics Visiting Professor Florida Committee on Trauma Pensacola, Jacksonville, Tampa, Miami, Orlando 11/13-16/96 Disaster Management Pan American Trauma Society Cartegena, Colombia, South America 1997 5/97 Complex Trauma CasesPanel May Day Trauma Conference Chapel Hill 6/97 Complex Duodenal Injuries Eastern States Committee on Trauma, ACS Boston, MA 6/13/97 Zen and the Art of Surgery North Carolina/Virginia Critical Care Symposium Keynote Speaker Williamsburg, VA 9/5/97 Current approach to Sepsis in the ICU National Defense Medical College Kuriasu, Japan 9/11-12/97 Surgical Management of Acute Pancreatitis Japanese Society for Abdominal Emergency Medicine Yurayasu, Chiba, Japan 11/14-15/97 Management of Complex Pelvic Fractures Visiting Professor, Shock-Trauma Center Baltimore, MD 11/20-21/97 Damage Control in Severe Blunt Abdominal Trauma Pan American Trauma Society Miami, FL 12/12-13/97 Current Approaches to Sepsis-Prevention and Management Visiting Professor, East Tennessee State University Johnson City, TN 1998 5/1/98 Clinical Decision-Making in Trauma May Day Trauma Conference Chapel Hill 5/9-10/98 Maintaining Intellectual Curiosity during a Career in Surgery Visiting Professor, Baird Lecturer, Carillion Health System Roanoke, VA 1999 4/30/99 Things Are Not Always What They Seem May Day Trauma Conference Chapel Hill 2000 3/17-18/00 Damage Control and the Triangle of Death East Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA 5/1/00 Complex Trauma CasesPanel May Day Trauma Conference Chapel Hill, NC 6/1-3/00 Current Management of Blunt Abdominal Trauma Southern Illinois Trauma Center Springfield, IL 6/16-17/00 Damage Control in Trauma University Tennessee Knoxville, TN 2001 5/1/01 Damage Control-The Need for Speed in Triage May Day Trauma Conference Chapel Hill, NC 2002 5/1/02 Seatbelt Injuries May Day Trauma Conference Chapel Hill, NC 5/23-24/02 The Role of Cytokines in Immune Suppression after Trauma Hershey Medical Center Hershey, PA 2003 5/1/03 Lessons Learned from Complex Trauma Cases May Day Trauma Conference Chapel Hill, NC 2004 8/28/04 Modern Management of Sepsis Brockton Hospital Brockton, MA 9/7/04 Lessons Learned from two decades in Trauma Care Childrens Hospital Boston, MA 11/2/04 Management of the Open Abdomen Mt. Auburn Hospital Cambridge, MA 11/3/04 Lessons Learned from two decades in Trauma Care Boston Med Flight Hanscom Field, MA 11/13/04 Management of the Open Abdomen St. Lukes Hospital New Bedford, MA 11/18-19/04 Duodenal Injury-Operative Approaches to a Rare but Challenging Injury New England Regional Trauma Conference Burlington, MA 12/9/04 Management of the Open Abdomen Southern NH Medical Center Nashua, NH 12/15/04 Management of the Open Abdomen Newton-Wellesley Hospital Wellesley, MA 2005 1/14/05 Ethics in the ICU South Shore Hospital Weymouth, MA 1/18/05 Ethics in the ICU Nashoba Valley Hospital Nashoba, MA 1/19/05 Ethics in the ICU Merrimack Valley Hospital Haverhill, MA 2/10/05 Public Policy: Lessons learned from Trauma Systems Development Injury Control Research Center Seminar, Harvard School of Public Health Boston, MA 4/1/05 Disaster Management and Bioterrorism Trauma Systems Development Management of complex pelvic trauma Congreso International de Trauma Universidad de Valle Cali, Colombia 4/7/05 Mangled ExtremityEarly Amputation Seventh Annual Connecticut Trauma Conference Ledyard, CT 5/16/05 Pelvic Trauma Seminario su Trauma Florence, Italy 10/5/05 Damage Control in Critically Ill Patients Third Annual St. Francis Hospital Trauma Conference Hartford, CT 10/26/05 Damage Control and Strategies for Closure Surgery Grand Rounds, Brigham and Womens Hospital Boston, MA 11/11/05 Ethics in the ICU and Difficult Trauma Cases New England Regional Trauma Conference Burlington, MA 12/8/05 Damage Control in Trauma Baystate Medical