ࡱ> 57234%` 6dbjbjٕ LZ+\ DDDDCCCC|CoR:D^DDDDJK$ Looooooo$phIs4o$NCJJ$N$N4oDDDDIo$^$^$^$N DlDDo$^$No$^$^k,nD.D pXjYCXZnJo_o0onJs]:snsn !LZ{L@$^L4L5!L!L!L4o4o]:!L!L!Lo$N$N$N$ND&@@rDDDDDD VPython is available on Windows, Mac and Linux platforms. Installing VPython (Python 2.7 plus the Visual module): Step 1: Load up your browser and visit  HYPERLINK "http://www.vpython.org" www.vpython.org and select Download. Step 2: Download  HYPERLINK "http://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7/python-2.7.msi" Python-2.7 and install it by double-clicking on the file. Step 3: Download  HYPERLINK "http://vpython.org/contents/download/VPython-Win-Py2.7-5.32.exe" VPython-Win-Py2.7-5.32.exe and install it. It will automatically go into the Python 2.7 folder. This version of VPython has "newzoom" as the default: hold down both the left and right mouse buttons to zoom. Also, Visual no longer automatically executes "from random import random, randint, uniform". If you need these functions, add this statement to your program. Step 4: If you are using Windows 95, you may need to install  HYPERLINK "http://www.opengl.org/users/downloads/index.html" OpenGL, the graphics library used by VPython. You may need to update the drivers on your video card to most recent version from the manufacturers website. To start using VPython: Start IDLE by doubleclicking the "IDLE for VPython" shortcut on the desktop. Open a demo program -- for example, bounce2.py. Press F5 to run (or use the Run menu). Every time you run, your files are automatically saved (if you have changed them). Press F1 for documentation. You can also start IDLE from the "Python 2.7: IDLE for VPython" entry on the Programs portion of the Windows Start menu, then open a demo program in Programs\Demos. Visual Python (Adapted from Vpython tutorial by B. Sherwood, used with permission) 1.1 Overview VPython is a programming language that is easy to learn and is well suited to creating 3D interactive models of physical systems. VPython has three components that you will deal with directly: Python, a programming language invented in 1990 by Guido van Rossem, a Dutch computer scientist. Python is a modern, object-oriented language which is easy to learn. Visual, a 3D graphics module for Python created by David Scherer while he was a student at Carnegie Mellon University. Visual allows you to create and animate 3D objects, and to navigate around in a 3D scene by spinning and zooming, using the mouse. IDLE, an interactive editing environment, written by van Rossem and modified by Scherer, which allows you to enter computer code, try your program, and get information about your program. 1.2 Your First Program Start IDLE by double-clicking on the snake icon on your desktop. A window labeled Untitled should appear. This is the window in which you will type your program. As the first line of your program, type the following statement: from visual import * This statement instructs Python to use the Visual graphics module. As the second line of your program, type the following statement: sphere ( ) 1.3 Save Your Program Save your program by pulling down the File menu and choosing Save As. Give the program a name ending in .py, such as  HYPERLINK http://MyProgram.py MyProgram.py. You must type the .py extension; IDLE will not supply it. Every time you run your program, IDLE will save your code before running. You can undo changes to the program by pressing CTRL-z. You will want to save your program on the desktop. 1.4 Running the Program Now run your program by pressing F5 (or by choosing Run program from the Run menu). You will have to save your program. When you run the program, two new windows appear. There is a window titled VPython, in which you should see a white sphere, and a window titled Output. Move the Output window to the bottom of your screen where it is out of the way but you can still see it (you may make it smaller if you wish) . 1.5 Spinning and Zooming In the VPython window, hold down the middle mouse button and move the mouse. You should see that you are able to zoom into and out of the scene. (On a 2-button mouse, hold down both left and right buttons; on a 1-button mouse, hold down the control key and the mouse button.) Now try holding down the right mouse button (hold down shift key with a one-button mouse) . You should find that you are able to rotate around the sphere (you can tell that you are moving because the lighting changes) . To avoid confusion about motion in the scene, it is helpful to keep in mind the idea that you are moving a camera around the object. When you zoom and rotate you are moving the camera, not the object. These navigation tools are built into all VPython programs unless specifically disabled by the author of the program. 