╨╧рб▒с>■  ?A■   >                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ье┴M Ё┐qbjbjт=т= !8АWАWV      lьььььььppp8и ┤L.Ў  "......╓╪╪╪/╘█╘п$$ D ╩╙ь.....╙.ьь..ш....ь.ь.╓..╓.Д.▓Ё▓ьь▓. └ч└* ┬pp.в▓$■0.к!.!▓.ьььь┘Neurolinguistics: language and the brain Overview What is neurolinguistics? Innateness hypothesis Evidence used in neurolinguistics Lateralization Localization Lateralization---some variables Summary What is neurolinguistics? Neurolinguists investigate: How the brain processes language Where the brain processes language Who do neurolinguists study? Normal subjects E.g. via dichotic listening experiments: stimulus presented to different ears Abnormal subjects stroke patients patients with brain injury patients who have had brain surgery Aphasia: language disorder associated with trauma to the brain Lateralization Contra-lateral control: a given hemisphere controls opposite side of body. Lateralization and language (esp. for adult, male, left-handed, literate, monolingual subjects) Left brain controls right side of body Right brain controls left side of body Right hemisphere specialties Holistic processing: pattern-matching (e.g. recognizing faces) spatial relations emotional reactions music (processing by musically naive individuals) Left hemisphere specialties Sequential processing: rhythm temporal relations analytical thinking music (processed---analytically---by musically sophisticated individuals) mathematics intellectual reasoning language, speech sounds Language processing as a left hemisphere task. Evidence from: Split-brain patients (severe cases of epilepsy once treated by severing corpus callosum) E.g., with left eye open (right brain) and right eye covered, task of naming object in left hand (right brain) much harder than naming object in left hand with right eye (left brain) open and left eye covered Aphasia Brain injury locations resulting in speech deficits are almost always in left hemisphere. Dichotic listening experiments Linguistic sounds: right ear (left brain) advantage Environmental sounds: left ear (right brain) advantage Tone Thai speakers of Thai process tone with left hemisphere English speakers process tone with right hemisphere Lateralization and modality Poizner, Howard, Edward Klima and Ursula Bellugi (1987) What the Hands Reveal about the Brain. MIT Press. Studied aphasia and other problems in 6 ASL signers with brain damage If left hemisphere damage, then sign language aphasia: GD: Сhalting and effortful signing,Т reduced to single sign utterances without syntactic and morphological marking KL: Сselection errorsТ in phonological structure of ASL signs, Сsign comprehension lossТ PD: fluent signing but grammatical/syntactic impairment If right hemisphere damage, then non-aphasic problems, such as use of left signing space. Right-hemisphere damaged signer used left side of signing space better when such uses were linguistically required, but when describing (e.g.) furniture in a room, Сfurniture piled in helter-skelter fashion on the right, and the entire left side of signing space left bare...Т Cf. left hemisphere-damaged signer: many problems with syntax, but no spatial distortions in description of room layout Localization Hypothesis: specific parts of the brain control specific parts of body or bodily functions, including language Lesions at specific areas Broca's area Broca's aphasia (a.k.a. expressive aphasia, motor aphasia). Basic message of meaning clear but: speech is not fluent phrases are telegraphic (absence of function words) incorrect production of sounds Wernicke's area Wernicke's aphasia: Speech is fluent, but: often nonsensical or circuitous A self-monitoring