Center Springfield, MA 5/12/06 Ethics in the ICU Vanderbilt Medical center Nashville, TN 9/8/06 Ethics in the ICU Brockton Hospital Brockton, MA 11/6/06 Enhancing the safety of Parenteral & Enterable TPN (Moderator) HMS Department of Continuing Education Cambridge, MA 11/6-7/06 Damage control in various body areas (Moderator) Critical Care and Trauma Symposium Boston, MA 1/8/06 Lessons learned from Trauma New England Regional Trauma Conference Burlington, MA 1/9/06 Ethical considerations in the ICU Winchester Hospital Winchester, MA 1/16-17/06 Outcomes in Trauma & SIRS & MODS Pan American Trauma Society Cartagena, Colombia, SA 3/7/07 Peregrinations of a Samurai Surgeon in the Twenty first Century New York Surgical Society New York, NY 5/24/07 Mentorship in the Twenty-first Century Baystate Medical Center Springfield, MA 5/30/07 Ethics of end-of-life Decision-making Anna Jacques Hospital Newburyport , MA 12/12/07 Lessons Learned from Trauma and Trauma Systems Development Hackensack Medical Center Hackensack, NJ 1/19/08 Key Recent Developments in General Surgery Louisiana Chapter of ACS New Orleans, LA 11/18/08 Mentorship in Surgery Wilford Hall AFB San Antonio, TX 2009 1/17/09 Surgical Lagniappe Louisiana Chapter of ACS New Orleans, LA PRESENTATIONS AT SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS (Papers presented by CC Baker listed in bold) 1. Baker CC and Miller CL: Suppressor cells in burn patients leukocytes. American Burn Association X: 55-56, Birmingham, AL, 1978. 2. Baker CC, Miller CL, Tung G and Larson L: Post-operative changes in the leukocytes regulating human blastogenic responses. San Francisco Surgical Society, (Residents Award). Napa, CA, 1978. 3. Baker CC and Way WL: Clinical utility of CT body scans. Pacific Coast Surgical Association, Los Angeles, CA, 1978. 4. Baker CC, Miller CL and Trunkey DD: Predicting fatal sepsis in burn patients. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, North Lake Tahoe, NV, 1978. 5. Garrison RN, Shively EH, Baker CC, Trunkey DD and Polk HC: Evaluation of management of emergency right hemicolectorny. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, North Lake Tahoe, NV, 1978. 6. Baker CC, Miller CL and Trunkey DD: Identity of mononuclear cells which compromise trauma patients resistance. Association for Academic Surgery, Cleveland, OH, 1978. 7. Baker CC and Miller CL: Characterization of suppressor cells appearing after thermal injury. Carl Moyer Resident Award) American Burn Association XI: 55-56, New Orleans, LA, 1979. 8. Hill LD, Baker CC, Ryan JA, Jives R and Thomas AN: Modern management of complicated esophageal perforation. Presented to the Samson Thoracic Surgical Society, Ketchum, ID, 1979. 9. Baker CC, Peterson SR and Sheldon GF: Septic phlebitis: A neglected disease. Pacific Coast Surgical Society, Yosemite, CA, 1979. 10. Baker CC, Miller CL and Trunkey DD: Correlation of traumatic shock with immunocompetence and sepsis. ACS Surgical Forum, Chicago, IL, 1979. 11. Baker CC, Trunkey DD and Baker WJ: A simple method of predicting severe sepsis in burn patients. New England Surgical Society, Bretton Woods, NH, 1979. 12. Mavroudis M, Roon AJ, Baker CC and Thomas AN: Management of acute cervicothoracic vascular injuries. Samson Thoracic Surgical Society, 1979. 13. Baker CC, Thomas AN and Trunkey DD: The role of emergency room thoracotomy in trauma. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Chicago, IL, 1979. 14. Baker CC, Oppeitheirner L, Stephens B, Lewis FR and Trunkey DD: The epidemiology of trauma deaths. Pacific Coast Surgical Society. Kauai, HI, 1980. 15. Nachlas N, Baker CC and Frazier W: The effect of prehospital resuscitation and MAST on outcome following blunt trauma. Connecticut ACS COT Resident Paper Competition, Trumbull, CT, 1981. 