1.6 Stopping the Program Click the close box in the upper right of the display window (VPython window) to stop the program. Unfortunately, the security features of Windows running on a server close all instances of python when you close a program window. I would suggest saving a copy of your program on the desktop so you can immediately open it again by right clicking on it and selecting Edit with Idle. 1.7 Modifying Your Program A single white sphere isnt very interesting. Lets change the color, size, and position of the sphere. Change the second line of your program to read: sphere(pos=(-5,0,0), radius=0.5, color=color.red) What does this line of code do? To position objects in the display window we set their 3D cartesian coordinates. The origin of the coordinate system is at the center of the display window. The positive x axis runs to the right, the positive y axis runs up, and the positive z axis comes out of the screen, toward you. The assignment pos=(-5,0,0) sets the position of the sphere by assigning values to the x, y, and z coordinates of the z center of the sphere. The assignment radius=0.5 gives the sphere a radius of 0.5 of the same units. Finally, color = color.red makes the sphere red (there are 8 colors easily accessible by color.xxx: red,green, blue, yellow, magenta, cyan, black, and white) . Now press F5 to run your program. Note that VPython automatically makes the display window an appropriate size, so you can see the sphere in your display. 1.7.1 Objects and attributes The sphere created by your program is an object. Properties like pos, radius, and color are called attributes of the object. Now lets create another object. Well make a wall, to the right of the sphere. Add the following line of code at the end of your program. box(pos=(6,0,0), size=(0.2,4,4), color=color.green) Before running your program, try to predict what you will see in your display. Run your program and try it. 1.7.2 Naming objects In order to refer to objects such as the sphere and the box, we need to give them names. To name the sphere ball, change the statement that creates the red sphere to this: ball = sphere(pos=(-5,0,0), radius=0.5, color=color.red) Similarly, give the box the name wallR (for right wall) . Your program should now look like this: from visual import * sphere(pos=(-5,0,0), radius=0.5, color=color.red) wallR = box(pos=(6,0,0),size=(0.2,4,4),color=color.green)  If you run your program you should find that it runs as it did before. 1.8 Order of Execution You may already know that when a computer program runs, the computer starts at the beginning of the program and executes each statement in the order in which it is encountered. In Python, each new statement begins on a new line. Thus, in your program the computer first draws a red sphere, then draws a green box (of course, this happens fast enough that it appears to you as if everything was done simultaneously). When we add more statements to the program, well add them in the order in which we want them to be executed. Occasionally well go back and insert statements near the beginning of the program because we want them to be executed before statements that come later. 1.9 Animating the Ball We would like to make the red ball move across the screen and bounce off of the green wall. We can think of this as displaying snapshots of the position of the ball at successive times as it moves across the screen. To specify how far the ball moves, we need to specify its velocity and how much time has elapsed. We need to specify a time interval between snapshots. Well call this very short time interval dt. In the context of the program, we are talking about virtual time (i.e. time in our virtual world); a virtual time interval of 1 second may take much less than one second on a fast computer. Type this line at the end of your program: dt = 0.05 We also need to specify the velocity of the ball. We can make the velocity of the ball an attribute of the ball, by calling it ball.velocity. Since the ball will move in three dimensions, we must specify