ࡱ> ` abjbjss . Ghhhhhhh|DDD8| $|P acccccc$hhggghh gh h agahh D IDK"0*Dh *  խEXgggg|||$lt|||t|||hhhhhh   Improving Opportunities for Pennsylvanians of all ages to have affordable access to post-secondary education opportunities Education Policy and Leadership Center Fellowship Program Aimee Alapack Jim Buckheit Brian Johnson Paul Johnson May 2005 Note: This paper is the work of the team members and solely represents the views of the team. It does not represent the official views or policy positions of individual team members or the organizations with which they are affiliated. Topic: How can state policy improve opportunities for Pennsylvanians of all ages to have affordable access to post-secondary education opportunities? The Commonwealth has a complex mixture of post-secondary institutions that annually enroll more than 600,000 students. Its 147 institutions include 14 community colleges, 14 state-funded universities, 4 state-related universities, 7 state-aided institutions and 86 independent colleges and universities. Another 90 private licensed schools offer specialized associate degrees. Many post-secondary institutions, particularly the state related and community colleges, have multiple campuses. The diversity institutional types offer Pennsylvania's citizens a wide variety of educational options. They offer nearly every conceivable type of post-secondary program offering available anywhere in our nation. However there is a down side to Pennsylvania's post-secondary institutional diversity. It poses extraordinarily challenges to state policy-makers when attempting to address education issues such as establishing a seamless system of transition from secondary to post-secondary education. In addition, while the Commonwealth has a large number of post-secondary institutions, these institutions do not guarantee access to all Pennsylvanians. Institutions are not evenly accessible to all areas of the state. Institutions are generally concentrated around population centers. The Commonwealth's relatively limited institutional support and generous student support produces a high cost/high aid system that frightens off potential students. Most problematic is the failure by the Commonwealth to implement a statewide network of community colleges. For many citizens, community college is the first line of post-secondary education. They provide affordable, accessible, quality educational opportunities. However, since community college legislation was enacted in 1963 the Commonwealth has failed in its vision "to encourage and facilitate the development of community colleges within reasonable commuting distances of every citizen of this Commonwealth." In total more than 1.6 million Pennsylvanians who reside in five regions of the state do not have reasonable access to a community college. Given the extraordinary budgetary challenges that face the Commonwealth, it is not expected that the Commonwealth will have the ability to address the needs of underserved regions by creating new community colleges. However, by targeting relatively small amounts of existing or new resources as incentives existing institutions located in the underserved regions to collaborate in delivering educational programming many of the existing gaps in community college type opportunities can be closed. The Problem According to the Pennsylvania Commission for Community Colleges (PCCC), Pennsylvania community colleges are open to all Pennsylvanians regardless of age or educational background. Additionally, PCCC states that, All of the colleges offer some form of distance learning programs that require very little, if any, on campus timemany of the colleges offer web-based online course programs that you can participate in from anywhere that you can connect to the Internet. So, the opportunity exists. However, for those that cannot connect to the Internet, many counties within the Commonwealth geographically lack access to a community college. How can we provide equal access to a community college or its equivalent to all Pennsylvanians under the current structure? Community College Characteristics General education: 2-year associate degrees Transfer programs with 4-year institutions Certificates Job training and retraining for skilled workforce Distance Learning Low Tuition Sense of Community and Civic Responsibility Remedial Education Community College Definition Community College is defined in the Pa. School Code, Art. XIX-A, Sec. 1901-A.4 as:" a public college or technical institute which... provides a two-year, post-secondary, college-parallel, terminal-general, terminal-technical, out of school youth or adult education program or any combination of these [and] may also provide area vocational-technical education services to secondary senior high school students." Community College Mission From the American Association of Community Colleges, The community college's mission is the fountain from which all of its activities flow. In simplest terms, the mission of the community college is to provide education for individuals, many of whom are adults, in its service region. Most community college missions have the basic commitments to: serving all segments of society through