16. Yee SY, Baker CC and Thomas AN: Determinants of operative survival after cardiac trauma. Samson Thoracic Surgical Society, 1982. 17. Baker CC, Chaudry JH, Gaines HO and Baue AE: Evaluation of factors affecting mortality rate after sepsis in a murine cecal ligation and puncture model. Society of University Surgeons, Oklahoma City, OK, 1983. 19. Baker CC, Gaines NO and Niven-Fairchild AT: The effect of tuftsin and splenectomy on mortality after intraabdominal sepsis. Association for Academic Surgery, 1983. 20. Kupper TS, Baker CC and Green DR: The role of T-cells from burned mice in resistance to bacterial infection. American Burn Association XVI: 92-93, 1984. 21. Jacobson BK, Kupper TS, Baker CC and Cuono CB: Immunosuppression following surgical excision and syngeneic grafting in major thermal injury. American Burn Association XVI: 122-123, 1984. 22. Baker CC, Degutis LC, DeSantis JF and Baue AE: The impact of a trauma service on trauma care in a university hospital. New England Surgical Society, Balsams, NH, 1984. 23. Gertler J, Shea K, Cameron D and Baker CC: The esophageal obturator airway - Obturator or obtundator? Connecticut ACS COT Resident Paper Competition, (First Prize), Trumbull, CT, 1984. 24. Kupper TS, Baker CC. Ferguson TA and Green DR: A burn induced LY-2 suppressor T cell lowers resistance to bacterial infection. Association for Academic Surgery, 1984. 25. Baker CC, Gartman DM, Cahow CE and Zeman RK: The value of hepatobiliary scanning in complex liver trauma. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, New Orleans, LA, 1984. 26. Faist E, Kupper TS, Baker CC, Chaudry IH, Dwyer J and Baue AE: Depression of cellular immunity after major injury: Its association with post-traumatic complications and its restoration with immunomodulating agents. American College of Surgeons (Papers Session), San Francisco, CA, 1984. 27. Kupper TS, McGuire J and Baker CC: Both burn injury and ETAF administration result in defective macrophage antigen presentation to a T helper cell clone. American Burn Association XVII: 57, 1985. 28. Kupper TS, Green DR. Duhirn SK and Baker CC: Defective antigen presentation to a cloned T helper cell by macrophages from burned mice can be restored with interleukin 1. Society of University Surgeons, Boston, MA, 1985. 29. Jacobson BK, Kupper TS, Baker CC and Cuono CB: Immunosuppression following split thickness skin grafting in a murine model. Plastic Surgery Research Council, Portland OR, 1985. 30. Degutis LC and Baker CC: A trauma service does make a difference. 8th National Trauma Symposium, Baltimore, Maryland, 1985. 31. Longo W, Degutis LC and Baker CC: Retroperitoneal injuries. Connecticut ACS COT Resident Paper Competition, (Third Prize), Trumbull, CT, 1985. 32. Ross P, Degutis LC, and Baker CC: Cardiac contusion. Connecticut ACS COT Resident Paper Competition, (Second Prize), Trumbull, CT, 1985. 33. Degutis LE, and Baker CC: Trauma in the elderly. American Public Health Association Meeting, 1985. 34. Baker CC and Kupper TS: Clarification of the role of endotoxin in intra-abdominal and systemic sepsis. ACS Surgical Forum, Chicago, IL, 1985. 35. Baker CC and Gusberg RJ: Retroperitoneal sarcoma: A continuing surgical challenge. Connecticut Society of American Board of Surgeons, Trumbull, CT, 1985. 36. Gertler J., Degutis LC, Garvey R, Clay R and Baker CC: Pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of blunt splenic trauma. Connecticut ACS COT Resident Competition, Trumbull, CT, 1985. 37. Kupper TS, Deitch E, Wong W and Baker CC: The human burn wound as a primary source of IL-l activity. Society of University Surgeons, Richmond, VA, 1986. 38. Baker CC: Epidemiology of trauma: The civilian perspective. American College of Emergency Physicians, Winter Symposium, Orlando, FL, 1986. 