ࡱ> 5@ 0ubjbj22 "XX(y2R2R2R2RTRnFSXYYYYYYY$RGF9YYYYABYY.:f,Y:S ؗ2RV> , W0 j4Y g qyYYY$EHD HFlowers are sprouting in January in New Hampshire, the Sierra Mountains in California are nearly snow-free, and lakes in much of Michigan still have not frozen. Its 2012, and the new year is ringing in another ridiculously wacky winter for the U.S. In Fargo, North Dakota yesterday, the mercury soared to 55F, breaking a 1908 record for warmest January day in recorded history. The entire state of North Dakota had  HYPERLINK "http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/snow_model/images/full/Upper_Midwest/nsm_depth/201201/nsm_depth_2012010605_Upper_Midwest.jpg" no snow on the ground this morning, and over 95% of the country that normally has snow at this time of year had below-average snow cover. High temperatures in Nebraska yesterday were in the 60s, more than 30 above average. Storm activity has been almost nil over the past week over the entire U.S., with the jet stream bottled up far to the north in Canada. It has been remarkable to look at the  HYPERLINK "http://www.wunderground.com/radar/map.asp" radar display day after day and see virtually no echoes, and it is very likely that this has been the driest first week of January in U.S. recorded history. Portions of northern New England, the Upper Midwest, and the mountains of the Western U.S. that are normally under a foot of more of snow by now have no snow, or just a dusting of less than an inch. Approximately half of the U.S. had temperatures at least 5F above average during the month of December, with portions of North Dakota and Minnesota seeing temperatures 9F above average. The strangely warm and dry start to winter is not limited to the U.Sall of continental Europe experienced well above-average temperatures during December. December 2011 jet stream pattern the most extreme on record The cause of this warm first half of winter is the most extreme configuration of the jet stream ever recorded, as measured by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" Arctic Oscillation (AO), and its close cousin, the North Atlantic Oscillation (which can be thought of as the North Atlantics portion of the larger-scale AO), are climate patterns in the Northern Hemisphere defined by fluctuations in the difference of sea-level pressure in the North Atlantic between the Icelandic Low and the Azores High. The AO and NAO have significant impacts on winter weather in North America and Europethe AO and NAO affect the path, intensity, and shape of the jet stream, influencing where storms track and how strong these storms become. During December 2011, the NAO index was  HYPERLINK "http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/pna/norm.nao.monthly.b5001.current.ascii.table" +2.52, which was the most extreme difference in pressure between Iceland and the Azores ever observed in December  HYPERLINK "http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/jhurrell/indices.data.html" \l "naostatseas" (records of the NAO go back to 1865.) The AO during December 2011 had its second most extreme December value on record, behind the equally unusual December of 2006. These positive AO/NAO conditions caused the Icelandic Low to draw a strong south-westerly flow of air over eastern North America, preventing Arctic air from plunging southward over the U.S. and Europe. Wild swings in the December Arctic Oscillation This winters remarkable AO/NAO pattern stands in stark contrast to what occurred the previous two winters, when we had the most extreme December jet stream patterns on record in the opposite direction (a strongly negative AO/NAO). The negative AO conditions suppressed westerly winds over the North Atlantic, allowing Arctic air to spill southwards into eastern North America and Western Europe, bringing unusually cold and snowy conditions. The December Arctic Oscillation index has fluctuated wildly over the past six years, with the two most extreme positive and two most extreme negative values on record. Unfortunately, we dont understand why the AO varies so much from winter to winter, nor why the AO has taken on such extreme configurations during four of the past six winters. Climate models are generally too crude to make skillful predictions on how human-caused climate change may be affecting the AO, or what might happen to the AO in the future. There is  HYPERLINK "http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v4/n11/full/ngeo1282.html" research linking an increase in solar activity and sunspots with the positive phase of the AO. Solar activity has increased sharply this winter compared to the past two winters, so perhaps we have seen a strong solar influence on the winter AO the past three winters. Arctic sea ice loss has been linked to the negative (cold) phase of the AO, like we observed the previous two winters. Those winters both had near-record low amounts of sunspot activity, so sea ice loss and low sunspot activity may have combined to bring a negative AO. Arctic oscillation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is an index (which varies over time with no particular periodicity) of the dominant pattern of non-seasonal  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea-level_pressure" \o "Sea-level pressure" sea-level pressure variations north of 20N latitude, and it is characterized by pressure anomalies of one sign in the Arctic with the opposite anomalies centered about 37-45N. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" \l "cite_note-0" [1] The AO is believed by climatologists to be causally related to, and thus partially predictive of, weather patterns in locations many thousands of miles away, including many of the major population centers of Europe and North America. NASA climatologist Dr.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Hansen" \o "James E. Hansen" James E. Hansen explains the mechanism by which the AO affects weather at points so distant from the Arctic:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arctic_Oscillation-01.jpg"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2e/Arctic_Oscillation-01.jpg/450px-Arctic_Oscillation-01.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arctic_Oscillation-01.jpg" \o "Enlarge"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Positive and negative phases of the Arctic Oscillation "The degree to which Arctic air penetrates into middle latitudes is related to the AO index, which is defined by surface atmospheric pressure patterns. When the AO index is positive, surface pressure is low in the polar region. This helps the middle latitude jet stream to blow strongly and consistently from west to east, thus keeping cold Arctic air locked in the polar region. When the AO index is negative, there tends to be high pressure in the polar region, weaker zonal winds, and greater movement of frigid polar air into middle latitudes."[ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" \o "Wikipedia:Citation needed" citation needed] This zonally symmetric seesaw between sea level pressures in polar and temperate latitudes was first identified by  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lorenz" \o "Edward Lorenz" Edward Lorenz  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" \l "cite_note-Lorenz_1951-1" [2] and named in 1998 by David W.J. Thompson and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michael_Wallace" \o "John Michael Wallace" John Michael Wallace. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" \l "cite_note-Thompson_1998-2" [3] The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_oscillation" \o "North Atlantic oscillation" North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) is a close relative of the AO and there exist arguments about whether one or the other is more fundamentally representative of the atmosphere's dynamics; Ambaum et al. argue that the NAO can be identified in a more physically meaningful way. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" \l "cite_note-3" [4] Over most of the past century, the Arctic Oscillation alternated between its positive and negative phases. Starting in the 1970s the oscillation has trended to more of a positive phase when averaged using a 60-day running mean, though it has trended to a more neutral state in the last decade. The oscillation still fluctuates  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic" \o "Stochastic" stochastically between negative and positive values on daily, monthly, seasonal and annual time scales, although, despite its stochastic nature, meteorologists have attained high levels of predictive accuracy in recent times, at least for the shorter term forecasts. (The correlation between actual observations and the 7-day mean  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Forecast_System" \o "Global Forecast System" GFS  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_forecasting" \o "Ensemble forecasting" ensemble AO forecasts is approximately 0.9, a figure at the high end for that statistic.) HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" \l "cite_note-urlCPC-DailyAOIndex-4" [5] The more positive direction in recent decades has led to lower than normal arctic air pressure and higher than normal temperatures in much of the United States and northern  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" \o "Eurasia" Eurasia. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" \l "cite_note-urlAOandWeatherPatterns-5" [6] The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Snow_and_Ice_Data_Center" \o "National Snow and Ice Data Center" National Snow and Ice Data Center describes the effects of the AO in some detail: "In the positive phase, higher pressure at  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlatitudes" \o "Midlatitudes" midlatitudes drives ocean storms farther north, and changes in the circulation pattern bring wetter weather to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska" \o "Alaska" Alaska,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" \o "Scotland" Scotland and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" \o "Scandinavia" Scandinavia, as well as drier conditions to the western  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" \o "United States" United States and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean" \o "Mediterranean" Mediterranean. In the positive phase, frigid winter air does not extend as far into the middle of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" \o "North America" North America as it would during the negative phase of the oscillation. This keeps much of the United States east of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" \o "Rocky Mountains" Rocky Mountains warmer than normal, but leaves  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland" \o "Greenland" Greenland and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" \o "Newfoundland and Labrador" Newfoundland colder than usual. Weather patterns in the negative phase are in general "opposite" to those of the positive phase." Climatologists are now routinely invoking the Arctic Oscillation in their official public explanations for extremes of weather. The following statement from the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" \o "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration" National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Climatic_Data_Center" \o "National Climatic Data Center" National Climatic Data Center: State of the Climate December 2010 which uses the phrase "negative Arctic Oscillation" four times, is very representative of this increasing tendency: "Cold arctic air gripped western Europe in the first three weeks of December. Two major snowstorms, icy conditions, and frigid temperatures wreaked havoc across much of the region...The harsh winter weather was attributed to a negative Arctic Oscillation, which is a climate pattern that influences weather in the Northern Hemisphere. A very persistent, strong ridge of high pressure, or 'blocking system', near Greenland allowed cold Arctic air to slide south into Europe. Europe was not the only region in the Northern Hemisphere affected by the Arctic Oscillation. A large snow storm and frigid temperatures affected much of the Midwest United States on December 1013...." HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" \l "cite_note-urlClimateDecember2010-6" [7] A further, quite graphic illustration of the effects of the negative phase of the oscillation occurred in February 2010. In that month, the Arctic Oscillation reached its most negative monthly mean value, -4.266, in the entire post-1950 era (the period of accurate record-keeping). That month was characterized by three separate historic snowstorms that occurred in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" \o "Mid-Atlantic states" mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_5%E2%80%936,_2010_North_American_blizzard" \o "February 56, 2010 North American blizzard" first storm dumped 25 inches (640mm) on  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" \o "Baltimore, Maryland" Baltimore, Maryland, on February 56, and then a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_9%E2%80%9310,_2010_North_American_blizzard" \o "February 910, 2010 North American blizzard" second storm dumped 19.5 inches (500mm) on February 910. In New York City, a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_25%E2%80%9327,_2010_North_American_blizzard" \o "February 2527, 2010 North American blizzard" separate storm deposited 20.9 inches (530mm) on February 2526. This kind of snowstorm activity is as anomalous and extreme as the negative AO value itself. Similarly, the greatest negative value for the AO since 1950 in January was -3.767 in 1977, which coincided with the coldest mean January temperature in New York City, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and many other mid-Atlantic locations in that span of time. And though the January AO has been negative only 60.6% of the time between 1950 and 2010, 9 of the 10 coldest Januarys in New York City since 1950 have coincided with negative AOs. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" \l "cite_note-ReferenceA-7" [8] However, the correlation between sharply negative Arctic Oscillations and excessive winter cold and snow in regions vulnerable in that way to these negative AOs should not be overstated. It is by no means a simple, one-to-one equivalence. An extreme Arctic Oscillation does not necessarily mean extreme weather will occur. For example, since 1950, eight out of the 10 coldest Januarys in New York did not coincide with the 10 lowest January AO values. And the fourth warmest January there since 1950 coincided with one of those 10 most negative AOs. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" \l "cite_note-ReferenceA-7" [8] So, although many climatologists believe that the Arctic Oscillation affects the probability of certain weather events occurring in certain places, the heightened chance of a phenomenon by no means assures it, nor does the lessened likelihood exclude it. Further, the precise value of the AO index only imperfectly reflects the severity of the weather associated with it.[ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" \o "Wikipedia:No original research" original research?] The forecast for the remainder of January We will (finally!) get the first major storm of 2012 in the U.S. early next week, when a low pressure system will develop over Texas and spread heavy rains of 1  33 along a swath from Eastern Texas to New England during the week. This storm will pull in a shot of cold air behind it late in the week, giving near-normal January temperatures to much of the country, and some snow to northern New England. Beyond that, it is difficult to tell what the rest of winter may hold, since the AO is difficult to predict more than a week or two in advance. The latest predictions from the  HYPERLINK "http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/daily_ao_index/ao.mrf.gif" GFS model show the current strongly positive AO pattern continuing for at least the next two weeks, resulting in very little snow and warmer-than-average temperatures. If we dont get significant snows during the latter part of winter, the odds of a damaging drought during the summer in the Midwest will rise. The soils will dry out much earlier than usual without a deep snow pack to protect them, resulting in a much earlier onset of summer-like soil dryness. Water availability may also be a problem in some regions of the west due to the lack of snow melt. Fortunately, most Western U.S. reservoirs are above average in water supply, due to the record-breaking snows of the previous winter. The JetStream The Discover and Impact of the Jet Stream From HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/od/geographyintern/a/amandabio.htm" Amanda Briney, Contributing Writer, See More About:  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/lr/climate/398496/1/" climate  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/lr/jet_stream/398496/2/" jet stream  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/lr/coriolis_effect/398496/3/" coriolis effect  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/lr/atmosphere/398496/4/" atmosphere  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/lr/el_nino/398496/5/" el nino  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://0.tqn.com/d/geography/1/G/H/5/1/jetstream2.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  The polar jet stream and the subtropical jet stream are shown in the northern and southern hemispheres. Public doman, National Weather Service  HYPERLINK "javascript:zpu(512,uy+'/z/ad/wasl.htm',450,425,'wao',100,100)" Ads  HYPERLINK "http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=Bmw3wetxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC4XKzt4CldngmzCFmvLPiQGQvwUQARgBILyl9wEoCDgAUJD-2hVg_fD_gNADoAGz7_riA7IBE2dlb2dyYXBoeS5hYm91dC5jb23IAQHaATVodHRwOi8vZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbS9vZC9jbGltYXRlL2EvamV0c3RyZWFtLmh0bfgBAYACAcACCcgCtcWbK6gDAbgDAegDP-gD5gnoA78C6APTAegDrgH1AwAMAIT1AwAAABCIBgE&num=1&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_3lzUgket1fjmcTFkrh-wTnydgTAA&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://download.weatherblink.com/index.jhtml%3Fspu%3Dtrue%26partner%3DXNxdm019" \o "Accurate 10-Day Forecast & Weather Maps - Download WeatherBlink Free!" \t "_blank" 10-Day Extended ForecastAccurate 10-Day Forecast & Weather Maps - Download WeatherBlink Free! HYPERLINK "http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=Bmw3wetxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC4XKzt4CldngmzCFmvLPiQGQvwUQARgBILyl9wEoCDgAUJD-2hVg_fD_gNADoAGz7_riA7IBE2dlb2dyYXBoeS5hYm91dC5jb23IAQHaATVodHRwOi8vZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbS9vZC9jbGltYXRlL2EvamV0c3RyZWFtLmh0bfgBAYACAcACCcgCtcWbK6gDAbgDAegDP-gD5gnoA78C6APTAegDrgH1AwAMAIT1AwAAABCIBgE&num=1&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_3lzUgket1fjmcTFkrh-wTnydgTAA&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://download.weatherblink.com/index.jhtml%3Fspu%3Dtrue%26partner%3DXNxdm019" \o "Accurate 10-Day Forecast & Weather Maps - Download WeatherBlink Free!" \t "_blank" www.WeatherBlink.com  HYPERLINK "http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=BfpxxetxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC66koKAB8JKEshTY3ZG6BvCjVxACGAIgvKX3ASgIOABQvI3qB2D98P-A0AOgAYK28esDsgETZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbcgBAdoBNWh0dHA6Ly9nZW9ncmFwaHkuYWJvdXQuY29tL29kL2NsaW1hdGUvYS9qZXRzdHJlYW0uaHRtwAIBqAMBuAMB6AM_6APmCegDvwLoA9MB6AOuAfUDAAwAhPUDAAAAEIgGAQ&num=2&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_26M8oI9rF1Pq71onf0NvnuzkzqAQ&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.creditcards.com" \o "Instant Approval Credit Card Offers Compare Offers & Apply Online." \t "_blank" Instant Credit CardsInstant Approval Credit Card Offers Compare Offers & Apply Online. HYPERLINK "http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=BfpxxetxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC66koKAB8JKEshTY3ZG6BvCjVxACGAIgvKX3ASgIOABQvI3qB2D98P-A0AOgAYK28esDsgETZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbcgBAdoBNWh0dHA6Ly9nZW9ncmFwaHkuYWJvdXQuY29tL29kL2NsaW1hdGUvYS9qZXRzdHJlYW0uaHRtwAIBqAMBuAMB6AM_6APmCegDvwLoA9MB6AOuAfUDAAwAhPUDAAAAEIgGAQ&num=2&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_26M8oI9rF1Pq71onf0NvnuzkzqAQ&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.creditcards.com" \o "Instant Approval Credit Card Offers Compare Offers & Apply Online." \t "_blank" Canada.Creditcards.com  HYPERLINK "http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=BkpL8etxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC_7P0MQCnpGc5yqGyaq7ZKDvDxADGAMgvKX3ASgIOABQjsLhuQNg_fD_gNADoAHC2ffgA7IBE2dlb2dyYXBoeS5hYm91dC5jb23IAQHaATVodHRwOi8vZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbS9vZC9jbGltYXRlL2EvamV0c3RyZWFtLmh0bfgBAcACCagDAbgDAegDP-gD5gnoA78C6APTAegDrgH1AwAMAIT1AwAAABCIBgE&num=3&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_0zUxlt7biT-QlVh4TShamXqxsx6Q&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.instaflex.com/report/articlesc.php%3Ft202id%3D15911%26t202kw%3D%26t202id%3D67503%26t202kw%3D" \o "Here's a quick way to help your joints feel better - Now in Canada!" \t "_blank" If you're 50+ read thisHere's a quick way to help your joints feel better - Now in Canada! HYPERLINK "http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=BkpL8etxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC_7P0MQCnpGc5yqGyaq7ZKDvDxADGAMgvKX3ASgIOABQjsLhuQNg_fD_gNADoAHC2ffgA7IBE2dlb2dyYXBoeS5hYm91dC5jb23IAQHaATVodHRwOi8vZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbS9vZC9jbGltYXRlL2EvamV0c3RyZWFtLmh0bfgBAcACCagDAbgDAegDP-gD5gnoA78C6APTAegDrgH1AwAMAIT1AwAAABCIBgE&num=3&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_0zUxlt7biT-QlVh4TShamXqxsx6Q&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.instaflex.com/report/articlesc.php%3Ft202id%3D15911%26t202kw%3D%26t202id%3D67503%26t202kw%3D" \o "Here's a quick way to help your joints feel better - Now in Canada!" \t "_blank" www.Instaflex.com Geography Ads  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=weather&d=Weather&r=http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/jetstream.htm" \t "_top" Weather  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=climate&d=Climate&r=http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/jetstream.htm" \t "_top" Climate  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=jetstream&d=Jetstream&r=http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/jetstream.htm" \t "_top" Jetstream  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=world%20weather%20map&d=World%20Weather%20Map&r=http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/jetstream.htm" \t "_top" World Weather Map  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=ba%20geography&d=BA%20Geography&r=http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/jetstream.htm" \t "_top" BA Geography  HYPERLINK "javascript:zpu(512,uy+'/z/ad/wasl.htm',450,425,'wao',100,100)" Ads  HYPERLINK "http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=Bhwa7etxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC8CniZQBoJTepBfi_q-qA-CYFxAEGAQgvKX3ASgIOABQ-bWwvvn_____AWD98P-A0AOgAeze1vgDsgETZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbcgBAdoBNWh0dHA6Ly9nZW9ncmFwaHkuYWJvdXQuY29tL29kL2NsaW1hdGUvYS9qZXRzdHJlYW0uaHRtgAIBqAMBuAMB6AM_6APmCegDvwLoA9MB6AOuAfUDAAwAhPUDAAAAEIgGAQ&num=4&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_0Jg1vdxb15lZdACRJLcMZpqKTyMQ&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.tripmama.com/travel/cheap-flights/hawaii-hnl.aspx%3Fcss%3D1%26tmaffiliate%3DGoogle%26tmsub%3DHawaiiFlights%26kw%3DCheap%2520Hawaii%2520Flights" \o "Don't Believe in Extra Discounts. Compare Hawaii Flights From $39." \t "_blank" Hawaii Flights From $39Don't Believe in Extra Discounts. Compare Hawaii Flights From $39. HYPERLINK "http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=Bhwa7etxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC8CniZQBoJTepBfi_q-qA-CYFxAEGAQgvKX3ASgIOABQ-bWwvvn_____AWD98P-A0AOgAeze1vgDsgETZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbcgBAdoBNWh0dHA6Ly9nZW9ncmFwaHkuYWJvdXQuY29tL29kL2NsaW1hdGUvYS9qZXRzdHJlYW0uaHRtgAIBqAMBuAMB6AM_6APmCegDvwLoA9MB6AOuAfUDAAwAhPUDAAAAEIgGAQ&num=4&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_0Jg1vdxb15lZdACRJLcMZpqKTyMQ&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.tripmama.com/travel/cheap-flights/hawaii-hnl.aspx%3Fcss%3D1%26tmaffiliate%3DGoogle%26tmsub%3DHawaiiFlights%26kw%3DCheap%2520Hawaii%2520Flights" \o "Don't Believe in Extra Discounts. Compare Hawaii Flights From $39." \t "_blank" Flights.TripMama.com/Hawaii  