an open-access admissions policy that offers equal and fair treatment to all students; comprehensive educational program; serving its community as a community-based institution of higher education; teaching; lifelong learning. Pennsylvanias Community Colleges Community colleges are the states strongest defense against brain drain, with 95% of those enrolled being Pennsylvania residents who plan to live and workhere. Today, 365,000 students are enrolled at Pennsylvania 14 community colleges, more than theother sectors of higher education. In the most recent two-year period, community colleges enrolled more than 140,000 students in occupations critical to the state's economy including healthcare, advanced manufacturing and information technology. Throughout Pennsylvania, community colleges are fostering innovative partnerships that have allowed them to serve many of our employers and more than 75,000 of their employees through customized training programs. Nearly two million Pennsylvanians havewalked through the doors of one of Pennsylvanias community colleges since weopened our doors 40 years ago. Our admission offices are crowded with high school graduates seeking an affordable two-year degree or a start to a four-year degree; workers of all ages striving to add new job skills; and laid off workers who need to start new careers. Demand for and enrollment in community colleges has increased nearly 25% overthe pastfive years, and there is no end in sight. Community colleges are the most affordable education opportunity for higher education and technical training. When surveyed, 95 percent of all community college students in Pennsylvania say they will continue to live right here, working, raising families, paying taxes and improving their lives and communities. Expenditures on community colleges produce the best economic return of all spending on public higher education. From the Carolinas to California, prospering states have put community colleges to work developing targeted skills, retaining jobs, and attracting new employers. But in doing this, those states gave their community colleges the resources they needed. Advantages of Attending a Community College Since current workers and local employers now demand some form of postsecondary education and training, students are looking to community colleges to fulfill their needs. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that 70 percent of the fastest-growing jobs will require education beyond high school and that 40 percent of all new jobs will require at least an associate's degree. Convenient class schedules Develops analytical and technical skills Research shows that students who complete associate degrees and certificates are more likely to move into higher-status management and professional positions with higher earnings Community colleges can adapt quickly to align programs with community workforce needs. From PCCC: The community colleges and the schools within the State System of Higher Education have created the  HYPERLINK "http://www.sshechan.edu/passport" \t "top" "Academic Passport" for community college students who transfer to state system school. Under the provisions of the program, community college students earning an associates degree are assured that they will be accepted into the Pennsylvania state system university of their choice. The courses completed as part of the associates degree will be accepted, and to the extent possible, applied toward the fulfillment of the bachelor degree requirement at the receiving university. Additionally, many of the colleges have articulation agreements with other schools outside of the State System, such as Temple or Penn State. Disadvantages of Attending a Community College Since a community college usually does not provide on-campus housing, the atmosphere of the institution may not appear as active as a university. Some community college credits may not transfer to all universities. Some community college courses do not guarantee credit for the class. Regional Profiles Our project team identified regions in the Commonwealth that could be better served by a Community College education or its equivalent. Since each region has its own needs, based upon those areas demographics and current post-secondary educational assets, we made suggestions on how to provide access to community college services in those areas. An analysis of each region's population and post-secondary institutions follows together with options to increase access to community college services for its residents follows: Northern Tier Region Bradford, Lycoming, Potter, Sullivan, Tioga counties Residents of the Northern Tier Region of the Commonwealth do not have access to community college services. The closest community college to the region is in Luzerne County. It is only remotely accessible to a limited number of residents of the Northern Tier through a lengthy commute of more than one-hour. While the region has three two-year degree granting institutions these programs limit their offerings to career and technical degrees. Demographics of Region: 1990Percent Population 25 yrs +2002-03HS GradsMedianFamiliesPercentagePercentage2003 No.HS Gradscommnty2000 