39. Faist E., Mewes A, Baker CC, Strasser T, Alkan SS, Reiber P and Heberer G: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) dependent suppression of lL-2 production in patients with major trauma. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, 1986. 40. Degutis LC and Baker CC: Alcohol and non-use of seatbelts in occupant of motor vehicles involved in crashes: An issue of prevention. American Public Health Association Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, 1986. 41. Degutis LC, Scholhainmer N and Baker CC: The social admission: A major dilemma in health policy. American Public Health Assn. Meeting, (Poster). Las Vegas, NV, 1986. 42. Perkal M, Degutis LC and Baker CC: Walking while intoxicated. The Connecticut ACS COT Resident Paper Competition, (Second Prize), Trumbull, CT, 1986. 43. Longo W, Degutis LC and Baker CC: Blunt hollow viscus injury. The Connecticut ACS COT Resident Paper Competition, Trumbull, CT, 1986. 44. Longo W, Zucker K and Baker CC: Splenic trauma: Criteria for non-operative therapy. Veterans Administration Surgeons Meeting, Portland, OR, 1987. 45. Degutis LC and Baker CC: Impact of toll booths on accident rates on a state highway in Connecticut. American Public Health Association, New Orleans, LA, 1987. 46. Degutis LC and Baker CC: Adult abuse: The need for prospective intervention in assault cases seen in the Emergency Department, Am. Pub. Health Assn, New Orleans, LA, 1987. 47. Ross P, Degutis LC and Baker CC: The role of abdominal CT in blunt trauma. The Connecticut ACS COT Resident Paper Competition, (First Prize), Trumbull, CT, 1987. 48. Ross P, Baker CC and Cahow CE: Gastrointestinal involvement in necrotizing pancreatitis. Conn. Soc. Am. Board Surgeons, Trumbull, CT, 1987. 49. Faist E, Mewes A, Strasser TH, Walz A, Alkan S, Baker CC, Ertel W and Heberer G: Alteration of monocyte function following major injury. Surgical Infection Society, Philadelphia, PA, 1988. 50. Baker CC, Caragnano CL and Kupper TS: Antigen presentation and macrophage function after injury. First International Symposium on the Immune Consequences of Shock, Trauma, and Sepsis. Munich, Germany, 1988. 51. Barnswell C, Degutis LC, and Baker CC: Interpersonal violence--A one-year study of adult victims of assault in and Emergency Service, Am. Pub. Health Assn, Boston, MA, 1988. 52. Baker CC and CaragnanoCL: The effect of endotoxin and trauma on survival after cecal ligation and puncture in mice. ACS Surgical Forum, Chicago, IL, 1988. 53. Faist E, Ertel W, Mewes A, Beck E, Baker CC and Herberer G: Terminal B-cell maturation and immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis in vitro in patients with major injury. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Montreal, QUE, Canada, 1988. 54. Baker CC, Yarnada A, Caragnano CL and Kupper TS: Effect of endotoxin on antigen presentation after cecal ligation and puncture. 7th Tripartite Meeting of the Society of University Surgeons, Surgical Research Society and the European Society for Surgical Research, Bristol, England, 1988. 55. Havlik RJ, Degutis LC and Baker CC: The continuing dilemma of screening for thoracic aortic injury in blunt trauma. Connecticut ACS COT Resident Competition, (Third Prize), Trumbull, CT, 1988. 56. Murphy E, Degutis LC and Baker CC: The impact of Connecticut drinking age legislation on alcohol-related trauma in adolescents. Connecticut ACS COT Resident Competition, Trumbull, CT, 1988. 57, Rutherford E, Rutledge R, Fakhry 5, Muakkassa, Baker CC and Meyer AA: The impact of complications on the resource utilization, hospital charges, and outcome in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU): A study in 1438 patients. Society of Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco, CA, 1990. 