HYPERLINK "http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=BqT-KetxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC52OtooC5cvr6jrFw8zPiQHAixEQBRgFILyl9wEoCDgAUPDdv-j______wFg_fD_gNADoAG7l6LhA7IBE2dlb2dyYXBoeS5hYm91dC5jb23IAQHaATVodHRwOi8vZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbS9vZC9jbGltYXRlL2EvamV0c3RyZWFtLmh0bfgBAcACCagDAbgDAegDP-gD5gnoA78C6APTAegDrgH1AwAMAIT1AwAAABCIBgE&num=5&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_2PIaNAWJiKd4nmaGezwIvl0hMZTA&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.groupon.com/winnipeg/subscribe%3Futm_source%3DGoogle%26utm_medium%3Dcpc%26utm_campaign%3DUS_DT_EXP_GGL_TXT_NAQ_RN_CBP_CH1_NBR_d*Manitoba--Winnipeg_t*_p*geography.about.com_c*1%26d%3DManitoba_-_Winnipeg" \o "1 ridiculously huge coupon a day. It's like doing Winnipeg @ 90% off!" \t "_blank" Winnipeg Coupons1 ridiculously huge coupon a day. It's like doing Winnipeg @ 90% off! HYPERLINK "http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=BqT-KetxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC52OtooC5cvr6jrFw8zPiQHAixEQBRgFILyl9wEoCDgAUPDdv-j______wFg_fD_gNADoAG7l6LhA7IBE2dlb2dyYXBoeS5hYm91dC5jb23IAQHaATVodHRwOi8vZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbS9vZC9jbGltYXRlL2EvamV0c3RyZWFtLmh0bfgBAcACCagDAbgDAegDP-gD5gnoA78C6APTAegDrgH1AwAMAIT1AwAAABCIBgE&num=5&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_2PIaNAWJiKd4nmaGezwIvl0hMZTA&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.groupon.com/winnipeg/subscribe%3Futm_source%3DGoogle%26utm_medium%3Dcpc%26utm_campaign%3DUS_DT_EXP_GGL_TXT_NAQ_RN_CBP_CH1_NBR_d*Manitoba--Winnipeg_t*_p*geography.about.com_c*1%26d%3DManitoba_-_Winnipeg" \o "1 ridiculously huge coupon a day. It's like doing Winnipeg @ 90% off!" \t "_blank" www.Groupon.com/Winnipeg A jet stream is defined as a current of rapidly moving air that is usually several thousand miles long and wide, but is relatively thin. They are found in the upper levels of Earth's atmosphere at the tropopause - the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere (see  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/p/layeratmosphere.htm" atmospheric layers). Jet streams are important because they contribute to worldwide  HYPERLINK "http://weather.about.com/" weather patterns and as such, they help meteorologists forecast weather based on their position. In addition, they are important to air travel because flying in or out of them can reduce flight time and fuel consumption. Discovery of the Jet Stream The exact first discovery of the jet stream is debated today because it took some years for jet stream research to become mainstream around the world. The jet stream was first discovered in the 1920s by Wasaburo Ooishi, a Japanese meteorologist who used weather balloons to track upper level winds as they ascended into the Earth's atmosphere near Mount Fuji. His work significantly contributed to knowledge of these wind patterns, but was mostly confined to Japan. In 1934, knowledge of the jet stream increased when Wiley Post, an American pilot, attempted to fly solo around the world. To complete this feat, he invented a pressurized suit that would allow him to fly at high altitudes and during his practice runs, Post noticed that his ground and air speed measurements differed, indicating that he was flying in a current of air. Despite these discoveries, the term "jet stream" was not officially coined until 1939 by a German meteorologist named H. Seilkopf when he used it in a research paper. From there, knowledge of the jet stream increased during World War II as pilots noticed variations in winds when flying between Europe and North America. Description and Causes of the Jet Stream Thanks to further research conducted by pilots and meteorologists, it is understood today that there are two main jet streams in the northern hemisphere. While jet streams do exist in the southern hemisphere, they are strongest between latitudes of 30N and 60N. The weaker subtropical jet stream is located closer to 30N. The location of these jet streams shift throughout the year however and they are said to "follow the sun" since they move north with warm weather and south with cold weather. Jet streams are also stronger in the winter because there is a large contrast between colliding Arctic and tropical air masses. In the summer, the temperature difference is less extreme between the air masses and the jet stream is weaker. Jet streams typically cover long distances and can be thousands of miles long. They can be discontinuous and often meander across the atmosphere but they all flow east at a rapid speed. The meanders in the jet stream flow slower than the rest of the air and are called Rossby Waves. They move slower because they are caused by the Coriolis Effect and turn west in respect to the flow of air they are embedded in. As a result, it slows the eastward movement of the air when there is a significant amount of meandering in the flow. Specifically, the jet stream is caused by the meeting of air masses just under the tropopause where winds are the strongest. When two air masses of different densities meet here, the pressure created by the different densities causes winds to increase. As these winds attempt to flow from the warm area in the nearby stratosphere down into the cooler troposphere they are deflected by the  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/coriolis.htm" Coriolis Effect and flow along the boundaries of the original two air masses. The results are the polar and subtropical jet streams that form around the world. Importance of the Jet Stream In terms of commercial usage, the jet stream is important for the airline industry. Its use began in 1952 with a Pan Am flight from Tokyo, Japan to Honolulu, Hawaii. By flying well within the jet stream at 25,000 feet (7,600 meters), the flight time was reduced from 18 hours to 11.5 hours. The reduced flight time and aid of the strong winds also allowed for a reduction in fuel consumption. Since this flight, the airline industry has consistently used the jet stream for its flights. One of the most important impacts of the jet stream though is the weather it brings. Because it is a strong current of rapidly moving air, it has the ability to push weather patterns around the world. As a result, most weather systems do not just sit over an area, but they are instead moved forward with the jet stream. The position and strength of the jet stream then helps meteorologists forecast future weather events. In addition, various climatic factors can cause the jet stream to shift and dramatically change an area's weather patterns. For instance, during the  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/glaciation.htm" last glaciation in North America, the polar jet stream was deflected south because the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which was 10,000 feet (3,048 meters) thick created its own weather and deflected it south. As a result, the normally dry Great Basin area of the United States experienced a significant increase in precipitation and large  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/pluviallakes.htm" pluvial lakes formed over the area. The worlds jet streams are also impacted by  HYPERLINK "http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/elninolanina.htm" El Nino and La Nina. During El Nino for example, precipitation usually increases in California because the polar jet stream moves farther south and brings more storms with it. Conversely, during La Nina events, California dries out and precipitation moves into the Pacific Northwest because the polar jet stream moves more north. In addition, precipitation often increases in Europe because the jet stream is stronger in the Northern Atlantic and is capable of pushing them farther east. Today, movement of the jet stream north has been detected indicating possible changes in climate. Whatever the position of the jet stream though, it has a significant impact on the world's weather patterns and severe weather events like floods and droughts. It is therefore essential that meteorologists and other scientists understand as much as possible about the jet stream and continue to track its movement, to in turn monitor such weather around the world. The jet streams are defined as swift geostrophic air streams in the upper troposphere that meanders in relatively narrow belts. These are the strong cores of upper-level westerly winds which follow a meandering path. They follow the same course as the high-level westerlies. It was towards the end of World War II that the existence of jet streams in the upper troposphere was made known to the meteorologists. The sequence of events leading to the knowledge of jet stream is quite interesting. When during the last phase of Second World War the American bomber pilots tried to fly towards Japan at an altitude of about 13,000 meters, they encountered strong head winds which greatly reduced their ground speed (sometimes to zero). But while returning to their bases in the east, they found that the speed became much faster and at times, it even doubled because of a high velocity tail wind. Thus, the pilots returning home from high-level missions brought back their unique experiences of the upper-level winds blowing with terrific speed. Ultimately the formal discovery of the so called 'jet stream' was made. However, it is believed that there were certain clues to the existence of the jet stream as early as 1904. The early investigators while studying the high-speed cirrus clouds pointed out the existence of high velocity winds in upper troposphere. This fact was also ascertained by the studies of balloon ascents in the early twenties and thirties. The term 'jet stream' was first applied to the high velocity upper-level winds during World War II. Since then they are becoming increasingly important to persons interested in upper-air currents and their possible impact upon the surface weather conditions. They have assumed still greater significance to high-flying aeroplanes. According to Trewartha, the jet streams are relatively narrow bands of stronger winds bounded by slower moving air. Jet stream is also described as a westerly air current in the form of a flattened narrow core or tube, thousands of kilometers in length, a few hundred kilometers in width, and two or more kilometers in vertical thickness. According to Petterssen, the jet stream is almost entirely a thermal wind and its strength is proportional to the temperature contrast through the whole layer below. Because of the steep north-south temperature gradients, the north-south pressure gradient increases with height up to the level of the jet. This is the basic reason for the existence of jet stream. The westerly jet streams occur at elevations from 9,000 to 12,000 meters in the lower middle-latitudes. But at higher latitudes, say, 60 latitude, they are found at lower levels. They are circumpolar in character. However, the jet streams do not always blow from due west, but have' some pole-ward or equator-ward component. They appear as northwest wind at some longitudes, and as southwest wind at others. In other words, like the upper air westerlies of which they forma part, the jet streams of the multitudes follow a wavy and irregular path while moving around the earth. Deviations in the path of jet streams are caused partly by the disturbing influence of continents, particularly in the northern hemisphere, and partly by the large travelling centers of high and low pressure (cyclones and anticyclones) at the sea level. Jet streams are characterized by a great seasonal variation. During the colder part of the year they migrate towards the equator and their velocity also increases. In summer the wind speeds in jet streams are reduced to about half of what it is in winter because of smaller horizontal temperature gradients. In winter, the jet streams extend far into the tropics. According to Franklyn and Cole, such seasonal variations are linked with the seasonal changes in atmospheric temperature at lower levels of the troposphere. The mean velocity of the jet stream winds is about 144 km per hour. But at times, the wind velocity in the inner cores of the jet stream may be at high as 480 km per hour or slightly more. During the cold season, generally the wind travels at a speed of 160 to 240 km per hour at the core of the jet stream. Meteorologist assigns the name Polar-Front Jet to the primary jet stream. The Subtropical Jet is one which is found in the lower latitudes at a mean height of about 12 km. The Polar-Front Jet has the maximum speeds averaging 215 km per hour. In extreme cases it becomes double of the average speed. Sometimes the Polar-Front Jet encircles the entire globe. There are diurnal variations in the position and speed of jet streams. At higher latitudes, the wind velocity is relatively higher on the right than on the left of the jet core. On the contrary, at lower latitudes the wind to the right of the jet core is relatively slower than that on its left. Polar-Front Jet is always associated with the polar front, while the Subtropical Jet does not seem to have any relationship with any frontal zone. On occasions the jet stream breaks through the tropopause and enters into the lower stratosphere. At times, the jet stream effect extends down to an altitude of about 3 km from the earth's surface. The stratosphere, in the absence of water vapour, remains practically dry and cloudless. But whenever there is a break or discontinuity in the tropopause caused by infiltration of the jet, certain amount of water vapour manages to reach the lower parts of the stratosphere. Under these circumstances, the lower part of the stratosphere exhibits occasional cirrus clouds. In the northern hemisphere, wherever the wind velocity is in excess of the pressure gradient, the high velocity wind shifts to its right and is called the sub-gradient wind. Because of the piling up of air to the right side of the jet stream, there is a high pressure area on the earth's surface towards the equator-ward margin of westerlies. This process is called 'anticyclogenesis'. Since there is a marked variation in the wind velocity in the meandering jet streams in the upper troposphere, it makes weather prediction all the more difficult. Another peculiarity of the jet stream is found in the variation of its wind speeds between different longitudes. As stated earlier, there is a well marked longitudinal variation in the strength of the jet stream. It winter, the highest wind velocities of the jet stream are found near the east coast of Asia. The jet is weakest over the eastern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This is dependent on the temperature contrasts. In summer, the picture is entirely different. Now, the strongest jet is positioned along the Canadian border. The Mediterranean Sea is another region over which the jet stream is very strong. It may be noted that similar jet streams are found in the upper troposphere of the southern hemisphere. But the only difference is that because of the absence of huge continental areas in the sub-polar regions the southern hemisphere the jet stream is relatively more symmetrical than that of the northern hemisphere. It shows that although the general flow of jet streams is almost parallel to the parallels of latitude, on occasions great meanders extending from north to south are also formed. That is why the isobars in a jet stream are wavy. According to latitudes as well as altitudes there are giant size ridges of high pressure and troughs of low pressure. Even the smallest of the waves in the jet stream averages 6400 km in length. Its wavelength is also about 880 km. These meanders are so large in size that the entire globe can accommodate only seven such waves. As these waves travel from west the east, they undergo significant changes in their size and extent. They become progressively weaker too. Most of the waves, when fully developed, extend far into the tropics whereby the exchange of warm and cold air masses is made possible. At a certain stage the amplitude of jet stream waves is increased to such an extent that the large pools of warm tropical air are cut off from the main stream and become isolated in higher latitudes. On the contrary, similar vast pools of cold polar air are cut off and isolated in lower latitudes. It is in this way that the high-level cold cyclones and warm anticyclones come into being. It also helps in maintaining the latitudinal heat balance. According to Trewartha, such an agitated circulation pattern brings about topsy-turvy weather on the earth's surface. In fact, it is one of nature's mechanisms whereby mass exchange of air between higher and lower latitudes takes place. The original definition of El Nio goes back to the eighteenth or nineteenth century when Peruvian sailors coined the term to describe a warm southward current that appeared annually near Christmas off the Peruvian coast. Hence the name El Nio, Spanish for "the Child," referring to the Christ Child. Throughout the year, a northward cool current prevails because of southeast trade winds, causing upwelling of cool, nutrient-rich water. However, during late December the upwelling relaxes, causing warmer and nutrient-poor water to appear, which signals the end of the local fishing season. Over the years, the warm, southward current occasionally seemed more intense than usual and was associated with periods of extreme wetness along the normally very dry Peruvian coast. These events were called "years of abundance." In the early twentieth century, researchers found a strong inverse correlation, called the Southern Oscillation, between surface pressure over the Pacific and Indian Oceans, hence the saying, "When pressure is high in the Pacific and Indian Oceans." Researchers tried, but failed, to correlate the Southern Oscillation with Indian monsoon failures. In 195859, a strong "year of abundance" occurred, in which a large area of warm water in the Pacific Ocean extended from the South American coast westward to the International Date Line. Coinciding with the extensive warm water were wetness along the Peruvian coast, low surface pressure in the eastern Pacific, and high pressure in the western tropical Pacific. Consequently, scientists in the early 1960s concluded that these events were associated and occurred interannually. Since then, the term "El Nio" (or warm episode) has described not a local warm current, but warming of the tropical Pacific surface waters occurring every two to seven years and associated with changes in the atmospheric circulation in the tropical Pacific and worldwide. MECHANISMS Figure 1 depicts the typical atmospheric and oceanic circulations that exist in the tropical Pacific. The prevailing easterlies (NE and SE trades) converge over Indonesia in conjunction with the Asian monsoon, producing widespread convection. Additionally, warm water "piles up" in the western Pacific, due to the easterly winds. Further east, the SE trades and equatorial easterlies in the eastern and central Pacific produce upwelling of cool water along the equator and coast of South America. As the El Nio event begins, the easterlies relax, reducing the amount of upwelling and allowing the western warm water to move eastward. As time goes on, the warm pool in the western Pacific grows and expands eastward toward the central Pacific (figure 2). Detailed monitoring of recorded El Nio episodes has revealed that once the warmest water reaches the International Date Line, anomalous convection usually appears in that region, accompanied by a weakening of the equatorial easterlies. This pattern typically occurs during the boreal winter (JuneAugust) and may be preceded or followed by a warming that causes the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) to move farther south than normal, which contributes to enhanced rainfall across Ecuador and northern Peru, producing the "years of abundance." In determining the atmospheric status of the tropical Pacific, climatologists devised the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI, Figure 3). It is the standardized sea level pressure difference between Darwin, Australia, and Tahiti, French Polynesia, in the central Pacific (Tahiti minus Darwin). Thus, when the surface pressure is high at Darwin and low at Tahiti, the SOI is negative (El Nio); conversely, when surface pressure is low at Darwin and high at Tahiti the SOI is positive. When the SOI is strongly positive, cooler than normal equatorial water appears throughout the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. This is called a cold episode or sometimes La Nia, "little girl." Climatologists prefer to use the acronym ENSO (El Nio/Southern Oscillation) to describe the warm (El Nio) and cold (La Nia) episodes that occur periodically across the tropical Pacific. IMPACTS When El Nio or La Nia develops, several consistent weather anomalies typically occur around the world. Figures  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.weatherexplained.com/images/walm_01_img0058.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  (Courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).) 4 and 5 depict potential rainfall and temperature impacts from El Nio while figures 6 and 7 show potential rainfall and temperature impacts from La Nia. Most climate anomalies associated with El Nio are reversed during La Nia. In general, a majority of the impacts occur in climates that have significant oceanic influences and border the tropical Pacific. Thus, the regions of the world that show the highest correlation to warm or cold events are Indonesia, Australia, and the tropical Pacific islands. Weather anomalies (drought and excessive moisture) associated with El Nio and La Nia can have significant impact on agricultural production (i.e., poor crops due to failure of the Indian monsoon). However, several factors make the impacts on crop production less dramatic and sometimes nonexistent. These factors include the timing, duration, and intensity of ENSO events at various stages of crop development. What is happening in the atmosphere during El Nio? Several aspects of the atmosphere's behavior are remarkable and entirely unique to the ENSO phenomenon. Some normally arid tropical habitats are transformed into virtual gardens during El Nio. Abundant and reliable rains in other tropical areas become sparse and intermittent during El Nio. Extreme climates have also been experienced in the higher latitudes during ENSO, though these are by no means unique to ENSO. One marvels that the atmosphere, especially thousands of miles away from the equatorial Pacific, "knows" about the modest warming of those waters during El Nio! Yet, all regions of the globe are not equally affected, nor is ENSO's impact uniform throughout the year. How do we understand these atmosphere manifestations of ENSO? A meteorological view of the ENSO phenomenon offers some answers. However it does not explain ENSO itself; for that, one needs to account for the origin of the oceanic conditions, and the coupled interaction of the ocean and the atmosphere is central to that problem. So how does the atmosphere "know" about El Nio? It is useful to imagine a chain of atmospheric processes, with each link in this chain carrying information from the local vicinity of El Nio sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies throughout the global climate system. The first link is the tropical response of rain-producing cumulonimbus; critical because deep convection is the principal agent for exchanging heat from Earth's surface and thereby communicating El Nio's presence to the free atmosphere. Wet tropical climates tend to coincide with warm pool SST area in the western  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.weatherexplained.com/images/walm_01_img0059.