the x, y, and z components of the balls velocity. We do this by making ball.velocity a vector. Type this line at the end of your program: ball.velocity = vector(2,0,0) If you run the program, nothing will happen, because we have not yet given instructions on how to use the velocity to update the balls position. Since distance = speed*time, we can calculate how far the ball moves (the displacement of the ball) in time dt by multiplying ball.velocity by dt. To find the balls new position, we add the displacement to its old position: ball.pos = ball.pos + ball.velocity*dt Note that just as velocity is a vector, so is the position of the ball. 1.9.1 The meaning of the equal sign If you are new to programming, the statement ball.pos = ball.pos + ball.velocity*dt may look very odd indeed. Your math teachers would surely have objected had you written a = a + 2. In a Python program (and in many other computer languages), the equal sign means assign a value to this variable. When you write: a = a + 2 you are really giving the following instructions: Find the location in memory where the value of the variable a is stored. Read up that value, add 2 to it, and store the result in the location in memory where the value of a is stored. So the statement: ball.pos = ball.pos + ball.velocity*dt really means: Find the location in memory where the position of the object bal is stored. Read up this value, and add to it the result of the vector expression ball.velocity*dt. Store the result back in the location in memory where the position of the object ball is stored. 1.9.2 Running the animation Your program should now look like this: from visual import * ball = sphere(pos=(-5,0,0), radius=0.5, color=color.red) wallR = box(pos=(6,0,0), size=(0.2,4,4), color=color.green) dt = 0.05 ball.velocity = vector(0.2,0,0) ball.pos = ball.pos + ball.velocity*dt Run your program. Not much happens! The problem is that the program only took one time step; we need to take many steps. To accomplish this, we write a while loop. A while loop instructs the computer to keep executing a series of commands over and over again, until we tell it to stop. Delete the last line of your program. Now type: while (1==1): Dont forget the colon! Notice that when you press return, the cursor appears at an indented location after the while. The indented lines following a while statement are inside the loop; that is, they will be repeated over and over. In this case, they will be repeated as long as the number 1 is equal to 1, or forever. We can stop the loop by quitting the program. Indented under the while statement, type this: ball.pos = ball.pos + ball.velocity*dt (Note that if you position your cursor at the end of the while statement, IDLE will automatically indent the next lines when you press ENTER. Alternatively, you can simply press TAB to indent a line.) All indented statements after a while statement will be executed every time the loop is executed. Your program should now look like this: from visual import * ball = sphere(pos=(-5,0,0), radius=0.5, color=color.red) wallR = box(pos=(6,0,0), size=(0.2,4,4), color=color.green) dt = 0.05 ball.velocity = vector(2,0,0) while (1==1): ball.pos = ball.pos + ball.velocity*dt Run your program. You should observe that the ball moves to the right, quite rapidly. To slow it down, insert the following statement inside the loop (after the while statement): rate(100) This specifies that the while loop will not be executed more than 100 times per second. Run your program. You should see the ball move to the right more slowly. However, it keeps on going right through the wall, off into empty space, because this is what we told it to do. 1.10 Making the ball bounce: Logical tests To make the ball bounce off the wall, we need to detect a collision between the ball and the wall. A simple approach is to compare the x coordinate of the ball to the x coordinate of the wall, and reverse the x component of the balls velocity if the ball has moved too far to the right. We can use a logical test to do this: if ball.x > wallR.x: ball.velocity.x = -ball.velocity.x The indented line after the if statement will be executed only if the logical test in the previous line gives true for the comparison. If the result of the logical test is false (that is, if the x coordinate of the ball is not greater than the x coordinate of the wall), the indented line will be skipped. However, since