58. Lalor A, Rutledge R, Clancy T, Cunningham P, Oller D, Fitxpatrick K, Meredith W, Thomason M and Baker CC: Trauma score as a predictor of six different measures of outcome in 12,334 trauma patients. Society of Critical Care Medicine, 1990. 59. Nayduch D, Mason T, Rutledge R, Clancy T, Cunningham P, Olled D, Meredith JW, Thomason MR and Baker CC: Trauma score as predictor of outcome in pediatric injuries: A study in 1,622 children in the North Carolina Trauma Registry. Society of Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco, CA, 1990. 60. Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, Meyer AA, Rutherford E, Keagy B and Baker CC: An assessment of APACHE 11 scores and outcome in vascular surgical patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU): An analysis of25 different outcome and intervention variables in 291 patients, Society of Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco, CA, 1990. 61. Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, Rutherford EJ, Muakkassa F, Baker CC, Koruda K and Meyer AA: Apache II Score and outcome in the surgical intensive care unit: An analysis of multiple intervention and outcome variables in 1250 admissions. Society of Critical Care Medicine, (Poster), San Francisco, CA, 1990. 62. Baker CC, Niven-Fairchild AS, Yamada A, Caragnano CL and Kupper TS: Macrophage antigen presentation and interleukin-1 production after cecal ligation and puncture in C3H/HeN and C3R/HeJ mice. Surgical Infection Society, Cincinnati, OH, 1990. 63. Johnson MC, Meyer AA, Rutledge R, Rutherford EJ, Muakkassa FF, Fakhry SM and Baker CC: The impact of nosocomial pneumonia on outcome and resource utilization in the ICU. Surgical Infection Society, (Poster), Cincinnati, OH, 1990. 64. Rutledge R, Cunningham P, Clancy T, Oiler D, Moylan J, Meredith W, Thomason M and Baker CC: Trauma Score as a predictor of multiple measures of outcome in trauma patients. Society of Critical Care Medicine, 1990. 65. Napolitano LM, Messick WJ, Rutledge R, Baker CC and Meyer AA: Impact of age on ICU complications, outcome, and resource utilization. Society of Critical Care Medicine, 1990. 66. Nayduch DA, Moylan J, Rutledge R, Meredith W, Thomason M, Cunningham P, Baker CC, Oiler D, Azizkhan RG and Mason T: Comparison of adult and pediatric trauma scores ability to predict outcome following major trauma. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Tucson, AZ, 1990. 67. Rutledge R, Thomason M, Oiler D, Meredith W, Moylan J, Clancy T, Cunningham P and Baker CC: The spectrum of abdominal injuries associated with the use of seatbelts: A study in 531 trauma patients. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Tucson, AZ, 1990. 68. Cuenca R, Butts JD and Baker CC: Young citizens as victims of lightning injuries: Analysis of incidence over an eleven year period. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Tucson, AZ, 1990. 69. Sun B, Meyer AA, Petersen H and Baker CC: Second thoughts on electrical injury resuscitation. ACS Region IV COT Resident Paper Competition (First Prize), Winston-Salem, NC, 1990. 70. Hennington MH, Baker CC, Hansen AR and Rutledge R: The association of leukocytosis with severity of injury. Nathan Womack Surgical Society, Chapel Hill, NC, 1991. 71. Sun B, Meyer AA, Petersen H and Baker CC: Second thoughts on electrical injury resuscitation. ACS National COT Resident Paper Competition, Denver, CO, 1991. 72. Baker CC: A clinical approach to sepsis in the intensive care unit. Second International Symposium on the Immune Consequences of Shock, Trauma, and Sepsis, Munich, Germany, 1991. 73. Patsey T, Messick WJ, Rutledge R, Meyer AA and Baker CC: Analysis of the association of 9l1 access with per capital trauma death rates in North Carolina, Society of Academic Emergency Medicine. (Poster). Washington, DC, 1991. 