ࡱ> VXU 0bjbjWW =P==%* AQaaauuu8D<u!R-----#!%!%!%!%!%!%!$"%I!aI!aa--^!|a-a-#!#!g  -yz,u !t!0! ,*&*& *&a \0BI!I!^!*& : EVALUATING THE VALUATION ALLOWANCE Christine Czekai Bauman, Assistant Professor, The University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin John W. Gribble, Partner, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Jersey City, New Jersey Terry D. Warfield, Associate Professor, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Brett Jones is a senior accountant with the accounting firm of BGW. On a recent audit engagement, Brett was assigned the task of evaluating the deferred tax accounting for Packer Inc. The company, founded in 1962, is a large heavy machinery manufacturer. Packers balance sheet at December 31, 1997 includes a deferred tax asset of approximately $22 million related to net future deductible temporary differences. However, realization of the deferred tax asset is dependent upon profitable operations in the U.S. and abroad, and future reversals of existing temporary differences. Although realization is not assured, Packer management in the past has been pretty sure that such benefits will be realized through the reduction of future taxable income. Management has carefully considered various factors in assessing the probability of realizing these deferred tax benefits. Brett recalls the complexity surrounding the judgmental nature of accounting for deferred taxes under generally accepted accounting principles. Under Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 109 (FAS 109), Packer could be required to record a deferred tax asset for future deductible amounts and carry-forwards and record a valuation allowance, if it is likely that the tax asset will not be realized. Brett also recalls that FAS 109 provides some examples of negative evidence to support recording a valuation allowance, and positive evidence to avoid recording a valuation allowance. If assessed in an unbiased fashion, reliance on such evidence should result in a valuation allowance that is representationally faithful to the uncertainty of the underlying deferred tax asset. Discussion with Packer Inc.s President, Mike Holm, reveals the following information about the Company. Packer has never lost deferred Federal tax benefits due to the expiration of a U.S. net operating loss carry-forward. Post-retirement benefits become tax deductions over periods up to 50 years. Packer has the ability to utilize tax planning, such as capitalization of research and experimentation costs for tax purposes, so that Packer does not have, and does not expect to generate in the near future, any significant U.S. Federal tax net operating loss carry-forwards. Based on this information and the following selected financial information for Packer Inc., Brett must decide how to advise Packer Inc. on the accounting for its deferred taxes. Packer, Inc. Selected Financial Highlights Packer Inc. Consolidated Statement of Income Years Ended December 31, (Dollars in thousands) Income Statements 1997 1996 1995 Sales and Revenues $150,666 $134,760 $119,686 Other Income 25,162 20,191 18,533 Total Revenues $175,828 $154,951 $138,219 Cost and Expenses Cost of Sales 126,536 117,221 106,422 Selling, General, Administrative Expense 13,515 12,234 11,532 Interest expense 5,302 5,432 5,674 Depreciation expense 8,554 7,124 6,576 Amortization 3,467 3,127 2,865 Other deductions 1,678 1,460 2,575 Total Costs and Expenses 159,052 146,598 135,644 Pre-Tax Income $ 16,776 $ 8,353 $ 2,575 Tax Expense 2,844 2,695 110 Net Income $ 13,932 $ 5,658 $ 2,465 Packer, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheet (Dollars in thousands) Assets 1997 1996 Cash $ 11,044 $ 10,939 Other marketable securities 5,599 5,137 Receivables Net 68,720 63,055 Inventories 11,530 10,128 Contracts in Progress 2,469 2,265 Net Equipment Leases 27,702 30,062 Deferred Income Taxes 21,975 20,377 Net Real Estate, Plants, and Tools 29,569 27,221 Special Tools 8,171 7,559 Intangible Assets 11,899 11,914 Other Asset 21,392 20,626 Total Assets $220,070 $209,283 Liabilities Accounts Payable $ 11,899 $ 11,635 Notes Payable 83,323 73,730 U.S., Foreign and other Income Taxes 3,232 2,721 Non-Pension Post-retirement Benefits 41,595 40,018 Pensions 6,842 14,353 Other Liabilities 46,887 42,868 Total Liabilities $ 193,778 $185,325 Common Stocks 1,310 1,294 Additional Paid-in Capital 13,871 13,149 Retained Earnings 12,185 1,786 Other Adjustments 11,074 7,729 Total Equity 26,292 23,958 Total Liabilities and Equity $ 220,070 $209,283 Note 1 Significant Accounting Policies Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation is provided generally on a straight-line basis. Inventories Inventories are stated generally at cost, which is not in excess of market. The cost of substantially all U.S. inventories is determined by the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. Note 6 United States, Foreign, and Other Income Taxes Deferred and Payable (Dollars in thousands) 1997 1996 Tax Expense Current U.S. $1,431 $1,030 Foreign 254 614 Total Payable 1,685 1,644 