аЯрЁБс>ўџ CEўџџџBџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС7 №ПЏ#bjbjUU .P7|7|Lbџџџџџџl$$$$$$$8ЪЪЪ88| t>pЎЎЎЎЎЎЎћ § § § § § § $№ ž! $ЎЎЎЎЎ! * $$ЎЎ6 * * * Ў$Ў$Ўћ * Ўћ * ш*  Џ $$ћ Ў2 €ZшXТ8’ЪЬ^Ч ћ L 0| Я ,Ў* Ўћ * 88$$$$йWhy Knowing Your Manager Matters Introduction The Florida Marlins had it made in 1997: They had just won the World Series, and they looked like the team to beat in 1998. Team owner Wayne Huzinga soon changed all that. During the off-season, he traded away his superstars, such as Kevin Brown, Moises Alou, and Rob Nen, for virtual unknowns. With the players responsible for that spectacular 1997 gone to other teams, the dismantled Marlins finished the 1998 season at the bottom of their division. Fund investors can learn something from the first-to-worst tale of the Fighting Fish. Like baseball teams, mutual funds are only as good as the people behind them: the fund managers. Managers are the people who decide what to buy and what to sell, and when. Because the fund manager is therefore the person who is most responsible for a fund's performance, knowing who's calling the shots and for how long is a key to smart mutual fund picking. Different Manager Structures Before discussing further why managers are important, let's step back and examine the three ways in which funds can be managed. First, there's the single-manager approach. The person who makes the investment decisions is on his own. The manager does not do all the research, trading, and decision making without help from others, though. Robert Stansky is listed as the sole manager of Fidelity Magellan  HYPERLINK "javascript:loadit('http://quote.morningstar.com/switch.html?ticker=FMAGX')" FMAGX, but Fidelity's analysts feed him plenty of stock ideas. The single manager is sole decision maker, not the sole idea generator. Then, there's the management team, popularized by families like American Century, Scudder, and Putnam. Here, two or more people work together to choose stocks. The level of one team member's involvement or responsibilities can be tough to gauge, though. Sometimes there's a lead manager who is the final arbiter (as with some Scudder funds), while other times it is more of a democracy (as with Dodge & Cox). Finally, and most rare, is the multiple-manager system. The fund's assets are divided among a number of managers who work independently of each other. American Funds is the biggest fund family using this approach. Multiple managers are more common with subadvised funds, such as Vanguard Windsor II  HYPERLINK "javascript:loadit('http://quote.morningstar.com/switch.html?ticker=VWNFX')" VWNFX, the Master's Select funds, and the American Aadvantage group, in which the fund company hires managers from other companies to run the fund. Why Managers Matter We think it is always important to know who a fund's manager is, whether the fund is run by one person or a whole team. Equally important is how long the person or team has been running the fund. Make sure that the manager who built the majority of the fund's record is still the one in charge. Otherwise, you may be in for a surprise. Take Oppenheimer Main Street Growth and Income  HYPERLINK "javascript:loadit('http://quote.morningstar.com/switch.html?ticker=MSIGX')" MSIGX. In mid-1995, manager John Wallace left the fund. He had compiled a terrific record: The fund earned five stars and was the top-performing growth-and-income fund for the trailing three- and five-year periods. The fund wasn't the same after Wallace left: It went on to lag the average growth-and-income fund during the next few years. (New manager Chuck Albers came aboard in 1998 to improve things.) Investors who bought the fund based on its long-term record, but who didn't realize the person who built that record had moved on, were sorely disappointed. Of course, not every manager change leads to a performance falloff. When Tom Marsico left Janus Twenty  HYPERLINK "javascript:loadit('http://quote.morningstar.com/switch.html?ticker=JAVLX')" JAVLX in 1997, many investors expected the highly rated fund to come up short under new manager Scott Schoezel. So far, though, things have gone Schoezel's way. Janus Twenty not only trounced the average large-growth fund in 1998, but it beat Tom Marsico's new fund, Marsico Focus  HYPERLINK "javascript:loadit('http://quote.morningstar.com/switch.html?ticker=MFOCX')" MFOCX, by more than twenty percentage points to boot. Where Managers Matter Most--and Least So if you're looking for new investments and find two equally good funds, choose the one with the more-experienced manager. But if the manager of a fund you already own jumps ship, it's not always best to sell the fund immediately. First, you may have to pay taxes on your sold shares, if they appreciated, and what you give up in taxes may not be offset by extra future gains in a different fund. Second, the new manager may do just as well as the old. Finally, some types of funds are simply less affected by manager changes than others. Here are some examples: Index Funds. Managers of index funds are not actively choosing stocks, but simply mimicking a benchmark, owning the same stocks in the same proportion. As such, manager changes at index funds are less important than manager changes at actively managed funds. So if Gus Sauter leaves Vanguard 500 Index  HYPERLINK "javascript:loadit('http://quote.morningstar.com/switch.html?ticker=VFINX')" VFINX, don't sell. Although Sauter has added incremental return to the fund during his tenure--the fund is the best-performing S&P 500 index fund long-term--the fund won't become a complete dog if Sauter leaves. Funds in Categories with Modest Return Ranges. Managing an ultrashort-bond fund is a game of basis points. In other words, because ultrashort bonds don't offer much return potential, the difference in return between a great and an awful ultrashort-bond fund is a matter of one or two percentage points. So if your ultrashort-bond-fund manager leaves, it's probably not a big deal. Funds from Families with Strong Benches. When a fund manager leaves Fidelity, we don't get very upset. Why? Because Fidelity has many talented managers and analysts who can pick up any slack. Manager changes aren't quite as troubling if you're talking about a fund from a family, such as Fidelity, T. Rowe Price, and Janus, with a number of good funds and a strong farm team. Funds Run by Teams. While this isn't always the case, you'll often find that funds run by teams are less affected by manager changes than funds run by only one person. But that's only true if the fund really was run in a team fashion, where decisions were truly democratic. Conversely, then, manager changes can be a crushing blow to: One-manager funds. Funds run by very active managers who've proven to be adept stock pickers or traders. Good funds from families that aren't strong overall, or from fund families that lack other strong fund with a similar investment style. Funds in such categories as small growth or emerging markets, where the range of possible returns is very wide. Disregard managers and manager tenures in the instances outlined above and you may get Marlin-ed. Quiz There is only one correct answer to each question. 1. Funds following the multiple-manager system: a. Use two or more people who work together to choose investments. b. Use two or more people who work independently of each other to choose investments. c. Use one lead manager and a group of traders and research analysts. 2. Which type of fund below is least affected by manager changes? a. Index funds. b. Funds in categories where the range of return is wide. c. Funds from families that lack depth. 3. Which type of fund below is most affected by manager changes? a. Funds in categories with modest return ranges. b. Funds run by teams. c. One-manager funds. 4. If you're choosing between two equally good funds, do not choose the one: a. From a fund family that's strong overall. b. Run by a single manager who's the only star in the fund family. c. Managed by a team. 5. When a manager leaves a fund you own, you should: a. Sell immediately. b. Hold on. c. It depends. 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