74. Rutledge R, Napolitano LM, Messick WJ, Rutherford E, Baker CC, Fakhry SM, Muakkassa F and Meyer AA: The revised trauma score as a predictor of outcome in both trauma and nontrauma surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Society of Critical Care Medicine, Washington, DC, 1991. 75. Napolitano LM, Rutledge R, Meyer AA and Baker CC: Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in elderly ICU patients. Society of Critical Care Medicine, Washington, DC, 1991. 76. Thomason MH, Rutledge R, Napolitano LM, Clancy T, Foil MB, Oller DW and Baker CC: Critical care management of the injured patient: A review of resource utilization and outcome. Society of Critical Care Medicine, Washington, DC, 1991. 77. Rutledge R, Napolitano LM, Messick WJ, Rutherford E, Baker CC, Fakhry SM, Muakkassa F and Meyer AA: Comparison of APACHE II scores, trauma score, and injury severity score as predictors of outcome in critically injured trauma patients. Society of Critical Care Medicine, Washington, DC, 1991. 78. Thomason MH, Rutledge R, Messick WJ, Oiler D, Moylan J, Meredith JW, Cunningham P, Clancy T and Baker CC: Head CT scan versus emergency exploration in the hypotensive trauma patient: An analysis of the injuries expected and the interventions required. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Philadelphia, PA, 1991. 79. Upchurch GR Jr., Napolitano LM, Rutledge R, Meyer AA, Baker CC and Johnson G: Increased postoperative morbidity and mortality due to cardiac complications in vascular surgery patients. Society of Vascular Surgery, Boston, MA, 1991. 80. Koruda MJ, Baker CC, Winkler MJ and Garmhausen LW: Improved insertion technique for a dual lumen gastostomyjejunostomy tube. (Poster). American College of Surgeons, New Orleans, LA, 1992. 81. Baker CC: Zen and the art of surgery. Presidential Address at the Society of University Surgeons Meeting, Seattle, WA, 1993. 82. Oelschlager B and Baker CC: Studies on the effect of resuscitation on macrophage activity following shock. Student Research Day, (Poster, First Prize), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC, 1993. 83. Rutledge R, Fakhry S, Meyer AA, Baker CC and Sheldon GF: A population-based analysis of the association of trauma centers with hospitalization and death from injury. American Surgical Association, Baltimore, MD, 1993. 84. Ziglar MK, Baker CC, Fakhry S and Rutledge R: Interhospital transfer and payor status: A review of 4101 patients from a Level I Trauma Center. American Trauma Society, Washington DC, 1993. 85. Oelschlager B and Baker CC: Macrophage Activity in hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation with lactated Ringers and hydroxyethyl starch. Shock Society, (Poster). Santa Fe, NM, 1993. 86. Baker CC: The role of the macrophage in early immunosuppression after trauma. Japanese Association for Acute Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan, 1993. 87. Baker CC: The role of cytokine modulation in shock and sepsis. Third International Symposium on the Immune Consequences of Shock, Trauma, and Sepsis, Munich, Germany, 1994. 88. Baker CC: Zen and the art of skiing. Northeast Medical Association, Grindeiwald, Switzerland, 1994. 89. Huynh T, Currin RT, Tanaka Y, Lernaster JJ and Baker CC: Activation of Kupffer cells in vivo following femur fracture. Surgical Infection Society, Toronto, ONT, 1994. 90. Ramadan F, Rutledge R, Oiler D, Howell P, Baker CC and Keagy B: Carotid Artery Trauma: A review of contemporary trauma center experience. Society for Vascular Surgery, Seattle, WA, 1994. 91. Huynh T, Lemasters JJ, Bracey L and Baker CC: Effect of femur fracture on hepatic oxygen consumption following femur fracture. Resident Paper Competition, North Carolina Chapter, American College of Surgeons, (First Prize). Myrtle Beach, SC, 1994. 92. Huynh T, Lemasters JJ, Bracey L and Baker CC: Alterations in Kupffer cell function following trauma and sepsis. North Carolina ACS COT Resident Paper Competition, (First Prize). Wrightsville Beach, NC, 1994. 