╨╧рб▒с>■  *,■   )                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ье┴7 Ё┐кbjbjUU " 7|7|к       lВВВВВВВцZZZZ f,ц&ЄЮЮЮЮЮЮЮЮезззззз$ 8 Ш╦ВЮЮЮЮЮ╦╓ВВЮЮр╓╓╓Ю"ВЮВЮе╓Юе╓Ь╓r░хВВеЮТ ч╜Й╞цtZ└ХеЎ0&Э╨ ╓╨ е╓Ц.─"ВВВВ┘Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 10 Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood EriksonТs Theory: Industry versus Inferiority Industry Developing a sense of competence at useful skills. School provides many opportunities. Inferiority Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well. Family environment, teachers, peers, can contribute to negative feelings. Changes in Self-Understanding during Middle Childhood Self-Concept Social comparisons Ideal and real self Self-Esteem Hierarchically structured Drops first few years in school, then rises Influences on Self-Esteem Culture Child-rearing Practices Messages from adults Attributions Mastery-oriented Learned Helplessness Emotional Development in Middle Childhood Self-Conscious Emotions Pride Guilt Emotional Understanding Explain using internal states Understand mixed emotions Emotional Self-Regulation Motivated by self-esteem and peer approval Emotional self-efficacy SelmanТs Stages of Perspective Taking Development of Distributive Justice Equality Ч 5 Ц 6 years Merit Ч 6 Ц 7 years Benevolence Ч around 8 years Peer Groups Formed from proximity, similarity Adopt similar dress and behavior Peer Culture Relational aggression Exclusion Friendship in Middle Childhood Personal qualities, trust become important More selective in choosing friends Friendships can last several years Influence each otherТs behavior Peer Acceptance Gender Typing in Middle Childhood Gender Stereotypes Extend stereotypes to include personalities and school subjects More flexible about behavior Gender Identity Boys more masculine Girls less feminine Cultural Factors Family Relationships Parents Coregulation Siblings Rivalry Companionship and assistance International Divorce Rates Consequences of Parental Divorce Immediate Instability, conflict, drop in income Parental stress, disorganization Consequences affected by: Age Temperament Sex Long-Term Improved adjustment after 2 years Boys, children with difficult temperaments more likely to have problems FatherТs involvement affects adjustment Blended Families Mother-Stepfather Most frequent Boys usually adjust quickly Girls adapt less favorably Older children and adolescents of both sexes display more problems Father-Stepmother Often leads to reduced father-child contact Children in fathersТ custody often react negatively Girls & stepmothers slow to get along at first, more positive interaction later Maternal Employment and Child Development Benefits Higher self-esteem Positive family and peer relations Fewer gender stereotypes Better grades More father involvement Drawbacks Less time for children, risk of ineffective parenting Support for Working Parents Flexible Schedules, job sharing Sick leave Involvement of other parent Equal pay and opportunities Quality child care Fears and Anxieties in Middle Childhood Fears of dark, thunder, lightning, supernatural beings persist School phobia 5Ц7 years Ц separation from home 11 Ц13 Ц particular aspects of school Fears of real elements of environment Child Sexual Abuse Factors Related to Resiliency Personal Characteristics Easy temperament Mastery orientation Warm, well-organized family life Supportive adult outside family !bnoХЮЎў°╙╘"#&'0567:;DOPQБ В   П Ш > P ┘ ъ + , НОЦЧ░▒┤╡йк∙я∙ъ∙я∙я∙я∙ъ∙яъ∙т∙я∙ъ∙т∙я∙ъ∙ъ∙я∙я∙ъ∙я∙я∙ъ∙ъ∙ъ∙ъ∙ъ∙ъ5БCJ\БaJCJaJ5БCJ\Б^JaJ CJ^JaJ3!,-CRcdefgХЮЯ╥Ўў°HТУ╔╓щ¤ #¤√√√√√√√√√¤√√ЎЎ√√√√ЎЎ√¤ЎёёЎё & F & Fк¤#OPjrКЯм╜╥№ 8VpК╡═Ї0DamП░·°Ўёёёё··Ўё··ё··ё··ЎЎьььЎёё & F & F & F░╜╙▌№' J m Н Э ┐ ╥  / ? 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