CensusFamilyinHigh SchlCollegeHigh SchlcollegecollegePopulationIncomePovertyGraduatesGraduatesGraduatesboundboundNorthern TierBradford62,761 $ 23,970 10.075.712.9 851 52234Lycoming120,044 $ 25,552 8.474.512.3 1,289 9157Potter18,080 $ 21,377 11.773.89.8 247 1434Sullivan6,556 $ 20,107 10.970.28.6 72 280Tioga41,373 $ 22,571 10.872.912.6 498 3063248,814 2,957 191448 Post-secondary Educational Assets: Potter County Educational Council provides access to four-year degree programs through the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. Access is provided mostly through on-line courses. Penn College of Technology offers two-year and four-year degree programs in technical fields largely designed to address regional and state workforce development needs. Mansfield University offers four-year and graduate degrees and Lycoming College offers four-year degree programs.. Lock Haven University is accessible to those residing in the southern portion of the Northern Tier. Northern Tier Career Center is located in Towanda, Bradford County. In addition to its programs for high school students, it offers adult technical education programs as well as a degree program in practical nursing. Lycoming Career and Technical Center is located in Williamsport. It offers technical education programs to high school students. Newport Business Institute in Williamsport provides two-year specialized degrees in business administration and secretarial science. Options to provide access to community college services: Given the sparse population and relative low to moderate wealth of the area, coupled with the already existing availability of two-year technical degrees programs, it does not appear that a freestanding community college would be an economically viable option for the Northern Tier. However, using existing educational institutions, traditional non-technical community college-type program offerings could be viable through the regional educational council. Traditional two-year general arts and sciences degree offerings could be delivered at public schools, career and technical centers and other public facilities at relatively low-cost. To carry out the option either an existing institution, such as Luzerne County Community College, or a new degree-granting institution would need to be established to administer the institution, deliver the program offerings and award diplomas. The four county governments or school districts in the four counties would need to sponsor the institution. Southern Alleghenies Region Bedford, Blair, Franklin, Fulton, Huntingdon counties Residents of the Southern Alleghenies Region of the Commonwealth do not have access to community college services. The closest community colleges to the region are in Cambria and Adams counties. They are only remotely accessible to a limited number of residents of the Southern Alleghenies region through a lengthy commute of more than one-hour. The region has two public and two private associate degree granting institutions and two public and two private colleges or universities that offer baccalaureate degrees and above. The associate degree programs offered by the private institutions are specialized business degrees in the fields of business and medicine. The associate degree programs offered by the public institutions are mostly in career and technical fields. Demographics of Region: 1990PercentPopulation 25 yrs +2002-03HS GradsMedianFamiliesPercentagePercentage2003 No.HS Gradscommnty2000 CensusFamilyinHigh SchlCollegeHigh SchlcollegecollegePopulationIncomePovertyGraduatesGraduatesGraduatesboundboundSouthern AllegheniesBedford49,984$21,62210.468.57.858432915Blair 129,435$23,27111.075.010.51,50395526Franklin133,780$28,8065.769.412.41,49091114Fulton14,261$23,7369.564.07.4155780Huntington45,586$23,06710.571.29.45223055373,0464,2542,57860 Post-secondary Educational Assets: Shippensburg University, a campus of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, is accessible to students in Franklin County and offers a wide variety of baccalaureate and graduate degree programs. Wilson College, a private college, offers baccalaureate and graduate programs primarily in the liberal arts, education and business is located in Franklin County. Penn State has two campuses in this region. Its campus in Mont Alto, Franklin County offers associate degrees in nine areas including letters, arts and sciences. The other associate degree programs include business administration, nursing, occupational and physical therapy and forest technology. It also offers a number of baccalaureate degree programs. The Penn State campus in Altoona, Blair County offers associate degrees in nine areas including letters, arts and sciences, criminal justice, business administration, nursing information science and technology and others. The campus also offers a number of baccalaureate degree programs. Juniata College, located in Huntingdon County, offers baccalaureate and graduate degrees in a wide variety of fields. The DuBois Business College in Huntingdon and South Hills School of Business in Altoona, both private degree-granting institutions, offer specialized business degrees in business, medical arts, information science and