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The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in polypeptides, and thus the structure of proteins. In a process called transcription, which takes place in the NUCLEUS of the cell, RNA Polymerase reads and copies the DNAs nucleotide sequences in the form of a complementary RNA molecule. Then the mRNA carries this information to the RIBOSOMES, where translation takes place. The code, in DNA or mRNA, specifies the order in which the amino acids are joined together to form a polypeptide. The code words in mRNA, however, are not directly recognized by the corresponding amino acids. Another type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) is needed to bring the mRNA and amino acids together. As the code carried by mRNA is read on a ribosome, the proper tRNAs arrive in turn and give up the amino acids they carry to the growing polypeptide chain. The process by which the information from DNA is transferred into the language of proteins is known as translation. Transcription and translation together comprise the process called protein synthesis or gene expression. The actual different gene sequences for the traits are the different forms of the gene or alleles. The genotype is by definition what is encoded in the genes. It is the differences between the forms of the genes that result in the differences between proteins, OR the absence of certain functional proteins, that leads to different phenotypes. Gene (allele1) = DNA sequence ( mRNA sequence ( amino acid sequence ( protein ( phenotype ***mutation*** Gene (allele2) = different DNA sequence ( different mRNA sequence ( different amino acid sequence ( different or nonfunctional protein ( different phenotype As scientists begin to sequence the genes of organisms found on Earth (and would attempt to do with any extraterrestrial life discovered), they are learning more and more about the genome of each species. This lab begins with a simulation involving the genome of a fictitious organism called a CHNOPS for which scientists have sequenced 6 genes, arbitrarily identified as genes A, B, C, D, E, and F. What questions do you have after reading? Write them below, then complete the assignment. If you have not answered your own questions, please either look in your notes or text for the answers, or ask your teacher. Name: _______________________ Per. _______ Date _______ 1. Complete Figure 3 using information from Figures 1 & 2. Figure 1. CHNOPS Codon Table tRNA TripletAmino Acid NumberCCC1CGA2CGC3AAC4GGG5AUC6AGG7AAA8UUU9CUA10GGA11GGU12UAU13AGC14ACC15 Figure 2. Alleles for Genes A-H in CHNOPS Amino Acid SequenceTraitPhenotype15-11-13Hair Hairless15-12-13Purple Hair6-6-10Body formPlump6-6-4Skinny14-2Leg number4-Legged(not identified)No legs12-7-8Nose lengthLong nose5-7-8Short nose9-8Freckled No freckles9-4Freckles11-3-2Skin pigmentPurple skin11-3-3Orange skin Figure 3. Traits for Genes A-F in a Specimen of CHNOPS Gene A DNA: ACC GGT TAT mRNA: UGG CCA AUA tRNA: ACC GGU UAU AA sequence: 15-12-13 Phenotype Purple HairGene B DNA: mRNA: tRNA: AGC CGA AA sequence: Phenotype Gene C DNA: mRNA: tRNA: AA sequence: Phenotype no frecklesGene D DNA: mRNA: tRNA: AA sequence: 11-3-3 Phenotype Gene E DNA: GGT AGG AAA mRNA: tRNA: AA sequence: Phenotype-Gene F DNA: mRNA: UAG UAG UUG tRNA: AA sequence: Phenotype- Draw your CHNOPS in the box below illustrating all of its genetic characteristics.  ANALYSIS & CONCLUSIONS 1. Where do you think the name CHNOPS comes from? 2. Distinguish between translation & transcription. 3. What are the specific sites for transcription & translation in the cell? 4. How many tRNA nucleotides form an anticodon that will attach to the mRNA codon? 5. What role does mRNA play in gene expression? tRNA? 6. Suppose you knew the makeup of specific proteins in a cell. How would you determine the particular DNA code that coded for them? (Hint: Given the trait, how would you find the DNA) 7. How could one change in a DNA nucleotide alter the formation of the translated protein? (An example would be the difference between normal and sickle-cell hemoglobin) Describe the three different types of mutations. 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