we want this logical test to be performed every time the ball is moved, we need to indent both of these lines, so they are inside the while loop. Insert tabs before the lines, or select the lines and use the Indent region option on the Format menu to indent the lines. Your program should now look like this: from visual import * ball = sphere(pos=(-5,0,0), radius=0.5, color=color.red) wallR = box(pos=(6,0,0), size=(0.2,4,4), color=color.green) dt = 0.05 ball.velocity = vector(2,0,0) while (1==1): rate(100) ball.pos = ball.pos + ball.velocity*dt if ball.x > wallR.x: ball.velocity.x = -ball.velocity.x Run your program. You should observe that the ball moves to the right, bounces off the wall,and then moves to the left, continuing off into space. Note that our test is not very sophisticated; because ball.x is at the center of the ball and wallR.x is at the center of the wall, the ball appears to penetrate the wall slightly. Add another wall at the left side of the display, and make the ball bounce off that wall also. Your program should now look something like the following: from visual import * ball = sphere(pos=(-5,0,0), radius=0.5, color=color.red) wallR = box(pos=(6,0,0), size=(0.2,4,4), color=color.green) wallL = box(pos=(-6,0,0), size=(0.2,4,4), color=color.green) dt = 0.05 ball.velocity = vector(2,0,0) while (1==1): rate(100) ball.pos = ball.pos + ball.velocity*dt if ball.x > wallR.x: ball.velocity.x = -ball.velocity.x if ball.x < wallL.x: ball.velocity.x = -ball.velocity.x Note that we inserted the statement to draw the left wall near the beginning of the program, before the while loop. If we had put the statement after the while (inside the loop), a new wall would be created every time the loop was executed. Wed end up with thousands of walls, all at the same location. While we wouldnt be able to see them, the computer would try to draw them, and this would slow the program down considerably. 1.11 Making the ball move at an angle To make the program more interesting, lets make the ball move at an angle. Change the balls velocity to make it move in the y direction, as well as in the x direction. Before reading further, try to do this on your own. Since the balls velocity is a vector, all we need to do is give it a nonzero y component. For example, we can change the statement: ball.velocity = vector(2,0,0) to ball.velocity = vector(2,1.5,0) Now the ball moves at an angle. Unfortunately, it now misses the wall! However, you can fix this later by extending the wall, or by adding a horizontal wall above the other walls. 1.12 Visualizing velocity We will often want to visualize vector quantities, such as the balls velocity. We can use an arrow to visualize the velocity of the ball. Before the while statement, but after the program statement setting the balls velocity, ball.velocity = vector(2,1.5,1) we can create an arrow: bv = arrow(pos=ball.pos, axis=ball.velocity, color=color.yellow) Its important to create the arrow before the while loop. If we put this statement in the indented code after the while, we would create a new arrow in every iteration. We would soon have thousands of arrows, all at the same location! This would make our program run very slowly. Run your program. You should see a yellow arrow with its tail located at the balls initial position, pointing in the direction of the balls initial velocity. However, this arrow doesnt change when the ball moves. We need to update the position and axis of the velocity vector every time we move the ball. Inside the while loop, after the last line of code, add these lines: bv.pos = ball.pos bv.axis = ball.velocity The first of these lines moves the tail of the arrow to the location of the center of the ball. The second aligns the arrow with the current velocity of the ball. Lets also make the walls a bit bigger, by saying size= ( 0.2, 12,12 ), so the ball will hit them. Your program should now look like this: from visual import * ball = sphere(pos=(-5,0,0), radius=0.5, color=color.red) wallR = box(pos=(6,0,0), size=(0.2,12,12), color=color.green) wallL = box(pos=(-6,0,0), size=(0.2,12,12), color=color.green) dt = 0.05 ball.velocity = vector(2,1.5,1) bv = arrow(pos=ball.pos, axis=ball.velocity, color=color.yellow) while (1==1): rate(100) ball.pos = ball.pos + ball.velocity*dt if ball.x > wallR.x: ball.velocity.x = -ball.velocity.x if ball.x < wallL.x: ball.velocity.x = -ball.velocity.x