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  (Courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).) Pacific, and the continental monsoons. During El Nio, rainfall increases over a distance of several thousand miles along the equator from the central to the eastern Pacific in response to the warming of the underlying SSTs. Reduced rainfall occurs on the periphery of this wet zone, and even the continental monsoons are not spared ENSO's influence. The opposite effect tends to be experienced during La Nia, although the west-east scale of rainfall anomalies over the equatorial Pacific is somewhat reduced compared to warm events. The second link in the chain is the horizontal communication of El Nio's presence, and this involves the sensitivity of the atmosphere's circulation to shifts in organized cumulonimbus convection. Excited atmospheric wave motions adjust the climatological flow to the new tropical energy sources; not unlike the waves generated by a pebble dropped into a pond, although for ENSO the spatial scales of forcing are much larger and the atmosphere is readily forced. The major convection anomalies themselves are confined to within a few degrees of the equator during winter. However, associated with them is a circulation of mass and energy in the atmosphere that extends several thousand miles pole-ward into the subtropics. A deflecting force, due to the Earth's rotation, acts upon this outflow along its poleward course, thereby initiating wave-like patterns in the perturbed flow. In addition, the climatological circulation in higher latitudes acts to channel the course of this poleward flowing energy. This flow is directed from west to east, has concentrated westerlies along the jet streams east of Asia and North America, and is characterized by stationary waves of alternating low and high pressure. Through interactions with this background flow, the resulting atmospheric response to El Nio also consists of a wave train pattern having alternating low and high pressure. In the Northern Hemisphere, the wind circulates parallel to these contours, with low pressure to the left of the motion's direction. The wave paths follow "great circle" routes that arc toward the pole, into the higher reaches of the Pacific-North American region, and then curve toward the equator into the subtropical western Atlantic. A similar wave pattern in the atmosphere exists in the Southern Hemisphere with an attendant influence on the climate of South America. The anomalous wave patterns are referred to as the atmospheric "teleconnections," linking equatorial and high latitudes during ENSO. These are based on a historical composite of how the atmosphere has behaved during the ten strongest El Nio and La Nia events of the 195096 period. Several features to note are the stronger Pacific jet during El  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.weatherexplained.com/images/walm_01_img0060.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  (Courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).) Nio and an eastward shift of the stationary wave pattern over the Pacific-North American region during El Nio. These upper tropospheric changes alter the course of storms (cyclone and anticyclones) that control the daily weather fluctuations in the higher latitudes. Changes in statistical properties of storms (for example, their frequency, strength, or origin and track) account for the bulk of ENSO's signal in precipitation and surface temperature in the higher latitudes. Such "storm track" feedback constitutes a third essential link along the chain that is initiated by the equatorial Pacific SST anomalies. Each El Nio event has a unique signature in its SST life-cycle, and the question of the atmosphere's sensitivity to such inter-El Nio variations is a matter of intense research focusing on the implications for seasonal climate predictions. The atmospheric events are being actively monitored by the scientific community, and the expected climate response continues to be assessed. Global consequences of El Nio The twists and turns in the ongoing dialogue between ocean and atmosphere in the Pacific can have a ripple effect on climatic conditions in far flung regions of the globe. This worldwide message is conveyed by shifts in tropical rainfall, which affect wind patterns over much of the globe. Imagine a rushing stream flowing over and around a series of large boulders. The boulders create a train of waves that extend downstream, with crests and troughs that show up in fixed positions. If one of the boulders were to shift, the shape of the wave would also change and the crests and troughs might occur in different places. Dense tropical rain clouds distort the air flow aloft (510 mi above sea level) much as rocks distort the flow of a stream, or islands distort the winds that blow over them, but on horizontal scale of thousands of miles. The waves in the air flow, in turn, determine the positions of the monsoons, and the storm tracks and belts of strong winds (commonly referred to as jet streams) that separate warm and cold regions at the Earth's surface. In El Nio years, when the rain area that is usually centered over Indonesia and the far western Pacific moves eastward into the central Pacific, the waves in the flow aloft are affected, causing unseasonable weather over many regions of the globe. The impacts of El Nio upon climate in temperate latitudes show up most clearly during wintertime. For example,  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.weatherexplained.com/images/walm_01_img0061.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  (Courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).) most El Nio winters are mild over western Canada and parts of the northern United States, and wet over the southern United States from Texas to Florida. El Nio affects temperate climates in other seasons as well. But even during wintertime, El Nio is only one of a number of factors that influence temperate climates. El Nio years, therefore, are not always marked by "typical" El Nio conditions the way they are in parts of the tropics. BENEFITS OF EL NIO PREDICTION Scientists are now taking our understanding of El Nio a step further by incorporating the descriptions of these events into numerical prediction modelscomputer programs designed to represent, in terms of equations, processes that occur in nature. Such models are fed information mostly in the form of sets of numbers, describing the present state of the atmosphere-ocean system (for example, observations of wind speeds, ocean currents, sea level, and the depth of the thermocline along the equator). Updated sets of numbers that the models produce indicate how the atmosphere-ocean system might evolve over the next few seasons or years. The results thus far, though by no means perfect, give a better indication of the climatic conditions that will prevail during the next one or two seasons than simply assuming that rainfall and temperature will be "normal." Peru provides a prime example of how even short term El Nio forecasts can be valuable. There, as in most developing countries in the tropics, the economy (and food production in particular) is highly sensitive to climate fluctuations. Warm (El Nio) years tend to be unfavorable for fishing and some of them have been marked by damaging floods along the coastal plain and in the western Andean foothills in the northern part of the country. Cold years are welcomed by fishermen, but not by farmers, because these years have frequently been marked by drought and crop failures. Such cold years often come on the heels of strong El Nio events. Since 1983, forecasts of the upcoming rainy season have been issued each November based on observations of winds and water temperatures in the tropical Pacific region and the output of numerical prediction models. The forecasts are presented in terms of four possibilities: (1) near normal conditions, (2) a weak El Nio with a slightly wetter than normal growing season, (3) a full blown El Nio with flooding, and (4) cooler than normal waters offshore, with higher than normal chance of drought.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.weatherexplained.com/images/walm_01_img0062.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  (Courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).) Once the forecast is issued, farmer representatives and government officials meet to decide on the appropriate combination of crops to sow in order to maximize the overall yield. Rice and cotton, two of the primary crops grown in northern Peru, are highly sensitive to the quantities and timing of rainfall. Rice thrives on wet conditions during the growing season followed by drier conditions during the ripening phase. Cotton, with its deeper root system, can tolerate drier weather. Hence, a forecast of El Nio weather might induce farmers to sow more rice and less cotton than in a year without El Nio. Countries that have taken similar initiatives include Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia, and India. Although tropical countries have the most to gain from successful prediction of El Nio, for many countries outside the tropics, such as Japan and the United States, more accurate prediction of El Nio will also benefit strategic planning in areas such as agriculture, and the management of water resources and reserves of grain and fuel oil. Encouraged by the progress throughout the 1990s, scientists and governments in many countries are working together to design and build a global system for (1) observing the tropical oceans, (2) predicting El Nio and other irregular climate rhythms, and (3) making routine climate predictions readily available to those who need them for planning purposes, much as weather forecasts are made available to the public today. The ability to anticipate how climate will change from one year to the next will lead to better management of agriculture, water supplies, fisheries, and other resources. By incorporating climate predictions into management decision, humankind is becoming better adapted to the irregular rhythms of climate. THE PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a long-lived El Nio-like pattern of Pacific climate variability. While the two climate oscillations have similar spatial climate fingerprints, they have very different behavior in time. Fisheries scientist Steven Hare coined the term "Pacific Decadal Oscillation" in 1996 while researching connections between Alaska salmon production cycles and Pacific climate (his dissertation topic with advisor Robert Francis). Two main characteristics distinguish PDO from El Nio/Southern Oscillation (ENSO): first, twentieth century PDO "events" persisted for 2030 years, while typical  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.weatherexplained.com/images/walm_01_img0063.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  (Courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).) ENSO events persisted for 618 months; second, the climatic fingerprints of the PDO are most visible in the North Pacific/North American sector, while secondary signatures exist in the tropicsthe opposite is true for ENSO. Several independent studies find evidence for just two full PDO cycles in the past century: "cool" PDO regimes prevailed in 18901924 and again in 19471976, while "warm" PDO regimes dominated in 19251946 and from 1977 through (at least) the mid-1990s. Shoshiro Minobe has shown that twentieth century PDO fluctuations were most energetic in two general periodicities, one of 1525 years, and the other of 5070 years. Major changes in northeast Pacific marine ecosystems have been correlated with phase changes in the PDO; warm eras have seen enhanced coastal ocean biological productivity in Alaska and inhibited productivity off the west coast of the contiguous United States, while cold PDO eras have seen the opposite north-south pattern of marine ecosystem productivity. Causes for the PDO are not currently known. Likewise, the potential predictability for this climate oscillation is not known. Some climate simulation models produce PDO-like oscillations, although often for different reasons. The mechanisms giving rise to PDO will determine whether skillful decades-long PDO climate predictions are possible. For example, if PDO arises from air-sea interactions that require 10-year ocean adjustment times, then aspects of the phenomenon will (in theory) be predictable at lead times of up to 10 years. Even in the absence of a theoretical understanding, PDO climate information improves season-to-season and year-to-year climate forecasts for North America because of its strong tendency for multi-season and multi-year persistence. From a societal impacts perspective, recognition of PDO is important because it shows that "normal" climate conditions can vary over time periods comparable to the length of a human's lifetime. MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION Weather is not as predictable in the tropics as in mid latitudes. This is because in midlatitudes the weather variables (clouds, precipitation, wind, temperature, and pressure) are largely governed by the uppertropospheric Rossby waves, which interact with surface weather in a process called baroclinic instability. In the tropics there is no such dominant instability or wave motion, and therefore the  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.weatherexplained.com/images/walm_01_img0064.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  (Courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).) weather is less predictable for the 110 day period. Until recently it was believed that tropical weather variations on time scales less than a year were essentially random. In 1971 Roland Madden and Paul Julian stumbled upon a 4050 day oscillation when analyzing zonal wind anomalies in the tropical Pacific. They used 10 years of pressure records at Canton (at 2.8S in the Pacific) and upper level winds at Singapore. The oscillation of surface and upperlevel winds was remarkably clear in Singapore. Until the early 1980s little attention was paid to this oscillation, which became known as the Madden and Julian Oscillation (MJO), and some scientists questioned its global significance. Since the 1982-83 El Nio event, low-frequency variations in the tropics, both on intra-annual (less than a year) and inter-annual (more than a year) timescales, have received much more attention, and the number of MJOrelated publications grew rapidly. The MJO, also referred to as the 3060 day or 4050 day oscillation, turns out to be the main intraannual fluctuation that explains weather variations in the tropics. The MJO affects the entire tropical troposphere, but is most evident in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. The MJO involves variations in wind, sea surface temperature (SST), cloudiness, and rainfall. Because most tropical rainfall is convective, and convective cloud tops are very cold (emitting little longwave radiation), the MJO is most obvious in the variation of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), as measured by an infrared sensor on a satellite. The OLR signal in the Western Hemisphere is weaker, and the recurrence interval for the eastward propagating OLR anomalies in the Eastern Hemisphere is about 3060 days. How exactly the anomaly propagates from the dateline to Africa (i.e. through the Western Hemisphere) is not well understood. It appears that near the dateline a weak Kelvin wave propagates eastward and poleward at a speed exceeding 10 m/s. NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION There are several prominent, recurring modes of lowfrequency variability over the extra tropical North Atlantic and Europe. Perhaps the most well known of these patterns is the North Atlantic Oscillation. The NAO exhibits little variation in its climatological mean structure from month to month and consists of a north-south dipole of anomalies of opposite sign, with one center located over Greenland and the other spanning the central latitudes of the North Atlantic at 3540N. The positive phase of the NAO reflects below-normal heights and pressure across the high latitudes of the North Atlantic and above-normal heights and pressure over the central North Atlantic, the eastern United States, and western Europe. The negative phase reflects an opposite pattern of height and pressure anomalies. Both phases of the NAO are associated with basin-wide changes in the intensity and location of the North Atlantic jet stream and storm track, and in large-scale modulations of the normal patterns of zonal and meridianal heat and moisture transport, which in turn result in changes in temperature and precipitation patterns often extending from eastern North America to western and central Europe. Strong positive phases of the NAO are often associated with above-normal temperatures in the eastern United States and across northern Europe and below-normal temperatures in Greenland and across southern Europe and the Middle East. The positive NAO phase is also associated with above-normal precipitation over northern Europe and Scandinavia and below-normal precipitation over southern and central Europe. Opposite patterns of temperature and precipitation anomalies are typically observed during strong negative phases of the NAO. During prolonged periods dominated by one phase of the NAO, abnormal height and temperature patterns are also often seen extending well into central Russia and north-central Siberia. NORTH ATLANTICASIAN MONSOONS INFLUENCE EACH OTHER'S PATTERNS Like ballroom dancers on a crowded floor, climatic phenomena like El Nio, the Asian monsoons, and the North Atlantic influence each other's patterns. Sediments from the floor of the Arabian Sea near Oman were studied by researchers looking for evidence of the strength of monsoons in the region over the past 10,000 years. There is a suggestion that the link between the North Atlantic climate and the Asian monsoon is a persistent aspect of global climate. The link was demonstrated previously by various researchers, but the new research examines a much longer time period (the past 10,000 years). The new study reveals substantial natural variation in climate and the monsoon in a time prior to any significant human influence. The new information may lead to improved predictions of the monsoon in the coming decades. The significance of these results lies in demonstrating a pattern of persistent variability in monsoons throughout the Holocene (from 10,000 years ago to the present) that may be linked with episodic warming and cooling of the North Atlantic. The results highlight the need to improve our understanding of abrupt and difficult-to-predict weakening in monsoon strength, which could accompany major climate shifts in the North Atlantic in the future. NOAA and university researchers used fossils of the plankton Globigerina bulloides to estimate wind intensity. During a monsoon, the seasonal reversal of winds brings moisture from the ocean onto land. The winds also blow surface waters off shore, causing an upwelling of colder, nutrient-rich water where the microscopic marine animals can thrive. By counting the amount of G. bulloides present in different layers of the sediment and using radiocarbon dating, the scientists were able to approximate monsoon strength from 10,500 years ago up to the present. The resulting record showed a natural variation in the monsoon from one century to the next. This provides new evidence that the strength of Asian monsoon varies substantially on century to millennial time scales, and the need to understand this if we're going to ensure human and ecological sustainability in Tibet, China, India, and the rest of Southeast Asia. While researchers aren't sure of the exact causes of the link between the North Atlantic and the Asian monsoon, earlier research showed the amount of snow on the Tibetan plateau may play a critical role. As the land warms in the spring, the air rises above the land causing a pressure gradient that drives the monsoon. More snow on the plateau in spring or early summer uses up all the sun's heating because it has to be melted and evaporated before the land can warm. So the more snow you have in winter, the weaker the monsoon the following summers. There is speculation that when the North Atlantic is cold, areas downwind like the Tibetan plateau stay cold longer, allowing more snow to persist and setting up a weakened monsoon. The monsoonsnow cover link may lead to a stronger or more variable monsoon in the coming century as the Northern Hemisphere continues to warm faster than the tropics. Other studies show that changes in the amount of sunlight correlate to variations in both the North Atlantic climate and the Asian monsoon. The researchers aren't certain if the sun affects each system directly or if solar radiation influences the North Atlantic circulation, which in turn affects the monsoon. In an earlier study, evidence from sediments in the same region showed an increase in monsoon strength in the past 400 years. YEAR 2000 A strong La Nia at the beginning of 2000 weakened during July and August, but was still evident at year's end. As a result, cooler than normal temperatures throughout the eastern equatorial Pacific held down temperatures in the tropics. However, temperatures in the non-tropical Northern Hemisphere continued to average near record levels. Temperatures north of 20N were the second warmest on record during the December 1999November 2000 period. In addition, annual anomalies in excess of 2F were widespread across Canada, Scandinavia, much of Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT EL NIO AND LA NIA What is the difference between La Nia and El Nio? El Nio and La Nia are extreme phases of a naturally occurring climate cycle referred to as El Nio/Southern Oscillation. Both terms refer to large-scale changes in sea-surface temperature across the eastern tropical Pacific. Usually, sea-surface readings off South America's west coast range from the 60s to 70sF, while they exceed 80F in the "warm pool" located in the central and western Pacific. This warm pool expands to cover the tropics during El Nio, but during La Nia, the easterly trade winds strengthen and cold upwelling along the equator and the west coast of South America intensifies. Sea-surface temperatures along the equator can fall as low as 7F below normal during La Nia. Both La Nia and El Nio impact global weather patterns. How often does La Nia occur and how long does it last? El Nio and La Nia occur on average every three to five years. However, in the historical record the interval between events has varied from two to seven years. According to the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, the twentieth century's previous La Nias began in 1903, 1906, 1909, 1916, 1924, 1928, 1938, 1950, 1954, 1964, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1988, and 1995. These events typically continued into the following spring. Since 1975, La Nias have been only half as frequent as El Nio. La Nia conditions typically last approximately nine to 12 months, though some episodes may persist for as long as two years. Does a La Nia typically follow an El Nio? No, a La Nia episode may, but does not always, follow an El Nio. Why do El Nio and La Nia only occur in the Pacific? This question does not have a simple or straightforward answer, since this is not a settled issue. Fundamentally, no one is exactly sure why the Pacific should have an El Nio/La Nia cycle and the Atlantic not. A principal difference between the Atlantic and Pacific is the width of the equatorial region. The Pacific is more than twice as wide at the equator. This is important to its capacity to sustain El Nio/La Nia because of the peculiar dynamics of equatorial waves. Equatorial waves are not the familiar surf or swell seen on the surface, but very large-scale motions that carry changes in currents and temperature over thousands of miles. The period of these waves is measured in months, and they take typically three months to more than a year to cross the Pacific. Surprisingly, these waves do not spread out equally in all directions like waves made by dropping a rock in a lake, but preferentially propagate eastward or westward. When winds blow over a large area of the ocean consistently for a month or more, equatorial waves are usually generated, and these then modify conditions over a very large region, including places far removed from where they were generated. For example, winds over the far western Pacific make waves that carry the signal to the coast of South America, even though the winds in the South American region may not change at all. The subsurface changes due to the arriving waves can then cause sea surface temperature changes, entirely due to winds occurring many thousands of miles to the west. With the huge distances across the Pacific, one side of the ocean can be reacting to conditions due to one set of waves, while the other can be doing something completely different. As the waves propagate back and forth, a cycle can be set up that oscillates (El Nio/La Nia). The much smaller Atlantic, on the other hand, is not large enough to sustain much of an oscillation, since the waves cross it so quickly, often in only a month or so. This does not allow a cross-ocean contrast to be created, nor an oscillation to be set up. Some indications suggest that some kind of weak oscillation may in fact occur in the Atlantic, but it never reaches the amplitude of that in the Pacific. A second reason that the Pacific is more important in this regard is that the fundamental driver of the whole ocean-atmosphere circulation is heat. The large width across the Pacific allows the existence of a huge pool of