93. Huynh T, Lemasters JJ, Bracey L and Baker CC: Alterations in Kupffer cell function following trauma and sepsis: Region IV ASC COT Resident Paper Competition (Second Prize), Memphis, TN, 1994. 94. Baker CC: Metabolic response to injury & its modulation. Pan American Trauma Society, Cartagena, Colombia, SA, 1994. 95. Lentz C Fakhry S, Hunt J, Rutledge R and Baker CC: A prospective analysis of the impact of opening an intermediate care unit on resource utilization in a. surgical intensive care unit. Society of Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco, CA, 1995. 96. Huynh T, Lemasters JJ, Bracey L and Baker CC: Effects of femur fracture on hepatic oxygen consumption and lipopolysaccharide-induced Kupffer cell nitric oxide production. Society of University Surgeons Residents Meeting, Denver, CO, 1995. 97. Huynh T, Bracey LW, Baker CC and Lemasters JJ: Kupffer cell activation after trauma. Society of Toxicology, Baltimore, MD, 1995. 98. Rutledge R, Hunt JP, Lent CW, Fakhry SF, Meyer AA, Baker CC and Sheldon GF: A statewide, population-based time series analysis of the increasing frequency of nonoperative management of abdominal solid organ injury, American Surgical Association, Chicago, IL, 1995. 99. Huynh T, Bracey LW, Baker CC and Lemasters JJ: Femur fracture trauma induces early alterations in Kupffer cell proinflammatory phenotype. Experimental Biology (FASEB). Atlanta, GA, 1995. 100. Huynh T, Bracey LW, Lernasters JJ and Baker CC: Alterations in Kupffer cells after injury and sepsis. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma , (Poster). Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1995. 101. Hunt J, Lentz C, Rutledge R, Oller DW, Meredith JW, Flowe K, Nayduch D, Clancy T, Thomason MH and Baker CC: Shorter cross-clamp times and the use of cardiopulmonary bypass appear to protect against paraplegia in the repair of traumatic rupture of the aorta. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1995. 102. Rutledge R. Fakhry SM, Baker CC and Meyer AA: A statewide, population-based , time series analysis comparing the frequency, charges and outcomes of laparoscopic & open cholecystectomy. American College of Surgeons (Papers Session), New Orleans, 1995. 103. Fakhry SM, Gaafar N, Welna 5, Hultman CS, Tuttle-Newhall J, Hunt J, Meyer AA, Rutledge R and Baker CC: Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders in the critical care setting: An immediate prelude to withdrawal of support. Society of Critical Care Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 1996. 104. Baker CC: Disaster Management. Pan American Trauma Society, Cartagena, Colombia, SA, 1996. 105. Baker CC: Management of complex perineal injuries. Pan American Trauma Society, Cartagena, Colombia, SA, 1996. 106. Baker CC: The impact of seat belts on abdominal injuries. Pan American Trauma Society, Cartagena, Colombia, SA, 1996. 107. Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, Baker CC, and Meyer AA: The impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the management and outcome of biliary tract disease in North Carolina: A statewide, population-based, time-series analysis. American College Surgeons, San Francisco, CA, 1996. 108. Baker CC: Complex duodenal injuries. Eastern States Committee on Trauma, Boston, MA, 1997. 109. Baker CC: Enteral nutrition in the trauma patient. Eastern States Committee on Trauma, Boston, MA, 1997. 110. Hunt J, Hunter C, Brownstein M, Lemasters JJ, Baker CC: Alteration in Kupffer cell function after mild hemorrhagic shock. Shock Society, Indian Wells, CA, 1997. 111. Baker CC: Surgical management of acute pancreatitis. Japanese Society of Abdominal Emergency Medicine, Chiba, Japan, 1997. 