bv.pos = ball.pos bv.axis = ball.velocity Run the program. The arrow representing the balls velocity should move with the ball, and should change direction every time the ball collides with a wall. 1.13 Leaving a trail Sometimes we are interested in the trajectory of a moving object, and would like to have it leave a trail. We can make a trail out of a curve object. A curve is an ordered list of points, which are connected by a line (actually a thin tube) . Well create the curve before the loop, and add a point to it every time we move the ball. After creating the ball, but before the loop, add the following line: ball.trail = curve(color=ball.color) This creates a curve object whose color is the same as the color of the ball, but without any points in the curve. At the end of the loop, add the following statement (indented) : ball.trail.append(pos=ball.pos) This statement adds a point to the trail. The position of the point is the same as the current position of the ball. Your program should now look like this: from visual import * ball = sphere(pos=(-5,0,0), radius=0.5, color=color.red) wallR = box(pos=(6,0,0), size=(0.2,12,12), color=color.green) wallL = box(pos=(-6,0,0), size=(0.2,12,12), color=color.green) dt = 0.05 ball.velocity = vector(2,1.5,1) bv = arrow(pos=ball.pos, axis=ball.velocity, color=color.yellow) ball.trail = curve(color=ball.color) while (1==1): rate(100) ball.pos = ball.pos + ball.velocity*dt if ball.x > wallR.x: ball.velocity.x = -ball.velocity.x if ball.x < wallL.x: ball.velocity.x = -ball.velocity.x bv.pos = ball.pos bv.axis = ball.velocity ball.trail.append(pos=ball.pos) Run your program. You should see a red trail behind the ball. 1.14 How your program works In your while loop you continually change the position of the ball (ball.pos); you could also have changed its color or its radius. While your code is running, VPython runs another program (a parallel thread) which periodically gets information about the attributes of your objects, such as ball.pos and ball.radius. This program does the necessary computations to figure out how to draw your scene on the computer screen, and instructs the computer to draw this picture. This happens many times per second, so the animation appears continuous. 1.15 Making the ball bounce around inside a large box You are now at a point where you can try the following modifications to your program. Add top and bottom Walls. Expand all the walls so they touch, forming part of a large box. Add a back wall, and an invisible front wall. That is, do not draw a front wall, but include an if statement to prevent the ball from coming through the front. Give your ball a component of velocity in the z direction as well, and make it bounce off the back and front walls. Make the surface of the ball collide with the surface of the wall. Add an acceleration of gravity of -9.8 m/s2 pointing in the negative z direction Make the collisions with the walls partially elastic Create and model a total of 10 balls in the box. Model the interactions between the balls. Appendix A. Errors When there is a problem with your code, Python responds with an error message. This is its attempt at explaining the problem. It might look something like this: >>> print x Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? print x NameError: name 'x' is not defined The first few lines sometimes contain useful information about where Python thinks the error occurred. If you are typing a module (rather than working interactively), click and hold the right mouse button and select go to file/line. This will take you to the line Python thinks is the problem. This is not always where the actual problem lies so analyze the last line of the error message too. This Appendix attempts to help you understand these messages. A.1 Attribute Errors, Key Errors, Index Errors Messages starting ``AttributeError:'', ``KeyError:'' or ``IndexError:'' generally indicate you were trying to reference or manipulate part of a multi-element variable (lists and arrays) but that element didn't exist. For example: >>> xx = array([1,2]) >>> print xx[5] Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? print xx[5 IndexError: index out of bounds A.2 Name Errors Name errors indicate that a variable you have referred to does not exist. Check your spelling. You might have mis-typed a function, e.g. primt x. Check you haven't attempted to do something with