warm water in the west. The smaller distances across the Atlantic mean that the Atlantic warm pool is much smaller. The Pacific warm pool is a gigantic source of heat that is one of the main controls of the atmosphere. When the warm pool shifts east (during El Nio) or shrinks west (during La Nia), the effects reverberate around the world, causing the weather disruptions associated with this cycle. In the Atlantic, there is simply not enough of a warm pool to make that much difference to worldwide weather. So even if there is an analogue to El Nio in the Atlantic, it does not have the power to cause weather disturbances that affect more than local conditions. Why do El Nio and La Nia occur? El Nio and La Nia result from interaction between the surface of the ocean and the atmosphere in the tropical Pacific. Changes in the ocean impact the atmosphere and climate patterns around the globe. In turn, changes in the atmosphere impact the ocean temperatures and currents. The system oscillates between warm (El Nio) to neutral (or cold La Nia) conditions on an average of every three to five years. Do volcanoes or sea-floor venting cause El Nio? The idea that volcanoes cause El Nio events originally gained prominence because of the eruption of El Chichn in Mexico in February 1982 (preceding the El Nio of 198283), and the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines in June 1991 (preceding the El Nio of 199192). However, when the time series of El Nio is compared to the time series of volcanic eruptions, it becomes clear that the relationship is coincidental. There are numerous large volcanic eruptions around the world and almost as many El Nios. In that situation there is almost always an eruption at some time preceding any El Nio. Scientists are now convinced that this relationship is coincidental. Certain experiments bear this out. For example, several computer models predicted the onset of the 199192 event as early as January 1991, based on the state of the ocean-atmosphere system at that time well before Pinatubo erupted. This indicates that the ocean-atmosphere system was already generating the El Nio, and Pinatubo erupted coincidentally. Computer models integrating the equations of fluid motion and the flow of heat routinely produce El Nio-like variability completely on their own. Of course, computer models are not reality, but these experiments suggest that El Nio is a natural mode of variability of the ocean-atmosphere system, as much as, for example, a thunderstorm. While we do not have a complete picture of how the El Nio cycle operates, these models (and a developing theoretical understanding) suggest that the fluid envelope of the Earth is prone to developing various kinds of instabilities, ranging from storm systems lasting a few hours or days, to El Nio, to longer-term fluctuations that we are just beginning to explore. There is no reason to think that external processes such as volcanoes are a necessary element. None of this is to say that volcanoes do not affect the climate. They most certainly do, and since El Nios occur against the background existing climate, there is little doubt volcanic eruptions that eject large amounts of dust into the stratosphere must modify the frequency, character, and strength of El Nio events, possibly in important ways. The distinction is between "slowly modifying the background" and "causing" El Nio. As far as deep-ocean vents modifying the ocean temperatures, researchers now think that this source of heat does contribute to the long-term evolution of the ocean state. The chemical signatures of undersea vents are of great interest as tracers of the slow deep circulation of the ocean, and therefore these signatures are studied carefully. (The deep circulation is so slow that its currents cannot be measured directly, so we look at tongues of chemical tracers to estimate the speed, direction, and transport of the flows.) Numerous scientific papers discuss these questions, studying a variety of chemical constituents. What is consistently found is that the traces spread extremely slowly through the water column and are vastly diluted. There is little doubt that over very long periods the effects of undersea venting on the ocean are large, both for their heat and for their contribution to the chemical makeup of the ocean. However, these effects occur on timescales of thousands of years, and certainly do not produce the kind of rapid signals that characterize El Nio. To trigger an El Nio event, one would look for a signal that produced surface variability on a month to month or year to year timescale, and undersea venting has never been observed to do that. It is indeed tempting to look for nice clean causes for complex oscillations like the El Nio cycle. Unfortunately, it seems that the ocean-atmosphere system is capable of generating these oscillations on its own, and the task now is to understand how this happens. Volcanoes and sea-floor venting are part of the slowly changing background state against which phenomena like El Nio occur, and add to the complexity of the task. Why isn't there much publicity about the causes of El Nio and La Nia? The reason that there is not much publicity about the causes of El Nio and La Nia is that we do not understand the origins of the events. We do, however, have a pretty good understanding of how they evolve once they begin, and that allows us to make forecasts six to nine months ahead for some regions. This is the information that is publicized because it is reasonably secure knowledge. Of course, there are a variety of theories, and many scientists are working on various aspects of the genesis, which would presumably extend the predictive skill out another few months or even years. The fact is, at several points over the past two decades scientists thought working theories of what causes El Nio had been firmly established. Unfortunately, nature has shown that those theories were at best incomplete. For example, during the mid-1980s, a group at Columbia University developed a fairly simple theory and wrote a computer model to produce predictions based on it. This was successful in predicting the 198687 and 199192 events almost a year in advance. Then along came the event of 1993, then another in 199495, the most prominent El Nio of the late 1990s, neither of which developed according to the ideas in their theory. The main reason this is so difficult is that the processes that cause El Nio and La Nia involve the full complexity of ocean-atmosphere interaction on a global scale. Now that the sea surface temperature (SST) driving the atmospheric circulation is known, a reasonably accurate understanding of how the atmosphere works (at least in theory) has been developed. With a basic understanding, atmospheric models can make short-term weather forecasts, because the ocean changes rather slowly. However, when one considers longer-term phenomena like El Nio and La Nia, it is not enough to specify the SST; one must consider how the ocean will evolve under the winds, and then how the altered ocean will modify the winds, and so on, in many tricky and sensitive feedback loops. We are just beginning to be able to see how these fundamentally coupled disturbances work, and generally only in very idealized cases. Remember that for a long time meteorologists only talked to meteorologists, and oceanographers only to oceanographers. Now we are really at the initial stages of being able to think about these coupled problems. Does El Nio have a purpose? El Nio is part of the natural rhythm of the ocean-atmosphere system, as much as winter cold or summer thunderstorms or any other weather phenomenon. In a complicated system like this, each feature fills a role in the grand scheme of things. The exact role cannot be pinpointed, but scientists do observe that these events drain the west Pacific of heat that is built up over several years by the trade winds. In any case, El Nio does not exist in isolation, and any changes in it would reverberate around the whole system in unpredictable ways. Further, as part of the natural environment of the Pacific basin that the animals, fish, birds, and plants have adapted to over the millennia (it is known that El Nios have occurred throughout history), it is not clear that stopping El Nio would even be desirable. Even if it was possible to make El Nio disappear, it is unclear what the outcome would be. What is the relationship between El Nio/La Nia and global warming? The jury is still out on this. Are we likely to see more El Nios because of global warming? Will they be more intense? These are the main research questions facing the scientific community today. Research will help us separate the natural climate variability from any trends due to human activities. We cannot figure out the "fingerprint" of global warming if we cannot sort out what the natural variability does. We also need to look at the link between decadal changes in natural variability and global warming. At this time we cannot preclude the possibility of links, but it is too early to say there is definitely a link. Is El Nio or La Nia responsible for a specific hurricane/tropical storm/drought/fire/flood/winter storm? It is inaccurate to label individual storms or events as La Nia or El Nio events. Rather, these climate extremes affect the position and intensity of the jet streams, which in turn affect the intensity and track of storms. During La Nia, the normal climate patterns are enhanced. For example, in areas that would normally experience a wet winter, conditions would likely be wetter than normal. It is impossible to prove that El Nio or La Nia cause a particular event, just as it is impossible to say that winter caused a particular snowstormit is the likely suspect. We cannot run experiments to see what a parallel Earth without El Nio or La Nia would do. But a group at NOAA's Climate Diagnostic Center in Boulder, Colorado, is trying something similar using numerical forecast models. First, they run the model with the actual conditions and produce weather forecasts, just like the regular ones. Then they make another run, in which everything is the same as the first one except that they change the Pacific SST to be like a "normal" year. The difference between these forecasts gives an indication of the effect of El Nio and La Nia conditions on the specific weather events being forecast. What impacts do El Nio and La Nia have on tornado activity across the country? Since a strong jet stream is an important ingredient for severe weather, the position of the jet stream determines the regions more likely to experience tornadoes. Contrasting El Nio and La Nia winters, the jet stream over the United States is considerably different. During El Nio the jet stream is oriented from west to east over the northern Gulf of Mexico and northern Florida. Thus this region is most susceptible to severe weather. During La Nia the jet stream extends from the central Rockies east-northeastward to the eastern Great Lakes. Thus severe weather is likely to be further north and west during La Nia than El Nio. What are the impacts of La Nia? Both El Nio and La Nia impact global and U.S. climate patterns. In many locations, especially in the tropics, La Nia (or cold episodes) produces the opposite climate variations from El Nio. For instance, parts of Australia and Indonesia are prone to drought during El Nio, but are typically wetter than normal during La Nia. In the United States, La Nia often features drier than normal conditions in the Southwest in late summer through the subsequent winter. Drier than normal conditions also typically occur in the Central Plains in the fall and in the Southeast in the winter. In contrast, the Pacific Northwest is more likely to be wetter than normal in the late fall and early winter with the presence of a well-established La Nia. Additionally, on average, La Nia winters are warmer than normal in the Southeast and colder than normal in the Northwest. How is La Nia influencing the Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons? Dr. William Gray at the Colorado State University has pioneered research efforts leading to the discovery of La Nia impacts on Atlantic hurricane activity, and to the firstand presently onlyoperational long-range forecasts of Atlantic basin hurricane activity. According to this research, the chances for the continental United States and the Caribbean Islands to experience hurricane activity increase substantially during La Nia. Does El Nio create dangerous conditions for marine life, and will it have a lasting effect on marine animals? First, there is no question that El Nio has serious effects on life in many regions. Second, it should be remembered that El Nio is part of the normal rhythm of Earth, and of the environment that marine life has evolved to face. A plant or creature will not last long in a place in which it can only handle ideal conditions. With natural variability, some winters are colder than others, some years drier, etc. El Nio is part of this normal climate, along with other influences that are less known. Living things may have varied success in these natural fluctuations. So El Nio may cause a temporary die-back of some forms of marine life in some regions, or reduce the survival rate of young, but it probably does not have a lasting effect. For example, El Nio devastates the population of seabirds off Peru by reducing the fish stock on which they live. But those birds will bounce back soon after El Nio is gone. If, however, El Nio became more frequent, then one might find the overall composition of marine life changing in that region. But the individual events themselves probably do not cause a permanent change. Since normal variations can have large swings, such as those that occur during El Nio, the boundaries of where particular forms of life can survive are somewhat smaller than they would be if the climate were more constant. For example, palm trees can survive in Seattle, Washington, during most years, since it has generally mild winters. But every ten years or so a killing frost occurs, so natural palms do not occur there. But many people grow them in gardens and find that they thrive with only occasional protection. Is there a scale for the intensity of El Nio? The most widely used scale is known as the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), which is based on the surface (atmospheric) pressure difference between Darwin, Australia and Tahiti, French Polynesia. It was noted as far back as the 1920s that these two stations were anti-correlated, so that when Tahiti pressure is high, Darwin pressure is low. This reflects the very large scale of the phenomenon, since one would not usually expect such a close relation between such  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.weatherexplained.com/images/walm_01_img0065.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  (Courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).)  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.weatherexplained.com/images/walm_01_img0066.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  (Courtesy of National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Climate Prediction Center.) Cold and Warm Episodes by Season The following list of cold (La Nia) and warm (El Nio) episodes has been compiled to provide a season-by-season breakdown of conditions in the tropical Pacific. We have attempted to classify the intensity of each event by focusing on a key region of the tropical Pacific (along the equator from 150W to the date line). The process of classification was primarily subjective using reanalyzed sea surface temperature analyses produced at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Climate Prediction Center and at the United Kingdom Meteorological Office. An objective procedure for classifying intensity is being explored at NCEP/CPC. In the following table, weak periods are designated as C- or W-, moderate strength periods as C or W strong periods as W+ or C+, and neutral periods as N. JFM AMJ JAS OND JFM AMJ JAS OND 1950 C C C C 1978 W- N N N 1951 C N N W- 1979 N N N N 1952 N N N N 1980 W- N N N 1953 N W- W- N 1981 N N N N 1954 N N C- C- 1982 N W- W W+ 1955 C C- C- C+ 1983 W+ W N C- 1956 C C C C- 1984 C- C- N C- 1957 N W- W W 1985 C- C- N N 1958 W+ W W- W- 1986 N N W- W 1959 W- N N N 1987 W W W+ W 1960 N N N N 1988 W- N C- C+ 1961 N N N N 1989 C+ C- N N 1962 N N N N 1990 N N W- W- 1963 N N W- W 1991 W- W- W W 1964 N N C- C 1992 W+ W+ W- W- 1965 C- N W W+ 1993 W- W W W- 1966 W W- W- N 1994 N N W W 1967 N N N N 1995 W N N C- 1968 N N N W- 1996 C- N N N 1969 W W- W- W- 1997 N W W+ W+ 1970 W- N N C 1998 W+ W C- C 1971 C C- C- C- 1999 C+ C C- C 1972 N W- W W+ 2000 C C- N C- 1973 W N C- C+ 2001 C- N N N 1974 C+ C C- C- 2002 N W- 1975 C- C- C C+ 2003 1976 C N N W- 2004 1977 N N N W- 2005 faraway places. When Tahiti pressure is high, that indicates winds blowing towards the west (normal trade winds), and when it is low, winds blow to the east (El Nio). Scientists use the Southern Oscillation Index for three main reasons, even though it is an indirect measure of El Nio and these locations are not ideally sited for this purpose. First, the time series at Darwin and Tahiti are more than 100 years long, and there is no other record that would allow us to categorize the El Nio cycle that far back. Second, the measurement of atmospheric pressure is simple (it is just the height of a column of mercury in a barometer) and not subject to calibration problems, as, for example, thermometers are. A column of mercury is just a measure of length, which is accurate and easily convertible between inches or centimeters, whereas thermometers are inherently less accurate since they rely on a carefully made glass tube that may be subject to expansion or irregularities; also the placement of the thermometer (in the sun or shade or breeze, near buildings, etc.) can have a large effect. For example, temperature measured in cities shows a long-term rise associated with the heat generated by urban activities and the increased absorption of solar heat by pavement compared with forest. This is one thing that makes it difficult to detect the signature of greenhouse warming. Therefore, pressure measurements are highly desirable for interpreting long records. Third, pressure tends to be similar over wide regions, whereas more directly important quantities (SST and winds) can have many local effects that make it hard to interpret single point measurements as representative of the large-scale situation. The SOI is given in normalized units of standard deviation. It can be used as an intensity scale. For example, SOI values for the 198283 El Nio were about 3.5 standard deviations, so by this measure that event was roughly twice as strong as the 199192 El Nio which measured only about 1.75 in SOI units. By this standard, the El Nio of the late 1990s is about as strong as 199192. However, the sea surface temperature anomaly, November 1997, was about as large as in 198283, and some might say that is a more important measure. This shows that there is no single number that summarizes the intensity of events. Why is predicting these types of events so important? Better predictions of the potential for extreme climate episodes like floods and droughts could save the United States billions of dollars in damage costs. Predicting the onset of a warm or cold phase is critical in helping farmers and water, energy, and transportation managers plan for, avoid, or mitigate potential losses. Advances in improved climate predictions will also result in significantly enhanced economic opportunities, particularly for the national agriculture, fishing, forestry, and energy sectors, as well as social benefits. How do scientists detect La Nia and El Nio and predict their evolution? Scientists from NOAA and other agencies use a variety of tools and techniques to monitor and forecast changes in the Pacific Ocean and the impact of those changes on global weather patterns. In the tropical Pacific Ocean, El Nio is detected by many methods, including satellites, moored buoys, drifting buoys, sea level analysis, and expendable buoys. Many of these ocean observing systems were part of the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program, and are now evolving into an operational El Nio/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) observing system. NOAA also operates a research ship, the KA'IMIMOANA , which is dedicated to servicing the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoy network component of the observing system. Large computer models of the global ocean and atmosphere, such as those at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, use data from the ENSO observing system as input to predict El Nio. Other models are used for El Nio research, such as those at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, at the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies, and other research institutions. How are sea surface temperatures monitored? Sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean are monitored with data buoys and satellites. NOAA operates a network of 70 data buoys along the equatorial Pacific that provide important data about conditions at the ocean's surface. The data is complemented and calibrated with satellite data collected by NOAA's Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites, NASA's TOPEX/POSEIDEN satellite, and others. How are the data buoys used to monitor ocean temperatures? Observations of conditions in the tropical Pacific are essential for the prediction of short term (a few months to one year) climate variations. To provide necessary data, NOAA operates a network of buoys that measure temperature, currents, and winds in the equatorial band. These buoys transmit data that are available to researchers and forecasters around the world in real time. Read more:  ' ( K L /0jk !"*+>w{?@FGԽԽԥjh:qH*UmH sH h:q0JmH sH jh:qUmH sH h:q5\mH sH h:qmH sH h:qh#X0JCJaJh h#X0Jjh#XUh#X>=>Qw[? !=!# &'469A~EEMMM>M!!d+!! $3!gd"dgd"d^gd:qgd:qgd:qgd:quG[\: = > ? @ !!!!!a#b#c######L$M$$$ɿɮɮtfh:q0J6H*]mH sH h:q6H*]mH sH jh:q6H*U]mH sH jph:qB*UmH phsH h:qB*mH phsH jh:qB*UmH phsH h:q0JmH sH jh:qUmH sH h:qmH sH h:q0JH*mH sH jh:qH*UmH sH h:qH*mH sH ($$$$$%%%%6%7%%%%%%%&&& &&&t&u&&&''''''$)%)j)k)y)z)**++++++u+v+~++++3,4,7,8,,,&-'-.-/-0-1-------..7.8...h:q0JH*mH sH h:qH*mH sH jh:qH*UmH sH h:qmH sH jh:qUmH sH h:q0JmH sH L.....O/P/////////////0010<0=0j0k000000011(1)1~111111E2F2222222 3 33333~3333443545c5d5g5h5555556/90999h:qH*mH sH jh:qH*UmH sH h:q6]mH sH h:q0JmH sH jh:qUmH sH h:qmH sH L999 ;;e;f;y;z;;;#<$</<0<N<O<<<<<<<i=j=v=w===L>M>[>\>@@@@@A&C'CCCCCDDDhEiE{E|E}E~EE޿ސh:qh:q0J6H*]mH sH h:q6H*]mH sH jh:q6H*U]mH sH h:qH*mH sH h:q0JmH sH jh:qUmH sH h:qmH sH jh:qH*UmH sH h:q0JH*mH sH 6EEIIJJKJTJUJMMCMDMMMMMMMNN N NNNONPNZN[N\N]NNNNNNNNNOOOO@OAOHOIOJOKOOOOOP9P:P;PPPPPPPRRSSTSUSUUUUUھҸ h"d0J h"d0Jj}sh"dU h"d0Jjh"dUh"d h"d0J h#X0Jjh#XUh#Xh#X0JCJaJH>MMMN\NNOJOOP:PPUZ__`aaibcbc+iso!!!!!!!%: !!!!!!! & Fdd[$\$gd"dgd"dgd"d & Fdd[$\$gd"dgd"dgd"dUUWW X XMXNXnZoZZZZZ\\]]W]X]________w`x````` a aaaaaaaaaaaUbVbgbhbibjbcccccc\c]c`cacbccc f f"f#fefff ii)i*i+i,ill'l(lmlnlXoYoqoroppp h"d5\ h"d0J h"d0Jh"djh"dUXpppp.q/qVqWq^q_qy}z}}}}}9:ӄԄ*+>?1ºú#$%&JKLM56()ݽݵju/h !Uj6h !UjUh !Ujh !UjAh !Ujh !Uh !hih"d h"d0Jjh"dUEso5rQr#tuvvy{h~~lҊ`=6ܑy;!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!gdigd"dgd"dgd"d;O0 7@_yПӡB'զD1ı߶G!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !gd !gd !gdiGPº'n >,90HN5! C!!!!1!!!!!δ1!!!!!m$2!gd !gd !gd !gd !D\8Y$,s_"=:0)8Fb !!! C!! !!!1!! !!δ1!!!!! !gd !gd !gd !)*+6789XnddVeWeXeYeeeffffffiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijj=j>jdjejjjjjjjk k1k2kXkYkkkkkkkkk h !5\h !CJaJj5h !Uj3h !U h !6]jq9h !Uh !jh !Ujh !UJ ! Y >E{O |   !&),-O-./1F67<! ! !!!!! !!!!gd !gd !gd !<>>>AC)HGHHKLNNP9QSTVVWZWZ \|\\`b!cdZe!!! !!!! !!!m$2gd !gd !gd !Zeef^fffiiiiiiii!!I2!!t/Yo?kd<$$If!634ap @kdё$$If4!634ap $Ifgd ! iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijj jjjjjj/Yo/Yo/Yo/Yo/YoFfFfQFf$Ifjj!j$j'j*j0j4j7j:j=j>jDjGjKjOjRjXj[j^jajdjejkjnjqjujyj/Yo/Yo/Yo/Yo/YoFfFf+$Ifyjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj/Yo/Yo/Yo/Yo/YoFfrFf$Ifjjjjjjjjjkkk kkkkkk$k'k*k.k1k2k8k|{Ֆ A:$a+iOtBw/0lVWy 8<DT~~_~~_P&SAr*l(J'p#FO9D;?g;?g渚꯴D;?g;?g爫E.|{{CѺa9GBȖÏwߞ MwD&=QDK+ׯkzW_}%QEQE-5Θk-^L´:z\U<.KJs`K6|1-{ig>R. mIWE! ,N1KKhwk|HM&M>jl\[CRqHiIڅ8截)(ߪ40&ZdLCrB|wYVR=XV2qmCNZL\/勫q"2}︕eƔǁ6SZipٵ~*DU<RA < qLv3-7KT<_.mjZJBҮy(_-zJvIM˕kLJ6-x8i*غkUܮ i+l{3%[ϰm,!IES-*3q$*clE ZRyX (*~춴A%$/! Fԩ;r3q%uLj44Mŏ GJ{TVu-RZ#$;uF"mr "xckJC[m¬y2 *8Rj餻BӚ ϗRјR; '8.cBm3tAˡ )U=Gu}:;]IC+JBH9E#"V4k}+4륷k;=VulKJʇ)#fK-Iiي% 2#'-*ݞO9d>lZZRHI܁א RS K o%%+8NG4EGt^ҷ(w`!”ɐVU'J׽iW$2ui p78m̥JiPԒ$r"O6Sb.o)Dc!;,<)@yP隇e6Զfm4cxVG FyPD;baŸ*Rc3--<ۨr.