problem? "I can't talk all of the things I do" Arcuate fasciculus (subcortex nerve fibers connecting BrocaТs, WernickeТs areas) Conductive/conduction aphasia: usually good comprehension, fluent speech but difficulty: repeating reading out loud writing (Dominant) angular gyrus Anomia: difficulty finding words, especially names Electrical stimulation Reaction: numbness, twitching, movement of contralateral body part Stimulation at Сlanguage centersТ: results in difficulty talking or some kind of vocalization Different aphasic symptoms Caramazza (John Hopkins): spoken and written language are separately localized. Evidence from 2 female aphasics (stroke patients): both found it easy to read, speak and write nouns one could speak verbs but not write them one could write verbs but not speak them Localization or phrenology? Broca's aphasics: damage to BrocaТs area results not only in language deficits, but also problems with: motor control cognitive and perceptual tasks Challenge to role of cortex in higher cognitive functions like language Linguistically normal hydrocephalic individuals Other, non-localized neurological problems resulting in language deficits AlzheimerТs disease Effects on lateralization Some variables which interact with left hemisphere specialization for language Lateralization and handedness General population: 90% predominantly right-handed 75% strongly right-handed 10% strongly left-handed or ambidextrous Lateralization in right-handed individuals: 90% left hemisphere specialization for language 10% right hemisphere specialization Lateralization in left-handed individuals: 65-70% have left hemisphere specialization for language 30-35% have right hemisphere specialization or are apparently bilateral Aphasia in left handed individuals: tends to be less severe, shorter in duration 8x more likely to get aphasia if right hemisphere is damaged than right handed individual Lateralization and sex In women, language may be bilateral more often: left hemisphere damage 'has a lesser effect' or 'far less likely' to result in aphasia dichotic listening tests don't show right ear advantage as often as for men Lateralization and literacy Language more symmetrically located in illiterate speakers. Aphasia just as likely with right-hemisphere injury. Lateralization and age Young brains (before 10 years of age) can recover from trauma in a way that adults cannot: If left hemisphere removed at birth, right hemisphere can take over language functions so that language use in later years is almost perfect. (Older brains cannot do this.) Lateralization and multilingualism In multilingual individuals, languages may occupy unequal amounts of brain space. More right hemisphere language dominance than in monolinguals. If there is damage to the right hemisphere, multilingual individuals are 5x more likely to have aphasia than monolinguals. Recovery from aphasia: 50% of time, recovery affects both languages equally; 25% of time, patients do not regain 1 or more languages Summary Hemispheres of brain have different specialties, including language (most clearly for right-handed (etc.) individuals) Lateralization is not affected by language modality Language centers within the brain: Broca's, Wernicke's areas Lateralization, localization support Innateness Hypothesis: Humans are genetically programmed for language PAGE  PAGE 16 IJ.5   , ] Г VW]^_abhiklmpq¤·¤Ў¤Ў¤Ў¤Ў¤я·я·я·ячя·¤0JmHnHu j0JU>*CJ$0JCJ$*+4NdЖХв┬╩╦хц&IJKhiyz╔╩▄▌¤¤√ЎЎЎЎЎЎЎ¤є¤¤¤ЎЎэ¤¤¤Ў¤¤¤Ў¤ ╞р└!