112. Bradley EL, Young PR, Chang MC, Allen JE, Baker CC, Meredith W, Reed L, Thomason M: Diagnosis and initial management of blunt pancreatic trauma: guidelines from a multi-institutional review. Southern Surgical Association, 1997. 113. Fabian TC, Richardson JD, Baker CC, et al. (AAST Multicenter Trial Group): Prospective study of blunt aortic injury: Multicenter trial of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Waikoloa, HI, 1997. 114. Ku J, Lemasters JJ, Hunt J, and Baker CC: The effect of DHEA on Kupffer cell function after hemorrhagic shock. North Carolina ACS COT Resident Paper Competition, Wilmington, NC (first Prize). 1998. 115. Ku J, Lemasters JJ, Hunt J, and Baker CC: The effect of DHEA on Kupffer cell function after hemorrhagic shock. Region IV ASC COT Resident Paper Competition, Mobile, AL, 1998. 116. Hunt JP, Baker CC, Fakhry SM, Rutledge RR, and Meyer AA: Accuracy of administrative data in trauma. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Boston, MA, 1999. 117. Hunt JP, Cherr G, Hunter CT, Brownstein M, Meredith JW, Baker CC, Thomason M, Rutledge RR, Meyer AA, and Fakhry SM: The management of blunt splenic injuries: Conservative therapy outcomes and relationships to infectious complications. Society of University Surgeons, New Orleans, LA, 1999. 118. Baker CC: Outcomes in Trauma, Pan-American Trauma Society, Cartagena, Colombia, 2006. 119. Baker CC: SIRS and MODS, Pan-American Trauma Society, Cartagena, Colombia, 2006 119. Baker CC: Peregrinations of a samurai surgeon in the twenty-first century, New York Surgical Society, New York, NY, 2007. 120. Baker CC: Dilemmas in modern trauma care, Northeast Medical Association, Steamboat Springs, CO, 2008. 121. Baker CC: Thoughts on mentorship in surgery, Northeast Medical Association, Steamboat Springs, CO, 2008. 122. Baker CC, Doyle J, Boyd K: Nurse for a day-A paradigm for educating surgery residents in the ICU, Association for Surgical Education, Toronto, Canada, 2008. 123. Duchesne JC, Islam TM, Dellavolpe JD, Wahl G, Hunt JP, Barbeau JM, Kao Y, Torrance BS, Greiffenstein P, Marr A, Steeb GE, McGinness C, Baker CC, and McSwain NE Jr.: Hemostatic resuscitation during surgery improves survival in patients with traumatic induced coagulopathy. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Maui, HI, 2008. 124. Duchesne JC, Islam TM, Hunt JP, Wahl G, Dellavolpe JD, Barbeu JM, Kao K, Greiffenstein P, Marr AB, Zea N, Steep GE, McGuiness C, Wright MJ, Baker CC, and McSwain NE: Damage control resuscitation: The new face of damage control. AAST (poster) Maui, HI, 2008 125. Duchesne JC, Islam TM, Hunt JP, Wahl GM, Dellavolpe JD, Barbeau JM, Kao Y, Greiffenstein P, Marr AB, Wright J, Steeb GE, McGinness C, Baker CC, McSwain, Jr. NE. Ratio Of 1:1:1 PRBC to FFP to platelets does dot convey a survival advantage when compared to 1:1 PRBC to FFP ratio alone during damage control resuscitation. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Maui, Hawaii, 2008 126. Duchesne JC, Hunt JP, Marr AB, Islam TM, Wahl GM, Dellavolpe JD, Greiffenstein P, Steeb GE, McGinness C, Baker CC, McSwain, Jr. NE. Permissive Hypotension: A Century Later. Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma, Orlando, FL, 2009. 127. Duchesne JC, Hunt JP, Marr AB, Islam TM, Wahl GM, Dellavolpe JD, Barbeau JM, Greiffenstein P, Zea N, Steeb GE, McGinness C, Wright MJ, Baker CC, McSwain, Jr. NE. Damage control resuscitation: Making sense of non-sense. Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Orlando, FL, January 13-17, 2009. 128. Wahl GM, Islam T, Gardner B, Stuke L, Marr AB, Hunt JP, McSwain NE, Baker CC, Duchesne JC. Red light cameras: Do they change driver behavior and reduce accidents? Western Trauma Association. Crested Butte, CO, February 22 28, 2009.     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