%%<K7r+rߕrugӡs$ cP݁лj;݇)#UXN+ F԰jo \gB[BBT8=DSYȒ)Y} (<j/F kpCbިhrKRpH[S%:WsMMZck"T!w䇔 }M+ IA(J=^i۪ovFi&KF#w!jI>$9Ȣ%ċIsntʻJ{zX/$40꣟}إ+=^,dgJ<թ/D%GlNH9o;2d@l4 eɜ^U)u|I+< ZRI>\-L%kq5Y?q `k:"(")qC|]iK?3DLz(zW_}%.^ ?LJ"("("CKh'=Cv&܄S!BBS&"UFjܭ7m]~f)2J^i5 %[ `}Nke0%[%Dn2f8rIBBW($4xQDJZ^E^ZV AN2@#8 P֞`;pbm +t#kiKC\[@+vsҸغŶ?1K('OLXa&\$J9-!:*V31ZFZ\NoLuT^J-8 @%u4͆%K3`l+vÞqI =*8vwvKB9v$l܄i̼ @+ ٣4D_gz 9ǟ9z[ME/:)ZHx1%E;Jv-:~nJP3Q[*)Q*d&DQEDQEDQEDQEDQEDQEDQEDQEDQEDQEDU7Uh&C6ze=]Rw%܂`V47-j <[;6'sdjJDA(ArmHOۥ4pS(Br\i YP Z6@r\;b~fBOy.@lT2A9᫞(&Urˍ7S"cSART+TՒߤ,_~wQ"ݮO "SCTrw`]Z`蛴;5,[%x!kd RʊU hmDKQ!K]>~ RPJHIڬ"J$JTh]OhԄa&%g~Q%IR;8errGs~ vi4zKAHW4Q~JI9ǎIkuQEQK?3Lz\~4A"cEDҿ=z61)w~zmbQEjy2ڜuA )j8J@$D[sFiwtIH'm)k,E#[Ԁ຦;,$NECyPwiST$fSVto8?EƷTYz yl}"%":BDWĒ@'i#4oN95Ĺn S"TDWN4XMb;rΒ[ZIQUZxa<@O@Q<^:{&r^.6w8)U N<\r%-]#79G1T냃z⺥ś ܩZc$@{ jSd^/:]Զ7 nr.JT enW?!=jZzkء%诺dmn[+R2:玘d5ɳѳkdD6W is3BVooj*5u-Ө\- rI BQ Dvj+.DCX+3Nt=š=_ӟ۵mcixDAЮZO\!*i ZyK 澹مCWJ׬}W aW;PyN~6+.&me`~y!ԝKkV3k}RΨ[:h1eԶ)MFdƌSw7#VYwɖNS|sC}R4=* YdzEx\zUPꋺ. qME-DjCD!oz)%d@%USc*%56s❐췃jPK@ug+* zqfpt\gtB9rW  .{4̻oc)i%=@RN HqSU P(((((((**5\k M#wKGzBIϼ<;5ܜ}.;Ypx{>*.sZKwRUBm$ܮw416&((@@$}/bd߷qB)yNR4zxĂ/;߽iN"erguD;&Y!R%mdWݞּ[[ajH*B>v᝘^v:~2̯([R҅ pr@#+l  [ g6 9kE.@\My_"k2r:)V]y4 #i_vR(Ԁ3anmKZ OݣG\۞Tn*8Z]W9w JTRVGj-ԩ0 t>eX,7}2kik PN^i n#JҒ6S"CaB۽P%KHH?$qp9]?hA뉹-;ධ $d r:) P)JeҸ_ gfM@j@;T6qJ#h=fon~_m@[ܗZR)^q91#K.Nf,8K2C^mj Jַ֕8R75f)EQJĥޕaGDAUX4` U\eclw 6N= # ޏJj42!]쥁wZ@IV TFZCwU[es*cOr4a#R e8Vڻش͖VE,WW \;Qi]2{K="&na/Gy.=V[8 ac}ZmCf@ (lHJڊҎBՁjak7/PG SyNc_ ^ u Ұi u#qI [d{@c ;j⩊hwy&qL@n^,se>xB NF2.1n!;Kxp޵'8wEq޻c2-h9W?8$}* _\k-d=jO }Nn0nw=OPߋӇa*beUo\HHTo ۣFmIhS.x1R3VƮwϒd4 rJr!)@w zcMk{rZ)#^ QҬM*a-N錕2*9m;Moa!$])vQݡ"E2R ذxO!;=qs/=uNVT^֢NG@H$ZSc=oSѾ&QڧG#Fjs KQ#-2w! %$(7Gh-EZ\[:JsݝJV/Ij՝}Ce}D6}L?`DP7)؄5 @NO$Yv;OC{=H;ϲoFk@9r6AJR"(Y( ;' O3/tkf<[Br،zt-܅r T#Onuˡ==ә `9U>5.|;[9b pN'bG#$nEڣ8x.–q*%I<vkMQɺmA ? kM;(KBp@GvR8!Т6v~%6TMN:jۋk )lT'6Ha깬b\+jy@ 4 ~Eǥ.V M!d8 8J[Y Cw`V+ЂHNQ+ 䄼JRҔmoeYV6R1LJxKvt=U RKAr QP("("("("("A:Nil.DJ\R@ n'  _"W $Lӈt!ԇV3j뜁4yeW-|z.ty3"*BwrAI9px),6m!m `@*يfq&(6NN\\\Emh1>;$6ʸoerv:h;˕P؜Of&\Bsa uM"̨vbK.J 8㔬?XкU(ӶȭЗzA\eI;k n?ui룙2Z1VQʔ"jlkW—)$q}noy3VpAv`Q^z$G/)$ؘliŶGpYHU5`<:dͷwIw9# ZRuVcT2!?KD-C*J-+$ ŀvLYx+e{ xyvңxDOWvc|t>{̹aƿmV=yZYOMSS D;pF)y*t(yDoR4fTFEজ~Cs\aKӠ d`jߤD q j{s𯸚dVWd7 lF'Ev4PwP2:T{>i)3*x)^0[ +T2}WXe+?ן'*UceĦ*q`TʀǤtR?Ӹʗ"m4ec}zu_xw0l^=Cn'hq*] ۻܕoi]8Ry*CEY5//k29N@_iqC|]iK?3ZcEDҿ=z61)w~zmbQ_ωQmm\[(c{ HC>:as>0HR\H;N9Ҟ{;MLGw$S]o_,V7!]lj?Y\tGi=XP$T&֘Ѕn8VTv#\Mi]lΟX"!ȲkRs[N5޺ S) 8 9:IˉbiIm74V+~flVJ $x rk%fJى4ʔ]GOMV_m0Z\NaIOE:sZ|JDL~ε2 kR$(IA#ul8 {䌓hiJSwP^f綐(F|?DY*{ XmL˫͡C!g:qֺg,b77@'O|h)68^vDPݶblHuK.,/g=x->߶@Bf80䷔_VJ=U=}i.iԀZT2۩K<+ӽk8dl2(擃Ȯof}Qr!߿ȬFk,ZEdWˆ_7 "("("("("(#4QDXU;nrvTfx%qV Fq59~@Zdܮ8ܵ}|!5TELRbXbB]O[?+yT sԛڪelY'`@Etn(%s2P;NOj24 \d_RI߿P]x ?h,szd@䫟Fn{Y]q%-!awrVyڐ ?r:)8l47s\p #H$:q魑XZO)dm#VM)$2c ʒH2q᚝ZQL0 S.dr5b)_ X9lv_]֡41NaM=mK}; BSP%eG$⃞R18z4ݪqZsP Nr+QPcJ[Hjɖ۴{j'fJQZG62TzBX\rU/ m|l^ǖ;xė.I.!%̥jF֜qQ#;H ֛IN?+|k̫qQH+}^r1QOc\ ĉiH x$[BCD*EHI)-YrlcDl&Ф$d9X=I]cQŰJp\a*RԬӀ}7˴؁7Q1x&2 FuMHם=:JXin_eNK6Mͩi$)C$m4ir$Ƹ&^;z?۔-G9=GUE ky+E2 y''>&w{wT\R69׫n^,ȷ^Mcicd}~k @oYC1|} +xgñ].(ȃ_MՍ e_ZUJ!ih4ǥ MwD&=QDK+ׯkzW_}%eꒆ ԓR+ThK)$]A-C>m.ւ4jOou@]nvwDiҰ>C@5q,x#7kІCm!(m B8HVcҸxxԃ YV+w9@Ti-H`үAQ`\~*sJ$x6mo5oS` y5PڃJݭr;t ZTTB]H%$H.z/iK n JFԂ>2VakYL zlZQl $1 WruWd;Q.a>0FA6zcfPW] 2~a[J(3=|*5ڜARw4 Eg@p#83IR6^Z2-rvBX`) XBpe^bV98cPH]غed0y`pO=zG"G!><,El%HEo)',J 9 OA)'7c䮨jLw?n/v|B493V4-1-+Xp $-HPjsILcmD_{s4ZiƧHAi`|Br3ie!z+U&$͢6e5Jvvː`ŷU|=Hq^R֖YJ)A'Ev<0-bE.:vQP}I}ةt/2jO o~^K1۞uq\UXn#>T8?y雝d:5ƊCB>ݐmA}' Y 0 _:~etv̦">  gӚӽ$ea#^cueX%eDz|V[-Kdt)Wmc!CLff[}j88}.1%{Ec= W-9X&ݎyy.TǛeK?3Lz\~4A˜QE.^ ?L3K+ׯk Т՗oNOf#E{AZ%#I6&-r.*u5gq|: U)?%N1>i>½'qy6S}ϢqQE*ei C)#a P z\d5K{Z%ZKm4o90O$mXT¯06ợnq񵗠HRk r,X,V1$EPؾ=&5ɗa6Bql6|T2)IJ7 vЈj^6]k\ zkf,8h/è[tjN;-rfEntx܈[S.-*}-Twz1R2?X)(bRѱ'.Na].L k8N#ܨrN1V;{vͽ)L[ye`s-$8Ny+K.XhIeĶ*B,~o QQX1Jdpd'NᄅFwu6^`Fy u]:Ԟ4v  }Au̖*"[|Վc}jb95y5)Zu $FyH>'8$ T4ɋ&EdgdX,Tn(Ӄ^9%U5%#秏4hBɧU܆ҶS“#9vAp\g!b$nK'rS_uZŌc[8F8QWOxy3mVeDuGɌjR_t(tBNԒsq5K_TEFǶ2KC" EvW5G5e>鋵q̇y }кNcZRÃkaY)N: W6v -J)Iw+;#+Hz㾴t+!]$ uysq]bScT績6@327ӮuUEDJds!AJ;}#?u;Krl";_)h[_ޞ=4ӝLa.G+AXZ@+5hJs<Җ^[XYP~Z[Q vrp#[[';K?3Lz\~4AǢ(w~zma(J}2pIQ7B]Fϩ`78' [}[~>MiO 흲V9shGG*#h[*J,_*vT p-׶Q I9u+EkXZ2%CmSeh8RA>FnruRD;tlS[VI'ZԀޙ#mw 4bz2=NEKnҶ Jy&#mDm+YR$TvLt#ԷhzUZūjZ -@`\+HO7$3T\ԐlJ*EE,lav'(etdqoE#7-6RS׿EV-[ B:2(O&{8.x}92c}*P9{{X[d' *6Zuy~7c$!T*n.JFT%(ʂr]l[kwaK<䎤NX}T{%c%e>EqqV8o^z bPGM 3tr@~qލQQJFU:b1i )mHW[f/IpDCrؗNG '85 _Dߗ79ir\1p[-BaR2TR9>z $r21K]tY]YPB[iixzymLcRߖRppPݵ ͬom$)qv]W u 'ӑҫ/Xɗ&<  j2Jհn>nxfơDDLy:u8B_[0߆bŃHqp[qk-9Ɯq.+o*H$ԥ.]AlUףP *(S WEPgBy85@_hԷ"("("("M}+oNzGaǏ)'T\Yk jR{&(pO]硳[g/rhƼG.3M&CjQvH(*4{em}z. q\ya$81;78Uxl"2$wʝyg BA dy$I⾦KvRXs#wLTUFKA*2%Đ*Es 7{uyh6F;Y <˂uLIe n,ǛZ cmNBd$,dLXV{3H~,g$4@TvryCֵRC9ҥuIq-Ā# v PV".el3PHVܴT`^ys~?4 Վ.OzЕӀ{AqmQRԐs֢-BP!  J@@ڙ^o^+`St,c.w]҂lیt-{qQ9AC 6W7c%p*6a$9IKPɫUs8(;ݗ,f2Kqc'0$@rzTz/VɈl4DĢK8%lF &)wYvkkQr`8CiJ۽Ɩ6r A`vd-yy!"y`wI@gZ%R-I9ޠNOr#&! t%[@RTA96^ǓIa{'h\ S35.NٌT%{8,ddI5mEMO]ڣcrgV)MNϔtg;~鶪; Rh`J#MS$. JUjn+k1Ԟo'aswyþcPnڡ&6?h)R85zR-D\ovR*L8K-˵7:Td%l.qo'y C;Nt7Q"C$J2]UĬ$NCMJ{B?uxk9ElKZ^oK/Tٮ ]-pS}C|]kI>Uٝ>R@W dA񚲙9΄#kQEk[Jk֎t}@}CmUTҿ=z6Z捿?)V{KjLC/~༯e6:C[)lVHQ Z]whq|-.1(d%ăB={[ HB+;N U=t~r6|{}#(Ti+-ԴB)IZI#>xrO@tseʈX&!=qpMNsv*^ *V4)!GKi.*$g R]H0d*M%I*SŤ,|औ|w.yz)BYgCGR9ňT ešXˠnH@)oJdP+ʇM$S {K$ IRU<eq+a_"#@Xd{:nX#M1k tO%H)*ȥppk 6MAmBv --֊K !dzyx܏Һ>J*in db)4]g(("("("]hFTRtyI9^)el G>+뎭cp9 M"kR)W$Z\:+885-j[sQl}뛼xơK%8 LEYqҲH9$d QWIyCKt$Yݿ+Q< xTFFFqKjd/<{s O@JJJYU!x$ZaD^c\l5\F܇u@,%;_R9q7B JTTPKMq@;pBFUMYl++R T{Q8Nk~(OWpE<>A oG3Utw]{LP_%$Fq knը +3oL~*;+ہH ;pC^S8ʎ4+;p@ʒ2yi-16:o ftӚEMruRzRd(jT@R%H4;zO9UgW1[$i)6ʃYmg ZFT v JbͻCKnew[ %)AR9 csc67 9r9RmJqG6:BӚX+D\l}Ő"19m֎G}7Tt;R *)8n BZ}4i$Ei]hf`XB PU71ꯧHO #{)<3Ȫ\H#]K,:NHowP5SDv2]AĭNGY ?$] u=t\Zc1Znsev\]njY'9RZ93@sҫmߪFjxͫql'Vvq=+TsϗWO{bMy9;< %x-C˗!w-4چڔ⴬&HZR0MR[eCmI#q«DݐQ{yp\|$pJ]x㎹J@< E*ZB1JUW4#)ec'Di l =~y>Z!ږn7ݹ1֛RIڜxT}nuM>ͽ[p p"t}==+ft (I'ĚjW$s\>HARQr\O#v 9$\bQY7>Ƣ\lW9PF:Pڜ}g7r@k*`g;2ddz(-Fˣ$%mjtt򸎫fHށQEk[EQEQEQQچ 2c8=;EH4aև ?( iuP6}[}ǡ ;Bwmx{C5XXJ!\WB>#ךBX"E?-Cr^zy$!rX$:  Tgڕ)8HV|}'\#▶KOQ>)[̰!Q1J_)(RGV~ U#\ɚO[gUG$]W+V#Տ];=muJ_FG]l񩝛1Z q]#"yU¼ԕ x%)@g!9!#qےz|OkD$,߬J^'- @u)w.wuѡ4<3+rʖNd0J^p#u |x>R$pNj_Ez4a vݻ\ x G o2Hհwu/HԼ ֹa=J;') m8؄2Q"sl/Xyo^T-2ʡCn Ia m|r6e]A=+)-m[ TF̉ SOxAN / Վպ6=r3#ېGO 78rm *.$hC̨Ȍ7w ‡N^**LUjZ%";B5eie͎)KR֧28 %Cb?VH(ꗸX0#q!- oֲw0:0}Dד[.!JmmEzC 갉;n7lﺕm:BEt箬,sN*mvTҤ+Pp)D)ppkYi6t\=ƹiU3vs/u=tQ词+!H+ZB5S^Դp"Ie[Vn3S_{w0}=8(WTo5rf(bbD)x+#vyp nx$j"[~*J]V8UQamQށ4)%$9WS5Lv+Ne,ckZkE(J[L>TR|<ߕ:XzP˝ h@ 9kLSPGMQ#@;r1>+K=%Ů9iB(@Q*ooy'0[GJڈw4`FC7 IAi>1U:b$ȘHQohoSuMa;xoK`|枘\QtMPKO!;/4%RQ+}SifeCZҤ~ K%'H>48O JiB˺GyҝJ+Ia>--ZV'FA Df(ZFZmVU >"MM|}E\TCLV6j<%#5չsVIAJ BJr~U_ fԸhu;83J((vH((((ƾEyy[FpNF}?)tDz;V:GMf ?GrfyN} *걅HP$H<"&~,.;Ϝlﺖi]u!zKnbP5eeKe(ۀ:J 0JpY(RrARUAoEzIHXOr•vSA{-9]裀qҊBZ[eKNF2m?q𪃚fh` `:BǨ+W*|* ƪE9n.ۥTN2- JҬj԰DgZio87'<4'Mjƶ -#rGR}UR_w[Hcd.8qN !(B< a8>" z۝akNBsNo؅$8>~*̷@9TPb "/BPǛ2p\\ Ǧ;BBWw0x;wnc:>Eu[m-ԶA!)]?tHl_LCİЬyJ!DV8Tcj|եuվ)y(Rd7İ!M ~ĠV#׌r$FF:W~5d5Q inZhm *#N&vAp>jNKGI+qG dR]~DЮNCCW*tוNٚjq5) MwDE.?Hok xu Lz(zW_}%.^ ?LJ"W{y*!KPDͣ[ϩ\ Mzkt7PI-)'TJM(x۟YLڨg~^+hsUt!5+t~T)ENFs+'e:RáV6A>=jUTm8m V_hd*|3U9m݂ͭ(<KHIՌ dxgKkyP@ +Ңyǰ`UXrvP4jdo^K ~In?yי!;!]sS$kZ$)(e3GZaowJ BZV8?$qGԳ hYJUm+clJOL$ ɢ xƠ-y*߶.II]uעv #ꩌaLnW Xz(hl"PouuhuƛBa T6-JJ>qwжu*CVuJA(YosN94䄦IG)xu'XQJxi $%)HtUw@if4п(fJVwHxx*Q:XOo>.ʂ壱GtR75fEQJĥޕaGDEQDPN[EmѲB-I#+ZJ\tCɏ)oz= )kب b:0 xO})j+1u,:?uxv)5wt*\"("("("("("("QEWj*\A{/尿$Q^[fٰ X9 )➣ك^Fj+Pݷ]"DWCAROPGU {NSz e[n4pk]VvChR #U_v]wKzU.\'/2?:$hQ/շhY›ixkRs鮊Z-3%5< yc1Z>VTaPJGj7U]Wd?9uJTJE'_sDt0ڊH#dNHI|5Q-O? \v3ol(42IGjI>4Q_`! BI;*R(QEF^UNwZ}!#Ϩq"I+"ng(+\;< Kh69iw$ckݞr':\xmݢ4eGS99q>БVaӚ C]f =; ;w|OQU!ih4ǥ MwD&=QDK+ׯkzW_}%QEQEbGT}cٝR)Rk\ϖC+½]^QfH+r.@l=ud㇏9ƔzTaOXz+O>^ڮ[Ŏ|Hͅjʇh颧~x"L4tӹf錥EC=خt]"VV;{)+ѭ%ү9ǡRS$Ԝ.tlP &JHcV]Ӂ?k Ԁ)  ǢG$[ljG;G?rkӶ?hP %fqPx,%6^mSoUsz#U4aC1CLmChHJR=QUTI9xYQEi[EQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQAEEjlwlpU(8%DnX9h>jE{d݆\2Qy۴,wǻC([J9݁4J 9Bm'okxKɞ4Iq?$bGM5Fu1ꢽQ;0.K>11 Pv)VP#(n7`S+c=+ѨOL$cЩ DԬ.ɴlLh/}ʎ@Vw /.$p$n'5ovqe fָQ8)ӴW-6;Ubm A?x'sc?mT0 euIv5e)Uw{c$zHiCimQUO$!8Xł(ҷ"("75f!ih4DǢ(6h5D R!<^ĽЬcrz}U;٠LuLqҊ"\|vh?~3Q٠LuLz(q٠LuGfZg3=1%fZg3=iTǢiT|u?~3S"[ڴvLuG^Zg3=2(%^Zg3=ziTȢziUA-3QA-3ꏎf{cDKf{>;4? E.>;4? KL&g=DKL&gA-3QA-3ꏎf{cDKf{>;4? E.>;4? KL&g=DKL&gA-3QA-3ꏎf{cDKf{>;4? E.>;4? KL&g=DKL&gA-3QA-3? E-: KK&gEDK&gzyTȢziUA-3QA-3ꏎf{cDKf{>;4? E.>;4? KL&g=DKL&gokݥmSfS&Jɑgdn)S`pDQEE٥Dd0H   s A ümagnify-clipyK yK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arctic_Oscillation-01.jpgyX;H,]ą'c""Enlarge"b ;3m5y1q n;3m5y1PNG  IHDR ,tRNS["bKGD̿ pHYs B4tIMEe=OIDATcpȯn{k0޽K1ׂA1?V0B=ߏIENDB`Dd,<n  S JAjetstream2Jet StreamRj:@os Fj:@oJFIFHHC    #%$""!&+7/&)4)!"0A149;>>>%.DIC;C  ;("(;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;[<!1AQa"q2#BRr$3Sbc1!1A"Qa2#qB ?j 0zPqe5biYVF-o20ۀ5&F<[x*ȅd,~ ;{t^>BwXE=p>^$vcs#\ʩE6’fu>"o)}[zP=Ky9(7gL;}[Pkkhe1&ar̻~ u8G,[D6 VF~ 97;i4>&MyX;5g5;ϩx; BEM Tm}QFYkuw'FQ5 4CX,j3@@@@bYtD!v$,9Ϙ YV y9$jΞs X~7kI0qvbw[@5̬ $B3;;ZeN\nGvwsu>lڊ!;4s $}d eTpY[ RtoάM9fӉ"O(~E=ʸ)ڲt>uďقoEeO@CyN 4]ڬP${.<n \=9UrLUQ?>|Y@ko$3#2ms?٣}S~U]^\=> $w7da(.7+ Ѝdyѭc2K=^۫ (8gU9~8,eoI- 2OSfKsY@k*+Q22yҬ] ERSKJetv_iBU5aV,vE,XiOy2s_ fq8*~"=]˩өwӯ'[3?'=I,֮3huwW64x 9|<8dmVwGfO__{w~5#Og60,bN]?{ƛP"2.nKv$A}9gΡ2c|zJYH#9 A?RNؑYxwGGh @Mr٠1}%WikYzlDv9AֲhKS8Q%5 Cdqğ*Qۖ>rylb8bUR5P+RryoHU^Q>bog) sO*.漖7|?!Y"|n ь#`IUI 2 [g:c 앍"Vjq)2\ ޕcu]JIg4Mm ' }uUĺ$,VtញK$u$x29ץSf RKFk <=^c- ngD}-ܰViw7ZTKA+~`zlv_}q$ FG>gW 2YeuNʦwŧdvA@*ac-_.SHK╀h9?jsW;)2vL:dBkX>AGl-B֟ԩUc_cun}cOa{qnZc ߑ5%/ ԼdHeW;O1UId9.)!v,ZGP3lzvuٴ=(4xVO VDv9tVBYpqR^l[IV_t!ZFO}s\LhG5/ؿ ܫk>LTy+)lXZg3]FgeCD:EUh((()[r4ɘU|ܲYWT|Et# .7OSJMS&ےYogxnv䳖 >`Dc䚴n\~qdcTnqWwJ3ڏF]$`; AtmHGSdv>[Fbi%L0\;{+3-F6[k9%D* 5nMsϜn7.kٱ4ݣG?FYC YI# <޴CWrQ- W1=.|H[ #Z#%%b%1]PPPe ݫN./d*y4(}H&U`Z#opo=j9lTkqc,zN^~w1 W)?J-l5,pJPHSQ? <91K7_EtR7+w(YzdPqQoeè\M=mp6UxZb-4T)+gZn/#g~\8܃jٙY1$S8 4K ghٝ|IV.vۉ[(p+h5 =ɴyߤ@(+j;s@|\&[CG8 ߼@W>bJ@@@@@VZ-|PL7`JaЏb6G;hI^Z`,>;?_]pwIaz1j?2U7PM*iOgg)|MBXF8 /J~S{Y%G$ҵ 2ĭZF0TyP +4r ܧؿ檕ӗs.ȿA1h:*(*I%PPPPPP-p.-@ߝ (m+CqA!@2( Pٺ^Dd'  S A Ìwalm_01_img0058(Courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).)Rx]ͩ5Ke3T] FL]ͩ5Ke3JFIFHH4Taken from:001-01, page 78Extracted on 04/11/2003C    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342 Zi!1"AQa2q#'7BHWbf$3RSUrs4CVc%56ETu&DdtF?IQmU;>h2+73߶~~,~{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|ON{!|OL?ovǶ3̏5wԎQԎ<]s\/O@DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD\k}7{vk""""""ŬĨp[[MLHaV5UrMQ cxu:Auy.69{<`&װDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDE{׾7j ~ ~""yDDEWmlөa5&zR0$nKI1}+d ::WKa3@hi~`x,3-,5fT 1Kff܋kkj%#p6>t6]Awnc@s 氹g͕Ơ^՚VOiN(2Y/k9_@oc|5tp?[]{[O41Jr׾Ih`6/%(7U͟ m5 sӈ̀C.n5⦌s#|ԫm8 'pAv\UnTf/8$k*̗jG~FN R0)$L=#J`X+i ]⤑aa88lTEˀeD.#VQNho Ƴ is,yk]6N#KRigr4#\]kO I:&d-k9hMᘕ6/_F纞va7F/mZX!GPM__Q=, $5C`uOY%jY$2D{EƣQҶ$PV!= en #I-;!~ߕKJd:Z:8|ltԬr6h+ 4Toc|n?mtDDDDDZd Z-$TTKE##69Z/db80 ?ty/;rn$Ek&Pu f7&6&EG s3( f 'Qjӈ|[8s_|k;%gb3R6h*g3\4lA71cPaE,N'pm*о!9ɨc/R6%tTuxcLRzO(#/y`5|J7jV 쫁yQC9ͷOpR;r݂v CK#{i#|dvnaV))NT=#OM8\Q`)Q>CϕSn$S`KvpᩖLZǴ.߂r>?Aѭ]!Vr"N5TԭUC Zַͭn[/)Da Vւ9:fVTp*t3RR ` m8bT54pUW `|Rg=_®~Wx6 ;BY饨!t:eu !OmozMiq14TR:cu|áN"(lSj0MXu}T\״99\n^ƶg ؛Wd5e'wn./#@hd$nkH#B""""""""[?tp?[]3HƗԮJK4嵯m 3[>恕 kaqV[0Z˼c~6G5GbIА(&|6 dv:DjoݭmN9bLe1Q^ =%Fu[Zuk. I"w*sry$_R[`}D>b܆Yn6 jKFal*"V sԆ .@w6zA9WD視0 UӃagF7ȼ E+F=m US0Z)cnXg\`0 ̽CM>Qؚp~3ȝ`aəP{ǝUCUR d4ENކ _18* :TM}U(pəN_(lOc85PMOc"lqS^zVln}hI` l&1V6by`/0Z:)$I Mc/g:ڝu~+9[SK4ղ0ߠ+DlRI/m 1jDDDDDE{׾7j ~ ~"""""""""-NĎ%S- is{7טCK]5-dU\4໼kyظpn2^jh* `~fX_-CjqEN+IiF܋ٷMq_,K[<O!pR s/`9-rљmf푮ArH|{FcYZa3G4QE`kIOpE 4uԎwn0EK[B8""""""""q<9^bg))-V$N rXin49̶DDDDDDDE {;O1]TwS2s8Z:fxe& RiryDDDDDDE{׾7j ~ ~"""""""""-_j]}&sCjG\c>5Pk5O5}/v'KC8wַ]ϖ1Tgcc1&Wݯqim/w:&ިlVM,@2I),/{-m[nU.XGW+j`nOۑ,i#8i9n.@W 퓚>؉3~١< 7Of5\&M\I$s is8u=;^3DEtid"""""".ݎW@\ SFcxOl'!70kF$Z@#]aelU4 -գ X?H:lCrzьR]KwEa{B52, 5Z00 j@k6?JR( q [qisbK<䭀:O$NGiN@2nrҊS27onPw'%o̲`bx0/TT6 l߯P상J9"}Q\KJ$vfAk É <['lԌs2ە乹35Hvb:OVakCdوQ`c,q$e昇ӞfmN"=%elڬi.{-sͳn- **z7M,>`Z3N9T""""ſq|Ŝov:]s\/O@DDDDDDDDDEf!=(Q%nSnPk+Vp-é0Zbc)a'L)匴&'sH![geu=6g4F mܶշ^l=4rljL誮X$ 6F@r E>خ:AA8G( nP6Y{1HY_Q,0O3PZ{ek<# eu%eL/@dknXK:-iWf::'b4Fx➕ktokd#^Մ2E0ed噧1u-m95f""""""[?tp?[]\}8s |=%xq%L3$fmXW 8C$ѭ]QtSΥXuV[KJʌ>e,xtON%O<Ѥ~ꡕurX] t S(kIV{R}s(TψH܂9]e`Ę-%,Ӷ)76Ǿ (*"zXjgdvCZ%ucVɱ7 LYJ[1vԝbk.L7 ن_nqsuں_ ]4/ 6Z ivx]4L+@E{qdکdžS. %"`BT᠉z#hڋ>3Te>'i++3v5XZ(pIo|5?`^Ӄ{- 3o{~(m#xNՍRͥQ!aCC;Kj>oz(q[Nڋia¤Nگ87L)ڻUgie{ڻQoT ڟ8?L ڻUgie;Wj~`R*6Gd ڝ-`^vz ګ`raFA" ZQC>>9GUV&Rc5x)mFw|%/ "a4li>~bzCKanl43S\4e5D8cMƊ6򎎂Gb%ѽђ6+/M Zeظjy皦>C9nov:]s\/O@DDDDDDDDEiK1zZh垦xhlq\8P57,*9qn=Y!hm;^$kǏ_,޻>Y nmGN~^ vӍ磇[OQQb6&ONXkr#cgY]{rt[m{ygHqTpENqzZdrds^;mqG54i轇A*WnFok|\^iLKgwG]#sRP 2H≹9ZY0{}I}T,3oa`dpx\ikL237#VĻ ukk,qScż+seFJpsxTkp+b5pm='uQ$> (Keɶzpͮyf)/lήE4C8ңOpL6j*L92˜)43?N7aHhѨm #mM˯\f\XOe;1c 5l(+ikvo֨B[NܘǍsj)h+ L̤4pֹ% .(i]3t #,<-܍M~.ܠ-`5Ozsk[ʿ;?sȱ8˹N׍{{s^#A7[轏@zì̎G;Cd67 b Eo; wuPi2_67(][w 7lq8;$8>kǢtTpklik񼷵mX>rre\nGJ*1l6cR>sc{2:ٯu͛to/_7g-W^ꮱz(˗r4,7dntUrso}nr8 9e% @i9<@oc|n?mtDEf5 xJx<1#FiЛkzmq}_&%G>i`l3c D,s8Hkmb؝=lu/0T:9\f1E%ec]ms+CUutgf,pDy\57R[1|;iq&hϖ 8d7k;Q'lmkj8s]x\a*[EGWZ4hrrnd6t D1CUKh'jsvFXf6%t:qv8(?筶{[kq7[\1jzm#v~Ru6ʊ[ 4>Yd։N^*~8&7!>YV9XNnc!#E4ͨV?Xej>y׌|#Èv[V)E_G^&R = Qj{ ;1+Wx9dqՔzGA@.TLL/wNZ"",z*lFԵpX^A,wA5auOj0d0e`s$0phAhߋaUuXsbc,1݌ˣEP-uD:6udZ9Hm֫ݙT%l(ov:]s\/O@DDV)D2@=~pu0|3KX*`l/فw=DdPv/|/y> X,*+#):qEOAGHZia@m/zsar%u#(cP2I^,icFKq\-ͧh)d-lv6@66$w 1J)6\$T0$Di^ fR;v֛Y,p@^EZ#,s:kMz-sr۹k}﯏G,2& kZ2dNt6#OI]5lj:QzC tP]8sXwMeP3*^*$kIhd7o{r޻sZ2m>o;[:p / z:R G,.vl TZXlN/76ȉ5 nx,Ӽ|.qa߰Zq>b7!up'Nj9]#,( ͻhng]I=j"g ±{]f[r>Ժ-~{ 60{VDZ鶇3FQ9ƂBrݰCbM 6hhꥧd6avH"{^^^t"=ڑb"=Υdֶ8ZAαq euخO[ 58mmSur!s#ݖ6[BJJe|Sn|MudsZ$eܛuni#"6=p hI'Z}]m'f)kl|qf{aaxUiad,V +͜=?".ݎW@\ SR69pk s)#v#ÉR9 3X؟6s{, 5;d llb5dHs9G( x*è6^M} Yh ܌6& I6*%s"ִӘ7Ms_&w uS3EWמۣt#*1܆:AǜaG sܾ:h l ÚH csn]r{vQv 8i(iigq篗rt~~`oEŕw77u3t *#~kaMf_'j#)d,h f?\s`4D5I`hudֳ.=`m/n 9ZI^Ce9}Xw<ǤokDy.kGVNuy53{ch2 ڶni4G?Ω285Md4wxT* ~Gn"dU1'[ChC!PW!E瘆\OȽ3W^e7Wći5d} _&#*s j$9|Ns`%\^=4$x UW}1H}?K2?O2?O2?Zܘ]>*F|ozJSYY:,|[9*"^a=]}}n M5\1GDBCl:\}{=vsuں_\۩&Njq(qh ӁQ[1MOM#js `c 1(\_eRoE]wcNuc5WF$t. "K tXp6j JfvnS1kI< 7ߕc62{=.8-f$*3Ca;vfal܂^G]O P5AHm׏ t>SSI55TFH-FjERO Os`I7 Lf0T܏91Lg=5{APaTSX$5േCmt|hVhbVӾMd0I ~Kq2zpj}d-$ sKܬԌ [[Tq"''Z[ܓp5Ž\I6b^̏ld:O+ٛۧޏ#V5v,@?Y'SszqfkH R-p ߛn !bbnnX0R y4s66솩N!J m@mt$\Qv\s+vRG8[SȈov:]s\/O@DDDDDDDEcg:@:Y])H1FKO$:nn ;uuMgr#m`8KC7͓ͻvǖp`3M5Mlb2mkRX>I&ck[9Y}H?Һ&NںNW!\ݼyi1q}ZÏ66?yβ2oGVZ0 2O^}5zx՝6Y5ffe͸ky\ $8qӨs""""(}l;fia*$SDe]EW+ m-S68"޹My' =KoatxvMF[ -a澮.uͼ-+۫:FPop8k{] fj希xӦ%)rˑ,JST[$$e~P]~ ,(cK\[_U _AXXnOѶSwFc!_!^E{?8qzLSK@l4To:A76TmN8=\/>Yuo5^*ohtn茭Ѳ(7Kp[ΞI<ύ0is-}Z-a`㸡nv_(>oc|5tp?[]a؃0]>b:rmMلֺ X#wI,- [x(mԔqdL 4ZhhN *dDc_kpxJ:Z fQO{hkG( yqx,fg!&=]‰!.ksHZo57I8[QgkÆekAߛ^l0Pnp_nn/ue8,jV.2_$44\aF{}&^~hՓ&]M7pUW?w6oDG*46^,ӝdq?M60np-܋e;^6]kُ Flǟx^ע=ZDZ-{%Nn - !Ė[͚;LJM!HRO`kւMƠxtPE~QYR:II?[7 aX؍lxfW_7ҩ|5X{5E>4vys)TD\k}7{vk"""""""-jZ+[WWGwOۭ/cdcx~R(f\jR4{"?C\Ǹ}Zަ kF8/,Y`DD\k}7{vk"""""""-.h:^on+>gPDڪD\w8ٱG*Xm8\mN|_e7~m˻`]*ٽ?cfWUci?*mưO*Pu>ѹ)iN>fz./9.ljKrߦi౷7bxkr\8yNwovW_CW\| 8:_S(eG$9,+{eTVI5p$soczme5¢Mw`_oo̯+7͹ܞ6^YռP69'okmUֵݲr[鎵7;\}VUm>dF,7NӢ#/Y+$Q=%o'lu:er<6Q#C9\ ljmA\C z7ĎC ~KYUp0: 8;?k@ȋ.=dzkֻpO6wHl_N>Qsuں_o yX=}_qWRG~cz7Zcz'Zcz'Zb6A F~ [W]Qeorn*YcN n$xr!8=y&KӾӉoEn \$ψK?ɸ]#7<{R sڵJH_^at%@$~9Xm5:k{F2*!H>:E]g #/5jny 7[=W>;Vx~>qVݲXF@O5bV.N?n8*wnqyo>x4[l;5wՍuSG+.MwEF2pe,kܟnՐh rV~*뵦ޠCU! ?>qP\w_~8+ţt>~ ՗1Mxes{GںJ9CN3MG߭z1Oi؜7x4hxޭD5d[7]-![}2?՛Pņa*BϵhBDD\k}7{vk"",,W(fH^&|qZI?a:g$fsZגŤ8XAV[6 *#at"n96f#a}7Nbr6J<5TO+%F$nku\DDZ7ɍ\hk`:=EU} Lwvo<*Ŏ\GTD-nۺG+%}[7|,ȸn!lq}OKYNΗ1'Lc1ڌ*a:n,G>y/ks_Rr X eݳ6_!dGNDzh*^zx}sg3/}(LJl~7aVi-=naъe43>XjeySz]$A Mp2"~ m6 CaQ%AP `8f>͜ƧquvҖC^/9^b0۵in!# Z屖9̦2rsY."<Xy9ۻAaca@ #lov:]s\/O@DDQ;ECM]+ERKm7ihGA PMJdcO #|5LFõ}!'5A(01Zl;bf ih9Ko!K]66kO<3w сw.'a@m0`pz) e˛̳In1mEdbuM+[گx l}oi>+qe efV0}ܛ7Ըq8~W $ itGZ6gp؋VO%' e}hk`yo:Lj{_TE6e&|ےu\|{]!Wjt.m<&, 6[f;KuvkĦ D8q}c$!3T6AED@YH߀L*bwC $>\fRKܵSUT7Y\dxSov:]s\/O@DDDE.%m:zۍ:tX"""""""""""""""""(lw~Q2X]>}qJWHb9ctrDůc-:=*Q69(XݽpC#36geo69?DDE{׾7j ~ ~"""""""GQgi""""""""""""""<} K TF7nEk;[WWPab6A%4/:yIg=\"7QMm^ÊWMQ5ĸrC@眩,}WSCd$|3!2G+\Cab /qjVQTbLQQ.匍h\r۩mHqG9gѕQZn?M^ݫ.)_K{)g%[Q,!Irm^XH171bSͶĿ%rdb ҿ_̯GQ(U0y sG!e"(hLkodU5Li.QR}l/A*xm. X"h?w]_'iTݪ ꬏ʪg៕Aa.?*0YNp_,򪛏`\ZۢUWXW:/Ƿʞma_d*bcF'oU=KUCw{[N|ʽg\^/? ;[/A4`. """""""Զ8E\b~Hi oţƶ nvqM"xODDD\k}7{vk""""""""xF#?q֙~Bv?Z!Riiƞ#`T Ç4*<Ï>-'8oOķȨv ]=&EX?ت^(eRv;e _/eX7~wߐE*"eC~>/A q=#U]3Aح?5C;?#<.NvO7~H"M%gQG9!G9 *?ѹ vTph?&ʛh-S}I򫴻4uQUAѶh]7\"ZDDDE{׾7j ~ ~""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""[?tf!ǵ/&{7L]oӢz/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/Ͱo^/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/z/ǥٽgͥgKv͙pob7s]!ىpDdt'  S A Ìwalm_01_img0059(Courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).)RGox`>˻!/:C(_\#o? Fox`>˻!/:C(_\JFIFHH4Taken from:001-01, page 79Extracted on 04/11/2003C    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342 W_  !1AQ"a2q#5BUVbru$3RS%Cs46Tct&DEFd?_V[^u;tžJy JI}Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҩg*Ol={ҫOڬkOaW4J)u$((qVʯ'r)JR)JR)JR)JR)JRx'YE{JR)JR)JUl 5`y:+R)JRUͩL;~ѫwE7P4 n}h[uwCXyձlÛqkuǔ%)XID۷Gn}l5!S0|4tZ5j!JT/I>)H8mU[n-.R dBa R* "F½)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)U\7ՂCܮJR)JV%ZbX9tX&팪p%Ip6b0 93)utkZф:[=H&wgE W[W"AB)P8.۝E9c66V׎[aZ-)S&i3iڹb iqGgH5n֠ŽT.ax qqujӢRT?es;+gza~R-f2e'1"{6+]>/ܳwiUloӶTf 'ֻhBkxb0h`JVzE` 5Tp\2mm.[ S"AIX=ꭂaw7wVŽ0Xէ2}PP>mo-Fu6nJ5wG}u)JR)JR)JR_/hu~X*>lή})JRpe f,"mZVA =ǩ{;A}auv,,4 =֛B0v%.6IHTX\ Rퟺrݡ$I ‰H~ǩso2МjBXNTwg+ W ]F'ٳxҒR`AD"ݦSlBBiJw% @UVOpGwtmZpε!e`+H<+w/Xů]M&ݱF[ $%28UySkۭb m6iAlhu;WE\[ڰhmԒFQ_Ћ._&7OH`XGqKo_omN$P aƮpenY T kk1:X\K@RVT4Ti\R0L;֝^0mԲ ʁ:(1goBX\fΥRSLjy -FD al2u3G>uئ;s]]-**Zm4 =T+=FQ-lO֬u6a|F߫P"eB{S}{{fž[&ݜb ,e9AiJƽJH,]Szʬùhl_ԻOd,=^C HHh+ש؅)\cW^3rըHbټyJPQHK)K+M N6-sq}mb8W]Ŋ^l#&EAߙ9H쇁x y*zw Ȃ*i$DsVR)JR)JRW;op߾V 'r)JR)JR)JR)JRLKk 7.k% CqJ&@&m.(՛ˆRQu#B1$Iŋ/XFQ$ti A7w-v Eͳ++}fm"w "A)JR)JR)JRW;op߾V 'r)QW,KE!BA{mWgp#2'| G5X:[V?a|2׹x?N}?&] 6Pʐ'5)Q\\3inH Yefgp&]X v8)p61kD;@)\RojoP(fOкbNz?Eڬ-N%Nc0 \b^ͼ/&;;O+~HeՔ5klڜS9I8%GM F欇BL Cl^z GUovbe=)VZ`K 쭰:dZI!d LbtļkVkح)\817c=Pp76Zl'vUpYAKj^ jxE>3}C٪lȷ}?)]6eDr(#h±KVkFJ LIZb|$gK_EWqTf8+ ~g:BۚlvL q\yjջ@qIP1\^.ͫrh\ԉ㺷)JUl 5`y:+R)JR+дˀlMSN,(?:uj7j兰Humą%C}f H HiJ+Vnjݤ\>uĠ91'}OJV1xjbz'{hAʶiJW*Իtz2h:H*7\ۭCݫ4q=HZ9LUz}v !Ik3[pFd@2"4#S]q[z0qЅ/:0̩ Im66@V55ۣHA ELٙ3:e+PW]ZM=mko%,JR Ҭ'(nRX[c,<3i"fRAА2: u* 6oݴ ,ZH%$ n՛kv!PR׷vTo]*R}2-!Ĕ6  AL'0+>Y3jʃiGIRw=c-bva9XSĭ,(I*F_JR)JR{nꔆݷq RwRA#{k_X԰Bs yT `DyGݮhJiAu ;');YߤO`U}N) _RZWV~$;P9Wm/G.ZRi)W* S9HwhV$^j Ν[KA] U%E>*sAP$DLXi*-Ҡ J!``tLSbf&_!*JDi;YeveBVt)JR)JRV<yŰ x#z[Q*eQ+;Gat9t8ܣVn)a^脐LnJR_/hu~X*>lή})JR)J7m-Et8PHOʺ4)JR)JUA{tlbR 68ʴȄ#&Ђ`11d˽xYڡ:TPԢNJ<|^#ykZa:^壡$وQ_?Kv;mj蒒PIFTfXIB%{RdEq1t0א~)J.%aAHuM,B CyUKoqpA@Ҕ)JR)JRjg˨-'$#vl ${teFe*Wy2kJUl 5`y:+R)JR+ʔvQin@+z`+JR)JRQ/,{r)%!xZ#^ҷfL-K{?onRV[iYZ$)r HtЫ)ZTs%@G߮9iDrVIޘK*A&F<333*8N"4@l ^rw'YDq;e:t!YV %_')HBDҔ)JR)JRapu$uV R)JRFiW !+Ry%D|UT)JR)JTN3L珢+= Ia.;PeQ$;\uvi*`.^#(ww뻾kBݷų"@Ju碎𮒭]w*0'Mkhջl嶒E&U?#mj٫vQHIJR)JR)JRK66  IwSR_/hu~X*>lή})JR)Jt\ww mkd\ݼv0z4kP Q蓥seFEgzGkϓW+\^Kjͳvъ?4j SDjy10ׇaa I?اM]bGfSWm*|؃t;*ڨblMs(ZLuxdem-dOMˏ%ĥ9M)3wxV26x+zT-=jQ3fƸU+!b3SmZW%kZ׼W'Ŭ7lTy57 +#Ǭ}~~ c?[gzc\`y]={![Oׇ@qv篸,glO_X# bfri+Г;LӘۣroFHZVRHGV/mvHټz*vᖚlyVG֓~{؟`@jp'x\n]WKiSg HQ8ҔARpPbOXBf8\ү>)vLfZLkoZrRwJm I`KhAח`0>mNj$Wz+{g} (H0iN몺TW;op߾V 'r)JR)JR|ܺWJ_"mpIX0M!O}`)JR)\sZ+uP%]ZW=mȮZ8R)JR]`7!O%7,jJ@jl2?b-1j&)iI3%C/$vwY+,r5tƒrC2 'Fhغb!-S:eD)M (*b<;-!BBP pB)IJB5>Zƙri9rĥmRl-Rr@A#aV*ReθoYW͓Ϲ]U)JR)ZMa 7vM(eףU!?|9 ݭLV+]ݫ yCJIT}82Ev%% %@HWHU[pdGHxL|@IMCz4^!+g7|u9R9sp(Au0N5n$s&N]t}쎙wc nh$QS:3SÜBy^ &8ne<*L":7u2y'"sg~9Rz8jwqx<[d7))TAv9bXնxOeeIJF㼪8ގϋ<5FrЄ {qmQ|IF\:#xpV(L0 :*p-Q+ : I#F;jE7%Q?Sb xӗ7\j#Rwkw6 es\۷{5tҌI@gHˌQ7vFX͛LN`x"m8&"L@Hij#pJU$'2H3)_&^B*% ;ZS<|h\HLwxP MJRwRMÈ9ӥ:FLy@#pN$#3EY2'>mBolK]Ue-RZ*WS uV R󇶧Ĝb0'Լ]e%C$+J.}Kax.TnV:d<.KdPS JVb8xT j2Q NPFiRDe67 ^*mYØ|MǒJ0c/#Q_aؖ!}\(] iKW Q6*UZi]%LTΝ*g] kbrf+qt3n_wH;$#^(HުslT_IV!~j-nBԟҪ~o!$8K7M- )f⎺tct1Igr&xr?&*)V]OhVsj'e\]RܢS K2j4a:$%0KSy sJĸ,)) 9o Y+2m*c6Lѣg?VbVHӉZ+ua"7VAy"Rީ|C0pӅaw+OEZ)xM{ƺÍ[6v3z8 @JHBUT]`Ω[ezqpjݒ&IqP Q@Ӳ{JүUbV/Jm']Pm̥qK62ő 3IKd lmRi-6Lgp! y4%p3+*ReθoYW͓Ϲ]URؿcdP{H[ʒVHI`\Zݭ9p~qbqhVRJB {p 0Q=jY]vSn\2ʂỦkmaԦ_pHo}J[)3F *0wI5^u+wԛRY@J V°gnT,xczd.JRfgә AA\_p.ۃ FeäljOzce38Zí u[7U9{QZ?dVnVXm$ 4)A/~bWm>ZRST`ݿU(o8(ӱ2{2=@Ufc S2 Hu&`|~;SL> hq2 ܎$NtiNF2ļ|e$-'E$JdGFyp%B2nxF FȖ0OR7}0GaL-B`DiB@-Y#Y#|paZ7ks}WM1jVJU #L` u$l*^|Uh}?\X)JW.ayX.P-+zXJ]V̼K)@%R]P&3 yim\>j.‹ty)2d] aAZ=N7~a-aejjՔ2*)J@iJR^uPB)̙B e1→tm9n?3jVŹl}JVF 񮽅l՝,[2BRB):-Irr~ZwVoZۗ#)w^n7_ZP\KB 餍ےH4m0 .Y!q)u*$<;lZzEVZIQA$u/<:!i#1DW=WPZBiH;g͈ [tD JFT'C)Y;ͷO4GG~Za)iJ]!&IʮzDGͲVnUmA@is짎Ilfۨkh:hˋHR7Ƀ11,#ð#֋V-@)V|Ҥ34":͡6B)⓺#tsReFc߾f`sB*imY0JI;?TD06JF"5Su:j6kb݋O-: G@!ylf=u ¬P 4}hWKٜfr.Cm'ўRFX0N'ei[+x-xiaԤ4 POhoB[\! vc+"O9E@ =l Z:k]+y lBim>:=OFq_,8:E9|gA2U&AN%rg t/]OjoI*O7uOGX7Z[6B۵(JQGmF,zRKl+B']@*| [5mۓ\m )akAq|Semm[NLA:ۦRbEnƇ& Gعh ':3 $*D)$RbD;@ |lnW<2d BUGOxPNR \\rH2[o|h(DBoϕX {beM(:)$nQ%f6C2)ZT`kh1= jc pK\٫&]]&P u͡`m5U"׬1pJuBSCBdħ,,jึ]q~ }6P cR wԏ w q.kisl%GsL%W ̌1䈞1bVA*B{NvL'@$'ta'glu-)JX$xAtĦdN^xFN_>O5!?njOFVB!E}{Џ25UeϤ^hǜkU#Ќ˺2djc_Y{KͿ\"/DYT7UAY]ۗ qΑBciWQzR7eGI;~ó0rr%AՅQ Sj|I=\w5'tբ.Z9#*=wι@7Q;ūCJUl 5`y:+R)JR)_>ů6.7+ʔ/S*c]ރ^VB7!J BI=I K2FiNuJ*4P&O"g9ZܴpԥRA 2IbI hWS t/Hecﮣvv9h!!^4=;hz˵,6ͳ!0KRR@I)Vf2Gg~y~:wV6$%&S_7'L`9l!>,q}L4Is ȉ&xN]#$i)Q2i;BH5!|RJ耤g !HH$. ݠJ7o0!@* LDߨP[0[y Ke!deI$=qBQ-FuJ@%!2LkJB㷳aR$ʔ ?b-teJz>/F۷nIIGHӝE! +~4: xf#vۄ$ZQuwֺdp2%j& ڵ<}9yq3ǔ*N#\ wѫϛwْ 24&wG#fZ5t:F^<#/ŝkajXt5Iӥ\o4Q["!YSɜ{' (,ޢ^לe<Ԫ(" LDitiU'rR#ɕ7n> GZ3L:6ᒢqD2ɞ'G3T}`FOrQl#H蓤F* AA>˾'d}1,^ض q[[ܸ()JQO)$LʊkM'{x]p^T'ˮrIF*RR,_$ Fd vvG ۥ)U\7ՂCܮJR)JRu[Ψ!T IV6NGq8fddv|Yֺwo 67KPWBYJ*0'DgV$,-qe99 hPWQÅ꯮ޔdM)SiUʉ35 ˴[ t:pV1Q5-ƯnJĩ)yy&%H9S_6m) mA-;p+uQN|eV)Ix rHVi0N'i7$JkQ5:oH^$ Nj:0J5 ,.%-3쮓/Du A;e0}j1$uVgNPtG,LG Q% SnH0pΚQ6PANT0u}Y'D¤&Tr,*L e)<dIBzO3;Am[[bTprYꔙ R HҠ skHLϚd5tj33!_S4'wdG(wT-cC:5iwt$J7J/PFEoY;y^o@ YWwuG?APx.g)N薻_)5LIXH'2 @sq,ԍ^uے*5߾FrƇGy?t^,ڵpF ۍxs%AQ0b@"`Vv=hZu vdnA#/*+H2I#4%yYxϗʳZPF(KDqB^4OLp$'5)!dT˰5O,EsD\mhJ䉕$Π7aZ(i+͍7.\8廋 }Lmmn>$0@DHR4W;ܨHRB\I[ާ7lb>DE}:#Y!Hݯiwo]<9 HJ\(mVTqI)k*+u1t+FVi;FbsBU:gz> axZ#;ji!9$4Wdf$Jlq"‚&LCL T3\ Y" qʍ { !GFw|*2x^SUbŻ@edȱ$ƆH:]g6r@;AQ[4Lj #i)JcEkg17k Maw Lk dSgvq[cwu b6k6߸ۡdLTIl;'׋˻{Mv7+t}nWR9UlP6kF+[\ZݺPS%e92_N rNɛH+}(eRНH9jUupêu<\hX)Us'v_KhAՂ*^|Uh}?\X)JR)JR_o˷fՕsmtMX)JR %cK9ڮ!YlE"t&dY$N?e$jN H@4*uzH:ktd@5 ®fP .tfwq5zJstt=]/Ț !gs|S5#V.%M4'A t5Q1ý#MnjД!!)H ʽ)JR[PMcXchpNP'Z͜l.];HOPl^`ָ;3,(*@J RA$֣`u-M'sU:EY06ٰíZdem HuﭪQ}!9R8G\}~fo\1x(6+eh݅"i- |TJReθoYW͓Ϲ]UVˍ)Q2Փ'䤏PgKۏS?_fb"zKۏS !GۏPmDؼ?حLNjC6d=# o`+r|f,v{+=m5qliXBUPU 21ֺm 0p~0ߦW/Xi䑄O ~GoЀJF}ps~ww~ꓣ@Pv6]p~QL7j,P1 T=UکVT$9xOsPůRcg=I?ÿ۴t6iKp-eVOx2F5& @0 Ϣ 5 _02ǥ{BZ6.'5˘${r?t55Futs.DiOsف:Mߪ ZQs Q$n *\53: n,ضa[2ZeNDnOhH2"|ݩD NCBT ̍Q&vCC <R}P*ٝ&!ۍNhi W>2%g_ch5QA96`W=7{;SA'5P**v2k~^]B H $cvMl[n%)mJzC[i*qTpM]A;('])6&` G?3b6mBx9Йwtm2Q?f*iݣ tew~3puʁZy9M'Lk0xyd+0A 2F:` ]G`%SYZ +iA *8$JkD r)y O5 ,%a\ L09Xu>Vb{@ЍSupʗf#y@NsRDpu 6c5ɗ"g)Q@NiύQ3ǔMr Ug Mf9yRw8*G tyLwS"k1rTN#Sq3:1<*̈́McN+69(BgVӝD~I)J헴v:}f_o6OW>uV R)JRS68l^Hi36Qh\#˱41uBJ2#8ԩW2;>_ 9t9H:>? t Bu..7⪍HPi%) `I5tܝ|!$F^0r7y%0SǜvadD&7SvyY)J CriٝdrR=րhn&xe\+ Ѯ"w˳yj5!))y sITRt;'@2Q|s<%"؜1_&p~:6rL$n*Xv2FOv?!;9IX:GkRkE:4N.w,mVk5P䄬g.]z5~~ [) D| Qj zӤGFwyL|cR-Uf`owMM٪'X=|,jE&\H* \|$ !IQޣiS̊ԔdI3Ț+$N"' xL( ts:&-LGq2+i\l΂D=m<8jravP?++붰> ۴Vy% sV;fZK?8RJR{GmjUdusWU`)_8p4 K ": 2r~4#yŏB(K{@Kxh\Cnv iiˀ7bpSI)3Tbd *gd\,nnChRTiW̦N;4)Jp }3 H\9wod~7w>} (#먈!?l,"f4vjCdeuC>l5f04􊘏TVE:&r#͗SdθtIҠH :{|q}SXr6A8Kqw:t_MtC0q+{ b#IyމkK:g,z͗Kk믡V-TRwHQ<7i3iXͽ~5o!aD:m\0H+=kަ.8[(P̢I'{Py *֥~ #ğ47<7yҪѫQN%Mb@I<|T'*|nAhАwG<>J2;?<~Jxx'qk>2wV +1߮8UӪC*P r539\~(YH* nwNG2A8!1먈׿X)lDӤ0'(r"^\gTQ蟟>kVkO uV RINbNm6phXEܧ3- ѼԨCUWJ14D_8h60U aFt SzJ'wҊJ-Вt9wvr_FY=JavJą89:?FqKȃd͸n>^}d((:Hĸ9#/,G ~U@Nd\YgcE͚3OHS@QQ>SY ܓk75;GerS"<"^#H7DOv_:‰7#73/g|~.Z12srN'єD/1<'2i#(r7#yO4 Nh2yfv7ΞY$|hj&N,J7XDsޟRl=?Wd 1rg+Ai(l+XiJR{GmjUdusWU`)JR)JWd 4f)JTYܙ~ٗH~{ezm#e7 vlLZ ex=+6 t<I?o $6#dyp5%Dctfb6HN1jgav@;+f\YxyJF`4h^3v5cWl+]1;9G+Ѱ* wG2^x v`l8,{NqtG9A{0P2,%BEGz^nP?νg϶S=ow϶W;5-!#RAڽ3q5apbW*j:A5xo:ʲܪ,L!z]L6/ 1jl|TJRW;op߾V 'r)JR)JRgbpMvJR)JR)JR)JRީf6TXq$LJrd^NuS\#gջחJ-TEe"'5s_y`XvٺVw-gLw|m0[f v:Jk@*3UW*;p](V/Nsoҫ*J?6\*qOfGy<@H?6ѫ5)JR{GmjUdusWU`)JR)JWdF]i)JR)JR)JR)JPAH5BJ2#)EbXeM4m;R ym ]NiSROh~lUj_m+)C8kDȞdyTIԥ)JReθoYW͓Ϲ]U;[ c]b HPzb^(,QlOhlnYmWo>E?uxXXOG5}>STw^t]*t]?k¯CXv |4U{/>\I;_N^jp9GzFO?gGCwt8˾Yup\>wwѫa_k޽|p +e7Pq=آX?l~?¯=rڙ,~?¯'CY&+}uڿj]-id1]ً`9Lu9Xj6vݥ^ZnD8Mvo w[k%o\-ʧV R)J헴v:}f_o6OW>uV R)JR)JR)JRN_^Ҕ ν)JR)JR)JR*^|Uh}?\X)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR>jR)JR)U\7Ղx 1dؿeq~6Tѭq I.+*{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}MS96^OOxz=<>Se{g}Mna7Qݰ7%+SN%ĂPU7VJٲODdt'  S A Ìwalm_01_img0060(Courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).)RpNn)2$wR@LNU FDNn)2$wR@JFIFHH4Taken from:001-01, page 80Extracted on 04/11/2003C    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342 Vf  !1A"Qaq#267HTfBUu$&3RVbrCSet%45s'DFcE?Kuf;d7] 4ضV6#ǹ~!Y\'gseuώ?y{}>8 Y\'gseuώ?y{}>8 Y\'gseyS[1su{H66l={}ft8_uZ('W9F*N%Hxqםe56RZQNG9,U/1`4;$'; ee[AABDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDY^?h ?Z3oGSD_Uw56]g'zx^jnRS'A o6@ѷ'RlҶeeJm v̘]QluVZ TRR '=ܩTDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDY^?h ?Z{|٭fAop6*kyɀ9.@VC~=Wu6y\3s;xskV")ij`lpI+` Iv ~8%Ak km=hJvA8 +8'^gֵ~n`~6 w=*Z6X"+S cd8 +^vfl]K'Ґ#.KնجEIլ\O85ݰh!9"uޚm\r9A':K9 "U%9硂 3(:#fC` 9ߌ`q^ԼDWݤenUT,is2 nZ7zu|VrlsM-i_$87-v7MyWF^E0e.y/&5R!1c2q2Fwnw.u3r뤬%2kCo/5\ vTpq'rv:*' W r6.i{6xmq=}Et$wjw6S63qŮs7aRxY,nkU =mWs~8T:v 1[ʲEU,2h]Kg{C 9թʚ{]ΚjY[27.jm- (+TQ$9d;r; mo)픗)L.7Ipt<{+үXبTQTL#1F\HSʭhm=ٶ,sr7H>톷SPA*%J^1 `$}; #';ݦ[14Od3 -ӉcwTj{sSv+(\dx;m+ kї7BZZ"`uU7[o5⿪p2cWuuko^fI-n{&Զƫ5WQ,m$;waT)aUAU:m ӑ+cp;YZȯTu.v~Wze܅Nc;ϢwŽCmLU44Nkq!t""""",Vruڴ~ }h=Ե5PLekl2g{bߒ0eۜeAj7ax4F_<v6qra%3#h`R6Tmvxwn?eUQ_g솶5;g$3g MY˄fJ+ H]z3EأP wY(3浻Xq~s.