ࡱ> %'$` "bjbjss k6A%9$Pn$$M   $!hk#ZZZ ```Z`Z``` "C0` 0M `W$*W$`W$`lq|`dQ ^M ZZZZd zz  Experiment #1: The Effect of Brewing Temperature on Coffee Concentration Stephanie Farrell, Robert Hesketh, and Jeffrey Steingarten August 30, 2002 Submitted to: Dr. Mariano Savelski Principles of Food Engineering 0901-501 Abstract This report describes an investigation of the effect of grinding time on the concentration of Starbucks French Roast Coffee produced in an Automatic Drip Coffee Maker. Grinding times from 0 to 30 s were investigated. The concentration of coffee in the brewed product demonstrated a positive correlation with grinding time of the roasted beans. For the range of grinding times investigated, the results were consistent with the Farrell and Hesketh leaching correlation,  EMBED Equation.3 . The constants were determined to be k1=-0.007 (g/ls2), k2= 0.3975 (g/Ls) and k3 = (0.5368 g/L). Introduction The manufacturers of coffee and coffee making equipment advise that choosing the appropriate grind of coffee for the brewing method used is of critical importance in obtaining a good quality product. Using the wrong grind can quickly destroy the flavor of the very best gourmet beans. If the grind is too fine, the coffee will be bitter and over-extracted. If the grind is too coarse, the coffee will taste weak and sour. The grind of coffee is determined by the length of time the roasted beans are ground. One of the primary factors affecting the taste of coffee is the strength, or concentration, of the coffee. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the grinding time on the strength of Starbucks French Roast Coffee, brewed in an Automatic Drip Coffee Maker. The results will be compared to the model developed by Farrell and Hesketh. Theory Leaching is the process by which a substance is removed from a solid by a liquid extraction medium. Important factors affecting leaching are the temperature, contact time, contact area, and solvent selection. The contact area per unit mass of a solid particle increases with decreasing particle size. In the preparation of coffee, the particle size is determined by the time for which the roasted beans are ground. Thus the grinding time is expected to have an effect on the concentration of the brewed coffee. Farrell and Hesketh NOTEREF _Ref18473449 \h  \* MERGEFORMAT 2 have shown previously that coffee strength exhibits the following dependence on grinding time:  EMBED Equation.3  ( SEQ equation \* MERGEFORMAT 1) Where C is the coffee concentration (g/L), t is the grinding time (s), k1 is a constant with units of (g/L.s2) and k2 is a constant with units of (g/Ls) and k3 is a constant with units of (g/L). This relationship was developed for La Colombe Breakfast Blend Coffee produced in an automatic coffee maker with a water temperature of 97 oC. Materials and Methods French Roast Coffee beans were obtained from Starbucks Coffee (Seattle, WA) and stored in an airtight container at room temperature. A Krups (Nummener, Germany) 203-42 Fast Touch coffee grinder was used to grind the beans. A Capresso (Switzerland) Team Luxe Automatic Drip Coffee maker was used to brew the coffee. Distilled water was used in the brewing. The temperature of hot water was monitored using a type T thermocouple and data acquisition. A Spectronic 21 Spectrophotometer was used for concentration determination. Experimental Procedure Approximately 30 g of coffee beans were placed in the coffee grinder and ground for a specified amount of time (6-30 s). 25 g of ground coffee was removed and placed in the coffee makers gold tone filter. The reservoir was filled with 0.5 L distilled water. After turning on the coffee maker, the temperature of the hot water was monitored to ensure that a constant 97 oC was maintained. Upon completion of the brewing, a 10 ml sample was removed and stored in a sealed glass sample vial for analysis, which was performed after the sample cooled to room temperature. Coffee concentration was determined using a spectrophotomer with a wavelength of 640 nm. A calibration curve was prepared by plotting known concentrations as a function of Absorbance at 640 nm. The concentration of the calibration samples was determined by drying and weighing the residue. Results The calibration curve for the determination of coffee concentration by spectrophotometer is shown in Figure 1. The absorbance, A, increases linearly with concentration according to the equation  EMBED Equation.3   EMBED Equation.3  ( SEQ equation \* MERGEFORMAT 2)  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1. Calibration curve for coffee concentration determination using a spectrophotometer at 640 nm The coffee concentration exhibited an increase with increased grinding time, as shown in Figure 2. Since the particle size of the ground coffee decreases with increased grinding time, the results are consistent with leaching theory which states that concentration increases with increasing surface area (smaller particle size). The solid line shown in Figure 2 shows the best fit of the data to the polynomial model developed by Farrell and Hesketh NOTEREF _Ref18473449 \h  \* MERGEFORMAT 2. The close agreement between the data and the empirical best-fit shows that the concentration-grinding time dependence of Starbucks French Roast Coffee brewed in an automatic drip coffee maker can be described by the Farrell and Hesketh NOTEREF _Ref18473449 \h  \* MERGEFORMAT 2 leaching correlation, with k1=-0.007 (g/ls2), k2= 0.3975 (g/Ls) and k3 = (0.5368 g/L). The Laboratory Data Sheet for this experiment is provided in Appendix 1. A sample calculation for coffee concentration are shown in Appendix 2.  Figure  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2. Concentration as a function of grinding time for Starbucks French Roast Coffee brewed in an Automatic Drip Coffee Maker. Conclusions The concentration of Starbucks French Roast Coffee brewed in an automatic drip coffee maker increases with the grinding time of the bean. The concentration follows a polynomial dependence on grinding time which is consistent with previous results for La Colombe Breakfast Blend Coffee reported by Farrell and Hesketh NOTEREF _Ref18473449 \h  \* MERGEFORMAT 2. Future studies should include the determination of coffee particle size as a function of grinding time. This would allow a direct correlation between coffee concentration and particle size (or area).   References   PAGE 5  Caffeine, M.J. and I Colombian,. Factors affecting coffee quality, Int. J. Coffee, 35(2) 2001, 23-31.  Farrell, S. and R. Hesketh, Factors affecting coffee strength, J. Coffee Qual., 47(3) 2002, 45-41.  Perry, R. and D.W. 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