a variable before assigning a value to it, e.g. typing only the following into a module will not work: print x x = 5 A.3 Syntax Errors These suggest there is a sufficiently severe problem with the way your code is written that Python cannot understand it. Common examples are missing out the colon at the end of a line containing a for, if or while loop; writing a condition with just one =, e.g. if x = 5: print "x is equal to five" Check that you haven't forgotten to end any strings with quotes and that you have the right number of parentheses. Missing out parentheses can lead to a syntax error on the next line. You will get a SyntaxError when you run your program if the user does not respond to an input() function. Incorrectly indenting your program might also cause SyntaxErrors A.4 Type Errors You have tried to do something to a variable of the wrong type. There are many forms: TypeError: illegal argument type for built-in operation You asked Python to do a built-in operation on the wrong type of variable. For example, you tried to add a number to a string. TypeError: not enough arguments; expected 1, got 0 You used a function without supplying the correct number of parameters. TypeError: unsubscriptable object You tried to reference a variable that did not have more than one element (e.g. a float or integer) by offset: >>> x = 5 >>> print x[0]    9:qrxy9 : D E u | D K _ v 34Aӿ󴭴ӘӇvh^aPh:,5CJ( h)|85CJ( h)|80Jjh)|8Uh)|80J>*B*phh)|80J5\ h)|85\jh)|85U\hh)|80Jjh)|8Ujh)|8Uh)|8B* phh)|8B* ph@h)|8B* phh)|8h)|8B*ph+:rzu } D L _ x 3U$ & F1$7$8$]a$gd:,$ & F1$7$8$]a$gd:, & F1$7$8$]gd:,lgd:,Dgd:,gd:,gd)|8gd)|8gd)|8+d5dAC Ufa67oLWX[nѽѽppѽajh ]h:,@CJU$h ]h:,@CJOJQJ^JaJjh:,UmHnHuh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,@CJ&h ]h:,5@CJOJQJ\^J h:,5@CJOJQJ\^Jh^aPh:,5CJ(hh:,5CJaJ h:,5CJ( p LWXn " $la$gd:,gd:, & Fl1$7$8$gd:,^gd:,d@gd:, d@^gd:,$ & Fl1$7$8$a$gd:,$ & Fl1$7$8$]a$gd:,gd:,t   "12{|I01ǼǼyk]jh:,UmHnHuh ]h:,5@CJ\h ]h:,@CJh ]h:,@CJ&h ]h:,5@CJOJQJ\^J h:,5@CJOJQJ\^Jh:,@CJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,>*@CJjh ]h:,@CJU#jh ]h:,@CJU"08iydh1$7$8$]^gd:, & Fdh1$7$8$]gd:,lgd:,gd:, $la$gd:,$D1$7$8$]a$gd:,$l1$7$8$a$gd:,gd:, l`gd:,$ & FH1$7$8$`a$gd:,7hDEefh01=OPRwȽ퓣퓣xhxR*h ]h:,6@CJOJQJ]^JaJh ]h:,6@CJ]aJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,6@CJ]aJh ]h:,6@CJ]aJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,CJOJQJ^Jh ]h:,@CJ&h ]h:,5@CJOJQJ\^J h:,5@CJOJQJ\^Jh ]h:,@CJh:,@CJ RwV M! & F `dh1$7$8$]`gd:,`gd:, l`gd:, gd:,$ & F l1$7$8$a$gd:,^gd:,^gd:, $`a$gd:,gd:, 8 9 A P Q Y _ c i t  !M!!!!!!ۮxgWNh:,h:,@h ]h:,6@CJ]aJ h ]h:,@CJOJQJ^Jh ]h:,6@CJ]aJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,@#h ]h:,5@CJOJQJ^J&h ]h:,5@CJOJQJ\^Jh:,@CJ h ]h:,@CJOJQJ^Jh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,CJOJQJ^JM!!!("}""##0#b#####&&& $la$gd:,gd:,^gd:,gd:, & F xdh1$7$8$]xgd:, l^gd:, & F l1$7$8$gd:,Hgd:, h1$7$8$]hgd:, & F h1$7$8$]hgd:,!!!!}""#b#j#######J$9%%%%(&)&&&&&/'0'''m(n(ƷƷncXXPnXXXh:,@CJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,@CJ&h ]h:,5@OJQJ\^JaJ*h1[h:,5@CJOJQJ\^JaJ$jh ]h:,CJUmHnHuh:,CJOJQJ^Jh ]h:,CJOJQJ^Jh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,@#h ]h:,5@CJOJQJ^J&h ]h:,5@CJOJQJ\^J&')H)R)***]+^+?,@,g,h,,, d]gd:, d`gd:,^gd:,gd:,`gd:, & Fl1$7$8$gd:, l^gd:, & Fl1$7$8$gd:, $`a$gd:, $la$gd:,n((H)R)))H***=+^++@,g,h,{,,,,,,,,,-*---.....굡p_Sh:,CJOJQJ^J h ]h:,@CJOJQJ^J h ]h:,@CJOJQJ^Jh:,@CJOJQJ^J#h ]h:,5@CJOJQJ^J&h ]h:,5@CJOJQJ\^Jh:,@CJh:,@CJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,CJOJQJ^Jh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,@CJ ,-*--...//B/C/W0X0t0000 H^`Hgd:,lgd:, gd:,$a$gd:, $Da$gd:,^gd:,`gd:,gd:,(d]^`(gd:,Z(d]Z^`(gd:,.....//B/C/////////+0G0L0X0Z0]0^0ڎڃr^L>h:,@CJOJQJ^J#h ]h:,5@CJOJQJ^J&h ]h:,5@CJOJQJ\^J h ]h:,@CJOJQJ^Jh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,6@CJ]aJh ]h:,@CJh:,@CJh ]h:,CJOJQJ^Jh:,CJOJQJ^Jh ]h:,6CJ]aJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,6@CJ]aJ^0t000)1z1111222r22222J333:4w44444555555A6~66607|7777778u88䩹չ䊹h ]h:,@CJ h ]h:,@CJOJQJ^Jjh:,UmHnHuh ]h:,6@CJ]aJh ]h:,@CJ h ]h:,@CJOJQJ^Jh ]h:,CJOJQJ^Jh ]h:,@CJ h ]h:,@CJOJQJ^J-0)131S1z112222H4w44555 l^gd:, & Fl1$7$8$gd:, $`a$gd:,gd:,dh1$7$8$]gd:, & Fdh1$7$8$gd:, $la$gd:, & Fl1$7$8$gd:,^gd:, H^`Hgd:,56A6~66666177777888gd:,HD]H`gd:, & Fl1$7$8$gd:,gd:, !l^gd:, & F !H1$7$8$gd:, & F !dh1$7$8$gd:,@^@gd:,^gd:,88888I9\9^9|9~999:T:U::::::;; ;;; ;N;O;Q;;;;{<<ű|qaqqaqaqqVh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,6@CJ]aJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,CJOJQJ^Jh ]h:,6@CJ]aJh ]h:,@CJh ]h:,@CJ&h ]h:,5@OJQJ\^JaJ*h1[h:,5@CJOJQJ\^JaJ&h ]h:,5@CJOJQJ\^J h:,5@CJOJQJ\^J!8::1:T:U:;<<<'=e=p======>8^8gd:,^gd:,$H]H`a$gd:, $H]Ha$gd:,@^@gd:,^gd:,gd:, $Hl]Ha$gd:,<<<<&='=(=d=e=f=p=q====>>k>l>>???