$ & FVp■■▌э -.opqАБ╬╧01YАБЮЯ╢сЇ <=YZs∙∙∙ўўўўЇўўўўўююўыўўўўўўўщўў$Д╨^Д╨$Дh`Дhs{Пдя№ - . m n ╟ ╚ Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б к   % Z Т ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤·¤ї¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ю¤¤ї¤¤$ & F & F$Т У Щ ╥   $ % П Р ╓ ╫  Д ▐ rЙВГЭЮ¤°¤¤¤ї¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ф¤¤¤ї¤$$ДhДШ■дд^Дh`ДШ■$ & FЮлм #XxyЙК╢╫╪lm╟╥фюя ?@A·°°°°°°·°°°°°°ё°°°°°°·°°°°°$ & F & FAXYЭЮ¤■6noв╓,-IJ▓┴ст*[\ж╗╒¤√√√√√°√√√√√√√√√°√√√√√√√√√√ї$$╒╓%&DEYxУ╛┐ьABoзяЁAЫЬ┤╡х<¤¤¤√¤¤ЄЄЄ¤ч¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤тт¤▀¤¤т$ & F Д┤dдМ]Д┤Д╗d]Д╗<ИЙежт01М=>ab┤╡ЇpqИў°x·°Ў°°°°є°°°°°°Ё°°°°°°°°°э°·$$$ & FxмъUV_`amnopq···°ящ°ящ°°°Дh]ДhД° Д&`#$ & F 0░╨/ ░р=!░"░#Ра$Ра%░ i0@ё 0 Normal_HmH sH tH J@J Heading 1 $дЁд<5БCJKHOJQJkHфH@H Heading 2 $дЁд<5Б6БCJOJQJkHф<A@Є б< Default Paragraph Font,@Є, Header  ╞р└!, @, Footer  ╞р└!*)`в* Page NumberCJ0Z`"0 Plain TextOJQJq8    *+4NdЖХв┬╩╦хц&IJKhiyz╔╩▄▌э -.opqАБ╬╧01YАБЮЯ╢сЇ <=YZs{Пдя№-.mn╟╚ЩЪЫЬЭЮЯабк%ZТУЩ╥$%ПР╓╫ Д ▐   r Й     В Г Э Ю л м # X x y Й К ╢ ╫ ╪ lm╟╥фюя ?@AXYЭЮ¤■6noв╓,-IJ▓┴ст*[\ж╗╒╓%&DEYxУ╛┐ьABoзяЁAЫЬ┤╡х<ИЙежт01М=>ab┤╡ЇpqИў°xмъUV_`amnorШААШААААШ А+Ш А+Ш А+Ш А+Ш А+Ш А+Ш А+ША+ААША╦ША╦ША╦Ш А╦Ш А╦ША╦ША╦ША╦ША╦Ш А╦ША╦ША╦ША╦Ш А╦ША╦ША╦ША╦ША╦ША╦ША╦ША╦ША╦ААШАqШАqШАqШАqШАqШАqШАqШАq0АqШ@АБШ@АБШ@АБШ@АБШ@АБШ@АБШ@АБ0АqШ@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш@А=Ш А=Ш0А=Ш@А=Ш@А=0АqШ@АШ@АШ@АШ@АШ@АШ@АШ@АШ@АШ@АШ@АШ@АШ@АШ@АШ@АААША ША ША 0А ШАГ Ш АГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ Ш АГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ Ш АГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ Ш АГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ ШАГ 0А Ш@АAШ@АAШ@АAШ@АAШ@АA0А ША■ША■Ш@А■Ш@А■Ш@А■Ш@А■Ш@А■Ш@А■ША■А ША-ША-ША-ША-ША-ША-ША-ША-ША-ША-ААША╗ША╗ША╗А╗ША&ША&ША&ША&ША&ША&ША&ША&ША&ША&ША&ША&ША&ША&ША&Ш А&Ш А&ША&А╗ШАЬШАЬШ АЬШ АЬШАЬА╗Ш@АЙШ@АЙШ@АЙШАЙА╗ШАШАШАШАШАШАА╗ША>ША>ША>ША>ША>ША>ША>ША>ША>ААША°Ш А°Ш А°Ш А°Ш А°Ш0А°Ъ@0ААШ@0ААШ@0ААШ@0ААШ@0ААШ@0АА q▌sТ ЮA╒<xqp !Х!Ф ХА   Authorized User#C:\Userdocs\Classes\200\NeuroOH.docSharon L. Hargus!F:\Classes\200\Innate\NeuroOH.docUNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON.C:\My Documents\Classes\200\Innate\NeuroOH.docUNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTONKC:\WINDOWS\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of NeuroOH.asdUNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTONKC:\WINDOWS\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of NeuroOH.asdUNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON,D:\My Documents\Classes\200\Biol\NeuroOH.doc■                *■   ╘║■   иИ    р║ Т@h ДhДШ■^Дh`ДШ■OJQJo(╖Ё    ┤И └  @h ДhДШ■^Дh`ДШ■OJQJo(*Ё    UVor @HP LaserJet IIILPT3:HPPCL5MSHP LaserJet IIIHP LaserJet IIIФ@g,,@MSUDHP LaserJet IIIаd HP LaserJet IIIФ@g,,@MSUDHP LaserJet IIIаd ъTЇ┐PTTq`@  Unknown            GРЗ: Times New Roman5РАSymbol3&Р З: Arial?5Р З: Courier New"1ИЁ╨h.К&$fFВ",жБЇК Г0╘!ЁДе└┤┤А0нЁД▀  )Neurolinguistics: language and the brainAuthorized UserUNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON■ ZрЕЯЄ∙OhлС+'│┘0└Ша╘р°$ HT p | И Фаи░╕ф*Neurolinguistics: language and the brainrdeurAuthorized Useruthuth NORMAL.DOTUUNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTONge 129Microsoft Word 9.0N@ибм'@Їж╬з╛@мсцoє╝@.╣  ┬ЇК■ Z╒═╒Ь.УЧ+,∙о0  pxДМФЬд м┤╝─ ╠ ф lНШ0 нэ *Neurolinguistics: language and the brain Title ■    !"#$%&'()*+,-■   /012345■   789:;<=■   ¤   @■   ■   ■                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Root Entry         └Fа░╤* ┬BА1Table            !WordDocument        !8SummaryInformation(    .DocumentSummaryInformation8            6CompObj    jObjectPool            а░╤* ┬а░╤* ┬            ■                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ■       └FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8Ї9▓q