蘥J_ u$0* sd6@OKFݕQnwc_SzC09X^bs\Zܜtcq\M.j9h񲾊J`gM_6J\2}uҲξPsPRI3CQ+$շ롏Pkkj,PF#r`]ҮaU /6ҒG4ӷ0Nvy=em]+1훸q*eI<,\G@r"""""",Vruڴ~ }hX2ڈC5v[8*\ݟM{RM5*9Yc%;N9| ᥵E}{^E Mjv5pdbF9.yB\W!KnIOQ m"I 1;r[ !-;*},txiH͝HkwMVmE--E1w T2kuʨeiZ#q!zoy8w٪93mn|ccMCX#>{UV;O]Y~R:'WDz1Dl;g+Q/IOs|$@Kᵶ=89}ckiڇnH#FGp΢!w(Q>MtԲQȎp!!@xpPqj-MQK-*$ >Yv]8߲w+]Q}oRFfdt_E4>mO+=0NGJQg{|ՠ, Sk@DDDDDQh7y6N슾e1Eܹ"њb!Cɶ)q 7wuԺJf|L9$cFzE]%xUE8f8: m R ۰1džGj:8lVH516m o;BlCmִDDDDE}%Y?̢)DDDErzWm6=;TG|`kh10ߴ[=H5TBj 晟:n gq׎ i5&lct9.3W L**ଧ}K:fUF@ DXCOs$e+oz9i$C㩖 \ǘ8{|]Fj/z{<fӿt`Coy6ql'Bi_vJO( Y"c\/9q'A"""""""""(8=TdS[׾Gj)"""""(=*eN""""/h$[I6~rȩ{C_8ּaa,{c$ gvwKsvxy8iH^5zXpQgP26Ln;,%N܍u:Ws6md;2l p8/AlWyR%ynK l{xk5YHX5f0<;N>89^:TUhYQ>O84xqnsVDDDPVϪ5;6HZIs;BDDDDDEѐq}W:Zp>ִDDDDU+r]sveʎ'Hb@^$ ͌0I!qճJٹ٠u9ww""""/5c zBHZV+s=Lv^o 1`"S1Ϊ6l- a{+km5[UT쫕W$O.1RUUTʦόG-T7ιvlv~lOs HRLڹZ0᳴=7K sټ*d sᓁ'|͡m/϶WӊG:I/vGvX=x2""*^i lgsm*]=SdGSJv^Ȉ?OU?!""""",Vruڴ~ }hI1DqhQzOm}?͵L""""""""""//{Z 8<T$u/ j㩣 sG=sDDEe=L0 tnhּ^tDPqzȧg{|ՠ, Sk@DDDDDPK~~DDDDY,:Fim&uw6a07-w\\nYP)"G"eR|9꺈$`v 7i8ΠRs۱#'ʦ}KG?jpq:xUsDDEK29ڏYnYf:Kx?#5xDE?U\;*DDDDDEUN;V\/OC-2GT"*Cl\oQ9UuVB&tM3E,|q{EJ{v\ kpPz*'R֔idܕSJUubd4Ԅ8B1M؝B͑]M4moɞ#o͑)oOӺVR=n{]nAzNG_k|aҽwRE-Ri["ͺKvrƲ"v}aU.:\Sګy@s _.]e2Ltuxp*\5}w8lq?^1X0^ N7UԣV\WAQWUKɚJpCùt"*EA%pWtDP0 V\;2DDDDDEUN;V\/O'A.sֶ6:9 ռ]vE&Xڦs]k-Z.YAl.tn3HE|9kݸl xrG=}`FCm+ r[u5eQAp:g3̿!R7K[/'Utmm`6i-EfJuuK%$duܽm vn-'ݕߺt穒CA'pD*Z9<:(r{W=1oL?tw5ZzKslG4e r{564N8/0|%ˆз /ƒPV i2QDɏ`Yw!Իi@[+WlC:=mӳ*[Ow޵mv2)r|{2;e;zڑJ9#rE,Wpu?ju}V- )Xc+[uqqߺ++M<̂=8rT&r(&{F a>qi*bx"w9^ʕfk[y?pw'v?º">h5εA)DDDDDY^?h ?ZTrM$pN`e ,=gDȫnAt"B~ZyݏB;@C?I?60Zhn>xQ]Y bH#^7~;ڎctA'jrWfg-yG]Qnl0A[YYLلSxpf{\W=SYyR7b(aq$0RS|Dry#'U03I%7Xi닟mdz[AGs};#mFHq uSÜ<)n%vY0V h#զ4jGiq{)k hӱӀ˧r˞ml󠈃ɯhKj_RiĪv;MmrXb7 TeWU5wsvGN24n4cwRѮkj FMoO=#(^W.1IwcSAJckH$ҍ)}֝O|n jp{5cSv?c)epOQtZޠ{(ïhIJ6#ER{fW<h#NI7.-V)_Y ?]:Wsϩqَ,P4F0:2cs;=*%S@ *188tD0sm19S8kyʀI֭M,5tNqgʮ.ؤ@cȪ4tzG7AMlgu=o}hDEMD)}U@B?ZT;2DDDDDEUN;V\/OyUK)͉I '$o¯i5L:h1F`eOfTE]Kr:ڇIlfNZYtlWuUk `wiRpZی OU~뵭UK-%D=4mVq^%MA4U/s0A/p}S@l|> tv,xퟳ>*a#G|]ÝQ[dU WՑ +Nsqw+ Lx]k1lP<]jȎJDNLi'TVVԻSVλd/sN=srPG/X6ijKa.33&KgQI׋uSdDC{$-fZڎ=-XX.Q45fB.5Nk!1D[>#?S:]]eκgU]hBwяBOswVG;pS%^ji 깢7+m |ݎ :\M\kuT5LK"23w9⤵e$bFSk)d8E0*qGqӑAud]XCSaCz9*[ro?\Że_+|ZY%u%66`@w>^(M+mM5¢qsxwʱ۪WֱSSCwe= A0FYۀ5.:0Z$a{\# 7s}Renɱn=c70qȽ9DǦrhf6Zƹv;'NnrEtk'{j؎{9ø8/^mIMʨj&ſ;Q: ^/V>;(tFE=<9쵃p'p1HkQ!QW6IJ7c=29k'\+ckF~kwb<ִDDEˆҲ;H̍v]дKt6k9HXגK;S>maDCO/e.9Kɋ=63 K/Zɒ04%n¿\Ǿ*M-!hv3>v @{ŶNAZFuFw@};>(h٩ )j_FE#k+mK5tt~6ˌn83U.Q4lr]lG|RR [cq#gv{U;,,e;LPk[[|痻9ջRtMfaL[a+^+ -[Sd7L#~5lQVkHkaES]`>ꜹX`-Hc;r[ױw{tʙE̚;qᕿU\57h]C+3R ?ƞj=Qp2W# Xxp>2O*6{1}_S>ޡwr6|T|H:I !ι_yn{@ɒ0Ipִrݴ+ UG9r|kKaɦm8C;2^4,\oуsh= Bٛu5sBK9zrҶ.#O{_!mэ^Ԑ2yDtE9tM||jūZ5wU G50(m#vq֩D3>VE+_KÁpOSef ;Vk=nH>c͵L"a}Crq^jNJdR?'k F8n/w\zx1rfc]¢M;xI= oMOk\ZH8Z6JßӷB?~5x{=pdcXkCA$ oIZa`6wZ.Ih2gR@tsN:2;x6ٍuwfWeqS\堒o45"-*ƙnY"<#N􁁿r=VKlgKaάf.?XS&N湮쒠zq4Tg9f2MriЀ6x@2Zѿ&,cPtIoMKU4MCG0 t;2DDDDDEUN;V\/Os֊S⎢%nw\KY͖GY_1a$ٮn݅ɢif5m.hm;I ĈhI$ -PXcZiCwmGN6|I<<ϐL) ZcW$%a6j#/k2k"s l?v V4<3ƜxseeQ+z};c?37+ibvvxg)X>(LrBvr}Ɓ/U,r]#rC+"HHi xb;imT=ѿ':fs:-6yv}ͼ{ ΊtxP)w1*抍`c EVe4Aob#-kSjܖI^@ԓ+]$S$7E+ \0FPڹޟlтKSM,x-!JokCs_z]kJ[J(fSȈ[׾Gj)""""&3~tojDDYşV+i(cwn?Z:aWau`SYU(;|O"/͐\q~"*g*6;Op6C"h*m};صTHF8=<~5rEi]]JdG{lMPZz2H]J/KCG^MT`?LE?m?RɎʮV7kLg{Ji.UudWKO)$:0k s}̎(8==W""""",Vruڴ~ }hEDٔx$8W,2ɭDGD%Fqn.=DX1U12X썡N""""(Eh DF!9{QqnK=̗sSN1{؊ |k7Md s>5{vÆa_Cޥ=6KœT{{w) msZwj8ñ'hR Yn'ضJҎ/Ӕ<^]Ppzz~""""&7}W:Zp>ִDDDD\T{u2@@F8>Q.Xߢl1XiHmSȈ[ת]3i%E\ڻk"""""""""""$F^6)$3%=xJe8aaIvڀt-ggP&괟}h[Q Ԍgl6ju)vu8?վܝ{vg_kZ""""JyvA! .vp(=nRT]I3SL4DKz]ۂtSn{wVDDDDE++mTF9Ase 3PZ'dW*gW N$dck t߻XnԲ52〿X89 DDDDE Xd7~NIqRXԧ !=sGhVlr}ۀgi})vu8?վܝ{vg_kZ"""""ћ.MMS7vMpsbk,y4h;$g#NUthmEe=e':Îss Ӛe3㪩(%o4)Bי;Nsu^ )'wD!fA硁RX|$_5Z) Yii>6{1̼ljOTWVCqjC7:Yě`=p`8-!nTrۀCmd7ݓL7.Ȉ>sNv%Eh׉8IXS>eD_li@\i d /;ZўE Ls.c-,?rDDDDDEUN;V\/OAH{e75N"""""* V^@g% lO> s,~7p#yciYJڊꖶs{!Η"сI^+!i,-g[ h=ݟ7yݺEKkMF*]Ov7 w2'Lm4sly2|`A9&uL-oVbN:Gֆ99!7q9DZzsDDDPtߣ(vN""""""o'^@Yր* j~>:M7hYì:>5Ɣ -X<UʾҤg[?}&߯gZC8ǟ1~J|_{4ҿ[7~KIg$/_} y;, Wj8x__G|q[oLӲ[oLd]?Y_~uzuև}m@nt`~߽~Ű])?\߽:mIko O7N[8R~zu“Ӯoޝvps~[wwܨkiF[ ~˃:p~'W.?e&muw1Hd?VDDDDDY^?h ?ZU,uthpvbH8pQZ{Kipi]& 9$O}N([ƢVf>FѲm-(][0m=Lv[߹ ǣ$Mo:WSMIQKk]`2#7Rۿc/۵ŖMUHf pi@TN\ZOocC`F*6Kslo.2_t:Ξk8e(˰7lY'vr20WLo_jQvҮ D{ W22S4Ρ1L͇sgc8=8ݸ55:j[uƒ,\C Z6ԫ=mu5t4qbd2:uq15#rdWSR[]PPXcNUȵH GWZcY# 0{'aKwvX-.VD+i䤐1r2jN27pݐ2Zm?R߹p-Vni4$综n4{ezڋt(X^({x4 k+,U2+8)Ciö,nItni 9>jXvAs[1p̓VT?\XX޵`R@v>^x.` Pp ϹAQ#lTAPnj*$iv]@hq'8wG[tfڹ[YA26B6[0'{1łjw[m=}=E;I#=rIeb̓9%?˂ohᨲPmL aˏwv=U*_?_cѝ#ɖ'x;fh(}Ң-;Da`6VddK=8~r[AKH$S8ֈ?վܝ{vg_kZ""""".:e=tM)>&H;Hko,DxU:zv](`!=ˎIQ7k=X[O\hjjLApyAJJip挕%t͍Cdoo =OTclnqPhY/1\nfؘsnooGqN3uͦc-ٌq\M\mVI#9OI$0޹GMc:EjdLzi#'W ;S:{TE+ntӘ l[m۴>k{4KjV>C]Ԭu[8m%KZI$ڕCB)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JRW'UԥURv5vL!0HҴ ,Tus+ D뤉F*LB HlF H$q+ZQq.xm\L-JVer~>l+c,+)>Θ,i,LԘ!H[n6'AEsݿq=ݷw]mVJm%KZ@k~(*hqqq7PZm܉.sLU[j<+'ﶸ!{zkHOb_1ޅhJAJAbҕLDa V+mr\pl\rH{,%#<O[!Mqo$-[9Jzk})Q]Ag{=[ߌg<#ֈگOLe_-4mhC`gZtތɱ)}uzV7D%KL6U \Ie*J| gA޽!,EC61kr;{@+H<=jkG[XE;q<ʶ˙Sd3c+y!#'\Q҄[m2AAqxNIKR-im Z|B() I9{EeJR)JR)JUP\JUX+_O)JWzOj{CkiʚbJHoSBkHYd\_d/3vI%>@HjùO(F),yRHz:=r %FDT7]H)Ny Zw;oWH-TVZZmk ◥3m՞e25VDJe%¦TV@!>_o涧K=*Av榁R(S*RQnv w֬1R-j',92?wnqLxO9Ƕu6ov[n\Zds./qASI@ї ]h+}IAt/cJM< T[UQQ' :AF].3k| #IR0T+zʻ:sN:WU+rOVKٕ5UYvw]\! QcEp +) rN:yu_n;^[)$RX}N-I F6X\~zv%H}[ GD!Ybk]EŬwa.fz%C.BO͚^ ؅0^kHϨ5Uɩ}Y.}!DҜJN{Fە8? i4Ds$2p0ڀݹ`s圏 Vnf5=ыe OlmqTTI#Olں/ ̼]n}Z*PVr IO,zmAlke9 }Ji@vH >i Ԭx,pRAܝzd)JR)JR)UCsIs)U`?%?k@)\ +km;54C-2T$쨗Ƙj2mVZagk1I"MY\oF 5ڻ {+iAaM vR<_?9; -{vnR;}5W.FYNB-洀2N -mpc@Rh 8αUݴw HSg \Vm`B\qk|v};$ޝ3\Ͽgj"geIe$o[C7:WJ\ !GX;I1grL!F%%(CDz]j؂*BCEh1+[%3<Hsoq垕 Mc[96P PP#u Ţ;5*䥔<_YqRǶi*oPm4t+얖[۵D'\ N0z i(~;oc$%dnh'>J4փRaA[@P9VAjDS i!ŧ 8{+SV[SYCns% $8ʀɣv[S)И a 4Iry,(PCt8aK=TqԟmhmW;d){>]ٜgp?5icMXd<Ж!.'XC(_aXu*e SDz{+ B)LLБ(:ۄ(㎤T;#Tzq)YAcoivuO}nV;Fٶeh>Cpm6gi-"v.v 搭VrT|Xx)AYkbAy/CAJVt!@~uK%\;d(ra(.k\VTXtSN2(`8'jV (|h1 ƌZiR?0R)JR)JR)JR)JR)JUP\JUX+_O)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR*R^BJ~^JRSIөл˄t>yإ\tI}z#}tZy__}jIG|߫.g}%pmt)@!q[GS$t:]mNN:ۚP*Qc *|jSb;qY @vy*uCZVєP}k/qwwFz["qڍ.:ˈKz~߬NC/ SP%)',zOth Dj J$)=WA5،,~{`KhC_za+=S@?GkJC՟#gV_zW7%}jŧW-b}#:}2]GnOV4~"zG#uJ Eh#Ij[-3̐?mq(zm-\$mJ>IL\oIաi JjQA55*膯%_]`=&/)zJBhY @$g?_K?-a3zH`M^?#BO?[W} hgҥLcO^B^mu^c!%J)I;ZzQ`=N%I jH$ +3M=`;zCIF4uw"A{ W }5PyT͡ yJ6茗iP \vR2@1.9EޟI8ŇS;#g$Bjf={ 8=skM;Q;͆r>'ժW'UԥUSDtYݫ)\7;[LrMa]@GnJoweu iHK2߂χ *!{0鄙&;j"ZzĔ9+Q9ڟ8gDlhoa+rЖչy8u=kE m<CFw(,XPP {0uʼ[\aqڦ* ޒ`#*9!RҒg?bh -&jLgӨ J?(ǁ1i9 y'$y$3[JR)JRw&2|"R%!;N 8jE?ibWT jQ€J&;oT)J֖C<\-a )@tO筕:f,'^s&vzDK"ë[)J)@ <] ,P˪aѕ $[w5jߥ=teQ<}M7Žq  需rE=K\Lسq*(p%@\rF$,V+QZ }I*RA*Q8JI;R33MPER SI*RNrN9?j16*v=Nq]$)%|m9*'$z$ʣW 0ܙ%k*R]lI䜚Ҕ9 WпנR^u𛿫WJRgHZtAQbڝgP%e\$t $@$8]XQ!w T9 H=+MKCL.cAJ 3C#/ 9P$f77C5,Ff-pR, F Cf$Vq@m n)JR)JRQy]}:{4)`)x֣N.Yi9K핥)9V$噀sRB ޠ9<ۨ };l\ XF2R QFatIv,ﲖGe"s.! $c1] jm>ֱTQua08ڭ*wp>$}ۡEiYҔ@W%(d,9#'*eHSJ}S++H;7 8$g5Ẩ;2;n:HJB|@ G!LDL/tJqhvRY8 t<ɛϥq1ZP|` V % nU>',JB mͬC>]C5u$|ޡɈmcF)uԜJVr:g38&d`PNVrI'*$䚮NJ?UΔW'UԥUR]ʺU3V2"*{|YYsĒۤyaA=F98kfl<쨶) lPwl)$䃜AnzC Y`-IS3eGZc$:R ʆQ VssV;]}Ƭz#RorJ;A$=TFb qҕ8 `ԥ)JR)JW%͹4c+ugR=HjƉwIPXZ{F j=DEZ S2&D-2gwz8 U#)q8$>_FH>`YZoD܇6:RlPPpR[RǶt۽mLʚHq$#'X>S4S%ex?UΔW'UԥUS5ή]ʹ+'ysW"[ }bZbTK62'? hWh^,̀ m220#5Jqܐ,@n3Nmr6,;`/>j14ց \HWQWnk&<ǠόIh)<)*G"a].񵸳ʗABִ nl8 8QԃWJ2B[]ñkv;Ww 988*[\Ȗz !䧌)SIRiwɉ}2[Y|*,S}}Skzx3ŵgIS7XѡSͼ܂xIAD;HH둟edIgq9VTQ4 $ـU]v-N};. .Р:Rz%א8>^U=K5Z\iM*8)PpA:QS8){eNf Gɓ犑\{ԛUO\O .2 TkjT//m 2Tm*J=OڝOz4e&,!(RYZյ"@$)a[0)'N71 1ZA 2]sVPJ%a9댊@ntH(wEI5cyٷf-]ܬFs9) ON [Ȉݲ* aszA>j]UĶRXmGiJTFM۳=TBPV- V '8$s׊\*MYr\ M,S+BvBA9<AUU r>JJR)JU]iWmrewR܅%*HWNNF3)gY& ޙ33RRQ} };m?|Ϥfj *^2 RC Wsgah(?S$3$=FHI'SPV~{{Oc A̴#~8'qX*9=G5563;[RE*$)$ F,]mirEGȂ6'ȃ YK~T43g?%sKH|2c(e%F0: 'R;PrB~dIRW#h J~D' ۠9ts t+Q N(RFU>umvSmEv,Zt{R *HI mO'RM.BW6"5 l;g+Y$VA5ueK[ 7T㑑YҔ)JjnUW+LZD@ܐR)8H'9 W!7.d- e N2V8]3.ɨ@JKZGyK )尶J]RN℁|ȭrlڵū89) RHma)BJ@VDzp}MAD<юig,rpբUkS# R<]=N3QS5,tD[u/ (} zSܭ%U#88]5v=p^w|u%3x6Xl[l8PF 8ѧDws9*y¼=YRT<l7(eW"rBZR YY)$*x犉hIt.ɀ̉B[:Du!(H >/pIӧV*dv$H^Tm $Ժ[B r3? ʕLt y5W:R_?g4W?RV S RLդ3ʹB1Mp>El˲Hi.(-8]Az.$0a)A %jFq<pr DgqZV?AJ9x5V]D܍mJml! I> 5cѝkM*Nq> uN-ܜCF$ZᓫT el> m}?BPYKAYJU)<55m,^YPODo>KuϒZh*(I / m_.Ӌ[\|JYRà)h'N}])JR)JTMCnB䅠nQVLsErmT[~Ry=LӬMm zMGܝ'%K<~Oٵc720]ӕP'Slnx[-0;̉.:uǤ(DvҔ)JR*J%Yݓ:2CXul-h Q'ZReBLdPZS |T$$GuʼnĭOHr(l8di'zn"y,C,e+Bu?QZmϦ@am'NKAZ"5`U C2SlC8{U!*B q8PeJ-d";IHgf)SUKeJk_BEdltva)8RRnH:gcN%EHW$$q@; y]-gfMx$*nܜc)@=Itmiin%o$8P@ʕ̔F>o3w+ SmSlQ%=̂kܕ $#9H 9>;FoJdS^AS/bK{QH<$ĔMߠIjSal]2ż d$(`maȎ q`(`Fy$-9٠J*%!)VNOR00jpzR)JR)J`j6f@FAP3Ͳ,Xm5q\XK))\B8 e|$66F T#u6~\4GqFJVr;?XS"{Nǔ(a-o Rkzy Ww=QM[mB1$v*G< (&ZJAJ@Hz:$PI|2)^Z;V/i9Vܽ9`(WTB,g52#ȇ%SN T0G5EFr tnb#4%}!{B|C%!9QOX-Vhs2VOI^:Db1Šv8'Uu}Z[V,ѣt;؞1xI6E= 9B3㎼WJH)h m mOPDuM\ea֢7+~r㜠c8Y9rZ~(|v%'8R+Kݽ,iv~c9(v!()@R2Bz5SHJu̖R֖2|W=Ӵ.Anc07!̨dq|Gk@2 ZacvEJ**$n%>F\fa+d!-+ZM|R|;d4GJS9xHuR#s.~z(һm:JEbG[)ې?n7>' 95ί嵿8SWJR_?g4W?RV S REֲtlBQ=儎p'u-O) ڍA* ߳jJ:K_[aPnBFՄB|MfVĠ"[ mR(† 5զͦ 21Ch (לX\/0K*L#>C>D+e Jyo'mc.-~HO98&"4a0ҽd6 ԋRlZBZREHu%H˫ qPvtdJ$۬D ²n'$3'#:$)ӨU2!>5dhlIblZzR ȬÆ)ǷKQ(C@'r <\6o]C L=x?"ROȣU7/?1)R%(px-M8)Z\I낓Mr\$\n3#-nԥ JdҔ[=}seIYVSw 50ᲆc@HUQۭDG\qcbFڄe[0|\Pmw+; ZjGtJ[FBA!C`9W&acD|)Dymx7v ۍ hܓgq]ԪZ~*JR*R^BJ~^JR:E08_7w#0HovE߳ei\=0I%(Ci@!<\Fjm3)HS)!( m*r7qCnw%2#znLBʒS:+ga"ݹzS5a쁌 &9~]чԙ-#xzu'jmDdaTpxv1cͼB(eGv}]q3C^p鬕JR*,;7dGBQ ()%D$ $TfÍ*}Lgڵ jNr: bP5%[Йxτv-w)'8H8< b-Q&x,vE+<`Xgȩ]&9/+m6F9ωuZck} 8F /)t*``[k6+ jXJvIeE! g>ؐDi! o.8J@5StHJR*R^BJ~^JRzJп۝¬wk$ (DƲ[q' A<1 PP}}+AxݝJTVGd+7Z>]=ㄏ )[KlA€)?2ͨ.;Ï& nHqE%$o<FO$W3SgJn]JB*QQ9ւ29{蹩۴7 рE ˊ*zuݚY\$ājءmRiMJܷCajR jNv05r"=:f6RKeD68W<I[c"VbDXlINHJ1]i [j9zNH"*Plpwlݙsw'z,qK1`2kݘm,]J)SqS'r 0RU}D{ܦi,Co s PH8m j+zyrԣ>%,m[1 H˘7+TYCpY2Gpwz`㭲'ڣ^U m #l҆Y6$)JR9ApSoJ2RPC2w+ # $cu`t(a*ܹ.)8ڼnF $*ֳp% mBT98!=|p\9E`>ҶCFI!;u=s劔)JT ,ē 3)Psvwe I$b ܇3**AiQOˌc\X$e얕 )%m{sR:mM!$K.R%܈K9<j$poaY:1-e .(^GfQEJ# 13o%ۂmDY*p¤>P J) W8ZḨ@`XR 9 Rg9 !#s$!2J~O$:T$n me 8H<(Z8'GLsp* ~Ji(riN/ q+nfTi {%Id(( I p}JRHjk0LCsuҤ $vdAIHۅ)] R2j(]9j 0FDG䤏n1i:ᛞ,=zf$ *mH7r s?I\?/$R 䔒WږwQF§p'$)C/ԝ6,vUo}m2Ԅ;JRH qd7eFv 6t|aCpp]cz\@uCrCT'Ry>D~=WK%BCӈC=ĕc%9!W'UԥUR!vոҔQilO.)22%IJBO*@)o;=wHZ 8ʜ;)BR =: ֭j#9̦!qR Ku%(W:MyѪu3-1 j1e o>l:B\dhK5ǧ#1#nK Hr6ӥHEm>JA`6V$ iK@9S!2IRsg\d]/.ˆқfK \G Z H9Jzv!?pXTJZ_E 'HW=cvh<)ǔI#ΣS4q*S-_mPI')n,e@!+PDI{rFI99knin\e;ܻiW01bZD 6 m!x`ϘUDB$Ē!ib w8Oe F"̵\g[LT kd o''A\)w+¥oS>+r-!D,)inݲKqme nrQ#Rbi觱j:{@nA)ڠ/w^[e A([P0ToRP#Fޠryj{ri +%VœW9cX'iKKnZ8;*<9m<}+=9n4!9yp''O5ԥ*~i?®~*t/u*?$֔V:֡o@KCzH_ ǙIT.F"ˆ'.Qn; (*Q<15r5-+[XgSjm’ BkzX!=߇o$2w~e)*nr9I8۵y _&fWn(䂡 O#{cMV=aME8 캧 AE ҕc8 D3iP2$(%^Ҡ,JKdҢWsLVnq E9qsRK%1VAGb"AiLKj4U̘25ظB@>I ~հA;)1HuTZ I HV 1eY ̼RPɊd׸J ]WmV }wcBɲܮP"OzUj$=$a'j>,i+4 Q_%e%v𔔠vvy]b@yއ\GWqϕs'ѦD@Zy[F8㧐Ϝieity )ЫQ5 = a)0ܫ)JI0|R^BJ~^JRzPٸE])JWlGz\s? [) 4%+) =O +\ZE̩hLJl$Ҝ(8s 8#{;:L{e+j7wեlVrY8'wdP.nT\}e\+2|)5zb=m*JP)*xv-<jc{Yn)|gP_)HA Jx*rx8 Ҕ)\I2i U*B!jI(hy_ 7A;"cJj<(y&ke!2_J\s=IN/ ]GAT-9$KpfOf:]qH7Qp Gj$W弌ݫ K0,T#Niw?]/th;C r?fy#x֙S#BKݮI- ryEdP%` k\眏*Mp;b :[Ri)X+n#=K -3S캕3ΜmRfpTv X{_YJ"oy^#!GbBfcҔ)JRRԖvƬݙbZD^i  mi*qNIZe<'c㶦Cm)ˊDsSGrqq+Zco(¡Epx9pM|]܋]DRQ!E-6s ;s6slyN=P1t?[ES̡{NRx\8H W!I+Js$,g?!MQt5\DB1-&_•CiNFA #Ulr!$| JRJJ5$ xv${[yh8H(R<ՐAiSv[Q R2ٜ g9J˖%vA8ER%_"y>y.B"Fi<%8 hR)JYq˳YFg!# C+z(%g#(>:[ۥZYڬ()k (J uGBwH~?z?`O9g{|_M`;;'u=+Enښo3V±Qd$Q-BY=T$II2MLҕ@em-KldeD|YV,EnC[8rJH<n)JR)JUoY=ƶŸeykCDXa݉ʭVgƂ{U\s ZRC${+5 tW{vfSJjmk)6C~HRݼ+}w}MICW ͉(iqn`x^N2@K^䖄fҜ$ yc#T=4oUڔW'UԥUS58K$UΕjqե2(JJII8#֤MIeNpϗ?E!Ï:mP{iOq~\B,7XҧU[1\h؈z %\NMJ eQ_m"F,E+h(RVXkSSd)`I #T)JTU͐0KED>OGIL/Ĭd'$1[jt i=`Hؔsp|' q;zYY&Aߑ=?Q$`~Q֦oWYD.Iwy(mh!$(UF+RJajGV!\A#)?=*:2j)I+H) RO=rqԎU\iZCM!(m JR0Y-MmN))$!ʈktypVYy9i)RH8)P= =ߑqv!W^,gf@+>$ qTܶeڛS Zc5NsR!X팍L}r\KwjeH5r#v !) SQ1Ɏ Xڍk _{F:SJ i/{B=cϒE[./v=8JR)THJ2aX):Q+`՞ugRU⼒3ǗS (-mhfh>ӈ RZ:a8['q<`Cۘmm@R42KO'hV6 Q3QFƚ@B`Vڥ[p}1ODܫ)JO𫟩Jy )]z)J;E?٢T+ŵ͞]ㆤ[Yx=x>ZHZCdnd~yN霨95.3ҞāiAPQJ#>r>} B>waCSϵ {N0}%c{p@29#dCU ;l8 gUJRI7.˾m[Ѽg:TineNҎܟbq lVmVU8 RGS{aAC#8f;n! ZPl4 3Ꝁ]Q+1@C,-)~jJ}Ǒko'sBBAry 5BZ!7aAZ  9';A$muH[p `x[p잘*9 p'Vx VAyIؗ—N[q_i% P$m5ѧCO]ںJ1+S Obʃ NqçftR$;$ 67-Ti'*nE-RTs X+p!)O XG'^JR)JRT%/RB.i?mZ?j3U\c'V"SL8+LXB ʟI) JG=s"ξ 4kI ԇ%a`< ܁ ^a7cLJXLs eGT*kY5ਟ)JO𫟩Jy )]z)J"="j)JR)JR}ڶwߘ@Чݞ/bRӣJP.8@O!w&|yޠp@_gOLx aRl,6 n%)*>@G8ɭvB dCipgIT*&cE n6wa+N$42=WhUkXoAT:i”D$0  cDI>UO:]4)1Lw6VAR^t ''k1j3ЀG5i''5JR)JR*E˥>_l$'ځ$*:q㩯Ƌγݺ\4)JSIq%m@Z 8Z86-9$dH!# 8:%03⃀c9_aK C.!6ЎV0cK1eu@w{`jRVQ~ iںҔ9 WпנRKvknKȁ.PǩЩbl>[l}OHh롳zFӏ_uZ=$g?=~/?bX(tv#ۗ@<?N+|&Pa=rvKޓ|Z[5<E_)'ⴇ<%h_߯>1˚<GJZ@2~ A\{#YOF?2? =+sҎy"O+.w?2ì %HI[t$%f%zKìDIy?}5+3&Nw'ŧOpw:q渹|U8l*+{#5cIܯLYOsWuoU|7H?)h8TWX?F[פ/=k_۬o#:{ߦo?vGu߽ @п?^5А_?ïu /Өu'ӈ HkyQ#7Yu% mwP=Ap:z aZ=@^''?)Tz?ӭ_N]y}]y?o鶿M+ _oVi; 2i|NR=aWZR_?g4W?RV S R)Thpҕ:d)] &r% pP&hm/^&>'‘NاR_u4}cBB7|9+ok}*ˉyeJ-;5% -dx=T1^uc6g .?e̒m(O˼bog7-G1H*^ RPn8}lԶ۽] #4q#(Z\N䔫Խ)JR*qDD! nc̀C JH|J\'#lofrF19\fRBJwO{T0v=uyoK5,x-MTr:!ϭgqQ ܶ\\oJ2cIlT ,98IHQܺ{ͽW =2P]䍙~JeuUhPROEl)JRYj |&jm }M) $f,Z7[iqu2PlPzuJ mچcc"z]m%JN8zP7ۤK"-w:{87m aVSNp+Jxwn--xh:a<㽂JЕ@NJVc9Kkr-zĉ\}e4TB]$¼I)ѱjChq +zNڷc9a]rzk[\n۹..xN<ξ?$l L2R!<6:`EO.\Ȳ워( J%99 : [^2EA@sb I9=9kq_#ݒ0%vH-*Nܜ`q]={;ع6*ؤh9Z֖wK|ɖ&)x:iHJTB’ r3͊)JR_?g4W?RV S R)UM_t\-PٹV Fa);N qsQÞ܋$ԇ$%6Ҥ98sU8Rsq/D{/ ,Z{L{CrI\޷ɳi^J$xZQi8<릘+=օ[h @m ʀPj}R.$T{D! GfBJR0AT%# l`=`)JUJ;mƛ㜧n%ID>15ܒ{pH7ֻwZN0 !;P$j.`p:sֹkBWed%(evn)\`tSkcl&ӱRVIi@3W#!]8`mqd2( q!\||=ZX-Wo8)* %C0qj ^2E$Iq/7HBV#n gNkTJ,)L)HC?oNHVII6~hxMkp_\"PЂPIF<#?k]7K%͂0*|FBNzb].I0ʋj\e6NҿNʒpqQR)JR)JR)JR9 WпנR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JRW'UԥU)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR*~i?®~*KX/zKNmǸܦ%K[ 틛KKcg2X}2闿u|xL;cei5+/~N>X{ZwaߺӾkV?^֝X}2闿u|xL;cei5+/~N>X{ZwaߺӾkV?^֝X}2闿u|xL;cei5+/~N>X{ZwaߺӾkV?^֝X}2闿u|xL;cei5+/~N>X{ZwaߺӾkV?^֝X}2闿u|xL;cei5+/~N>X{ZwaߺӾkV?^֝X}2闿u|xL;cei5+/~N>X{ZwaߺӾjV?^֝X}2闿u|xL;cei5+/~N>X{ZwaߺӾkV?^֝X}2闿u|xL;cei5+/~\닩.w+`K\-YaւBK]9E)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JRٛDd'  S A Ìwalm_01_img0062(Courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).)RYgCoo{'$,5/ F-gCoo{'$,JFIFHH4Taken from:001-01, page 82Extracted on 04/11/2003C    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342 Zb  !1"A2Qa5TVqu#BHRb37v4Wr$%ce'CFSUds?;YW9-wGx_Vg`j]~YZ| o+_oAMyek-)cO,~}7i啯ܷϠ<߱Vr>4[S~ƞYZ| o+_oAMyek-)cO,~}7i啯ܷϠ<߱Vr>4[S~ƞYZ| o+_oAMyek-)cO,~}7i啯ܷϠ<߱Vr>4[S~ƞYZ| o+_oAMyek-)cO,~}7i啯ܷϠ<߱Vr>4[S~ƞYZ| o+_oAMyek-)cO,~}7i啯ܷϠ<߱Vr>4[S~ƞYZ| o+_oAMyek-)cO,~}7i啯ܷϠ<߱Vr>4[S~ƞYZ| o+_oAMyek-)cO,~}7i啯ܷϠ<߱Vr>4[S~ƞYZ| o+_oAMyek-)cO,~}7i啯ܷϠvFT%7&_|j%A YN6JqW/u)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)Y!5sRA^B~^JR*`۞w2jb,%jt%J>f6WŔ8ڎYnZ[%!iON}Y5LS! D%OZފ>xJ󬤘Å 8'vq#aZņ\5).-4mA 8wwֶ;< q@ZǼz범)JR)JR)JR+GZJR)JR)JRC jԥVT*"4^'Hgx .6Ǒc< kƒ I,g}JnUmjof|kʎ>P9$%j8Ϧg7-amN^QS:~V7~gEiI!]u$={u53Q@C- !0R)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JV}?\WPנRtɗ\Ra[ d"lK/4Wy )J㭴N-(H8:mI*JRAcpL !IR)JR)JR)P] [G_)JI约Ҕ)JR)JR+?>pƮ}JUh+(_O)JR;jw,3RTT8CvU=Y5d7Ĉhyq^>3oޯnpܘ 2 %89^nCf̨~ͳ+PIRqkIF::T\9\Eqb`n" _Qwozr| HqnkMb4#? .5[ I)Wf"RSZ;>x0̮6skA褕`Vf<9fRٲ0abLY)#pI="ZLw2.#$W7ǎ񦽙oSſpV@>*|5 H- SHP{s5g(%N%[v9]Cjx׉.'y2pFuH}I'xOAY{dr&r4H6ⰤL+cڵЛ/yW{N%HWQF+vul q[]M+SejCg8#l */u)PL[]5q>))(iI輫`G%lr-lsP+'EzjC/vm657urWpڟV4%c 4 w3m\E[~BT!)^07WL鳤Nf)J^uMJHJOZfϜ\ukm.ĜuVwZ[--0)ʾ]QaZ\dn?bjAZWN-bКj@Cxփ>}%:k$u7J;uy řل='A.|7lJe!(A(ҟ5$ EHW v Q'Jr mU|p81fi,`G@9D$oumdY[p3ő3:I9ҭp՞%%JPS(J$~^bṎ˴+-e(tQ:SUoWoZ7IJH; @slόOE/!8 ު0oMjM4ۗƮ<*sGL j"-(D,:.`Y$m־ SV@qH\KR]JZVjq|ӍښviՠhQH^m*#$+9=NyX v'[<CEK\t0”BGRp62K+S 50sqK^l[ }̤$'i H`qalmiq[F*ߴOKoY-+*#.yyt)wzgKWYOfclx\)l^>] ۥSlKȎ*q@;dEKsq ׷Y.K~8LRSӭUZpBi&!t-V}#+6;[&cEO* [ν^8Ao즉x/WVwO6,ng1Ctˑ--*#ߥBg?rItwetO\x?̶Z4UjoL)A(ju`g=k/!̃) 9 5⬶Q;5  m1deg:i\k9R$b}htjM\Y,GErRoWJR)JRgϩJy z)JVŠֻ# >*/u)U\Eavu-mvO741<{ǼUXiW\z[W^(c[8I n}@l%:4F@0t6oYmR|olh2usy;Z{һڅr%y t'RgU)Rr"CmKYSj?*x{$5Q/EJRzsc݌ ÖI`i\qHJ7 t'p/`cghN0^}:qdMVh&ؕjy __Z<Fح" $ j68q\1:"p$zL{X;eͲQqM,KHHM_Ҕ)JR)JR)JR)JR)JRC jԥVT+ 8&OƓK)'O(8ԅ_txJ/*{?4ہWzo+) @ʔ QmŗX~792NݜAu5żZ󯶎tՍRP Yu\KZ^c6\($+HQwoԇϊc]JuEFW[.&ޮ%jJf|~=: 3np*W$.QOzy[⸿R W\$?>^S1x&ը6 *w׎t88҃/`\}Jyow?iO..ϐ\Ca<oOJyy?'?i\O^⟒;G}d7h!Wx]7o7C_.9?O Xϑ|]r(gxFI(}QQCW>-G jk&ҢS <%2N#9A:S)gsPIA+TT1ţ;\O`pwV= J\ H$z W/:+)qÜU?ʕᴹ\Dž ^=Outn̲mv@ mFӿM{.buuNZҤ1[cX.::m> Rw¤Tj{#=3٢+pzuĽQҝVOvhni8;)VtU!I|)P"_?nQw`@=o|+pzĽW;ټ6,\MtznvO9m?ƈF@h?miiJRC jԥVT+`|Rhi8⒄$)J8qM١ ZP+Ci*#Ne]pQlVmS*掽vH*$w<ümǕ*T@H8Ҝdt[*żK,%>S, WP#X&\.r 2 RPI''$:$V L6ZS};6JqZjmĥhP)RT2=A 3ZR2z%K)JR)JVrwWkI {xQ_(v PGU_a<섪oGiXm2B[sYHF䍵\V J=տg^Sī\̶o\a,"LJo֜iYNqG, :XK/.;zJpzN{\! c&b$rqqQGN$@{Β38wwNhšNm`^7=zzerq+)y.cG$owlۮ0!:ѡԏNwddzκai S+RA(V3&+TXT.%KWD |)fut 6Խ5aI tgN PV|?uj" .&Qyr[Ntiqx:r@ a@WW^DxpAK. Za`3v_㑥s%RRZmJWWA9 PXJtV<3h~gLi/T!s6I:P>]΁tnY0f3aNvR#%6ƃ5(h-NJF]#}"bjFkQOQRթJQ $I&t)Y!5sRA^B~^JRy\?Ul+\mjRRI9#ᬧ(r&3M:T ԭ+N$6&\dq-N;" 2}x*O\,`t-7*[`oK*|!E-Qj)~n{*O~U"dЃ8VuNnm_f$2KuA ~*G@z)JR)JR=tuM=>+n'A!58C78-!KPCGJzw֫&κgU>[kf))SeIT(@w23ӗ-l$Bp RI!Ayң9=>*Ji8BA M=[/ZސTqG$go@%+IJ0AU}hpס0b,wm$%9 *=uvբ;.)A*X* BTw*OhIRuj}p6HN)JRqWN9qdLD%!зyo6S'9BH:g\#񟎸 7*)Rg+vyw]!a))/-M-JN!*=:`)h42FO 4ζ3 T Jq*)>GN& onQi ' M@-'e ;cԺsˏgiGnS.Ip!~wvwfz#5zJ *Nz\=s\.\rJR qRbJ`jJ.fkoGJ̤4Xy$A(Fw':YO.?eL+J)܁Z5Q:cH8ۜ=-:Mj ܯ8rd0L!o6^  *µlEt&p@SW|PPKTGqN=3camvPԄO7I'.TIϮX:{[:Ry)U?U?{@)Jx=|pUzܑrȎuI*YҐ$T{J'V>-4 aAʒVuc+|o^";[YmV0HRU1DƉBClj.6aDV2vΥ;-"ZPTQ %J!(g$횷۶ɓ!2pp>qt :R)JR*\fKvlt%%I"0# F `v=S"bBYa!#$ JQ;('rNE 0S%E댍 ][RXygP72TBI503^K*+RJej(S:JrzzRim8-%*IA+x f^fuĥVڐ.cH vpucq)ؗ[M:Q*( )Tya]$ pka\mRnHP*yX}jn53 {&rb<}l8}mD42BP9'Ptpg:<~0 $!J#Nkc0PR;SHR;`6{S7%215\C-=T2O@^ti-)jc%BiE$Cp{C_/6eP'ZKDIZRBq>WxvJo1 (L0Op+!%'p&OD+S2G8Ґ'mTʽ<E%3e,2'BTݝ:mXBM0[c*JF{D/2`j˅",i6ÈU\924/=)8ۍhƗ N]?&U&qh\vVAuR[%jҒ5 U#lX]Y5)J'RZ S R{߮U>f:mE\D+O6eDэQ;do1 9v9ec#a JPR%ED`FėmYm8qj NJ$`4m=iLuSꑮ+ k)aK)ԮŽT@ۯJ`ljbe-"Z7%gk=+ ě|2& %,5s)JR"C1#"KͲi*[(%)OJ{,-E}8[S8u!!Dx@q Xn\<8HVտB7ŤIn&25Ɩ%GQp X|>~eQ3RB,,o ơ#=*1m.'=pFFjÖɏryoE} -+yT#)`'=lMv<ҢB魍f*d.hGέH I֮b[IV*Km(B@ JFW*U}Lv)`4]*SH WwdnVUc W8bdBw%֛PJ@8;nŗ\lZPFPp4%('P*s#oqSl%m,)O,$CPT68RVFР:dmmm`M#(J[u*RAY$!FTt̀1;~2|RuY )mNlw  =ƽ oRI,0T0FF8msrۙa"8Z):R$F}Ǝa2P;@Fӹ_O p)JV}?\WPנRdǷ.qDbG h829Hij$ Bz|Va6OA%-R|9RpXP8#*3EPx[_e, !ZʒHeCd5&\yr!EbV ] Q!A۵0>T5n/ZlJVT0))A9&nW6twbCrj; Zִ%zJpds[6jfRasO) (!$g$bd Nk\n}ۛ+ BeJ$j#v7W%WfMJq7;x+ƤdT HrIz7*ÍJWтUSΐ!AjFN588'[3&sZ$TKAkJT` c*ϴSOБS7r6 g)gJ(`Zvp O]| "0[.^d66eN!yR'V'imƜ)%Rt@ qJ{SJR@ R;$jҔZ[߬2B+kd9 C5!RLBqk)ׅ+- ĸ,a-/Uդg9)퐸7S& eN%6R_Og)ƣIT{n[×b):]O]ꕹJ.bWmn.s*EIk$F5 qI겣#FT6F.M@mßzL})%@#RR@06޴R8$fŝ\1qpMp{ԋ;wꐖAQZ0\IF%1nCCtV *D;!(lAaTt=*@I,$/", B{'N9Ǯ 0\]$gŞʈC^;YhC!7ؒ.%SnkBudw%$)`ڷQ.nLBl2NVA'uI#OFAmjΔq-%Bi#.O5Is)R%;## *uf๎\/l%JS$YLtW$i Uz Ū "J+Q9*8dS)JR)JRς%qykmCl:7 T8+v!')R\JVY!E]By2_.wcLRԥJl(#װ?T]f!mJ@ARBPF{' c;]tGyeǙ ua7HIn7mW)ge ^) @# U|k, E&JMyR%= IϚu|k\1*4RNJ)DI'T)X6#RgϩJy z)JV*^]BC= T=OptLfJ%F+%w FABIJYDi퐜gIƓcm%^=R{68*WH%HuS!]o߅$;;͵W2q$`-W66%kuR=Vq~0)OyJju[vcNJNWx>t-0eTjR!Ԝ{c$O^jcD+t <>,抝es+d]o2RC҆"BC*x%iR5v3)7!frvǷLLr뮹e$!( '89#$b[m˴Gd>ͶTHNO\Iss ,ӌcӈRv8) di#wXV-)kZR͓ ]rTlX**$2ȜHK z{-NIZH {s"1c&SAN6.RJRns)BsN'z6Cg' H+Zr0sF• p5 : } \ С l^8JOZN6?|IW?fJj$=Y{gPM.%Q0 t%|T$/`I)JR)JR\cdv6:+F:+P`~pј|-LkiūFZraAIPƬ׎nDb5 V[S*mA(PЀ2T¹XnFj f9#\Ԩ(3:lV!j#yDnON[q}֐5NqGsc$qR+W[JRy)U?U?{@)JjsS ٛstίAX4Z@.+qޣ}$ -KqMDo)%8 e' pknd9mr-t0 ƲHGvs]tqcC@fsl7{e)6bG[n)N'֤)#sѹ^oJ.θqr eAN)+rbsV E=RP#ъ $2AVTzg;K'#PGeo<i *Z֠:OAY)|}9q!ZYѩ {,hF1 cKRn 7SCg$+;u'5fKaĜ$`pGw[*KsƖ^ڙmkH9HNtӒHH0١M!%kԔ'$/39ؑHk~6 qiҢwNP]ү2:v G(0p@;UV oRYdC!EgVR@Ӏ 5`/RQ*Q8{\]^L 0IJ=y)9Iuұa!qݾLD!2ҝ":< llB0>hn,%Z8ti:ԧHGe@74n7ݒ]i ABJv#$` +0m˛J M( ~;XqFLw_[5)‘a*FYcI7ዕ"0Nr]ZhIӎpN1eC3^1ߎRlSrt!Q NKI Լ$MP[].i/KҔ\)Ӄ;iD!ˋFus m/ *!ENJjQ:rA N4lizv+%FUtlW3԰eKA Ҕ)JR)JfmO.ʃ5{ր)t ᝕V"L[~;.s^'%Hy7FrtUQ51ڋ.JkRh [e9p%qLu[jinE%+w||sξ2TԇIAIOZ>ŲĂh ;!%JPt!}oHS4@y Ed)Y#`'nXb2ڂ,$P;-䔫tRzJMoy \C,%hP)P=αglGq_Y)J'RZ S R Z"_8NcIq_'-:i`p@8;c]K%OjuBХ>—!O"9 ZZN+%ZR30o*l~9Й.]RDjQV pir:oÜC>j֔jQ^t-AYV52B4+)JWEĶ\&ۀ [J 'zTbòkx)pdTtՖ.,vqZ d1FKK6HFH'+rö ԌIXHAQVNQ =_-YiKqj=Hz(0]wfCN%)8$iV#mjsc$>Wa#~JR)JCpɉġRQHRr5'#q9޼1iΎ9! 줄/t(݌!4Mq, GL,:LekR5)j^@3+]d@`rmh6@ԥhI9*aܘeHumj\ !y: ovBX%3v/+[JIu6<`dtz3zt+V1П{o itGt8-;AԞz[ZRB[jƦ6RUޏFՙ#>? t)Y!5sRA^B~^JRs5߮wLM:8t6j )RAJO%}/O: yn ԣd O="BTykօ6␤+d)$#cБXyaM4 9i|iz@{D족=wG%A\yuikBڻEI֣}#XT$(wpAcWهx"R@)qIVǔm$p5"!=O.J^\ VHkQV>)z 5!l/e' N`mǿ]!|5 8<ǜAvS^$V`j+ I HOOyT].‚Kथ$rrGdiP6hiRF5>eJAx6WA$ 7?:R)JR^^2im:kQR4a$cQEZCbomRܤ 7Q)qMe ߉Bŵ9JH,PFڒwzR!~j9l%aSe,[JI+ASCZ:AV$%LtNJRsD';DdoUWyN0 U(pvГI%#a᤮4})59:9?5jVtI](<%tM Zv:`jO^Vt9K̍*$)-%YGcGd FmiJRbyreK*u IYsrO)`2qOrmJ_#LwIK'UNFM"]-QW07庅t3*=n0O`q1>F2tRVڞRFtw8uDaȈj5Ŵ$ v' NX#Jx]fslָK ƑJXiI+pVty)SLSRII+F%8J8+b2OIJ3Ԡq &&)O1Ɣ\:dxJUŦAC:)H ZԜ%Jƀ3Hņӥu)JR)JRpb3]$0δSRz;ɡ \SL, )8P0R/ Srql6?ےe**)2BTϜ3H.ZɼCl% +aGԼ=/Ovb NAD '[Z\m}' RUI9νßXb-i6lO2pt9 r Gzn[LKk}ZZiq@X.?8?Y640Q՗?HHP)J'RZ S Riu*lEӨ_8%@zTX鐢]E֔/ J2HzGPBJkmύ5iNƲJI$Www Ź8E1 uXeK@!JܒNMHm5)E[MR 0\cZ\qm(Ht+ځU%Nlme-LK(ZӇt,)9充)J\J" BRT nCR4ςDHhB[(eK@=!G _N҆ze)Z;SS\7FMJqam-#҄-/W w-)QJ%j(o=po2Ħ. -BsJ1@?dLFTP;%>nNT*Eoe+Ԡ6ܕ-*Kib0Ҕq:Lm(&rHKNE%A[Fu~sHAV7LR)JR)^Y5JZv;α pƮ}JUh+(_O)JRw?־}@[)a-$)h k#o lx1 LfrQJRwv'=>NMY[r-F`J0ʻhyvLߊNZPl+u)Bl'2iŸd!r!)p$jH;88#.%63!%@8yj:@$tটj/:dKoRMDm~iJR+7\Fͺ\aapT5J'98=Ps(\_S%L!%X$vB\$`+V/S$$J|u*PBR#!2TuypwY[.++K7 7%RV_[jRB$ Fu!癓rU)\;9>,S +Q & FIW;|eg}!Y8TGM"I'`*7W%6ZYDG])IQPFO\iƈS)!sIAINp-;Q j=-NܥaX'vgv=ї%G4a)C8 'j]˼򐩰^O :unyG8!l:nY *JA:Hhd+)JR`S&9PS i$};^ .G>-.BIBI)o4Xq3/&q$bHUoq_u#QTJCe`o5U# ?\RVbN2ۜv^.HClE_('Y;[:Ry)U?U?{@)Jx?6GA}ҕ]{eK-ONpPOFT%)OJ>AR;rl}Y|:ˡ 8)(vHwOrr\K*68x+!ITH :M2- RiOvs8Ui>1pPQ4ZQ4A;J"-*VA},aI[+P?Q%ZҕS¥p( W)2h*CL63$}@rnj *" S ӵT>i [*wd~U9N{M'dZ+J5ULO)8N:n[LX/;E$K+HF(36㿲Mtq!`/ 66\dR̖WwRH l*QI qIT+Hg=~T'WgX * !IV@pNAw[r/~2TFք>eX@lII2Y52zZ XB[@B2t''$Nr%2JuـwӯqpFc VV|~bCz1Zdmn!jgR@t M/\pC9cWԷТ0ܡVGh_1'ɔ/"9#9 8Gތ.ksԍ#ޔ)JR8Wj,k= #`N}+^d&Ezi!,H0>~(ux͵Hi;CjIZsz܃Y>(ˌ7nRNf\@%*Z z>Oq™! s^8={H]<(TXIեgՏPGwv2W) V4Aq>w)?0|4M;[:Ry)U?U?{@)J>VmQu)_@ A#Xdʳftib|:۩X8%}Tf3|rRIV݆R22Az \$%lT HJ50dF@$* &":XEնTr@ Z DoB]/ !(5qz?Cͯ 9)w 8bjZz1!7W)jKa V ojs#[Y'ynt߯^Io$i0n6RhڝIKM)9NɧKfLC[9-8;7 f74YBq˚Ӵi 6!!)ʔ)JRbede d8G­)>eq*=6\Z uHFxJs6]J%qZ[IRI;AĜ.k.S.IfCm$HؕA' '}Pxj="-q$3;0FA9NsF 7 μ=nB5n\1O,v[eM!HJF+gCkgJRo8OW>*/u)X7V”f>ⅩecSQIq%Mv^@k+q]v 2-yQ^z`jZw܍w1M)+p}n+[{Yƌ$cJIB`yQ ;7$GOjG5 y8 JR)T Cq̒<+B\ۚ (6 q*ʗҵuz[E)k+^Z~}CX#JIR}C**ȷ˽̈́>ҽ!;(+{`[J=`tGɏLtrxB[Iۍ$db;?KǠYe?RT9!(žf8NvnAKt8Vڳ~)TvbFӎ;03]J2څ;·󳟗WH.̠ ௦V>`zr6OxF0n$us3o;9 vU)*C%E{JN_/>=+KJR7O\71,&+QN)$dn0Nr+8%:Vm]]!Cv;9޻üGK/I(ʵ/ ΐ#c`Wl7&xmim% P I @d1ɹꐠaJG$zh!Qm#iaݚ)m˪ӯ‡PoԁQha 9@C#{ >w].A:5dcRR?P")/X3-l vsdJ 04(l `WE?ҔgϩJy z)JV? pUf/EɶpƮ}JUh+(_O)JR?o ʭ)JR)JRTf~RUs%$Cwڌ k/-J^CIO5{7~pۨ/ʗPYNR IV IGYIvms/e,m'KxNcX²HCt%+ i)jۼTn 5$R(v'g=7D>p#Ґ3&Κ}Хn eKR$R.8Zh~,B%IdT;(лÖGeL%[A,)IU|!n1fIZ pI$$zTCvᷝJbG>\ z%<8IPS;e'pph o4q/=i9.JwQ#85`Y¹q̉0 ӧ*{ nàjHPH*}XR)JR|hxSmZ%]W=NAKj;U%ե3i֤$/%$( Y89ڭFj$f㰒H**?);m)Xȿ-Qvt)Y!5sRA^B~^JRz ʭ})JR+N@WR)JREobX-phV lHAھ‚T:Z[*Z{=z5M1kt7$Fk0#0Q Oj8#qWb#m]i%ƒ% J5Ծ%>DJ i!*J@PTpcSQ Vl")JR3|%ȷ-O8"&:#T*U<2%\b)nFNUjk8s5wJR[QvT)Y!5sRA^B~^JR/Kӿ5)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR+']pĐ-ؒQ)Ӓ9C|Ү|^ƣ$Fn{ϻ%Ic:]Jլ)[{EhW swR-oJտh{]כ*ROccձ)J'RZ S R$~ LJ!̜ĢLh.+QNC8*P#ۮQ+sNŸkﵯniv#Hjq"S!ﵮ~qpA?}>8VpI^:b\E$5)J|1_Ab}K?_n8W #S?#+w( .@g\y¿>ʾDŽ@7p{?T{&xCn#q{n؏]*쏄{?U]xu{: *ӵ}0~ʞq+Y/'k|up>c_=y0~cOgx }Bo?H:yAi' ^ o馿Qϼkk^8|)'>;?_||Ge'cۃGS}|U+w#<GwCT_$5pWq#;(aI2G*ۼ˞4ŠN0tW~Y/۷T⧖|I/nQY'G:ygğ뫆yx@n6궳 k+R\ZI )J'RZ S R)TW`Nx\FaX 1v ͩM7z{;s߫\aԝ'FO1a"l!gYe"ת!^F !^S}t7f7L4)B9rT\ A[JRRi#w7 r)R-m N;͟Tn!qhjت HJuEIңHP9ǤdjVq!#uj[-%TmeZXTR^=CM jQ>g5m! upCx3Ӗ)8LoW$%jBR`^`q<rDZ=RS!2 mIRѤyIQQ\ugCY[w(9sR-HB@Zzv~mjԇ[Hi%Z>R+s~^j$RʗJ@隲c^\yVW|BƦhH\.6ͨՒ9#zm%DgJ>RkdyjA:c[3r\ELqbCk # Z؀o/E9־X%ZNp:gb8qK] Ct1JRJv .xٓ<ď= ! ȎKJ IwQ{x_&\niInmLk R60R[VOS-opxHvg:\uS:H@jAWvsULI6Y؇ -RrNOJkRmme񌄩8Jv9)D&Gz -[mFέZμ"5MJOi-IC'hiJR)J'RZ S R)U{KSu 8Z{+JFFAӏFJW6NFs篯=ս|v'om;$qskIO>A7;Isʉijk|+%8q ) >z*+eX|qX,]G-T!ۀXoHrz7ǯ4(.bøEHgcjh:$u%$kqJ$vWU*xTW%q!:09| -vKC]miBTi hAIZZcIiN49յM)JR+ٖ&zBP PI$ oOydƓ~~4y.$ڒrV49;;3)I[ &Lw2ߌVq\R!\=Fn$24S*Z5h((Q+ZG⚊6$<Ȉ1bBR6FNA1Z8lֲhMRP599w^k)]}i.ݡjmKp*A'.EDukjx6]l%m6꒢AJ*3aR`3)MrԔ6(]1 %AY8W=7Vj;mWJ[GDR.)*.%(JTR@m) s֪}ӬLsԵ\$JBԤ $Uk%E1$[.)Z$$Nz_'Xm |hO!5[Kh#x/o hҗ0v!(N?;^-yZe +(8ܜ`c*? I!dJr\X}B#Qx͉at)igRX DXOk Xbېr{RZ"{!e $$HMވc%z:u38,W^`r9K-n3޶[8Bkx:KZ[ ,aiI܎u~GZŒ R HNl !EByiҌz@GX3#?"{iӧVm\[n\DRT2%IҔ:)J'RZ S RX.[)pf5L!h֤)%]t}dvj \;CK莒B֥O-VJ4'*ϮMx)Lnj΃7#+s \/Ĭ8щԒEԼq)[RQ;k'װ6- R:q+=Lw>HM|:#88*=Q=\g<Mܤ(  WMQG#ơ0cr4 -]| 3f{q+CNd(#R?&83,Ks51KN8RvBGAtb=BSN(@I;A8NJlJc-*IPk6r[-^71PЌIάcb69nn[+C6-᠕$k$pCPNx3uju 6԰;7 q;R:;JBvqj CaAE*R0HC$gY=ld?2HBBi!%jX*hRNI *K<{`}nVT02iԀ\p-l"ijB\Z@BABP **P 'p+6D*EOxjt#ԂG4(g{[s ִ+)JR)JR)Y!5sRA^B~^JR)JR)JTI6t:P"^@CRi +#p56(^Œe'Pi >owwwil`-XFݜz6z2\K-s3 +Jҫ=ĥ 2RS `WslW{|V\ZM@A>z⫋=-FA`woDOL:@e!ö7V3jW\J!:; jmkIj@4!8i;$ZIm9]FrSt=T9^栁E:ItEEU㍭tUHnJO=- [c! BRCc'ǠjSc>ӭVS+N4>8>P YH* JR0$'0tGQ|5dq6TB2ri9 =VW❶ws9iՔժjwP^jVu [>SaCj`:)dJQRIjE)JR)JR)JRC jԥVT)JR)JR)JR)JW꯴)JR)JR)JR+?>pƮ}JUh+rxqMzX~}T> 7ک}aoS4jiOSϸ?}pU=O?>MzX~}T> 7ک}aoS4jiOSϸ?}pU=O?>MzX~}T> 7ک}aoS:4jiOSϸ?}pU=O?>MzX~}T> 7ک}aoS4jiOSϸ?}pU=O?>MzX~}T> 7ک}aoS4jiOSϸ?}pU=O?>MzX~}T> 7ک}aoS4jiOSϸ?}pU=O?>MzX~}T> 7ک}aoS4jiOSϸ?}pU0׹9,NZ-c)RG޼ v5`O~ϭc֬)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)U?gՂ=s>+ZR:ۦ"ˍ9bW9)PK> MA4 @d(X?mWtu'J=)f,MŤfD!haX́Âv5JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JRf 6#+R)JR)JR77vqxWA+>Cf,JA>GYR)JR)JR)JR^w-|qk褶鱃_Mg"nNxv u/}} I9nSfV 9Fmҙ}# 7S=o>Go,βȚ r ~o!Q}Yn*[8[:rˮ,@m؂5SzFaz o.|Jd4v4ffsּΉ9"Y4{xr?7^_談\^OgG' 2NSg,o>K;^g,%fd`<wz:,E&+̒!H#ގn˿},fOK]C(\si<'_z?htmn8=&NK^wC㣲Zz#joj'O㙛`0RB*.'kפlU1XqL77-t{]/a{Dxfop# IbS^Dv  LP83bD$yw;侓2cl\$ :k 'aul< ô8߶$>U`K۫n`(/Y7*$Q:`<5׽YsҖZ.;ĸ{ 6I҃޶GUYtT9#ƭRFtuu_u se/RBg "xVYs +g<jFkI~u3aa6압V"LJ1STlux{֧Omݽ2#@HG~_/岙yur{# 06Ѡ}{WI7SdC/::e;PT1=\ޙx,=N}@㢙oT#CvzU%MqwfĥoU<8g~x\>sY<*;Lar8쉯XtoS7U转V̲EaKmkW_qߑXiJR)JR)J0?UX6_ÝYZՂqY6qx[_9 eGf:C;&`HhmyV뮔^m2sakH%Rttˡz_+g"b)#̀+}I`amH3c"6{g~um/gp7K]MK&n^ZgVda $ibtO_ErK˥fʶH̷_RYN\A$ Wd} xfKWEh|fp9*t31^DubG,BS};>XKUlUNJ8fW-t6-Hw߿R軥66ečmu$o"9۫;`{ƱoN>.#n1IS[4r4l!