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Today three methods are used to decaffeinate coffee. The most popular method is called water processing. However, the decaffeinated coffee may be a little less flavorful. Chemical processing can be used as a decaffeination method. Carbon dioxide also may be used to decaffeinate coffee. Class question: What do we call the verbs such as “to decaffeinate” above? Answer: These are verbs that follow finite verbs. They are not finite. This is the infinitive. For our purposes, focus only on the finite: those verbs that can change for tense, agree with the subject, etc. Operation: A change from a simple declarative “positive” sentence to either a negative sentence or a question (interrogative) sentence. Class example: We reviewed the extremely simple “negative operation” in Spanish. Example: Tengo hambre. Operation (insert “no” before the first word in the verb phrase): No tengo hambre. No estoy leyendo el libro. No he tenido otra alternativa. Negative: An operation that makes a positive sentence, negative. The word “not” is placed behind the first auxiliary. If there is no auxiliary, an auxiliary must be made with a form of the word “do.” This reforms the verb phrase because tense and subject-verb agreement shift to the newly formed auxiliary verb. NOTE: BE is exceptional. Examples: You have been smoking. You have not been smoking. She smokes. She does not smoke. How we make the negative in English: Identify the finite verb. Count the number of pieces in the verb phrase. If there are auxiliaries, add “not” after the first auxiliary. Ex: I am not going. If there are no auxiliaries, make an auxiliary with “do.” Ex: He do smokes. Shift the tense and subject-verb agreement from the lexical verb to the auxiliary “do.” Ex: He does smoke. Add the word “not” after the newly formed first auxiliary: He does not smoke. Exception: When “be” is the lexical verb and there are no auxiliaries in the verb phrase, just stick “not” after the lexical verb. I am not tired. He is not nice. Change other sentence elements from positive to negative as needed (e.g. sometimes you have to make “some” into any; sometimes you have to change “not” to “never”). Exercise: Make these sentences negative: I enjoy swimming. The pool near my house is very clean and well maintained. The water temperature usually stays at a reasonable temperature. The city is considering some improvements on this pool. It will be a perfect pool.  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