law. Each of the five counties has a career and technical education center that provides career and technical education to high school students who reside in the respective county. Two centers, those in Blair and Franklin counties, offer certificate programs to adult students. None of the five centers offer associate degree programs. Options to provide access to community college services: Given the sparse population in large portions of this region, and the mountainous terrain that limits easy access throughout the region, coupled with the region's relative low to moderate wealth--also considering the already existing availability of two-year technical degrees programs, it does not appear that a freestanding community college would be an economically viable option for the Southern Alleghenies region. However, using existing educational institutions, traditional non-technical community college-type program offerings could be viable through the regional educational council. Traditional two-year general arts and sciences degree offerings could be delivered at public schools, career and technical centers and other public facilities at relatively low-cost. To carry out the option either an existing institution, such as Cambria County Community College or Harrisburg Area Community College, or a new degree-granting institution would need to be established to administer the institution, deliver the program offerings and award diplomas. The five county governments or school districts in the four counties would need to sponsor the institution. Central Region Centre, Clinton, Juniata, Mifflin, Snyder, Union counties Residents of the Central Region of the Commonwealth do not have access to community college services. The closest community college to the region is in Dauphin County. It is only remotely accessible to a limited number of residents of the Central Region through a lengthy commute of more than one-hour. The region has two associate degree granting institutions, one public and one private, and two public and two private colleges or universities that offer baccalaureate degrees or above. The associate degree programs offered by the private institution are specialized degrees in the fields of business, medicine, and technology. The associate degree programs offered by the public institution are mostly in career fields. Demographics of Region: 1990PercentPopulation 25 yrs +2002-03HS GradsMedianFamiliesPercentagePercentage2003 No.HS Gradscommunity2000 CensusFamilyinHigh SchlCollegeHigh SchlcollegecollegePopulationIncomePovertyGraduatesGraduatesGraduatesboundboundCentral RegionCentre135,758$34,3136.283.632.31,1618656Clinton37,914$22,12811.472.511.74122432Juniata22,821$28,7816.965.27.325631225Mifflin 46,486$22,7789.568.28.744522813Snyder 37,546$25,8647.764.410.637423661Union 41,624 $27,6226.573.117.52912101322,1492,939 2,154108 Post-secondary Educational Assets: Bucknell University in Union County is a highly selective, private, nonsectarian, co-educational university offering a broad liberal arts curriculum and strong professional programs in engineering, business, education, and music. Lock Haven University in Clinton County, a member of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, is accessible to those residing in the northern portion of the Central Region. The Pennsylvania State University at University Park in Centre County offers two-year, four-year and graduate degrees. The University Park campus offers associate degrees in four areas: Agricultural Business; Business Administration; Human Development and Family Studies; and Letters, Arts, and Sciences. The objectives of the Letters, Arts, and Sciences major are to broaden the student's understanding, interests, and skills; to help the student become a more responsible, productive member of the family and community; and to offer a degree program with sufficient electives to permit some specialization according to the student's interests or career plans Susquehanna University in Snyder County offers a liberal arts program and strong professional programs in business, education and communications. Degrees are offered for the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Science. The South Hills School of Business & Technology in Centre County has five locations: the Main Campus and a Corporate Training Center in State College, an Altoona Campus, and two training centers in Lewistown and Philipsburg. The South Hills School of Business & Technology is a co-educational, post-secondary institution offering diploma, ASB and AST degree programs five days a week, ten months out of the year. Workshops in computer use and professional development opportunities are offered evenings and weekends. Summer computing and keyboarding camps serve younger populations. The Lewistown Learning Site, located about 30 miles from State College, helps better serve the educational needs of the Mifflin, Juniata and Snyder county areas. It admits students in one-year programs. The Mifflin County Industrial Development Corporation (MCIDC) and the MC-2000 Educational Board have agreed to work with South Hills School of Business & Technology by providing input as to the educational needs of the local