$5N57eflV{D =gO2k8=Zi뤱ܼ7^c:^/aǿr^tĖqAE焁aykwkۋD77g^,bG꥿-1 LGy|_WTuV5^d,汑k'Vah/C2Y4AԒLɑ-<|+b>zZå0_qpּnjy߯A^z)'7f SH0$tA'׸|+{5V,tЖ1~#?E\ #Y)TfJOgZu-#gq߭ɾ73=d ; }lWlVɏަKxmP;zVKFAX#{Epz9g_- kGp+ '_Ѿ11ػ!ywu$NE7l|531[NE{z(%UXcSŶ4멎\Z4up3(P]ηPGo *JR)JR)JU~u`O~ϭc֬+9丿HH%H1 *52+1?ue8\X 5NG!yF@[K>_u-t?&3#a+̿Y]ۭ%TVcF۰n:_ Keh _?7 DCg.7eِ諎o'4`vxřm_z+i,g[|dÚŚ>~QުBҎZnY19b`%#i*F$q󭗞z&Oui?oggo<|geYԒˠ_>܄v9_kCp{6TlRzLwN[b.RՉDHxϑkܿz,{ dBY^BC;uZR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR_a~mX*߇:X)JY~efV6z)G?v> kBMIwZ T` V8|6X1x`f+/ *$ :j Kd nmOoq1{{0b+LҨ>:@\z$軫1s diedC;c/z;յ=IyH?>u0 Yz$۫q}8?g!Lӂw!@?.%q`y(&S<ƅ@侠GߗzظIc?^{9'鱔ۯ{:dom8.'鴟z(p?ՐҀ׬?IHׯU='oڹ>.GˇnՉD.TzM="G.EzO^?yzNsw?VA%3k ."G $up cD7UY+.{VQ$ L6 ;7.=ruW/.^r)'Zb#u=-G%)48㿘">]E2uZ/rl库!v z:2w2wY}˸# Ixr~M(V?u}!~Ὴu}/FLL n(- y_Iݤ",eb%pPk] nX_u7_X=t=ʚ× o^ƴ֝fov+q:32\c:G/MT:[F:͍x]:{됈Ǣ,=h/:~-VܐIT~;0 ^{CcnζH~UTB91 m"Puǿm'tAJzBn7yD7F!TmA+ZRO%p~9KzR<6< 1O$T|I=c+y #8V[ u,{ykU=7bo.渔,;@kmܝiI}Ny'E,]@F{^{9~uVE-iydvnAi#lwMc,~l|V[ı`!F]t)JR)JR<[GGGz5Tmz9q^f,o.2xx 4']iQ}g]5#2Uf t{:,U5.Ieqw썀I*7=?~%JRdb;m#*u?Y@ r[S6"[L4 xx|P_C#_/v'T?[RːKg79$U1orhg.p=EI% \ih }3hvmx]1%b[Dۢ1Kv~+l*{x TF}jd.Kkxyb#I*#]"sR3 gt M=ʑt zLsWQGXwdT;HF^LI4;oCW/[JU~u`O~ϭc֬*[WFeE,Tlt;[?P\EyI H =4wXt9Ѣglo^Xb= `e%ԆQBE ߲l):7;M)JTfbIaw&)$j) P ȟzKX+xPG/US ~Ipg\ʴʣk!YF7؊ gl3V$bEGL ~%U8&6C;R ~W}syxet/%0Q(h켻yo{p%O#s`Oq*$ "'̓~@}5T]$H]k [iJU~u`O~ϭc֬*/??~WDPHS$l *8ۻ sS]8+,6;I9A`ȑ}qԐ35n7i"FT PDhv:{#l2nJHЗ`lWA5r'L"[m[c,? q$rm@2:K+US++zhU?[)JU~u`O~ϭc֬*?NeqvJ qgVH /L^ϖ=*aN^-wZۤvs"x^"=e-:2M⸕XQm3A*Cjc7qՄG4=:${d ZFI5D.q,"JǖyT*;"cm=?^d)JRG]gqwMm-PDC>EqmnGQZ`K;֕9=bcv׿}>9¥ԍe?/HG\Kǹ߶R5PD"I'DG,GaUВ&S`ѭrg ׸ |ϻDiTJޡzpQ@ W*gUaۺUugֱEkV RIQJIWj&L 32Pt6A[۽YsG ͈uT HӦnb[ۿ[grF*;e 6Nek{ĵN'K@+"B G[鎞Y'YZID P#0'8޵I꘬Dw<ĉ1C]ֻqam#]] yo#@l=qUV-6 {R?X+S9>FRhWXז#c]-w,pG kvbk=ݺEV~CB:J2ǐɍ6Xݕ 2Ʒ#yV|sUa1dTv2J*=7ܱs|98ó?sɶ {'Buz^:+GPDEpa1VRHd U[SN<| kyl9i,DZ*~=^@\пΎE j-cdT[MypC,M4ȮDv@ח+m;($~.ȉC;}Go0Es=>/o˺k^CUh)JR)Zmmm9xr(ea }3VÆrBd1un@};NؓVdTEi ?.VV_qIl6QdXz2HK heDF>{ýUZ]_\ڵneRX6QC(w H(38oLi%4Hv=ǘr?c-gd1}vεăop#8[Em1`K( tǾR)JRZ)f9zqcayjR[i0 ]\$!]Ή w]{}RrގMcoa[%"[˗ *R)HW\yꌩy2ܪVY;.ܓC>Z&"/v7/Uw/#@Q8셊D-~,/'NEPH|N5yƛVڵ*Z4JЪlv~xmbb)UHv.~:R)JRDDcS@@x^̈O\U{*^&Ub"*2Ƨ2B8rCk{}j7VDfEE,` %A'ʻ$Y.UQ;{?}cw+Ɛ%y[,S+;t'~1<"[XL xNO7I uvlK/:";nZfbT2eh"y}C[JU;ү7O-\iJRz _mkDD ̭t6conXǰA$He",`VrI. R>lS]<2v7~9hE%.&P^Gc@yhy/.=`[.G-(P][Jw׳k5UT ۋ_`FxLQfh#\x6Vk_/G"Dhs8p9/.>d{;T7!N+vi΍fF0;|EmD6Gӱ_YA @#$<XyhkK̥Ane(cZV Z &/Q"T7w/o%85i)a`{Z8ә|dY['HeyB4"9O~G@Xy*i/;$h:ƝfR7u"hs]4iXs̮/&=aQz7c/5<`$i3G$@ vԽMdRD#myr' (j7Qbmhql He H? ~~K6չ,hH$~͏Tu'P5l~deY[e$q4`IW^\[" Ii#^t9r#CZR)JRql)D7%Rv66,lv'z3Zg [)NVf1{dyN<B[F~>٦(Z#$ra)Rr^&+F\lfSĉY0#>⋦=7k]dQ%.s^ȣDC9]F1z[$M+Ŝ >1=Jvt9+'7yk]KU"D>wUv)JR^^+m#D)JU~u`O~ϭc֬*Yz)P .DHݹ2_Z7Kfڋ\ެK(JAE7I*uuBGmvזP"E\XEo+ZR?S-mtQ{r9y(bt>a>|Tx[ȷo~$dowbZoզ|te}so9rAcG[h+{9Z2cPY9>u3Gu 淹m2[nT3';k=J"v:8rDƊQ!v {{{e \8Aגڛ72r:a؅*6JGjmԙQ%ݽ `tcI4 oJ $h+1XA;"n!dcƏ#H؃@}230ľyg$a7I`;Z8tL VpƒGH~i#]5'o8EѭKkc'va7>VK6xK}\yf[ȭ+ 36ƹ+oczخF|/-x U{΁T)^@}ICQi"*Fo$2_*Tr>ޅs&lv`l!-g;o-/qs^d 3A*IH&pigyk ]]M=&qf[x'Afc߸ _%d#|eJRU[mXđh@7EO7-3 6}XEt|O捠 5\XeydV;qm'^[\Y,LB O>P7ַ 2:W7sej\}c,#$O+Q5lh7-RQ>qbS#\)ol"YI kjA;߷?"R[|~xDYJ: 7~G lf_N6ѤTߌC(@TuՍaOia.J%Bb[0;EGuU2ޏ3a Шb$Dl 4~)JRxØN vQ6t I$H67VZ !U`H܌ؐ*府Gcq{j\6Mp 3ԋWNr(Zn24] ￳۶Zsv/ PnLEԣU+ՙVF5 6BAxJʫfb=;f'uOݭ?=BFZMqI!:W-<d }cq\e-U;30*8XB U7:8.6 :Q#rId_wpFTL$XDYnt=cavSEd:+m>:+ټ אY#N^d*ˍOk}v7Pb  )i@e,m&"?Y;\3rǑ^>[Kkh.䴎I"2F/𢡗 <|7ԆVÒ+aW7ȅ}+ڈ2*If2z#_|2li5ɏ9+- ><ψPy rlrb=L`Cs^RljdkN.,dD{dM珵W(9XL 5r%E#r {?)N=񼑦 #6C)jw##zr, a[_ dH)^3S}d1;Ŵ #\T ]ct)J[BsfŔlj|"p+vP+|M",W!:,G Nǟje+c 4xf"ioXJxtl z*azŜ,|;aثX{*/vRb擛oóeem3y]jK fAȱ<c-+@mqI {J=^Ԙ#bMf'Ѝنr4uݏrwXg1mv9^>)*y*j Lܚ4-*7aZLE-O@JHRo=4 \Z~Sx.P?e]iJRl/-mLPkd"9We!HמfGrͬmo=ϋu-'&*F$ ߝF+97m̷v4Rx;}䟣Vk >|]F>#*b@bק~K{x_MQhxC{77q]x3׋llȔH}B21bd蟁ՊYcD(Ի*I'Tn>덛lkig̚R-.lrKFn-d0BT|@BGc]qXs]}Զ@LX㠆#A$S) F13ht}Zyr3n]&)c=n$wshx!F׏CAuC\wߒR2t*xR ;tUdoMkW4I|2r>Jx< ,D!Im B .A;]{6+)#svck9i'f`O; w%g p-4^T0VwC7wnqVI7c7>D JFA KjIbi/k4#܅-55 1[ıCG*"JRxʮYC+ FUWY,Z#aKw"M@ .#'Dm99[5fDBX Om{{Za(1q{u!bRf-ȫ@'`PF;l,&Tr"x=`lo#]?Fe[rw1ڐAA[̺Cusn29r^ FO{e: nW̉31U(~d2hkb$I)`uQ!esk+)neWo6`k(ܥR]GK/ *@͹P hU<^˧-ΰEhDr>+aC`P- uɥs]/Ǐm;}Tǐ v[^^qyXGs*ZZفߑRBĐ47΀KQpi4AB j϶@q"n#T&Gzlft/˜4F^|5[kfn@b$17<5jg3ps "ɒ/sȅ:?5KYa#Y4q304~?}t)$XU}A孎ַ F*K>љaU"l~~ַ敨22oF0[߽wﳯ{mېbH@_萌]suںIe|\Z' xbe;Cd5)J]K 6N_N-vĀ|J@H|s+TD BC,co7v;a|Mԙlk l]@hˆQbjH1VsQkF,$c׊Ā= kX!9ÿ#^;ȑJb^!' 7)$8ynũ 6 OHj' Px{1.;;3oe8gx%{+'xB$F] Ge¾JR_a~mX*߇:X)J)ccsjRxtGʹ#n?IPGrcr=9 LHl,DRiB7݆U׶9Fĩ*|?Ffcx [ʛˁR+܃ƪgGUKk4$RAdFD {{G^Bc-w/ xeE6Px(6Uqq)#\60*Ud]1F>b0InEe;Y` {6'F)ꛑJeo!w:)bt&4DT W<}J/zsV7mh5l̚XY+x1Γy1c93ZZ+Fb8 )s)lUt[,6u  8ʂ!^E!ﱮgx2<,f)$کkʱe ;]w蛺],mS?U,Td57^27QWﱯ.rv6P‘YU?n̼ۋDIG_L[ w#Mr<4q#zqV:Ah`6Q>΢ď9ri8]YN]g]Y!({p/ `Ty!谹_\x2ۤRH%DyMb䱳d[y^ś\{։=['6yJv|Q8ZeaxcI|CtMR)Uޮv - @f *ğ~MuaDhvnz#[٭L% h`y$kGG;c ՗fjX'{ 4M6y'QMq5eSǎ[$,8v[Cggj^[f sB {^"~O fpGTa7_AҨj 4ؒiV\mŃsQ|RQ{Z:Q_k)J0?UX6_ÝYZՂS=ދprO)\9\r #X%ogseK{(ll:nPl ;$ Bש䶎ciߒ%6/ !"6@wu?C\fD^(Cªܒ=pYU v+ަ+ xDfyd}<۸!7~MoUtVY-3YH~&/$_hL uAa.&h1^c!q d(vf+ vʩ-#('=شJIM˜"n33I $L:}Պm]EǑFcV_t~@=ʹJμ{dyx󬠵s'Oun4Op.r m`} X! |[Bn#ZGÔ4~%RWm/k9|0X=̞iğyxv}ñ>zc,rdKZ٪yU=PwQ=ieiagk [cBҔ)Jdu e#`\uw6_swfU7Qix,%jTbcZR$X}<{ӭլwd#rW̫ͯ0*Fˑ\}FQ#_7v`m=;Zӡ.^A-H+ZR___O[UҔ~78fp%oV.JD @GUH6#f+[@D : d=a>6a317#m+0(0%PAA c~1pܰI# M6޻m}uӴV Zf+(c%!}[f=Abf/b2he_3CG tE^62i2$Gd>BGcPXJI(G:TR Kl yB~Gv}SeiX+@${Af'Gs~ f%\͠Y{žwWe3cvG?MKZCynmDtAȂ#V\Ka{dجXu:ށ=[vdiV[;EufY{{+ZnxVLO{/?&Mj:>!wP%Ƙn&K8bUEg^͹*8X+e̶Zq\'@ѫ'$6 ʩKF a)Ch}8U Dq#: #QݑK.Lj׃ōi=yBZnx7])qHO<%P_J ]w hVK[+'k!ؔCi=qe XQa /Į']]W}=y5ՒZi.D( r 7Ie[<֖H\2Fµ.,yCl%JR)JTm-  Rm&Q<|}1/vK$`BP.JG㓷=Kz,| ǿIVOhjwo? KV%?f뮢}[U^Dox؟= 3 b})JU~u`O~ϭc֬*x-)JRcz4eU[HkW  HW>HN- Y[nF`r㽔>4(4>oMXp9<|w{ca Fe $r!ݙwɴ,\3[[,@&R%2-r7!gO0ޤpH _{ s37΀or yh[=YYVIA` 8gwVRlYk9E 96fRqXiHmKHT!q!P iG!ز eYM ȅd ֹnGUxȯ317v>?@׿"qxF "̇JT/x~= Qaqr]̑^d$L̓J۸Uc(!4$P4 [|%ĉok#y BX$g#8tO.nKK&Bi4ߊW0V AnMU' G2$q,LpzI@J֏n8^BCSpXk؍|!/~ItL|LBxxH6B ]mZ2OAI1 ԑbcgh\N3$;|6Jkmͭlj)\Gz."~J@m@!}6+1 -q1yIL`8@s;:lY#/R/f +JH`Z׸%yco5#QIdxAXwChx57BЛ+\bOjM!tf H[VmFmaj8"BҔ)JRR,翴leжkYAӼv=">oZ:5d1"l̋c@#^q$l-ŵH!ݠP&`1>z5--7W \J>h{V6w2eNBV D† @ӽl W6^llc+gk{w("]DoEQ"hQh()JR c"Na:G =Qm/C[cÜ`{ye$vZ$#$8o^ײ%q ڥr-FWbؐͳ?3z[\BѵۍO?ݐ珶67G3 ʿdk\])JTU:k[o@OOw{XF.<4 V< 5j454TDUTh<)JU:oH6vpdm%CqDa&S" .{#(-'eÍfL2 k`Hu]Xر]E'8v#w]}-k(f%B6IaKc21"-x1L{#ZHG#E(73H~#P~#7z|K*\R*WaݶGYXldnedNy#oDW>%qc}nKYB7 V'9Hٽ>מUEi] 424EM(1I`T vǏqhSn@r}iQ2c 4F[&$p+u^فvk`ηf,] @'$~ThR3*$YYˁCaw>q"Ό##1rH>yqb{Ϥ/kgW"7I =BCH؎oDVL\M +;kƷաyUc݉iHgZ13Lo8D)um )JRFu 0WQۅ!࿰֮ʟz~r\G{FB^q!bYIF@bސy;"sc`X9Y]hʤ*en.`Ñp沁T[UMqwevGrI&#~:ҔWy?wV ά?jJVz+W”,"3l-B =d>_Px1i 2$ m!ð~h'Z# 0xn;A=(2}\=(Zph#W%N 1Ϲg h f(ı*hYGBm!v-$:Mo%XӋAsCC !Me<[[q; $eOȏcEy`ec2y6uI~jo |Ew]6;l@^h-rחsF> :*icPĢG`}c8!EHP4@RQ^fr4Ww`Y r5Gwp\lc-4Ⱦۖ-{܏p}W])JR)JR Է" 7,`\yh[ȑ !DJ#/TZgcjR7r (>g)>R]1//cu940>1%mv2f$ Q&JzG?U*gUaۺUugֱEkV RDUK_⿧ރ&)JR)JRrWbwy X^w6UKAE$21G+x?Ą7[,lriA1iW~[n7͗L+ZR$4~u"վ)JR)JV"tC*ɔeBI=5.a @۰>޶Ҹ̦HYAٙ^Z<$`t`qw6wY\H%k kG_ 烥5xA,(CoKF;Y.dBŮed'TkҨJO%mwie@RW4*ktkG+OpJ"6Gu3e{X}sv  Ko _7K\lV][Z/waߋKRzDJ_R)JR+^/_aYMk%/ y(;PCw={CgoWau/%іO"4c=$ W.x/µb2vb7% [~GbZ4>8`㔗^LA'9G]93E$4CK41}1*Zֿ]m~Dz}뜡fulD7Z}!1xHzu\)JR٧^^nOZ뷤{~E鎵!鎸H?^]yBS^w(n/]%iIUd|*5 -ӺyvMxnz2CDX5V^$=!']]v=w{mָWtGϭ]Oӊ?W>c^gwQ࿆zJ >G^I?sa/YzLMz-&y^w#ҿIׯJ\Yx~?Xj/MzPGɹ.?Ϥ?^~nկSwԬOIi$n ޓeG]\^ I]?V^+WLw,2U"^:pԬNOd%{C7#'tOr?+'dqEmհedEѝ0 WI|FKx;5r^@?[Q~Co!\AYv׿xuQOlmvג̙#+ξ5 R3UnU9՟ZX)JRx,n orQR+3v3?5xP05ѹtof:G<~,䯶< <3%ǏgUhMB>:~JK׳ׇ$uͿ(򌯎O#i&;j^:? yV"CkC_os%Kf.dț@$v:1>Je˭;#ax q:*L=X8l 1(qΆ V R)PGw=0H56"wTxY5<-pR[y@hG>u&s-+4դ|LV?eKlOe#IM.Օ~,H,Fo%`w#jK ;1i'/}3[X jm%"UҔ y5KXrIH ae9 <"AH]sQ擣)=\ܥCvjOEs)kDqT;v;{;ĩxYn‚Ĩď{q}̽2ODb{$h=`yHy+,dS%Ru!<ۖ(Xr#~Z䦽ua#c`j;38U$}#ֹib-m.`CkߊQ^])UfЮs6ch nc|f%]dngQkM wg:) TKiR'ĎGiCCs})JR)J0?UX6_ÝYZՂ)UV蘉M<K:9rN{]~+\/kc*Ux(q'#6ddE4qfR H&5C]X\7hD e}yGm#ki^ 6#\&*lY)qo};L[g:eciK[+hebtrMtRqe>al<_ 8kz>et26\J-۳=FP_mm o44+iGaOe| )W['˷sZtn"8ȨdݸU HP@:]v;w+yKI`_3݉>ݪ^)JT'S}϶k#?> [^kUˬ-TZXcHQ-+G+1Q MaUXe;Z3'm[E\n-qfᛋ_!Ē$` 8ml ;ximԸDθFVk+v̷`v{ Sv4bX gyh@Wڷ2?q>ֹh`X'I26vTײ;ESmo!YSlDex'}6ɨ% W#b4Ζ-P`uw!|T>olwM rxت CC>^Xq >*HI`ǰNηÞiq,B0y`)]] `GdwFf8;HVLP+~CrH5O9P%1[Xjӳ$a<3!v'\G<r丷J Y&KiЪƒ!x8=w~Krqn0t |t=ZYdV8;k2;Wh?eƻlH_U)JU~u`O~ϭc֬)Ҕ)JR)JR)JRpet,9#ޙ[dkG%MXd){vӪ{D[`>Z&:hkH%!50Gѿ+^Kk͌R-fN >kʸb!(]:LQ&Ő8z$k~GcFz;W#FcGj%YTs({MXdA&^&ܽf$N |wP=k$M1udoh M YEX'-v=~t zІAwb^/QtN*Hg*L$n>\O]͒Ikq,q\ȍwfO.)7Hberr{6ԍIn pְܭʳ2.1)%{D b]wS37yDb!t`=;`DW|1j\f: fŪ-L,|SS$WG~U.Dw{qqp2%2+1ҀX(G^z2=U["!X}G؋K/n Y6Q<({ft)JRG4B,QDV!)rr佼>_5e2ϐ4eߐ_pmlojDgW_eQH6'%൶+1("pmkUZ,CWvWEu|m/TmfDۻP#HQ}WtY>28d,Β%32)tX!>rF.5ӘΧXWh)P${^U05vf!ÔiȮbh*σ.d7on#EeU4 aۣUK8o-F_H`:I#VL?=ܱH3ګܻo`hkyk 7Ϩx`cc'~du=!f7 =D :ls7we'8ho p-$ʱ}>ΈaۗmZ򸮧H4{lAlNιn}"$+Q%-$eq*LJ0~ԮulRdb˺J=ؿl7yj.VIGn qq?1 b71sAKkV#uuPGTh.E$\9 FT b0x[X.>.E$JFIFHH4Taken from:001-01, page 84Extracted on 04/11/2003C    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342 Vi   !1"AQa#2UWq57BHRu3brst$%'4CFSVc&6ETdevDG?%jK $X ~VXiҢWH<+ö?U4ʎZy;ѽ BTWM2B_Ơtd]J'9R)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR~V =sV~uo(`)JANNGTT3-v!\="ihkFB!3aզ?d.۴$o)Sʂ#5csH{*N#y+ɴo.Cv K)maU8*"Ny]DIuj= zR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JW_Ojέ)T甛5"&-6_TXu C f\^mPDqA%b^)A%,s * =| v֩RRC1Aqp$ O :{-")@q znoaXAYPHO$W>+Wwe+C;jӚūR%,QhaY 3NҔhrlVe "KETIƷұq4ڜZPTt[f}#<ͺT=")Jhi@*ZFIeqܮ4Q&>4& C]Ki*>'uAI I$d״/ˍ 3ڸoXNNțp-3VļIB`+8x泱ifbDd)`dF'5a]NӮg1v8I# r:>[yrd)eM JBJn8ܰ[až\-Co܂"):ώp1ԄKcj d[@h%@1]ӺsΧlyPd)Nрr6FNk1:n;pԇ1ˊHBO]ڹȒí3ီ{n1}!yBaޟn7f6#HiYl.:互SW_w":]Xoi$03';~qlzP C [M)MvNJA)3zWlMAnjqǺ^RF s^μjCIjvM^JwH$sct1Z$:,-PJP2I<ZuT=0%Ũ!zt]JA[v$JnC̩*JUJxz\Ʋ%"Ea[.TҜ î3>k-+LZRRrz)JR)JR~V =sV~uo(`)Jv^-,#:K{-gq ~ f&xF a;>nV}G󊷅KRTEEESXػ.iGj%*)<|5תm}&5,R鷖\{*FA]OtM5PL+}&WooZY#=upEћխv4ӻC*ir9]>k|TS3Jy% p:+]ipImZQ$C#i -3bgHA+ 么Z>}Dzxd 𶃷(Ir8}4 B $XS%e1mY% J@Ek#6v| {=UvAojTeER+Kdc 88jmCZe )#sJvNnn6RRF%OOUcl y'a(B$!!)wN08>-- HCXT4H[yJS ORG>9ZۇhL]}XHF;q5ڭ·"Z\ws)=E+H5l(J48 ZWN,7ZÊkإ#Zo#Zֆ[ QH}5ΫpXTC1tP Jqy5kz/L-u|,rڦF7'n1[۟aeXZYScQk+5jZ(ݜ2nêOVݟn3 MvTXZT%/vDD)rOWGAyxtn \X !W? WҺ,r2=$q~PۋOe9Tx/Uko4r"2qu5<|EnJ=r_,W}XoQDqm%:fKZS<;4pyeNZ]_R.8OoN$dkPYUmTmNlHOP=O\'zU~:\˔;e)mPQ *%;}1jvvZtɃqbBfK.a8I#yW{g14GWZ,8Hq)ZBy J>'BӖf |((iJIΘ;jA~Y MxSJ@ǹh Hpv^L4Cq W <IE4YRW;mLBgdz4>n䖹3ej< A' O=[fU|^Ȏņʇ6P'ҥry#LQG.abCh}ZS{'XݏQg+XIb;>`ͳ.#JPSyAL'lKŠ/$ܠ$d!jzfQ{cDbM콷rH> NF+## \n*3a4jRdpSNYlCq)J X4YտآՂ*|T J% Xi)O'*! ddz%D|\[0Zu ! 8{6`s\7&5qqcSlk(UU PKM+ r0_y9|V%< J`c8ڬܭ77?qLiI6\x7٩} V,r11Z-[Ӯ[ WxdqY[k(+S7 kL)0:) %8'N6:I26XWb٠mj^U-ȒHJ#8PPm%Xdž*Yj,[l)d-ń$|r|1qSɸ/]u$MHWMuҔ)JR7'.nZgNE+hK8-mJ#;xE Ma ;N?!nvhӯ3 (}RiruM0Q"˗aێ'Gxn|Uћ^7;[r*RwR ytٵ;symKvjWh(H3#;IvHCy! Q ڐ* 8lޛ-mPT+8QYQɊ%Gf;@pvq׎APv+ Ms汍n AQKdn?Vkkڊi p=$䟔I>JW,Ksh\ *[r{}lw6ԯVDy\{fYm-8#<,$yOJڭIn~ s0+%+>kSN%W--%I 8%R8Hdnn2(㭭T%I=ޟs*:eEK>o{p)bȠuTN@yŖ^X-Aڴ.JAjdlO1sfso!yaJZ<{ zRK9oi.)_?aU?{?:ZRSu%[G)y^T8bl."Ta"-d%k9 98鹲Meoo~a m.4tݜ3鷜Wm+؋<zR`2KRZG/A8l6y;eW(&A c&>RpPW* =);B[ʭ8TE>@ѐ 6pA|;΢f㌱cVDwKn\@ 6w 8XVtjF-8QB;env(lՖ8۠*B[KhJ%KXBr d}7Kmo5ry$7x/v޴rj^QT\=ӀpGZ붙jD30 `9n\G=pZ͓9wlhB'$<-\I2\]8eSN{ Ď:֙zik&j_ G8(IjJ4^ Z7Ⱞ=8IWRPI>5HۖJih;^ɞӀJ\ 'PNx3nP^;Bݎq UjifNyeJ2vrGJUQ,zb3S7y֬ؒ bR^NRSmS[Bہ|N8R)JR!ǟq2Y_TxA AvҨҩ7 ݲ%[@HIHXnJ=H#5$q-$Sw ߃Oq;ޏt1*}2̹\J8HGdxjH.g⢽ry/7v?89g`HdӤzT<}1w p`Zsdw3X/LC ݒiRyuM)$n3xܢ]#;)QBP+ФAW&qźMΘ[>ĵjA°vy86[-ѾP5 [0#RNz? Iv3 |I MKƏ5#R8@r('#{[d!nINNUd󚖥S}#WWR0ՃO}՟[-X)JR->Xd+X!Ϫ:(Bd$C ’u_9ՏKqm@rRsRwviB''\c &2>պkj!Iyk[*A8!AIkE+X54gә{K;²9dO3FDÕ nHpm$';rqҸطvIu㤆a8c '5 G-K;;H)*).(G!&dJKm6N@aPk CIuN:% J{0NU< sj仾2W-Sgk-[H''"F.:ae/y̧ܒyKp!}g:cWjm;Lڤ\;4KLWXmIgjć;O'INuf$L? hc8c1[vH` )2NNN dfeyLdGeN:n;W )uO4o8fڴn)-vIJJ1$xr=*:x) *+)JTv9m9bIMHҴKa6+Z{7 N~C[e졖CM a(BBRtSIn129mN=!>hیMlJL;{ N^ZR+#QV<:wKhuB}ԔSǦme;O) R0c$NNI$IFkN-S.[2 )eJ X Y8 RX-;ᩫc-1po 3${9/Ð(H.7(`s]Ϸ-Mٔ%K @JGw*ZH$=.鷕 k7%3lmm) %@miRR0]k]Z\i*\rmsӜSQ/3R]Q_d &IT[d[&iR\ݽ #r;A\l]u Jmۑ8I`gg/JRn0qeqJ)RHRNݮn6in 4NB{*P+䜐+^-kk6m@;cwu Dq5BXL?ڱ ~D% Vਅ-|Kl6&ل$/$ +>V)v;L2 AZ(W#'# z@niC|Vǿ R@gw^׎$ǑjL[4< 6 s էtY#ҢjB&:B6BH<=C\*:n/ȐjlRlڒ9RO<R}u5jqu=?"$8NF8YZiCL@ J0@+:R)JRIؗ&CrJr[pp!]RX]A|j-\I @Fgu\1 vRk=$H'O"B$еÔĄ!eT:q\R5y/ݡ[)t-GPPQuUSm8 [ty' ;93UYSPc+R;D䑜`T)JRK|و$}n*)_?aU?{?:ZRPn1z\ӳjC'~!'oxW#Zv!"-2Jʔ%ŠPݠ 8TFǞi U_ '<@ו 4!P6-l%DrIb/v,PCJA$$Eg-R&|J$GqoHʶvq)u;.5~T:kt6n$B̾ښXF W4!&Cr#N4AJ]A1*#:ժt}[[#-T{N/xRp@8ugnގgT7 W#rr= Kgpڬ$_{`7Vt)ne{hj;Q_E;R 3v[5#% IZ \ؤT72FFx$Ti66:orX|CeY$ gһm2כǡaR)k2VHKdy$ VTz%>ْ̆}%\C[T@°95! 3n[f+<67+џ^*,p< s\Q2TAFhRRv)uB7$!*H+rzU)JR)TkfZTd[  NvXbuwm$^=c0:W*wZ\KNaJRZRHjUX,0 ] :q  pyHl!8O5Jv?*Up)J X4YտآՂ+溄F:n!EޭsbBY_- 9g|))YNGS3v.]@z- R-sgu{z;5]R¸9'lj7N㶐׎ԑ&Z}6Ge%ЀJ|vsQ뱏gR6ڄ=-RJՒG2t퐂 A Ts Ʀ1",3(ճ-%6Hs(elnrs-<т %cG>&ϴŚ4"\RTؓq $ex=*B-=e6#iѷc 'AQ<)[)&%֗:; BTmR{#W'%<[lp6!KRRvx$, qߔ6K *+ *kyxmhNH%{G+P$@89vlCW@Qur8ݿ8H>5Xwo.Gy,Dv++}Ws ;BSsqϝje3뜥[jK5 [R3Y%I1l< z,mqա.%n,qVI޺Gk1;vEnN-C %Y<w yJwK6#}9L/ݣw] rzW+%i0EąKQ#?JR)JR <joj Xۡx(7xp%# hH$}9ICPRw )# W"4g6W[E„30I#hȪ웗8w-49I!ե9J$+pT`fӒC),ra HyCzzVlyL~.k聾+jVA8O%k#-,\ྉwk q6IgJQXBBX)*nӑǚ,1ތ৅;O ҰS ?qu(R:lm$s %)۪SRTsjII$gU$*gcүW R0ՃO}՟[-X)JR_Uqg\^٣7*o\f># dz|*>-rKq,2- P e;Wdqݔe7!R &B2)JH@T88+u]xsK)(e  Vo =[\ uM))QNY/IӘR-uvҤz8MLʿ^ZqLP3]=**>?T! @MWY8 BD'HB[KiP_jg \c\V谗&Z4-2'(:R6Fя '?)JԥD]I`%Ky>U9d P=j)2ye*TS qMV@SwmN[$ TJ J0@Y㚵Hz]CҫPp-{_?ǯnV)%%wnˉI8 -)5*$>u(%TKNyWu[,"ۼɦSqC{a|=@*G&S&۵ 5vJJ~j#[ěsqt$B7`$q u.M2٣?=J0Gmגq>dO8եP]PJdI$`@S:VHKJ@$H4VwԬ FO'x^(38HqYC}-k!%G ݍ8bwTp,#$'$~nBuKյi[jmI>G AAR)JR.oI`aqO%IQ J8 t"aJ(n6eӋBTYJRH)%@g9g:E\]'Z#ŚH%gC+5μw٤d@ʻl{AYVኲ>%*ja1_XOy%$1C=k}͵Ib`4ӛԵd,mv}YVx m.tܝ8㚍 }Jiܩ*im{N7R1`AI6,A)_?aU?{?:ZRS}V"\cc5!mq!@ЏAL3pD7EyHڕo#PH8猊w!ܣ0/\!Kvx;8<2l2,gQ4eeTǎwm࣯s[ie(HJGi^@B8q622Ir= SϫG{_9_s)H9B @mIі* WrKK(u(;B;ymЕe%OϨT[SdQU-jIR)JR&1o+)+Y}BsQGKPdT\*g$dÉQNjsR͈,;q)yoS(J\wR6@"g%hqR!. n-[pv|%#$(8)$䊍]H؛ a 78ZPRQ Fq*{Qv]i. %-C*>)#')LPrptG엓Ӯ63MluĖ\Kwv6)xN?zv1ӣcAZҔ|T{QjJR󋎡|_ظ%,8RRWZ@e^\V)YIH7Y[،sX}ϲv!ajIPĂ:g]@[j z(Ug9+PKM.%Z?S J[p$TAO]T(-p0WU њ-%Lq.EA!i,΅jFBP>Pʭhɵ&rSi=zs#^Ij#^LuCqlP(APhlVF:Si}j1TP%C={)v,mˬE[pK*㯬Wo6w[n *3DhL[ M%2o+ QsjWh6w+cIΡҒWf:UNqɨg̊˭L\б -#$!K¿G$%]2DdmLv*4wޏy!J89ݵc<)P&.Gp55=aeJ+Z=]*ORqz0曨ho2RF^,kqc(>¬-3!;6YrKZ@Jw({>Uu:4$ze^c-Rc p3VRrNĸCY[g-8C~WC&NG=uJx1QF_" -1^pgz>i+մWGj<+e*kbA I#8$ KcfCj! @RpUݮ6۶!p.o-4qpK c@ %Hv3om6RU pLZsŗ}2ԓA$O'*#ەWI.RR&@GfvIO&JR)JR*3PTNPi;ڂ0x ewVWY ;Pj>n'3$\jbm&CakssA ( $VHV'l9 ;$NuCx*kjvxNi{4ⷒ8ǎ(p)52PT B @QL$ üa"ℹQ;)I[Do$@ 9K|^a桏c[H RW<Zl߫e)Qi% B8v[n 'f5lsa=l*rBKʏwRNp`-z ƞUg2)(K}Х>07duJZ&IS㼹d5-QX;sצmvD9Qa rK8+A@I'&Q XfI/hm)g*pўO mЈPڊ:Z`8[JR*tw;њZ 6[bd(r0$WMTR>T<$Ű(IeDQ]w]6 (1[uF{qFOʝQn6HtݍE9ƒO$N'VTpv@qӞǎ;-\2>x} >0prt/Lj;)+Zπ9x50qm͹Ǻ(#$Eۛ[{nQQ~J#6߹m >>|?O2vzI')c "EL'Cir|JU|}>zo12_\Ec xJ`wi@}xڔ)JRLrmabԈZ AgV2%M uXM٫j#RV};w%C[t(ŏxz"GB$%,d)(Psj&=F?K,6] ,iX?OU57-ҔTpKpK+ބBւRv;RqEj{ꙵ!]q) PR8=^99l1myl-;-XJy #`x )JT6dCbt8fkZ.ѐjf-S[w`"gaehR_3W}s"Cn-HHmvws9.N7)6]}x)QF;lMnK Ivģb$'$O$i)t9oHO $<ǟyzpݱ8)9LlG; ??'琧= <3ǎoQzS(@73c||)JR*bU벶y" qZa Jg¬z`@L52KHH;V@%J8< Wͯ$YPRAh(Gh)wpIc!Ζ`bL&vI ېTz#cY K%-%nKLFlNV2pAŢi0MCy>͑ɊR|T{QjJRP}u?[JU7QŽFp[GN\[L>-NpG3ڡX$KiK}XX9A G$Vx\Sp!5.B ;wBJF t!\*/йod$89%-m!KuNpn+}»iJR* D[NÖODaNޞyV=z;{qX

1qQmHHOnx=\N*ma@O  ~<6x`#_W_ʯOjHi1c;VA) ])JR)Jsc@p5!gLUI6g_{r3Փ'hYO`s2h]nlgm9pd69*>$ELW4w?5s6G&*JRSiﻚE)JUF?Rl.Yg11]XsqBNVy :˳ B[%!SEXuY`[j׽]KIR%o1 Q-D@ Hk[$ge2Gho{z\/$'8=r+>ǸSJ,%]qYیc&JR)J"+}4-- @HĒkeG_eiI J$d1\':Ή%6I#'tm1b+ HȐanCINݾprrk)ruJJCؗ8pGdIlM-c=J9s%nʑ!DJJS O$5ɩ ?2$weOC{ cQHR~]$x>y^cs|~)JR)JRxľ[RIR3χ>#A~KCtLYVJR@BA_{ R1d)Kz|Vһ=%J8;w8rx/ɵS2tM8өho;#g`q]̶LSm=ڤn Ow,c:b*Ιj=HPB8k6谚Rv PeӋh4,!#oI@WLx UXK6i Q+ksJpn'W5p)JR*)EzTƖҔչ-ju{3(gMJdži6[JCm!-{#n@ݳnŧ9'XJ}ƝtMtՊ+/u`w5gVbV R里 ;o)JR)JR)JRycOd5%I BC YE(3zNII$[.!HZBBG6\HYHIPt''k*e=lvyلz[)JR)\0juPX^XiO:5Hi:3YΡϕ A+qKVK-'=6NcXl4Zhje*NٕJpNy眜1JW4w?5֚'MXJR~V =sV~uo(`)JZ>|z)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR|FMO3J-y-<ڒ%Ow8 s+qpaHm FzP8 pkown)¤ > }?\woӿ?Λ%)JW_Ojέ)U ެصʎ4ٕT~kWt:k+gMw׾k lYAZφ9yOSg_(j;j,3?/\?(f4ڽfS|+O+W;?)`xkݾR㴟TV>S|?$uS?|̑[?Ub@c?8 '%Ix$MͷKN% ?N?$׿S;P=#=e쇔o4.WXpyV2=W5]|{7ΪCoU]l_^'iU^*H^UﳚE@SC}CA?%UX- ^Ө5 ЬNhY G|tOlzA}0Xe֠G^},}?^O?-^>NU_|L/êhwE?>ugҬ'/toLOQWۅR@0M.Me Ԥeg&w c'kێ`^=_}@_?CL]{Lt;TJ@%lc$S6 fjLx dAR0ՃO}՟[-X)JRd\f8T ?~|1&B=ӌ-\sDJC`p$, c?g$٤'CRnP/8'h<<1;ۑsm<.$AOٞ}Hci}7'HZL6IZT(`^z3*JRY.fևBqڴ8>9fNd=T#%.@vVi׼ypqϑF y!<FBx}BOGrMrZH3^VdLj4I* >H u[n,ԩ"*gRf+ ֥iJR`Fc҅H!Ty'p8XoX\ 댖aK+zećpTPAr=jWQ(:fSy<-? {uGk[e=GPzTVŽԦ_HA)$qG)<(ںqmL=۪SͥH+mJ`tך)6hѮ-Pl.>^@s12w&K%aCA;Cm r8F*ývlpaI5)JR|T{QjJRZ=h&lہNzǣJث(AI|~xeNn5^zgP[uJ2TN8 *$)J2R(!~5ǓX]EˬKP.!%J r堜W|di [FG$$d o%% UZiJRw汩%n!Қanqyዲf8`v%D8R|}URx r68oBsǎsTh6L:(`t<5g"i49,[q I$x拸=(-oA=BI%vSKC uNC#x-kTtun!Uq \[[{P=ϫ3Xݮ^}"͔:<@\Y8ܒ `X3t7Wp@D R{Bo+{23sֻq۶m[䛛op>` bH5úuB[⃧&CZH.-Ν@#V;~mۧ*=mAZ'8NZ{E&{RRT\RAWh֫u+Im+'Pe{UV価`F\l[O]{D@e9+ ZtA6]TgZxRRT#ڐG٩mL=1l5-]B;Ԅ${IZGYCnܜ}_O>׶-&ѩ߼ȼ.oh!Rq+䕨qJR1^acb`?6áa(.BW&9Sљ# \ec1qĩ%]Џ&3󗕾ۍB˪w0G{y0klf$ۯPl* c!$|5JR+/u`w5gVbV RMUa^M+KĭֻD=@=sq9i+풍P[yK\I)#i;00x ͽ'wjԤj)&+n%CK8q$֕p*D+yдm vs]*3چ[RZ7'q RTN7a<2s旼&qK bJsrJT Ǫ}莮YKy*oFq y'ikG!̐;S2;UFtu_G v`h[XݽRg2\iRTqFy1e&qۚ*Z1vsnF0}x?gԖ .rbr;%INAJ԰I O'=tt{0..22rzVzoOWC"|^ehp V PR@2< `iJR)JR)JR)JR)JR)J X4YտآՂ)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR+/u`w5gVbV R)JR)JVRZOk,V @8ZX"]4㌬%AD`{86\>\fWT%; $Eh:r$s%n&36 ='pwNHzԷ_ҤI%;r(VI`gSwc!\_f;>wL8<7AlˇBfHQI9V8HPmƖwc;Fq-j;C46ky-B*P  ]f!A lvA)$(y) Zgql8’S Oy<23n2u+pN>W6ETJh*”RPA5o2r[Ts(,:0Y˟yVԖGBtT I(cI?􇦻#χ-E12c +jz0})JR)JR)JR0ՃO}՟[-X)JR)JR)\QLiAҏy(qH:vA jV]QTh[aO,lQR@H$Ӛ.€#=D[{Ah\Oh-8Jd İnt}1JލgaV s#*Ru%KQdž1Y!Ò(- A#֗4UCXBS[RvC>t)+e㺇e%$c"giK]beC 6_hF{O +ߠ2 :%%ݝ$ֽSB^eEhi ZR A+#V::iRvPPQfxGz¦ce1 3ع!8RTp I>erqTaTuTJHـ;1]Ӑq8[߃4IqAj2v]VW8Tڶ( jR N+k: ~]최y(RIT@JB{c$'Z= mI.%~w NTg%@#6Tt)NnBCA%+-lI'$]}'qDoYC+oyeùAU8eǭ9<ĴՆ;֬?/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GK{RԼg맵/(@GMͳY9o٩J Ǣ6v^+`Dd'   S A  Ìwalm_01_img0065(Courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).) R^SuTrh}^w F^SuTrh}JFIFHH4Taken from:001-01, page 89Extracted on 04/11/2003C    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342 Y_ !1A"Qaq#257UWuBR$36Cbrst%4Sc'Td&D?zK--$3+M;5M.CZsJö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?Ru=aiOX|;co'SIö?RkްB덎~\oH{nq]WOY= X?o Ht_>i?d*`DDDDDDDE)G-GU7;;,k&ANowaqÁ9VH(feM3t57Hk $ /1j'k+dK[UG#;g $.1QUkt7Ǐ,Fyg+Z]QW$DF06B᜗p!Gi}iPj"nc:>9x{2yV+p XgCFy2Ag'X}G_# 5ul2 pY찷HzJ}ktT^  q@#USTvFddA#=Fpւ|*} }ze.Dō1]1!W%<﫹D;:I@{I r u5Km]tϖnܩ'2H -In7s(owi 1:wB3fF{A# d- *^uUTՏh3x,42Z =՗JCMp&`pkZ'$8JؠԴ B"~;p/k]tk[btllAsZ1xxTu$4R7,],h.`8xvd%X#,112nV75cu_GHKi888bylUUhZKeI=i<+nUuVy#kZ];18Zit̚ES EYpODߞ)X 8[wnp*֪Z8(gkX\y0>?dj]d<3fdaI\_=Rzhjgm3}#s^[̴c#8#5Uee;d;3B̌:&vGf9SzY颉Ί ]+`9Φ6W6tG>ΉZYSYfibd>G4d1vKG%e_WY#i$u=+?ڱ|G#- 5e5U5E h,Ȍ@$ǸѐXؽnZn\plz6FHh8w FU`gFrk^[3sqq<żGkDDDDDDDEC}#]WOY= X?o Ht_>i?d*`DDDDE_[Z;d_+pcqZv- Ԙj:X O8ip.9Yxr {gkR)Nt8@qp c9R{7'|pTSO/C4 |nk8$qkpR(ڪ>I-6sи#pր2KI%Vx-qs^am+̔͏!wאs vG=dRVn@>758xa#7$5;;`sꄡczvn9$c9TH!{CFAad$pxhydP${ZƁI<"mYcZ&NeѐZ.8 -ZQO[sky<~ݾ]A9pkFApt!܏a*Ai:nlq/Bo`2Ige#pѹdg#F > F_mRAOhp#Kx̌)EDjfd],=%aaWu#fѷ9|´Ƭi+i}#nǒH扒7潧! }ƊJjkꢦ\2y*vu wPGb%?]wÌۖ;<{n4W8 5p_ÀeB4H [mk % ;2GzqXn8Z+쭊= Fk0 V-*ҚZEao-o=XSuOWY{PSEKq;ۧf  6LuTu}/_CdMqy8 8dZzIUGOU3GlUVt)DNhn2N'<8zDQ7kPQA]OP HtR+V(SW3[4: 4/%wr1קǮ[kl5Y4sZ .qܴELhALkN@ qR5#.O8(jn x0u؝|d *M/LMICl RN%tlHoqG*%S5j'r]3ecwqg$|UO-֮O4ՂvzMƈb8>B""""m'򬞅T:y_ ],a,x7| _o Z mԕ54&6\ILJnbosOB&s~a|>5Zݢtv#28b!3\d+^mDdF^SO $/6=GOj(d:oѴͯVe=;7CGMnS#/F#O#ra)R'mYo:iW@DtEٻ&ύ٫OQm΢J]G7`xKyߵ?Zbz>pA^.+>̚Zl=7FizN<{%EpլGuL\:imTa omezF]rةZݏn"3пwx.O5Ȃҕ&]urG˦qڱܯx1QI-Kb'Sok`2[$yğ53KWt!``+bR S٨4m@|h bXj#%/Z،唇-'7{C+؛GSc:`E#C${n]6{7ʘi Le+LxwQպ黄GfJGDÕMeziF) -x2;CY4ͱ9‚bCzWpcѷj˵)c 2o52?a\vaew6w&:FfPz2c{^Ljqp.GN؜Y]N 'w3})McU%ELk]VDypx d淤Jxs$t{>ٓɸ9e|~1i&V1Y dDŽcZ71ja{1qųdtK%Հ[ʮyZkǴjAmid{ih.S@%Ss nn}̍{WV W,i= ]rMfGP2Z4uY@6{Ղ^5nBRF's\yqq9enc5}Ԉwz^lc:2s Y^mZw*] [}oh-|{~|xEP.  ck/?ᖖ=;TIEu2HudqYӺG{~F@V -3[g]f6 w8qYh"n6z9c ~ ƺߎ;e{XZ^*(۷ZbicPRRx&3A>?mYGQsG@UCVOBVDDD_ NJ]ߧ 1wld'uLj PW]k+#u}5L&^XWTDDDU{F8jܧ`a,1F||x"(R3/C~7-M17}%WIPV΍Àh+"""".z }*UJGpG< h _k?T""(%՗LWtlhcHyoTku]=l rGoTDDDDDDDDDDE \GuvpIAR@"(KռBfnBDDDDEC}#]WOY= XWG<4Jyk\ iÀ<3#^[gEDQ=<ҫ#gd[*OܦhjbU@l{=@  DDDDDDDDDDDU+[^KTǖO/7?[QE^:V o 4 y?o Ht_>i?d*`DDDD^%Epqk\CZ\p<q'L)n)aC=>sr]x9953)4DED.tLO\ /?^-QeNH9gҹ:B˼r|T""""(%j)E+ϟw*I#Pj9Ǹ2 rJ69pkZ2\Nlkdx"VzMI [)}J8SG I"""""m'򬞅T?߽?׆P6o7>0ǁqjY<8: o$pdDT=ZV|xr*jGMA,nqty}WJt}4`4`~\O*]SATIQmoH$AW8`̸/`"""""jW?]-I<33َZN4K/#+-%;x^/-,t8e2U{٫ M5lKeG I`飁gDDDDEC}#]WOY= XW}#Ocl6P]~I >8w vFv]?{DXvm$coojsYG;@hĒxPxeDsxl>W#-,D:J]Vh8矙K,s).a9 vk85Σܳz*#SvTCsm"GIw'W%]8]<1зᅇh;7Y)J3MBjj&t]Gaow1Uh@je64Yrxg.AE%ikMl.)^\IԢ:G?:e'S(')!'2qY*LJKڨ{ئ>G>r~|vatT)qMr0n.<}* ٦}CX7޷g-kqҶk'Fp!#sA7h@8<}ΟC4 hA\{~~MKvKca,*g,>  yCإns1U[6gٰO,p{9vq`)DDDD\m7"5PUЪyo~띺 FI .\)a?{pt'm֩>E]Ɯ<́8@Wmr:6"[c7;7ªm1mognIggCw y{qi._]g'#ȩ[]4+<7{~}|y)148 }6x|}ˑR'кcs]:iQ3dkhz2$tW=VlyE5%qó>o >x"g??}k"(PHW9~wAEcZKe4p<k2$G.s%Ue;6oc/=_t<[22y\dGU<*\Cp@u_WֺJ-EDQKcέ J3E%L=+{A.йnci-$UI v5_i_.zJ(| ɼ@7>p:W?i@z`r8 1 ۲cxtՕ/6y]7i?7¹~呞= `g{D:}j֚ Yg-Y [eT$p`5ŠpyMU>iH>:a ^qtbD\!<hϏ2SkKywJXk 鋵lM;i"q;x:ކ?Fw4ʲzR"""'4EsX?7F7hM{r$7fͣw{a1[zRR-c*pl>B#7k$N>Hq>u.7-74CV'NAv+u^ЋGL{Q;MޤWILPL 0xZm& /u4 T[ <f1+=ܸ8M;}\TM }x A#H筂1EM; >8o~\ I>T9Drq8ݼ]k2;/\,%¦9R6z0wHr+(MeSԴM8GA3'[4MD:)n<,~t;Is?{;Uwe6]؜ӈ;^WTQIQ~BӃC||c%ɨ7qԓ$Ƴz-hC$p#:Hja;LÎm#!WnwPcGEt~[cS}O΍DKcp 'e88]?î(JܜƷ]Dn@N2dq-ݲTEOJ7Lf=H?R`A`mC7&c{3Nj ި= ?21o ̏miۻ-y^?6Jsdc&k^;y@<;|</q_Y4 s:5CKi:8xi`d04ކ?Fw4ʲzR"""""l?V*Vkvx9$iɎ?ܩ2ٕYHk[s>'*~MSiw=y*j:>u0#;s>~Sm/I[_QaiC%r\?b]F^ 5%ۧ,qfmF!.-%7n;=MWp[(!{1+胝1Koim0lQ)9y9y.G=O9s(~_n|9T>&t4u>s8ڪ1A꣢lq3vgF4@hsH-# VvwvqHG?jW =ڵnE@>/NteM  .yx'cjػt?tN rXva4lZ@?Khf}{DFeS A9T*8Ms&<01v|@5+OHGV=G-]U_gNM:H}ɂZ9 s`(W{<7f{\^,CNJ[38q?_kud) OGpº'wYz =HZр1W]҈hhZcsi &ކ?Fw4ʲzR""""N*}MJUO mLl;F5JΎF= 踁qu.SdS^CXʀC-o!dPdՔcP Jk*(efk8;σBX˲k[tߢmd-!qf4=c^Ө'ܩ)⨒J9M|o;{wWݨ5Vl׫4EN+*C89.po 7ZoZzΑ۫ e :S<#ctpc{XASqm__PV}S]J) ŕYWuudE5Qs w>@ fUB`k#]GGRUW`+kA!imA5\ԒDvN#F7ws99>HRHΖh _]e]Eme5CcoND[}}ZxWTX -p8y]m:Qܨk[p׾ ̿xv+QꈳYu6ӷ~,t%3RZLۤ_YNpa@ry,vut5GAMEֹǾ$+RmukMjY~ԚLձA#`[T ~.o|65 H< ͥڪk*)L, <:5]G^o\Q1 ݜߜ$.m.m>,4mD zl #Wm_:5U5SKC5tqp@y`׽\wjJf%CF$q桶UGq)i*7GP9yvq]Cg:t*nH0ch;JcWﴽ\Q8i„>ܙEC{:a$oyx8-DX5MOO\pt;379OKK4eH mA1Zh/=kpݺ؝xeش,1w9]kcoJ;O¸MD);UHgwiy.nI|=t}VAMi#=$d1Xi८9>ԿC.ꖍ`q Vnxg̥6`t7ї٥{rqcT-GzMI/KdEIA o1Ig^2W/D~Z$c ` *[HjL [d=ڽ‡`jjI%<0̹nUԴߞkr\\|6=ߨ&Ltu:F#pHMPh;Wݼ^a>q ^ezl5ƞ3d `8.6ɮsItO?1+Q6g):+~{7 C+h۝H7p{?ߜS!G z9.,%F3Žꕍi5|1,[A%jv7>{ِH*NӵGGMK-Q 7tҴ27lRۓi^[tNuHa" gM=i{}Խj_EJNd5wW9r̫:E +yqo? ;U 0[}?o?~khP@EDp6g;<%CJ^H*+Swpl iZzQUTf:6!I w~@x RUzo0FV'DɌr-_v{yφr{}QAتm: #Ⅼvk V?fe>o|̆tq-gUT8z^  VDDDD\m7"5PUЪ Vbi{!<*HZa{4xO/mU5S܏vsS~j(MSH2TW<ր?Y󮺸SwvZDpp_6zͦj( $7\f6?U3Xֈ ~# WG>SÅu~yL?\ki:I9၆GIl{|ʔ TC/=i걎8^!lӹۂeocǛ-eε=#ܒFQxa|| υ~xkis֩%y#ydҫ0o; d.Oz3&u}f:2Olaz~tI<7pʤ=M߼6[jvZrQLpl-л>%TͲp |<57 \9p?_uͪ.{,QQu u{, q K"eOS oFਚWl;AVcFI^ a oџ\5}â#οC~iYEC|c/uy'z.um+\\j' ڞLhfeB0:9ݓ-pԦnmplKiŧ? M"".z }*UJۑ8pђ|TPܩAe-qW췈kYCDR0sd <*mDލܹȘl&7}O{Տblk]7K$'ǀtRִ{-{/-nHhbyr8rZ:oMJ#gHlRO3#wxyZ_u-,t 8k)eqykxI/~7r\1lNߴhQQMuRm s\<i?d*`DDDDEvTSȢ3wR6lJ抨F?.N*Gc./-Oy(^׉!W#k$d-89^7d>+ESIߨxw8κBz=G7<Ocp]~{L:hƻϩ]E=E.ϕz ksA-8-{u{DT%oӒn֪g:.U ?T =$ q dw]U~|L4ܩqѣ:CwAӝ1co6Z i♅5RšV3q-$.|y)d\T5۾tq F".5{?W}SKWC@ 7IqVO;1`q互֭86s2aLppϋ -v lwGxu#>.$:LO#{g)픒6&7]R wK".CqީO Ŀzȵn~Vq%i|%f>6dDDDD\m7"5PUЪERmuVب'ywao־گU^aU:N$ B?Q[.ltsB1;{@>@(KU?g4;$Q4tQT[cAx;g$6=0墊0>egDPuUk;-~GKW@p>e8WP**qީF0lO o;8-.[s[iT}DT{mcH׽Ձџ&~xD\g4rk@ j ϶$ivMɶTrr,5J7@~>v]-Q E 1 OI6W}u$ uq+wfs3iBytU,s.&7$dMuxpuj܆muV{NOQյK""""m'򬞅Tt a㌛m9T""GUyܝ+%ekX1 ɺ"=hCf5w\9[5C˹zQnQ;*oStI28%qDTel=/J* i{y8⵴RТ\_6<ˡ*E[hg3>wE^3nKE.VZa40:v51g""""m'򬞅TGM)DQ+S,v \nm$ 'œ9 W]?#β.oh#e] >2{5Z;jm3cZmzvot@KKӌpRm=ƎJJH0GT\3DZ.<۵a';K9]uzDPn5w-au ZR`ԏNEGi>:6ǏL"""""m'򬞅T;$gʧ~;,u-go?qDDDDDE6%?1Z4m,:"K;Z١AN@pShfߩ5%HC$r79>G5yS_R2kѾGdzoEH2RFW4DDXjh?sw?"si+1}o#KF ކ?Fw4ʲzR""""!8PW3E:؎.9f+boh"""""""(͡i#|΋VCVLoaZJI W=,` u*K0P2ACLʏ[&V۞VDDDDD\m7"5PUЪzDDDDDEJ4u[,Fo$8k|+5 kpib")j`Xbhg8I beƊJRGS{d{Xd7?M™6۝!mS4ȑ q9$ft '%XQ9AJ ERG3K%6chw۞!XQsG@UCVOBVDDDDP7ʧ*Vjj9QsIa)бy9fvg!EKI gRzmӥ2%[#1 p0܌ĬQ\(m--KLfo Xc,.5o;!卣x㙏87/[UүM-t4ςұ56T"""".z }*UJCI!ڹRS,uZrO $Z)%~g}^[$FQ$7F< Nn;:F ~Gt1鳼%C⵵RIDkynnn<$,nsƋsִ l%skZBݥ5Cׂ-uC;Z#I_[:owyt{Ne;JAֆMV |w}i:j'I-ɎU7KZ xxB"i<,3;֊,9.p-;Nn.j>{sA-6\*+I;TV}LJt Ӿ6C=lm-дܰtNuF,G#Gڽ]i:fQ8;@C4~ᮐ;$nYCOv4k2584.I.-PB61rqb^ GO62.gzw4 C'}:L;~ ĚJI Cm$u8GZPOri(/7#`r"""".z }*UJT4]W/q&f! tҕBɫSWE(` g̲USnMWѹF=ω-tvukg\ u{hiv7ps-z-9C %|b 9YtN Ƿt#x0ɧrW>.wލ7`:nNj )a9$O7#=Ҷbyk]. zz %ww6Hy>G>9@(%a-.sdƌΗdKY(c!45y!8yɴx"ŕ |rbG 6v5j&*=$wG,O]!'ÒԇOVU3xFd$.t 0KAq޻OI< t2S1S&q%sIv0 IRW*CONc#^@ @i. '³"*mL>髺 @]4xgK0 =k=ר(٩6}[ԙQƘDlqhvr=!q<@`7i<^&@ƇǞd4'.5-Wo{iS\)Jyvͬf&WTH)I;_G%đg-XmEzMVG jC4@9HIpW/E=LRM]ypp8K #s Q.qWcVΡu3ynFTu K@^7oq.pǙnm5S$ET"'kqgیW4EUYܤ:<pn i8 =ڪS?Tj2SZWq9;;> mY w'I#)xb:V#;])Bgi[&FKdNp${9%Y[N֛I,sNBذ(vtrwq ͎S$ cpkmoe,|\zr N2s]7KSaBۻ 0nr2/Q\ɘn<9炣bp T6mR #v:6p=o4R=qQWPk l}$D|mnzv(kimoY/ow `DDDD\m7"5PUЪsG@UCVOBVDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEC}#]We~Eu_Y)#-qm? ;zw%?)Kh`Sܖ3ӹ-gOr[CN䶇?ޝm? ;zw%?)Kh`Sܖ3ӹ-gOr[CN䶇?ޝm? ;zw%?)Kh`Sܖ3ӹ-gOr[CN䶇?ޝm? ;zw%?)Kh`Sܖ3ӹ-gOr[CN䶇?ޝm? ;ܖ3ӹ-gOr[CN䶇?ޝm? ;zw%?)Kh`Sܖ3ӹ-gOr[CN䶇?ޝm? ;zw%?)Kh`Sܖ3ӹ-gOr[CN䶇?ޝm? ;zw%?)Kh`Sܖ3ӹ-gOr[CQ-Ggv?Xw8YŮq]AٜwDd8'   S A  îwalm_01_img0066(Courtesy of National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Climate Prediction Center.) R8vn}MtכRvy F vn}MtכRJFIFHH4Taken from:001-01, page 90Extracted on 04/11/2003C    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342 ZN!"1AQ#2au'57BUWfqRb$3CcDS%4r?RA-bߧap"X1oc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~O7toc~V)uTΩJ{{{[K+#L7p9=w:XSj=Y:喍}$:%W$ .H dSglK=2i^${I#ۼ n_R=xjpSwVKYNһdpGVf-5A9O0OO5sjZa?z(ݛc(ތUdqQsUPOW11\dryweo[YD18~s!q)ti0'ɀam2G2*)Tn-xK+DP ̌HppӾ[FӡNW!Gy9T(yOg$dKM^/n4Suy(eA=G T2FGOpÃsz==. rۑ8z\w<^j!;~n)ovpj76W8"<#:o*Nqr>Cۍg&m*JdٵKce$68_RzuF;k!w5IJ(+cn9;XgSVܙy#$‚}3\M;_d!s'R_LyO>kY$\$[VEo $ɯ ȳ[69@<^+u%|@u$7T,l8++ 8w5NѣlP0V =20^HPN=O5"wOKHP27djuFA- }Co2uJM3Folۏfk[Xi EFH[Akgx¸U7, !s]o:I{[\"h6r d >^GR&[nnr /'p3'fZhV{ԊE3Ffeʁ-&fuk{ncu!lgssefmz=O kVK4ە18<O$ef^YH`= ]une̷) lG <2e^'$—:W{]nZA34&cDW(s0C0y*ɴSM()d%F2y@'Ӛ7UP>DO#nV#0ی@w==dVGSg>^*J5Үd)$@$(X61s' R+;eI" J&q0s_gm&=ۉݷN6owǦ2۝WgM[vxkƑVaw$%*6+Q}x{xX7"̓I4wpiJ'_XjVz/54h2˜nR|=gӧugֱEkZ Ե-5 E x h !s0s$ZIKu#49Ϧq<Q)[Lw 4iv*h"p<S^fP¡"P)ʎ䛈'nW^nMBG9BI6 p6#q;ӗdux}E-&)f6ݞ̌*[t͓F+Aeڴ{}dO;NѲPZ4mǘnTgzkL#xy{xD̽;vBg{>dחqʒ@#{v p39WtΩ,Hk;ggҫ"7GO !j%Ie\wo!'A~}]8Jk$iY& 0F;wGFۻmbgX+"L#uxU F>AQ6v=5scgg+A34<6 ӑYk-rX ̊ u%p'|0?8+ͬ CqLfZYBw1)g +x]MO}T{G(ȽB+;{^^6%us$Hq9QqAk {ZC"!2#sPqp P,eQ,Z+//4aJ{a`cѱ^$īxiV028UnǦ}gsW#Om#ۡ,ZP{Ab @WҮm2%&gTwg\r0J7zdkŧNi'iVi%R)d% WVJo`V;#64af5b=K[Kr+ˎb @c{eA <$56nHuO)i q&t+؄o #lmr1;GJ}\=ЍGw 2PEFO4TIn[InSC *ʪqQ'>4G.