@@AABBuB>P?????@:@v@@@@@A/ARAgAA^gd:,8^8gd:,@^@gd:, P]P^gd:,^gd:,gd:, & Fl1$7$8$gd:, $la$gd:, & F1$7$8$gd:,A[PNG  IHDRBB C tEXtSoftwarenoned{xX pHYsgR IDATx}l]yPxP1dxQxQdxi-(zz׸]BZjF,,GDFLr1bXtDlrEjȑ+*1o?wcGG;@^^_cۏm?cۏj|׮]o8I֬مƽ~ˮ5?bݵaMce5koQ43@[+5vcݷڽߍFhkoݷ#E?ًzohk= LOwE}W-w.7z4ٷM343@C m?ڻݵmu?Oֿ=sm3؀u:0xu{`?;_ ف5vq`ƚ:6ֽ4 ~ںN`msm=h;>0{bѶ#ht;HV4ZmA4ю_chvd#Aσ񎏜 .hиwDxt0w<6Xc;n;hfx㿚 4&;v;vw`c'tǮi]f}{{=.z}/z6U"ZU2X ymGϚFAf`aW6 i|40F0ÄdaB j{ ˃a 㱎_7`^!'\GORRRܞE4Xv-uAC5mCgϞ]XX@^8fB,z瓝gfˀzѸOǷq߃&5)4x=aXvp{4]n@cFc;oC h``Ƃ@Cxπ ֢'hhhܧc0zgC2zLhn@ L0-A2@W0{5N t<Ƹ^0q&\ n@m0cx,0L#X4ےY۹ G&mddo9r܆ hW~^Fow}̑j^Bht~'VTWT*R0иc'J#05Lz{{c/m:ƽ ~N? |؂ ƌ[=f.AIuI"˂ H4/1HUjg !V??YW# v?Wtf'Օ'7n Z"nSD B\WOv0^H5۽ۼrySqN-tR '<<^uzY0+] chyfV6N .-0s z0<<)H`\ZRa,.v0"? >i`+\[0+O+Oo*R-8V ƚKˆ-pidmV̝P)jOՁͿ4Ht}'Օ'7x\8o8Kݻ@^xXp?*O+@иc4ے  _rU^QyR]yRH5] ξƭt1f5Օ'Օ'oMuoƽNHF^Ш{5Z҅ƽNВm<Bo q/?6eÿ=<6el~xp}PN~waߕz.epOAK`MɎ.4e{h#]ƽD^]8ڵ {=6}7j$1hѸ)]{и]=hܣˀ]иW?E^&'DןMt=ƽOtG^q_m<6']ѸWCh`/Nu Lu p/3qE/~ȩ7NJa$cۏm?[|[ݕqlǶ~l|6cۿ>GM*K=7wæ۴mhO|ff澁6Om;7o{#>m?~,;r/tl۶_{~]'nŶ~K* {vz mnvnnmny Bbƥ"zF o~a>ϝ ?[y*~&ql/}w >;?~ܙoAc{s xF ^{5K/,rO\~ q.pg}PGo߾lܸx"m!ssǦg>;u~9h3|sp ^;$$ّjыӠh{3[~\a䜾)^Y$޸4CGnzǿH[Ia-[v1:v#l$ 5vO߹y}GO>7Ir`Ns̟?{y|]H|&,},z4ȫWr+o<@{u_y_Aʼ7=}6"y8Kk4wqÃokѯlIa| e'?'SMM?O&0<7ESEVgY:H^k!sWpA+N)+ob@=`|7ip7_0`W ϗ/@쥉fh6Sϝ:['n~/b/Ia|#lN L%kC `|08Ke&[WB޸ z&o4' L7ގ֯1zwû7<ܱs|l0|>urj/,`x8aıΜ;-7()҄^C5h8X8[-~D$Т 4[o7ű[06am{w}pfGQ?ަ:NRy?꫞=G" ab|W'')5>3kF9aLy&$rx{`g2,1#2[U1@pjoy`[s2'_.o//{҅>33CY>Tttth}V`Kn"n4_dUB9`2bL@6Tكx)$⎓['np p"^M* y|'''&:M> *EnN u` !qi%JW*F/VxQhxK :-B .!I)1s2pJT)4; 0+E:Â\ 8턜,%wcY^чxC@kKi q%T#,^<:-A0R:gJ*-r?\f澈g ګ/E%KW.Q^/9L°MR0N+lC P+4 ltzI7gΌ8w)]욿b \[9Ƽ1m/0n}Kz4^Zi]`4t60/|*^bsxnN5!<ǭ[[-.Ia;0nsPCN<4B1cX ^(JBԩK6\$\:EH$k~i%(CP`d#$b 6f%Gw"}0^Hxǎ<~ҕ d&°Xf Yfi!N)q>#N^SG.fB ELb&$==T~? O@(}qi.Q\{:n80h/˥sy:@꥛ǥ#7\v+vy:5.& T>|ø(m)u|0̮x>Y7&exu)@lI%k +L P 87b.)8dp\]$E23*8UDɨN;A0fcUbyg+L Ba4"{844`,¯bfA?9$]ɍ]{k(_RyD~`4k<SbG=ǬzB{)Sr9 jǨ%Pjʂ`"z,V:͐]J}|q:]T'I*gd, ?3W ]3Yص+b''S\`brRyFFFdJKQѴU"11وJa}G*NK& "w άB7vt]!!DrRyEƨ\1ycV*l QX%1q| fH]7V>ZZ7ֵnX?O;TB|,f5$e'$#Žc;5IN*5޽6@=Fj)4m#[!UeeX64]ͥ\C2"*cU~An}5$ӾfO>kJiL*5%FY8=1+=X8=;&.Qj%fkPȑRHu6R1cɯ $OI~2.3d`?ʳ(ZRe;v2#lFz*yJeu/RbbV0cZ4F&Em&-1[Aͭ7urK8l o+#RMhן̾P)J&2!is:`W=N/ƖQث$\@2;]T sa^v7S$7LpGp؏ 2T0-M[t6b*{iFt*Y!KI54դ)"Kj[4aoj|Wki]e\sqk J&,wΣ9ʑ-Fe#re]0vK/>m*olkPucSM7rnR΍[ޗ؋u|YZYP/=*h8yم38sb?h7FRM|b`FhV<:IŒȕ=Qg`nHTD,\-5YmEWc B^#cBXe s7l]'m︭6Pf:1j1 FbpTFsHdHu+BGu IDATܜT:/d-B芛2;zjhO 1T x; 6?M[@N}Bc qٝQeSP>ESI^vҋy^oZs$65ogBm 6 @u@bXe!k̪?0! Ԕ$p*em Řyޘ⍽uc7jz/_K&RmƆT۹1{c<&e;5qxoU(3J:T3ugf6I`l=0ei?IuAtSrS!ٗU36EB.UU/TC]{4uR]gO#C6=UW,If'Y2$@Wa WާQκbEcƦ獛1%Ent?Z.mCoa V\E@i2Ǻ2:G3 ~tЫMpf{`"KD%ղ,‡;Hhs(ra svRcj0c~M"͐W*j3IN+W;v<5#'~+`,usalbvE4+)yj`2RjG&&.D3չxzLwqzA'&P}kѡcM-[rb0% OL/Fƪx tI lǺ'd="}uW]+Sef߾`3eAE F$On|fƌ֩HR9"ousR{j1I{cËbjER c<(0>oא_MY aӢiE^aKx'H\<IMc[(;fnֶJ#CR1j3nsI5aiBr@5-)ErӐq`!eH@ص-$/β_坕V}RjR}@z.Q1TјT^ch<%*Y0+G{jß1 NTO|5-!SrE f9!k!>yɐ82xĝ#21nc\0^n:b+O!k*abqV؇1Ѥ)"I`x=+%BzxǦe˜`0Fz_:nGO'݆}&4TK|IpFljA q5!H\Wz*k 2* Qdùk/Kuuk3*f+RG\Ƿ kG NqGT;ȇz3Y}0P0F]#>ucR 6͘8p؇ͬ9ar42CVA\ݾZ6ȕ[d zb]+f rzX^n^rE/<ͼ ,#[Zc<Ŧ+~'B\S'O;6vO 6𧇥Mx2ƶ2& 9q8cKQYkyqކO6gמ[\ٲUwͅq|ɡ0`4oi `fƈTvMu '!؏m[NV{;0?0zŤX4ՊW)Yt@٬<V}Zua 1!kff$kv3点9oOtLm9iMcbw}Eŕ 㣣&^vJV;;;z$:GS RxSQ!k՞֩ZuVele4!i<6. bg$":䛒D7exr'{.?d^ NO(NԢ0\:-=3!F*=0Ym0M s/͐U+(\gzL^k-(r9Wܩ_^rY mx1s+BTٓkX:eӒW˴ȏRDOM/`\Sd)D$mS1g(*>n%g8%Sw cxhBSØpxAt{8R30l0.8꾾${cB_r|CU hZ BXn\c $J,f54}O9iW3oQA+鱔'ƶ8n!ոwTV_j}P/j5xO1tِDuHbY@f^<ӭ?Ou]%vO-oȸ:LUN9uc@x K)=_Bk|ƸMbøj~1dD%dݦڇqK*nLؔ )Lw0 ܕv2(x[^g]'Ƒ)ʼ1nHJ%UP߲y *ՠ:TL1r)ƩA@&P܇HA< P{9Z vME<{EL;4Ȱ!.zO1s({n7/|#薸H5%*IVa\ -l3Mf!c)ol-58tqZM`D 994%0Ep'7RMes]/)kus"ِX+2cRk& -u>,N8G50l-ۣZ9byϓ7>^yo\ ƔX"cyX|۸pweu& 2lِP"4107 E#)=θh`S)FXBj@|5-ح68Ęt`|`1Ym{6Ha̤f0f9Xۃq~-k-ҙ0^ ǰ&Ა`XE)qv )b^(Νf qw*1nza\ N1! L*kWڲ뉔]ِuxɐZYukHwCRq` ݕl8?g4xف]Zsy4QltTaTi%^6x֭7i-@jƝ{0!1sR r_PKPe'ghNnmcיrZGg56Qz۔`+Q-اWWyXQU#&+'6وSHal)!1+RO͏wTLJE F\m\NƺxuV@ص#:vw6/d>bT9f7bӿuD$?X3,7'haMd qَ]&@M8å %@m1>pN $0.xo?NBR:d3ua6kBص*9dS!$ל[FEK][13Ln/;g2{ v>VjS6\6/ yjXfud$99s+f}%0 4:D|ĘjMR'`^5_sɸ )_^./'ivHaaA/vV-0ǖ!~aM_>M"\ m߬˰nqgv2K.Yn-[:hZQWx^^K.|J>3&R}4+umQh x0*RO͏wnӻ`q:aN1N QW c3{c'DnkƩk*v0\Jj vPX3tιz/Wc#.joj:5$$RY*ΌcF/#1g&j(!jڒl)1̊턅0+X1iT tqk}x_Ƕ'={{cd,ƫEx5#c)VE'3]KVl#cHyQ4@>~oV%^a8F3g>?h.n̨[R}a83?zw``޸j]{?