communities. The Altoona Campus is about 45 miles from State College and the Philipsburg Learning Site is about 25 miles from State College. Options to provide access to community college services: Given the sparse population and relative low to moderate wealth of the area, coupled with the already existing availability of two-year technical degrees programs, it does not appear that a free-standing community college would be an economically viable option for the Central Region. However, using existing educational institutions, traditional non-technical community college-type program offerings could be viable through the regional educational council. Traditional two-year general arts and sciences degree offerings could be delivered at public schools, career and technical centers and other public facilities at relatively low-cost. To carry out the option either an existing institution, such as The South Hills School of Business & Technology, or a new degree-granting institution would need to be established to administer the institution, deliver the program offerings and award diplomas. The six county governments or school districts in the six counties would need to sponsor the institution. Northwest Region Clarion, Crawford, Erie, Forest, Venango, Warren counties Residents of the Northwest Region of the Commonwealth do not have access to community college services. Of the 17 post-secondary institutions spread throughout the six-county region, 11 are located in Erie County, with the remaining six being remotely spread out among three counties. Two counties have none; however, three Higher Education Councils provide access via Internet courses to four-year institutions. Demographics of Region: 1990PercentPopulation 25 yrs +2002-03HS GradsMedianFamiliesPercentagePercentage2003 No.HS Gradscommnty2000 CensusFamilyinHigh SchlCollegeHigh SchlcollegecollegePopulationIncomePovertyGraduatesGraduatesGraduatesboundboundNorthwestClarion41,755$21,60212.173.111.754936040Crawford90,366$23,08311.774.111.88505618Erie 280,843$26,5819.577.516.23,3662,45819Forest 4,946$19,1709.270.57.955340Venango58,359$22,59312.174.210.874648910Warren43,863$26,3516.676.610.75013115520,1326,0674,21382 Post-secondary Educational Assets: Clarion County Clarion County has one 4-year state system school, the main campus of Clarion University. C/VERA is a community education council funded primarily by the Pennsylvania Department of Education to meet workforce and economic development needs in Clarion and Venango Counties. It accomplishes this mission by serving as a clearinghouse for education and training resources, as a resource to businesses seeking to access education and training for their employees, and as a catalyst in bringing new education and training options to the area. C\VERA's role is that of an unbiased facilitator and broker of locally delivered education and training The DuBois Business College is a private college with campuses in DuBois, Oil City, and Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. It provides quality education that is effective for a successful business career. It offers degree and diploma programs: accounting, clerical, computer, and entertainment courses. The Tri-State Business Institute provides students with the practical skills and the responsible behaviors necessary to secure rewarding careers in their specialized fields of study. To accomplish this mission, the Institute provides students with updated postsecondary technical knowledge and vocational/technical skills. Crawford County Crawford County has one private college (Allegheny), one state related branch (Pitt-Titusville), and one two-year technical school (Business Institute of PA/Meadville). Allegheny College is a 540-acre campus located in the city of Meadville, a community that offers the history and natural beauty of northwestern Pennsylvania.. Programs of study include more than 70 major and minor programs, as well as student-designed programs. Degrees awarded include Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science. Erie County Edinboro University resides along the southern border of the county. It has an enrollment of 8,000 undergraduate and graduate students. Edinboro University is the leading institution of higher education in the region, and a cornerstone of excellence in academics, technology and the arts. Edinboro is one of 14 schools in the PASSHE. The Porreco Center in Erie offers day and evening classes, in addition to conferences and special events. Edinboro University in Meadville also offers day and evening classes, as well as information about Edinboro University's programs, services and activities At Penn State Behrend, nearly 3,700 students benefit from the opportunities and prestige of a major research university set in the atmosphere of student-centered college. Students can choose from 31 baccalaureate majors and 19 minors, 5 associate degree programs, and 3 graduate programs: a Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), a Master of Project Management (M.P.M.), and a Master of Manufacturing Systems Engineering (M.ENG.). Mercyhurst College in Erie has a 70-acre main campus with 50 majors, 67 concentrations, bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Music Master of Science in Special Education, Administration of Justice, Organizational Leadership, Forensic and biological Anthropology and Applied Intelligence. Gannon University is a private, co-educational Catholic, comprehensive university offering associate's, bachelor's, and master's degrees, certificates and doctoral degrees in Erie. Erie Business College is the area's longest established career training institution. They offer more than 20 different associate in specialized business (ASB) and diploma programs in a range of career fields. Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, located in Erie, is a medical college that is a member of Millcreek Health Systems, which operates Millcreek Community Hospital, Millcreek Geriatric Education and Care Center, and eleven ambulatory care clinics in Erie County. Triangle Tech Inc in Erie offers private for-profit associate's degrees. Erie Institute of Technology is a premier educational facility providing training for the cutting-edge technological careers of tomorrow. EIT offers electronics, business, and computer curriculum. Venango County A Venango branch of Clarion can be found in Venango County along with one other technical school (DuBois Business College) near Oil City. Warren or Forest counties Warren Forrest Higher Education Council offers academic programming to meet the educational and employment training opportunities for the citizens of Warren and Forest counties. A comprehensive array of post-secondary educational opportunities is available to residents through the Warren/Forest Higher Education Council, the College and University Center in Warren. Options to provide access to community college services: There is no freestanding community college system in this six-county area. Given the rural populations of three counties in the region, Forest, Venango and Warren, the availability of two-year opportunities is limited in these areas. However, traditional, non-technical community college-type program offerings could be viable through the Warren Forest Higher Education Council. Availability of two-year and technical education is plentiful in Clarion County due to the presence of Clarion University and two technical schools. Erie County offers the most plentiful access to educational opportunities, with five universities and three technical schools and a post-secondary medical institution affiliated with local hospitals. Erie County is the hub of two-year educational opportunities in this region, and extensions of the opportunities there could be viable through additional educational councils throughout the more rural counties via distance learning and through various articulation and workforce training agreements. North Central Cameron, Clearfield, Elk, Jefferson, McKean Residents of the North Central Region of the Commonwealth do not have access to community college services. The closest community college to the region is in Cambria County. It is only remotely accessible to a limited number of residents of the North Central Region through a lengthy commute of nearly 90 minutes. The region has five associate degree granting institutions, three public and two private, and four universities or branch campuses that offer baccalaureate degrees and graduate programs. The associate degree programs offered by the private institution are specialized degrees in the fields of business, medicine, computer-aided design, construction and technology. The associate degree programs offered by the public institution are mostly in career and technical fields. North Central1990PercentPopulation 25 yrs +2002-03HS GradsMedianFamiliesPercentagePercentage2003 No.HS Gradscommnty2000 CensusFamilyinHigh SchlCollegeHigh SchlcollegecollegePopulationIncomePovertyGraduatesGraduatesGradsboundboundCameron5,974 $ 20,839 9.773.19.8 79 480Clearfield84,321 $ 21,773 11.270.28.61,066 7034Elk35,112 $ 24,866 7.774.99.5 435 3151Jefferson45,976 $ 26,208 10.972.68.9 529 3186McKean45,936 $ 23,106 11.575.412.2 517 3302217,3192,626 171413 Post-secondary Educational Assets: Two Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education universities have branch campuses in this region. Indiana University has a campus in Punxsutawney that offers junior level programming as well as a few graduate degree programs. Lock Haven University also has a branch campus in the region located in Clearfield. The University of Pittsburgh has a branch campus in Bradford and Penn State University has a branch campus in DuBois. In addition the Elk-Cameron Community Education Council offers programs through Penn State, University of Pittsburgh and Lock Haven University. Triangle Tech and DuBois Business Institute both offer specialized associate degree programs. Options to provide access to community college services: This area has a wealth of post-secondary offerings throughout with the exception of Cameron County, which has a population under 6,000 residents. The existing institutions offer the best opportunity to continue to meet the post-secondary educational needs of the region. The most significant barrier that appears to exist is that of cost. Penn State, University of Pittsburgh and Lock Haven