Deferred U.S. 1,023 942 Foreign 136 109 Total 1,159 1,051 Total Tax Expense $2,844 $2,695 Deferred income tax assets and liabilities in 1997 and 1996 reflect the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the bases of such assets and liabilities as measured by tax laws. Realization of the net deferred tax assets is dependent on future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carry-forwards. Although realization is not assured, management believes that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be realized. The amount of net deferred tax assets considered realizable, however, could be reduced in the near term if actual future taxable income is lower than estimated, or if there are differences in the timing or amount of future reversals of existing temporary taxable differences. Annual tax provisions include amounts considered sufficient to pay tax assessments that may result from examination of prior years tax returns; however, the amount ultimately paid upon resolution of issues raised may differ materially from the amount accrued. The alternative minimum tax credit can be carried forward indefinitely. The U.S. state net operating loss will expire in the years 19992012 if not utilized; however, a substantial portion will not expire until after the year 2002. The foreign tax credit carry-forwards will expire in the years 20022012 if not utilized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities and the temporary differences and carry-forwards which give rise to them are shown as follows: 1997 1996 (Dollars in thousands) Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Pensions and Other Post-employment Benefits $22,450 $21,300 Policy and Warranties 2,085 1,981 Depreciation $ 5,034 $ 4,903 Capitalized R & D 571 780 AMT and State NOL Carry-forwards 1,178 1,055 Foreign Credit Carry-forwards 537 130 Other 9,803 13,964 8,506 11,338 Sub-Total 36,624 18,998 33,752 16,241 Valuation Allowance (14,649) (13,375) Total Deferred Tax Amounts $21,975 $18,998 $20,377 $16,241 Supplementary Information Selected Financial Data (unaudited) (Dollars in millions) For the years ended December 31, 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 Net Sales $176 $155 $138 $132 $123 $125 $127 $124 $115 $116 Net Income (loss) $ 14 $ 6 $ 2 ($23) ($5) ($2) $4 $5 ($7) ($9) Requirements: Some disagreement has arisen about the valuation allowance currently recorded for Packer, Inc. Mike Holm suggests that the valuation allowance could have ranged anywhere between 20% and 60% of the gross deferred tax asset. Packer Management has asked you to prepare an analysis for them related to their proposal to record an allowance of 60% of the deferred tax asset. Prepare a memorandum to Mike Holm that addresses whether recording a valuation allowance of 60% of their deferred tax asset could be supported by generally accepted accounting principles. In your memorandum you should also include a brief discussion of possible advantages for Packer of recording either a high or a low valuation allowance. Use information from the following analyses to provide support for your recommendation: Consider the impact of a 60% valuation allowance on Packers reported financial position. Support your discussion with an appendix in which you: Compute the following for Packer for 1997 using the existing data and recasting your analysis under the assumption of a 60% valuation allowance): (a) return on assets, (b) return on equity, (c) debt to equity ratio. Note: You should use average assets and equity (based on 1997 and 1996 data) when they are used in the denominator of ROA and ROE.) b. Reference the guidance found in the accounting literature. Be certain to reference the appropriate accounting literature to support your position and attach a copy of the relevant paragraphs from the Standard.  Copyright 1999 by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). Cases developed and distributed under the AICPA Case Development Program are intended for use in higher education for instructional purposes only, and are not for application in practice. Permission is granted to photocopy any case(s) for classroom teaching purposes only. All other rights are reserved. The AICPA neither approves nor endorses this case or any solution provided herein or subsequently developed.  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L^`LhH.   ^ `hH.   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. *,         5@BBSH:i)mqO\.D1JslWS*%%@))))(p@UnknownG*Ax Times New Roman5Symbol3. *Cx ArialYUniversal-NewswithCommPiA$BCambria Math"1hl!'l!': D: D24d%%3QHP ?\2!xx"EVALUATING THE VALUATION ALLOWANCEhfact004 heidemarie Oh+'0h   $ 0 <HPX`$EVALUATING THE VALUATION ALLOWANCE hfact004Normal heidemarie2Microsoft Office Word@F#@::V@L#@L#: ՜.+,00 hp  (California State University,NorthridgeD% #EVALUATING THE VALUATION ALLOWANCE Title  !"#$%&'(*+,-./023456789:;<=>?@ABCDFGHIJKLNOPQRSTWRoot Entry F ,YData )1Table1:&WordDocument=PSummaryInformation(EDocumentSummaryInformation8MCompObjy  F'Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q