㑞9ڋ.Q!b^=97rbGv<)pU ϣKr]-3YAqno'6.͂G쌃-#@´ n}2 zdry:-Oބ[wa iܐ%mC(ڛ,'>!hwT3wbQPS7"\^\[0odcp *Y$b-Ӏd<)Dl`d{N阵7 ^Ms9d{sa#PH9>F2zPg8l-rcۡa ipxY> {& ǞYS9'v$w^;֢=Lwp#@'Ӛ,TVWqOoe>;YT3lx49ߖܺywnQ;rNTT[]OMӟE-FBr{b`zǡ6Fۈ} ;cɨ˪[K<PYly08zn ^>ZmQߣ8mK5]WEi`Hc Gi:nCڹZ4KےbtP@ڌAnlv@a$I|dx?5R#.Y3Y nqϷ nHxzdB1"!o 3n-im=Ё¹S/ =@z׉:T:ʓ]i6l mnn_^+C[AcWX$E[8 cq1`bR|=gӧugֱEkZ $4s/ k-mʼ rԀOiW EZo& m? 8$˹W9VF4%;;M8G' 886Ԣ)mdU$psp}hlp 9?LK{s ӼRe̊D#Î=Crpjn9sl,wǕAos6[>j+ۺQpguWne~qϩ΂J&֜n9N=@ispD1 Bгrj,syS#}4=$OPw6f psic?Oͥ\ߔh{`;Cq,d ي}/N%fC ;.eh㟜 qJ5ٱVͭ1 z1#qw\Y^2JU%z!9th yBC";(ihѸ9Fcj)p/q{!+m97o ü%9ѕidbr7&YqǠV ra{[*4* rźWQb985˽zNFM#2Rۃ}2 z8׫EkimI#9J>p"ݲ)BXTefn*<(K  =%j]ܷegU;wzMEz^_ 5xHv襐.F2 ,]ꚗNMu]߰2c UP>LW/d[k1?~6sTGq;K E,D\E嗝r23Z%MCq)^{rc2HCoCE4sc JQ#8\r_7+#m֮;u][G4K!HƔ5YuYyR_ܒVI r#90c&\tѯI-$C1*Đ+#ٰ[8'8=Mo\o=fi"DpcU829#kNJĻvfK߽#3&b˒8-$Υeu FiBMAbnpט5~&Pgp W|#)#[GQQ%Ċ9ωu9`Ñ`TއjQڬJ`Gyb14[0x 5Qk3u֞ )e;g!D>S[ ԙgPib%&Gi\>xJt[IH6G`ՕwcܬwF['IԻVK{2`M$(ge $Xp~nV[qA)D3mTh3#9ϰRA vQWhXM {m0h[[[Egi lX\@ҳ|=gӧugֱEkZ DzcQLQ1yB[0TE!W63E5nq,<Έ+BW$s=¸Jմ ,FNđ *#<8Gc7E (@ݝqŃ)j=Ge,ΪX`sjF?L\}ke27E[i;#KL@7!~B~h so8k8 yfehH#>Q =ũ B@a-yb+W]tjix{{*IJ aw xǸzzl͵ĢIre Ų8Px<5+>%!2LӠe!27-yCᰋP+5ټ#xim*9cw&HdK٤cfl c[)MָUf#.N> \Zӥf8byHn;#<ƞ}'bʋ. n<1,ykmEPWœmPI-#-p^I907Gܧb-cY#װzm$1 0ڽ'GF<޼zZhͻ:$%MCuY}T{xqէkEŊV7ET*~]'2͖Fd7]2޸qN= >wH[*=j93×C)>kՄe,7{YUg)u-7yBC` pDm*Gۓ Jc,MKo !lzf8Z$L|^Gi #Oّӧo< n]eßv^10Y1j!E{亝b$I }&䱸i㶍7Js"#W-vK$5Xzr M4˒ ۛ͒?\9lfUc)$(g,a\l\2 ?Ox{!ү$8#kr ~c8rtkk[+ YPIćH *q'EdmwD+IHޞ^jM^ay+_+ʡ0oH,p oF?ASUt#mrD\d8Vy:k״̫;eC[?UY++e` E}YtﻝYZւu k%m7 Pi<zqUF˧-$RPҹHv9.q}wF4HlX$O0@.ucv&TY#FFY!T8ǘˎPzBbDY 6I,L0J 'l/A#ri+ϧiZ5~Z0eV"ϸpH|(H!y#{F 3ç(ux!s0d`sKHFs}q^$cVead:dI#8\g2/tzB*xBӫn˜K qErn/+WKQ4I#{̠8(GޗZE\ݴeOĝͬF+^s}E=Ֆ=:;H =#V!F`gd vIϧu{ul =<$ C8Zi)ow"9yDxϦ7~7pp=tۛۙ T&xԈ?f@00N 9a#P'lM9oz0-ű-)2\ ̎1mӚ6 ѭSD`ҳ$j<.ZL$`6} N]V2G i䑀>sA# x-t׷^eymK*cc$m͙EĽ0 D;w$k% kl4iгFa;E>s=bKwi%U)Ljdcv͚DPԡW$7cIݸ1kNhZLq[!F*U_`x!T{O5.c7WrwagdllD9o6Lo]^Dp7 ){r83p&#4;8jr8~cn. QLWH;`NN*^[sq"mV45Wp2}ry Clok/mزU#킾\gg7K6yL9p9f8g?'k9F @ sߓW3N4Gڨ/,j}bOVIR${c P=~P}첉ZwrA#Wdgq_g;gt`[pޛ0FXUͥH01TwYtﻝYZւnnvB@ v GZZN'^4woPCy8Nd}%e<]0BNNaSGO6s51f/ K/ >KkwfX0cH(%@E8Ϩ#\tNwaqgu$ϝmb>ppaO\s6M4ؘ a7)zD N}0UQ>QPsoѶpAg>x+$i &?#2%$,(<8Z#{1]ZQ{f S˱JT߰ͩ,OƯwabMZT)YgR+Fϟ/91x$f&[tvi'~ fc\]8IXo#h/*D(c^>*kha4pz3lUݺ&' ¾+Ryn@{1}}DXm|d\\,i?m%v}jd1i4c=ʲ]p EnWxf1kmmq]]xr;J0$=-iOmYDx,P. 8W5mYmsuvϽwI_*1q\GM:vf±bb z+B'9>]GfT*1s *  D$F% "?7ԪQrt_C<)})kex.2bN tv8'ܑ5 tuA{#:#cH;1mq-ĉeʲp(aqEV5gtk]/i..f8UfR1FsɍsfvWm+,<0Tݜ ʜ`w|2리nn[k{O# ns>CV ݷwe#$mʧ.I,6sW^1j- *U'>abIZwdW QrLR)JRgzVͻO}ϭcִ)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)Y?Unw:X)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JV~Uaۺtά?kAJR+kWoi ibZT0&*К-z.m}TH۸(RgzRKղCOuXՊl0K"xnxcirD j"v3pݒNv?UI.kr[˹#H $1e_ S)_$$ףL}`O&(o!C_R [T1%ŔSmWH!&8˻%0vҔu}ϲ o ݇f>د5{?d9ͻ6+?c^/>"7{;;sW)JR>}sQBSm&ڪ5@$vHT[.}s\~ |bmQi-g8p3pW+sim$W܋5$#!FKzs_~u-}K<ӳĪgFȒ`ZD~:R:Tueu k5J,\4r@`a,6  _A̷U2&H Fr M)U}K*bd<};_j?I~0 ?y|x|>s wwg>lW#~.^|Ego;vwo緳y+?g~m:{V}kV-SWRmhvw]#7>F2ch.R*Lt6`+mղ"k #UG=*>{ƛx>{ƛx>{ƛx>{ƛ$Y M,Ah 36({Uz%dt%ea]s^X~=cMU<X~=cMU<X~=cMU<X~=cMU<X~=cMUretKfN[#kǺiʧǺiʧǺiʧǺiʧǺiʯ2AՐ F3h_!!IXGM"VVE54S4S4S4S4W&^Knq":L{Y>u$wOj384"v g`9wqY[ 9T@!y ^ké5:z&FIK r~ooooo4u24rOM#w+ir09+Oa>?*?*?*?*?*?*:i qu/Ne*L 1⽙dWot?Ot?Ot?Ot?Ot?\揪'E³p}}p3끚JR[%Ի@m"ɼKF1ɐs@GJRjV]Y4p0}}kݒOf% $ g5"*K;w۔Ey;hc >mYRW74º%2mxcLfԥ)Ph%d(Ő;Nx(#9it @30=8A.+5y^]ú״Nո*H' 㟔-)JUfdY" A)cϸk:B WM$HZFn5eJR;|kVqRG!PY };VOTЯfIq cb #hV3Ik62"L Cs'}aJcsOm8#v n5)YүumA+ʊ)?#" e7 Wp/]4"+i#Օ)JW-:杯^],q[䭡s2GsA)JR}s:LJLqdg/i<jBѭ}@X" F[<ŎF>eJR h ac#6ZZVOTЯfIq cb #hV3\R]JKxTYbH3nPYp|)Ju{hv ^TPII-oRiJR"NKXdlMUHWt^/!Rv2<2FЬ21gZhڇJ!dԼcMu^t&]%p8Y3뗂4מ5}Zgo*b^~PMN)Q E4۫'8K^&?C?'R{( c /rtR8ۑn?UX6=s>+ZU,4፫e"Wa$y$R2=[{MI)J5)Lo.}? ! ؓ'w5̬ڐkTHS(U*$p e6ދS%$aQ(Q(oBcq[JR 1Hh6mFIbɕVJҭnn峞Xդ\nF#pOzJR֛]|ui,_$ms={kiJRSԑˢHsJbhZ3r%C ۜ]9%@dYgY!sSJRj)8wX{LARq۸yJ?wN՟Zh*\[ fղ+0<ɒ )`b3T]uwhƫ"L;6`m<k_鶲I#BId$ N "ҔZiDM,ٸoێsv1}9ZaNܪ\ۓ;9t)UGSùo F%c-?y1jޔ*fl!!x;n݌sNk֘AӢ**$6vyj])JU$MvGrW. pdl^/~ǡU+'G1s+6# Trʉ2Ĝ)9Aq[mA}V9` 1n$98ҔRjOp[cȞBαvvW(X_pSxz)Jƻ6ag{ybnڬ3;Ϩ8]ҔT$w.ҭؚPC{6ݼ(W3^JR:q͘Y*Ge؛ s1Wt)U=I$4v&11"T8? ͹CYt 6Kf{XA:1A>5>+5iSXsj;=gzVͻO}ϭcִC- xcjHǘIAd 1oxi_15LwS(IF  N3Z)mɮCͼfNn35.b: ZE#'vNb#ܻN=~?Zm.FbYXλcI85cJR^o)Fl>AG+)JVOFmbnb`? >@ւ/mԭ@ͺB2s0rH8sVT)Xp5}# GHԆ*#W╓#T_湕R j*xe \DbNQ,R5kM7ɟcmJR]mMtxfҼY^F[]ř;20P\sҔ+5N;eFvUQ9B~+KJRS1jvE;!(r8f3DD l,X"`O3,@$ֻҔam^iɽs0>~V8e}gzVͻO}ϭcִC- xcjHǘIAd 1[hdfVHrPLNfF IhvݛhpFᓃZJR}r5msvYx4kon mlF9)J^^/tbX ĮGlv֖*_G)ey$HA?Z.I.&uHK,+ x u)JV:ᑯƑpG>ycW[V~Uaۺtά?kAT:H+sjʆȒ0/k8TA}3L'6ج;{=O>bygHceǘ&Ҕ~k4yAIqZE_o鯺 jB^$K$wQ#*R{mv:{Q(Pq [o\@qǩΖ*_ FGtEn@ Wk~ڦI)]HAǸ*ʔ+5]CˋY<4{BcgdM[U&EB+t+ljK>d}GjqIT>!Kxd5)JzkְVBSIv$xFwc,?NG)JVkGo:{+w2 س,h2+'EiiJRZ^@Wlx v[;x"a]xXKӴzJRKX...cx,-eђ6c IMJ?wN՟Zh*[ nmZBPFc'<*uZ]?Wxg"Y>dW$88)JUf5\oT0 _x5C:޴SqkA6<{SJR_eo ˛YnvDm'YtﻝYZւuKKVդ- $a_;rqnDr]Zv1*w#Ubǀ [[C!"I)w5WjRYy#XH#i"7  H5AmSHK$d $`eJRomOb% $ p ?9ҔVk^AH*M}oT"Y%+B(8YRf}V˨`9qk'h@|Lrs8bjȽHEneuCrZBr̓E׵)/7de<$U2**W>]>RfUѴxoll@!sgZZRf}Vgz" 2ƃ zV+ֽChzV L@qnYH}YZ.Ȳw$qϯ]JR=1zޣSY]GI0;S~oV?UX6=s>+ZU{iv)cڴ$6 AnN2yU=w2BkP0vH6=Oiu-O3 .P {sV*_ FGtEn@ Wk~ڦI)]HAǸ*ʔ+5yuݎŅJ6H,s)JγhrP +!$qcUփusy[\]$, 2n O8EYRboTꁦ[WGmOn9T##ϯem)Y=SVmE {z")x䴄/kƥc9m%ԌPٙG##vϭkJR޿:Ev]29;>m]xXKӴzJRjۥ}F;NVg\.$c$ =@rl^})JγhrP +!$qcU4:5×hV%@{SJR7^G+F\x9[V~Uaۺtά?kATygxᕭ̢B"*`rVZuTxǟnBdVU߹2ҔV{:fbN,%Nqo8Ǧ}eJ_-#(d2D-RS%PO`\ NK-@$y"[e\Op09U)JV*~AxQ!Il'V9=KӵM[Odt *U)Jߝ/K1p2<'X~Ug_gh[oeaNF03kJR[շ}9[ASG8Vhw?cQg3Oird>WzROOɧ[D'm@0N6̹8S}mY?Unw:XQk.b|3Zw%9` WsU6ԝ-{u4.E$9* rGֲKeUV GJRidX@$`ǽ#!Y)#+ޕ%|F$ >lQLI\$)YCg]Y:Ie~=I뻍-)JVwt gmwYZޮ$ {k9Mh_Kq"6;y[R~}\js}iU1+:z[uу#Uz4bI4bA.lw0ۼ"ܧ_MadO +#H0 AsҔ+ 믦z}7xw1A$JL@{+ij5}q!Ǵ@#ڔsn巸9 I]H#VC5udY+)*\0AΔ+#:\gx ę"bϦőħZ-&[&`K952+Ho:k3۴yY&b]0%<[V~Uaۺtά?kATZ˭ض ֬bFXC,(~ {,>#oXԶ A5.l-FVI"WVU* y5ޔgzP:gNKpvqeMk@ɗߊӚڶ" #hS U)JVAxo4]{.g}NVIN=p})J&ij9dPL*.G*W#ҭz.KycHp8Z%P|x#9JRs 8"G~4N=C#s'9M+'jSF/J)i $'s | *i|7@ײ#28Bpv4)YMTi$x0UVBr6 )Jh&qklpLF&R}gΞ+':k Kw+O%T>74sYv%uH FTc:+ c:uiY'LH?8DZ}ZLR|=gӧugֱEkZ .]nŷgFfKw5`ra@橭uH'Ӵ▰4=hLH!W1 +cj-!V8cPbS@Ҕd+X.ڊtܥ>W "9;s$%6#q I*R^&6dQEws;dg8;UNs4)UI emwq 0lJz]K *;V5vvUy@ R֯~d6dsZbQ!~+KJꚔы$ҭZjCkItŸ+n>cv.#m"VibmEh`|V”+DMս}ʚ=VSpG1/A=wv3wWR֏b|N#bYA}giJRzU ᳶky`Yo7udJci #.F9]N)J헬m4ɴffYNA`%oNsJR]^;IڋǶsP1E{&Ni Pۉ%DX#?Rdk#Giy[+H"9I^QsxNԵ8MDi܀m^NX}c T{McL='Lgg'lV”*R{Y5}!1D9##U:Ȋ*rJRAvz& Ȓ('3;ҧ֯JR5A4!d[HEAsiP2=kɢؽv5f8#,Ka@ ǧRPEiEĒMr0ai2xۀ=~gzVͻO}ϭcִEv#FZ#.=;Y϶J;C'oN݌se;FkYMmqـ-dA^}cJR:UF(T9R hү$UKOmqVsS_ym}sJR:Jzł[^iݲu``87%0}O>cuJRzkY*C[!ϯ:n[)t+sV%bI{2w`y qVԥ)Xqi6WM28.幑PY|䢍}'qJꚥ 5ԄRgxb- |X5M:ig3TxehɹLe1.[RUZ ebnXMs\#UÑ)JV?Am/V-+xm'-`%rҶ)Y sb4NLA#\VNN[/-'FdJ)Q^M3 ȱ!s1YYҵblOcu"xvnp־?UX6=s>+ZU{o ؎[YAj&Jdf>>ګN3odTx"eb\ۖEi"Hq<ș*03t+/ڥExG96 OjϦ岗C6 p 4'v Lխ)JVNtFi7"f;,OOp)J,H[?ICr{Aݲ7O}2#l-g mF(?H\JRB,,궖9 s5ɝ |(=q5}Jꚥ 5ԄRgxb- |X5ZQDS;̅K_=H?( mJR7JifW'7pO gc l;#&zFAt)X{68xZy_3m7vN=#)Jjmk_ 2;LƭyX[41R$¶r#8q*v=> i;}z08}JRC'A=ʹ1i *N AYߓZ)JI`myfDI$5޹ٟC:lpX*$14l唜A'SJRKYzq Qw;\ZB fY=STA~fq:S,Ea6+栦A-bg&S| pgm'5)JΝ+M^X`&iIx1<0\{3rM[iVzU\1Cbe"\.qS)JRt+ (nmē"ʳ<&T @*\+m\ɵnRGHZ<70J5у)WJRe)K0L-y I >Vwj敟?UX6=s>+ZU>w%pIu%*ZHC }9PGKk#I,P>iq kAm:]ZqvJ`ZR]ZYG$˴:`H9#]t ,Z#,1$`;$$NH'$&RemwEյZ_Q)| JHej)JRNLN˽B6F0+ z_ZlrDگŹ@@FҔe-vgoJ45h,7v9jiYCP[/F'Ydmywx s\cѼ] K+hC9v)ZR}VKypQyAP !,lmt,H-AQ UTRZL_O!N\I5kJRQ_cRYaX݂2`X*/l0xE  ֻRTۥ޳% #ܫp[䝔l(lnJH[R|=gӧugֱEkZ ko;L&Հ%Fܯ$j1@;5VaNenu^ qj4ص-&#CsLEYAÃRJU?R:nD0;Js0{D~tY4֨$=FI)JRv:7O]=[37}Qq#>Nʨ큞HRSu5-WgV̪;e*$eKmKѬ 4{KneAe?99>JRmKR5$v=;H`T8P[@ !@q$y5걚KD IU7obH9ntciдq<UEDN y)JU6]nǥ] W-r%e J{A8OkK> VXu'$FqŅE < Ҕgz[ =oنfKJJ^EܩdqDXQ*(UF^JW ۤVXXKlYM i9G1$y/'$264)UmDh Q0##vGz*ʔ+ˢȌ+ }NӴ&Beq q JD۝-j)JR)J?wN՟Zh*X]>I2*IPaL&P,nyϗ7)P5-"ҦfJ* mk!} tӄKd)#p6x*])JVJAԖ5M@9|VK$H'ch$G;8lm+'w^ +^4%!PݾShI۴M{E- B\Cj8lċ2zb3ZR)JR)JR)JR?UX6=s>+ZU݉e+ iw#*F! [EW%la)9uU)JViDVnV2H(H6!L?j|mC0?oa~So߄?ɇOڟ~&>6!L?j|mC0?oa~So߄?ɇOڟ~&>6!L?j|mC0?oa~So߄?ɇOڟ~&>6!L?j|mC0?oa~So߄?ɇOڟ~&>6!L?j|mC0?oa~So߄?ɇOڟ~&>6!L?j|mC0?oa~So߄?ɇOڟ~&>6!L?j|mC0?oa~So߄?ɇOڟ~&>6!L?j|mC0?oäߨWյ ݴ/s6Sj)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JR)JRi$$If!vh5"#v":V 46,534p f$$If!vh5"#v":V 6,534p >$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd~$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kdX$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kdţ$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd2$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd $$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kdy$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kdS$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd-$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kdt$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kdN$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd($$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kdo$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kdI$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd#$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apd>$$If!v h5c5k5555T5k55 5 #vc#vk#v#v#v#vT#vk#v#v #v :V 6, 5 34pd+kd$$If 66 5 443!6((((34apdD@D NormalCJ_HaJmH nHsH tHR`R "d Heading 1dd@&[$\$5CJ0KH$\aJ0N`"N "d Heading 2dd@&[$\$5CJ$\aJ$N`2N "d Heading 3dd@&[$\$5CJ\aJN`RN "d Heading 5dd@&[$\$5CJ\aJDA@D Default Paragraph FontRi@R  Table Normal4 l4a (k@(No List4U`4 #X Hyperlink >*ph*W`* #XStrong5\o "dfnB^`"B "d Normal (Web)dd[$\$0o20 "dcapdd[$\$0a`A0 "d HTML Cite6]oQ "dd(y =>Qw[?= ,.19~==CCC>CCCD\DDEJEEF:FFKPUUVWWiXYbY+_se5hQh#jklloqhttlvxz}~Ҁ`=6܇y;O0 7@_yЕӗB'՜D1ħ߬GP°'n >,90HN5D\8Y$,s_"=:0)8Fb!Y>   E{O|,#O#$%'F,-244>79)>G>>ABDDF9GIJLLMPWP R|RRVX!YZZ[[\^\\\___________________________`` ```````!`$`'`*`0`4`7`:`=`>`D`G`K`O`R`X`[`^`a`d`e`k`n`q`u`y````````````````````````````````````aaa aaaaaa$a'a*a.a1a2a8aCCD\DDEJEE:FFKPUVWWiXoqhtlvxz}~D1__`>`e```` a2aYaaaaa!bJbqbbbbc:ccccccc du'vw'y*yO90O90O90O90O90M90` M90M90M90M90O90 O90O90O90 PO90 O90O90O90O90O90O90O90O90O90O90<>O90O90O90O90L>O90O90O90>O90O90O90O90O90 ,>O90 O90 O90@0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 @0 O90A O90AO90AO90G$.9EUp)ku>Mso;G <ZeijyjjBkkljll/mmm'uu'K/  j !*?F[:<=?bL6t$!j!y!"###u#~##3$7$$&%.%0%%%%&7&&&&O'''''''0(<(j(((()()~)))E**** +++~++,3-c-g---/111 3e3y33#4/4N4444i5v55L6[6888&;;;<h={=?J@T@CCCCCD DDODZD\DDDDDEE@EHEJEEE:FFFFHITIKKKM NMNnPPPRSWSUUUwVVV WWWWWWUXgXiXYYY\Y`YbY \"\e\ _)_+_b'bmbXeqefff.gVg^gysssxxy9zzzz*{>{°#%JL5(*68ZV[X[[\\wx~xxx%y(yXXXXXXXXXXCXCXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCCCCCCCCCXX~}\~~~|x|}\{{z\y\wuy\v\zwyx\\\\ ܀   ܁ \܂܃\܄\܅܌܆ ܉!"#܇$%&\'()\*܈+,\-܎.܍/0|PR1PR2PR3SR?KKOOvvnnhc u 1v==(>(>b>s>1?pABijjllSo u uuuu#uyyy{{{{5|||11͗ SSZ$ee,,>33>>| --VViirr33rr-F)xxT_<   6 #i '""J8J8S8GGGGGGGJJbK~K~KK LLLMMMMMMO.PoPoPxP~PQQQQQUUWWWYYYYYGZ`Z`Z!deeemmIp}t*y      !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345768:9;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIKJLMONPQRSTUVWXZY[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~11=GGUUSSzzrrnp { ?==->->o>~>?@ABCDEFGHIKJLMONPQRSTUVWXZY[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceType=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceNameB*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsState8*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCity9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace V_w>>?E>?Z<>?@?@aL 6 u? @ $!k!y!{!?"@""##v#~###5$7$9$$'%.%%%%%&7&9&&&&&''O'''''''1(<(?(j((((()()+)~))))E***** +++++++,,,4-c-d-g----....//.111122 3f3y3{33$4/414N44444j5v5x55M6[6]6778889::%;;;;<i=z=CCDDDEHEFFIIBININNSSWW%B%%%%%&#&U&Y&' 'u'y'(())* ***++,,z-~---,202C2G2O3S3q4u444441555=5A577k9o9::: :;;;;1>5>J>N>??AAXA\AAAAAABUBZBDDDD6E:EAEEEEEFFFF{GGGGGGhIlItIxIIIIIJJJJK"KKKrLvLLLLLLLLLMMdMhMMMMM NNOOOOPPPPR RRRRRRRT!TTTvUzUV V&V*V7W;WYY\\\\dd'e+eeeSkWkkkllooooppqqcsgsssssuu*ywZ<=b  ,,..1199<i=}===bIbhhyy>IE'l.08NB,q:<@#*,(1(FFLL}NNT TZ[[\\\ dd$r1r*y3333333333333333333333333333333333i==CJEUbYhtt°'5_ d*y'y*ybrucej62,tI#̮@^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(opp^p`CJOJQJo(@ @ ^@ `CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(PP^P`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(opp^p`CJOJQJo(@ @ ^@ `CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(PP^P`CJOJQJo(,t#3T) qk'qkhM) U? >%) c!qk149ZcnMHb"4WSxCX+o5r> GO*W"v"&HM>%kKYCu&k</d? (hMLE)>%GO*>%k</qk<1qk:$47`X+o5z_e U: BGO*swG+V&HM')XO<1lPMHb+Vqk"4Wqkg[@X:$4kKY) )5\)XOc\ d7`49Zcc!8\csi dU=kz_eqk f:$4si fU=kqkqkn{^xmCu&4PJn>%esswGWZay4PJnh| U:@W}v8\cQW#X !:q"di^\\\___________________________`` ```````!`$`'`*`0`4`7`:`=`>`D`G`K`O`R`X`[`^`a`d`e`k`n`q`u`y````````````````````````````````````aaa aaaaaa$a'a*a.a1a2a8a@w(y @ F @ @UnknownG:Ax Times New Roman5Symbol3& :Cx Arial;(SimSun[SO?5 :Cx Courier New;Wingdings"qh'cJ8@J8@!24hxhx3 H ?QW~Flowers are sprouting in January in New Hampshire, the Sierra Mountains in California are nearly snow-free, and lakes in much brucej62brucej62  Oh+'0 ,@LXh |   Flowers are sprouting in January in New Hampshire, the Sierra Mountains in California are nearly snow-free, and lakes in much low brucej62re rucrucNormal2 brucej62re 5ucMicrosoft Word 10.0@ @@.BЗJ8@՜.+,D՜.+,l hp  KSelfehxA Flowers are sprouting in January in New Hampshire, the Sierra Mountains in California are nearly snow-free, and lakes in much TitleZ 8@ _PID_HLINKSADZ;6 ;http://www.weatherexplained.com/Vol-1/El-Ni-o-La-Ni-a.htmlixzz1mtmuJetY;6;http://www.weatherexplained.com/Vol-1/El-Ni-o-La-Ni-a.htmlixzz1mtmuJetYIhttp://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/elninolanina.htm9http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/pluviallakes.htmpu7http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/glaciation.htmoo?http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/coriolis.htmShttp://weather.about.com/WHFhttp://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/p/layeratmosphere.htmpdhttp://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=BqT-KetxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC52OtooC5cvr6jrFw8zPiQHAixEQBRgFILyl9wEoCDgAUPDdv-j______wFg_fD_gNADoAG7l6LhA7IBE2dlb2dyYXBoeS5hYm91dC5jb23IAQHaATVodHRwOi8vZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbS9vZC9jbGltYXRlL2EvamV0c3RyZWFtLmh0bfgBAcACCagDAbgDAegDP-gD5gnoA78C6APTAegDrgH1AwAMAIT1AwAAABCIBgE&num=5&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_2PIaNAWJiKd4nmaGezwIvl0hMZTA&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.groupon.com/winnipeg/subscribe%3Futm_source%3DGoogle%26utm_medium%3Dpdhttp://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=BqT-KetxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC52OtooC5cvr6jrFw8zPiQHAixEQBRgFILyl9wEoCDgAUPDdv-j______wFg_fD_gNADoAG7l6LhA7IBE2dlb2dyYXBoeS5hYm91dC5jb23IAQHaATVodHRwOi8vZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbS9vZC9jbGltYXRlL2EvamV0c3RyZWFtLmh0bfgBAcACCagDAbgDAegDP-gD5gnoA78C6APTAegDrgH1AwAMAIT1AwAAABCIBgE&num=5&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_2PIaNAWJiKd4nmaGezwIvl0hMZTA&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.groupon.com/winnipeg/subscribe%3Futm_source%3DGoogle%26utm_medium%3DZhttp://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=Bhwa7etxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC8CniZQBoJTepBfi_q-qA-CYFxAEGAQgvKX3ASgIOABQ-bWwvvn_____AWD98P-A0AOgAeze1vgDsgETZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbcgBAdoBNWh0dHA6Ly9nZW9ncmFwaHkuYWJvdXQuY29tL29kL2NsaW1hdGUvYS9qZXRzdHJlYW0uaHRtgAIBqAMBuAMB6AM_6APmCegDvwLoA9MB6AOuAfUDAAwAhPUDAAAAEIgGAQ&num=4&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_0Jg1vdxb15lZdACRJLcMZpqKTyMQ&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.tripmama.com/travel/cheap-flights/hawaii-hnl.aspx%3Fcss%3D1%26tmaffiliateZhttp://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=Bhwa7etxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC8CniZQBoJTepBfi_q-qA-CYFxAEGAQgvKX3ASgIOABQ-bWwvvn_____AWD98P-A0AOgAeze1vgDsgETZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbcgBAdoBNWh0dHA6Ly9nZW9ncmFwaHkuYWJvdXQuY29tL29kL2NsaW1hdGUvYS9qZXRzdHJlYW0uaHRtgAIBqAMBuAMB6AM_6APmCegDvwLoA9MB6AOuAfUDAAwAhPUDAAAAEIgGAQ&num=4&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_0Jg1vdxb15lZdACRJLcMZpqKTyMQ&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.tripmama.com/travel/cheap-flights/hawaii-hnl.aspx%3Fcss%3D1%26tmaffiliateCQ>javascript:zpu(512,uy+'/z/ad/wasl.htm',450,425,'wao',100,100)i.http://geography.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=ba%20geography&d=BA%20Geography&r=http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/jetstream.htmJ http://geography.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=world%20weather%20map&d=World%20Weather%20Map&r=http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/jetstream.htmJ vhttp://geography.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=jetstream&d=Jetstream&r=http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/jetstream.htmJ rhttp://geography.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=climate&d=Climate&r=http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/jetstream.htmJ rhttp://geography.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=weather&d=Weather&r=http://geography.about.com/od/climate/a/jetstream.htm5 http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=BkpL8etxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC_7P0MQCnpGc5yqGyaq7ZKDvDxADGAMgvKX3ASgIOABQjsLhuQNg_fD_gNADoAHC2ffgA7IBE2dlb2dyYXBoeS5hYm91dC5jb23IAQHaATVodHRwOi8vZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbS9vZC9jbGltYXRlL2EvamV0c3RyZWFtLmh0bfgBAcACCagDAbgDAegDP-gD5gnoA78C6APTAegDrgH1AwAMAIT1AwAAABCIBgE&num=3&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_0zUxlt7biT-QlVh4TShamXqxsx6Q&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.instaflex.com/report/articlesc.php%3Ft202id%3D15911%26t202kw%3D%26t202id%3D65 http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=BkpL8etxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC_7P0MQCnpGc5yqGyaq7ZKDvDxADGAMgvKX3ASgIOABQjsLhuQNg_fD_gNADoAHC2ffgA7IBE2dlb2dyYXBoeS5hYm91dC5jb23IAQHaATVodHRwOi8vZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbS9vZC9jbGltYXRlL2EvamV0c3RyZWFtLmh0bfgBAcACCagDAbgDAegDP-gD5gnoA78C6APTAegDrgH1AwAMAIT1AwAAABCIBgE&num=3&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_0zUxlt7biT-QlVh4TShamXqxsx6Q&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.instaflex.com/report/articlesc.php%3Ft202id%3D15911%26t202kw%3D%26t202id%3D6q&http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=BfpxxetxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC66koKAB8JKEshTY3ZG6BvCjVxACGAIgvKX3ASgIOABQvI3qB2D98P-A0AOgAYK28esDsgETZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbcgBAdoBNWh0dHA6Ly9nZW9ncmFwaHkuYWJvdXQuY29tL29kL2NsaW1hdGUvYS9qZXRzdHJlYW0uaHRtwAIBqAMBuAMB6AM_6APmCegDvwLoA9MB6AOuAfUDAAwAhPUDAAAAEIgGAQ&num=2&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_26M8oI9rF1Pq71onf0NvnuzkzqAQ&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.creditcards.comq&http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=BfpxxetxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC66koKAB8JKEshTY3ZG6BvCjVxACGAIgvKX3ASgIOABQvI3qB2D98P-A0AOgAYK28esDsgETZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbcgBAdoBNWh0dHA6Ly9nZW9ncmFwaHkuYWJvdXQuY29tL29kL2NsaW1hdGUvYS9qZXRzdHJlYW0uaHRtwAIBqAMBuAMB6AM_6APmCegDvwLoA9MB6AOuAfUDAAwAhPUDAAAAEIgGAQ&num=2&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_26M8oI9rF1Pq71onf0NvnuzkzqAQ&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://www.creditcards.comcYhttp://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=Bmw3wetxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC4XKzt4CldngmzCFmvLPiQGQvwUQARgBILyl9wEoCDgAUJD-2hVg_fD_gNADoAGz7_riA7IBE2dlb2dyYXBoeS5hYm91dC5jb23IAQHaATVodHRwOi8vZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbS9vZC9jbGltYXRlL2EvamV0c3RyZWFtLmh0bfgBAYACAcACCcgCtcWbK6gDAbgDAegDP-gD5gnoA78C6APTAegDrgH1AwAMAIT1AwAAABCIBgE&num=1&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_3lzUgket1fjmcTFkrh-wTnydgTAA&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://download.weatherblink.com/index.jhtml%3Fspu%3Dtrue%26partner%3DXNxdmcYhttp://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=Bmw3wetxBT8qBKofwqgH4qv2fC4XKzt4CldngmzCFmvLPiQGQvwUQARgBILyl9wEoCDgAUJD-2hVg_fD_gNADoAGz7_riA7IBE2dlb2dyYXBoeS5hYm91dC5jb23IAQHaATVodHRwOi8vZ2VvZ3JhcGh5LmFib3V0LmNvbS9vZC9jbGltYXRlL2EvamV0c3RyZWFtLmh0bfgBAYACAcACCcgCtcWbK6gDAbgDAegDP-gD5gnoA78C6APTAegDrgH1AwAMAIT1AwAAABCIBgE&num=1&cid=5GgFxrRgBWluJCkvobuzLZAH&sig=AOD64_3lzUgket1fjmcTFkrh-wTnydgTAA&client=ca-primedia-basic_js&adurl=http://download.weatherblink.com/index.jhtml%3Fspu%3Dtrue%26partner%3DXNxdmCQ>javascript:zpu(512,uy+'/z/ad/wasl.htm',450,425,'wao',100,100)"0http://geography.about.com/lr/el_nino/398496/5/b63http://geography.about.com/lr/atmosphere/398496/4/18http://geography.about.com/lr/coriolis_effect/398496/3/3http://geography.about.com/lr/jet_stream/398496/2/4?0http://geography.about.com/lr/climate/398496/1/GY>http://geography.about.com/od/geographyintern/a/amandabio.htm1=Nhttp://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/daily_ao_index/ao.mrf.gifOS<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research:-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillationcite_note-ReferenceA-7:-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillationcite_note-ReferenceA-7 (Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_25%E2%80%9327,_2010_North_American_blizzard^!Qhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_9%E2%80%9310,_2010_North_American_blizzard0~1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland_{Phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_5%E2%80%936,_2010_North_American_blizzard0x1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states7'u0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation#cite_note-urlClimateDecember2010-6 nr;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Climatic_Data_CenterCoMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration'nl7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador vi'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland`f-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains gc+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America!z`+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean<J]+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_StatesYZ)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScandinaviaCW&http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland*tT$http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlaskaTQ*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MidlatitudeshN?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Snow_and_Ice_Data_Centerz=K0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation$cite_note-urlAOandWeatherPatterns-5HH%http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia'2E0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation cite_note-urlCPC-DailyAOIndex-4T&B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_forecastingS?4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Forecast_System7q<(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochasticz}90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation cite_note-3S68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_oscillation @30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillationcite_note-Thompson_1998-2M02http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michael_Wallace]$-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillationcite_note-Lorenz_1951-1$P*+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lorenzb@'7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"!<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arctic_Oscillation-01.jpg"<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arctic_Oscillation-01.jpg#--http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Hansenz}0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillation cite_note-0Vo0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea-level_pressureR=http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v4/n11/full/ngeo1282.html Z 7http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/jhurrell/indices.data.html naostatseas<$ chttp://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/pna/norm.nao.monthly.b5001.current.ascii.table8F0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_oscillationFL*http://www.wunderground.com/radar/map.asp3xhttp://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/snow_model/images/full/Upper_Midwest/nsm_depth/201201/nsm_depth_2012010605_Upper_Midwest.jpg";  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arctic_Oscillation-01.jpg"! <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arctic_Oscillation-01.jpg  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry FؗData 1Table_WordDocument"SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8<\CompObjj  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q