University tuition rates far exceed that of most community colleges. This may be best addressed through some type of targeted assistance to support associate degree programs offered by the existing institutions in this region. Conclusion and Recommendations The opportunity to attend a community college in the Commonwealth exists for a majority of its citizens. However, far too many citizens who reside in certain regions are not afforded such access due to there not being a community college within a reasonable driving distance. Given the rich diversity of post-secondary educational institutions we believe that a one-size-fits-all solution is not appropriate as such a strategy would upset the balance of existing institutional offerings. Rather we believe that the solution to each area's unique needs must be addressed based on a thorough analysis of each region with a customized solution developed for each. Our intentions are to provide equal access to a community college experience or its equivalent to all Pennsylvania residents. To that end we recommend that Article XIX-D of the Public School of 1949 be amended. The amendment would charge the local community education councils in each of the five regions with the responsibility to develop a plan, with the input from key stakeholders, that outlines how residents of the region will have access, within five years, to community college level post-secondary educational opportunities. If a viable community education council does not currently exists, the county governments in each region shall establish a viable council. The plan is to be presented for the approval of the Secretary of Education and State Board of Education within one-year of enactment of the amendment. The community education council, which is established under Article XIX-D, shall include representatives from each sector of higher education institutions located in the region, business, economic development authority, county government, school districts and students. The plan consider and address how existing institutions can offer community college type services and how gaps can be filled where existing institutions can not provide such services. To fill any gaps the councils shall consider partnerships with existing community colleges outside the region and consider how expansion of distance learning opportunities could benefit local residents. The plan shall also consider financing options for the expansion of such services. The Secretary of Education and State Board of Education shall review the plan and provide approval or request for revision within 60 days of submission. If approved, the one-third state subsidy would be offered for each student enrolled in the community-college type services on the same basis as it is provided to the existing community colleges. RELATED AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH  HYPERLINK "http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ovae/pi/cclo/workforc.html" http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ovae/pi/cclo/workforc.html for economic impact.  HYPERLINK "http://www.tc.edu/iee/CCRC/" The Community College Research Center promotes research on major issues affecting the development, growth, and changing roles of community colleges. One of the major research strands is the role of community colleges in workforce and economic development.  HYPERLINK "http://www.league.org/publication/abstracts/leaderab_main.htm" The League for Innovation in the Community College. Under its Leadership Abstract Series, several articles focus on the role of community colleges in workforce and economic development (June 2003, November 2002, September 2002, and January 2002).  HYPERLINK "http://www.doleta.gov/programs/adult_program.cfm" U.S.Department of Labor, Workforce Investment Act (WIA). The goal of Title I of WIA is to improve the quality of the nations workforce. Qualified participants use an "individual training account" to select appropriate training program from providers, including community colleges.  HYPERLINK "http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Template.cfm?Section=All_Books&Template=/Ecommerce/ProductDisplay.cfm&ProductID=325" State-by-State Profile of Community Colleges  HYPERLINK "http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Template.cfm?Section=All_Books&Template=/Ecommerce/ProductDisplay.cfm&ProductID=202" National Profile of Community Colleges, Trends & Statistics,  HYPERLINK "http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Template.cfm?Section=Statistical_Guide&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=4356&InterestCategoryID=244&Name=Statistics&ComingFrom=InterestDisplay" Performance Based Funding: A Review of Five States  HYPERLINK "http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Template.cfm?Section=Statistical_Guide&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=4659&InterestCategoryID=244&Name=Statistics&ComingFrom=InterestDisplay" Community College Certificates and Degrees Conferred by Major Field of Study, 1996-97 Making an Impact: Economic Workforce Development and Contributions of Pennsylvanias Community Colleges 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