{1=fǬD=& ^ Bl캘]`ւM$Q4]˒rf3,̮n)9v(`sal6eur6oYF𿅍³E&Kf^o;0$\^P>=/za4sMNcP=:x_q'7nڈ?gwOoYȞW:d'ɢ)`Du2.ėU@'Iiq2VϠJ"@ CF"#aBZBLǢ.a,^P&BݵcmƛN8u+e̞r,Zv݊[́VUd;*6gJևyOンefC_<:$'Ƹ;nQ EMnMV71=yo19󁯉ث_` KKu&Q<x*@P1ûO& w~Ǯ'vٹr.vVkh]+DĮ[]ۊ|^ncnFN1,BTX{D噩Pƺ~ 3*"Ț*U~x,ޚg*°09-j&]. 9`77Bu&c:Qj#D~^>@*aܹjZvK]dCCֲĮW6`%Mr]kLsbYT_t|;k3g=Lw,=;"%ye%ZikziBm"OLo4%ƓpMb}*a'c];wax2@!Zaiiٵ/bv-n9?v-MVǴA>6lvˊcSckmӮ`HA3)rEHs{GiGy: QWTZht@Cwmɪ163`eO Y sWRq|2r&Nz6=?? Դ@J+ /:m6/VsbUj-7&ihI)4#kE\Һji*#[9P^j>Y0F#\;}X79O ٱZs_!źp`tŮu4Ma1g׾ڢZq.(FXlBhH"Ao20gwʬʤKSB}quc4M=p+Pฑm!xn1n4Z!d˜t O1՘3Y bULsZ[눗laJwm]k_}MOؒh$"z勽-M3˷e9K0He8s'짲d68'!CɤK̅qIᇙK#ԸIpşo硿:|}V+FKV+>9E+O.Y|2 H-k S5k]c\eMGa3{y5=E ]YhvVkC `D/V7?BHBVHƀ6CF\KwDb"RB֢M҆\KyCVX YGH- W-D[  Ss}Λd|q̙{y=G~~"۸~VrwQ{Ewok%xwPnFyO(o^[]CY__\VV,by\]ZZZZ\ZŋzEq=~ۗsnyyybblw{?` TM|SӧOO~mӳ3(sgQ/ϡϣ//./,^ZDY'`ia *WPɐ- =)(xzdKk\#ەVPC[+k+kR=5<(-PR#mV] PǷ?M.*.#m-1h;cI=|蟞sRzøjtntqo-ߢ_k,2Q.-ݽ0cdzζ&1 ^͓fyoϜ9uCٳffPhs/_E[W.]Q0N`t#W@rH&Rd~:Qn}3 o9ΞfyKEW̡N#IO 㝻tU~cay4Kv~2m^= S&a&> +7WVVV7 __<|߹?Z|{jF*>K7'@2QSSӧ>t:1# =&IH&Exv v]E j4E:,O3JQ8' IέUPӎ`3\~K˃cͫL[fȴ(`pi\_Ź̂VHr1?4ޭ KW~ށ[kztdg] Gydϓ{&NNMPWZy `<鬓}Zl<<̀kv` Ei (>'Gi`U&2`Yfhژ0FiNB}fL=&,OWr׮`r/v <]c] MHFӲlWP׮A]RZ.P#ʼnEt`؂q`e92T r9E,etb!NX8.b9wJ.MyXޡ̥/[0sson y|lHxLgN;]a|ni93v ;HR42d`_] bS~8HZ2 IѢ~ 79_Fޣ#duWGZZǯ ՜5saޣGt0oY3 Wi\>s0R10FМuNB2k9+&,_̮"F9 sl`#K^2g8-<#?O" g-Tܨ`,<31VIX}Ap+xb"GVHțN0P 㲃ᎼE$¥^;wȈø.`L> ev]˳kErī}oYcۘfg^VJ ;ǮcHcG"vgh%i8mB*sݘ{ Ǡ^WĭRh>a|/%Wpaq%0*>3'Q[v?cQO|/I~2y rkt\ŮC E&.[΁9Vii_ FA U{R >Mq~FQT|&CHn%QgJp㝽Zl|p냜\Cy%%&]/>tז%eˎW*^~1<3_;Iq}ZugttH>NCdso&IFN+$\bנ(bv=/4L/&2}B 0<=?B-4;V[Fə3l64?H.olh5{2,M5Ke(׺P)fs;ʓ"Sf]8驒JYBDWJ^r Wrg tٳ< 1.q<᎝1xA $wa R5yBt :}ݒyB(1&0S"J9`~hhcDaLsۜu[% ;iV}/:n2V\Icfu/߫qĴDB3auKL4p׉KOhS &jK(mmm#d9'Zunl0Gx;a`ǥ<[Ox,.[ԣmЊGa=V,VTo'r'B*Gˎ4tihz$D`X<ӳS'#C#m[6!Q\:0F:2$`qAE:$NJ|YDdRz1iY0Məi-ٹn3Ҳ`[H 4wR9f1*сKWZ eW+Y~.d=ZA%|'Xo\ =" W(Կ) IX}1ϾwK4/N}'owI3%F0F'EMadI.kQe㜌Ԍ-0ƙqa~I/6A:x;yiZ{LsV:b{8:0x9: etOƸ޼DlҸ}gXf!A\j0`aOݕ0T`^س("\QT,e$+֙9\)kW`ْQQeX*+>m8}}~ǡJ\ wzf*~X]>a̩)<ιMQ\j0F/AN>>|H> CPɓd4-FdPdj!4D5-hJ9="[Seckovn dV#?kZج+0鯤g{LjQe;9rQNDD¥e)= \Zpi8cxms={\0Fٶmw:LjZ0 8k\,ćPXc@|׭h6r 5;i+3cNjcK~Xaγ@Z#yYrܺI& {ru=FX*{F{</hy{yr{ #WKKϜ :ufL&c1hhmd,8Q}m1@2Mf :wk4;aY J9${5;f0L삸R2i\"[JVDGBQ\0z_( ]VB y0(4$ҞKAq&^|6]\OٲmA)UOIbe!7?}SdYʟ5VPhˊ_rq qFLJ0{a?Ӌ|t訰kNɣgjLe(+0~lu֓}BSX.'!k^@;fY@G%c b]<:j~M1 Ïs}`abb¯9A +C1.5 ZдG]۔+{1.yg5xwu董PZeYw-:0gi$f{GlSǥ>X֮Xr$/F x&Y\Lv7d5iЯ594"}' ĥ"[ iٺa\9${ŋ!2YD@Ǜt$-hv^xnatS 9fM LHQ"yxySnO'7p/ /92uUX%>;;d{O.y`hÃGu^Xi%dsSf 9®0 FD?̦xT+H<RWm$b妿3~?Ru> UvzaW{}eA9Wp1@$CCoKưU%][p+?c5 <E"B.LTֱeWheo2Y٨hV;ϯdv=.]^ٯ浄hAc {TCYz!% J&"h} [~ fkx:Co40xx)lϴ&<4#1*U#voV^K9m?wŠ4{| Bi=pZ`c} \ z3, aq<g0?uƒn9BdTs< YM,GD-L;ƳIZWXR;ܱ$v#.>PqLY՜1g}}M|wq%ރ׍.\d 9hp B~q޲e kBr 3DlL^d/_"]gϸAF!IWo4 Yo+4S73paٞjV׊TD-FN,6UNLo!*GK"roCrmmK>%X/rA838b3Dś'Xa?^#}֥ 'axT)QTVZٻ[)%(| ^/ ,}r)K_~"yQ>vS6#vRpbߗslF="IշD%L2OR~2v{ {]f0S o! y.0FqzvJ~p>qSm!(F@+"}ft0gdooM͉A~1 X޶l6Qzs97fVPz%[cJEHaJvpJL=rF?vϸoE?ӓ|\0~\}PO4o"dn3F YQmqkc۱m[aXL;Y-l\b2u. ~ߩ˲.ET,, Y~ހP=KƿQ}Nf<8H˰dyHo)7 HžJ[$4& + LکcU|' zgY1(aB668Fc$Gt=ٕ<hooVҒH xtI?LIg ;PKY.f33¡ @ ԙg始̟,YAuB> 9?y<-j%jeF:1kH`.m#9?IIŢB:]Ž?Ǟ -2-WNN @}kB-h(:+98 wZ;v$?導6\0^Ǧ1#];wC(R֣5gsF$YJ$}+_iFA% TpI^ ?YP| Kl =h'a@ ߦN/VJ!rcw zwcosWg]Ǧ]06mGO'C +264X_n wB7G+NaB9>880 V)e{6&&S?˄3}!;!zqX՗w}F߀.yDEyguttt} -{,? 4pVz؂2PB=2ddL>HZ D5~dB828A>O{{qU~OlOa\0ɹ"[(B lCCI"g=E#p2Wk*؇ΡFd Wp2=4K[X3z7$/wmM>nl4<n;|`P=^Vl<`T {ZɁsdHF< &hqųbaYBTyFz1 ğ^:_~/*t֍;?35:lal?u;Ø-"y@Fb>vO riC1Ss"w!k,3݃S!lx,el<ؽm|uS BlzxysW++(Мeh4:;:۹k|[KDܹю]k}m N|EhF2H(xY5HnWF/uv|oN'푇`K70 ۶~v+VGtOcO׿gawWx\# G%DjWOpv| 7G?s<ژdlcu7 JW PbxB)[Ĵ_{.y[_϶)o>ގX' ;޲%A]55㒇u <=n al:u|ki%c[Ƿ_K#.y[Ƿo:uZq:u|҈K[ǷoF\0o:u|4⒇u|[ǯ<[Ƿo:~-al:u|ki%c[Ƿ_K#.y[Ƿo:uZq:u|҈K[ǷoF\0o:u|4⒇u|[ǯ<[Ƿo:~-al:u|ki%c[Ƿ_K#.y[Ƿo:uZq:u|҈K[ǷoF\0o:u|4⒇u|[ǯ<[Ƿo:~-al:u|ki%c[Ƿ_K#.y[Ƿo:uZq:u|҈K[ǷoF\0o:u|4⒇u|[ǯ<[Ƿo:~-al:u|ki%c[Ƿ_K#.y[Ƿo:uZq:u|҈K[ǷoF\0o:u|4⒇u|[ǯ<[Ƿo:~-al:u|ki%c[Ƿ_K#.y[Ƿo:uZq:u|҈K[ǷoF\0o:u|4⒇u|[ǯ<[Ƿo:~-al:u|ki%c[Ƿ_K#.y[Ƿo:uZq:u|҈K[ǷoF\SSS؋"۸j[Ƿo:u a"۸j[Ƿo:u| F"۸j[Ƿo:u|M1Cm\oA_[Ƿo:u|d16ǯw[Ƿo:l?WɕIENDB`nY/`![6PNG  IHDRB@F tEXtSoftwarenoned{xX pHYsgREIDATxqhuKrH)##dl [GD4ٖҲuk-)gKn=!dB 2x A 6x[p6Ax 2}֕$9oG^y+/ݹsg}}}mmmfl4yMHirs$7R4uS˳۪^*Mn^KyYjyyyz췗UWUձXntYUWS w57+/UՉDnNҨY}b쟫VVK3T&7{+jn*4޹\:j5ռh-MjuUn.)ruZuK[K3*[TuAsUU-^qeJWU77լl׷TkZ@ek?V}Uis*[UT~د4uӽW*[Vz6Rl4ou}tJ3kKek虜FFU7zw:=4G|v1>f4iJRƚ'TK)iiuМm=y}`uପ}[AU *[S*UOUz}Zek57PUҬ_jFek^~1*[KUUU|mu*[}^lm3WTҬZkYW9ѿ~EJ>FҼjl57Ҩ:*[Vz7lG[QUH'Tsib.*^KdgB\79Z7O:ħT mݴT/@QRUnݚ=u;bY/]WZ˗o=MOwD纝gUe}IVBK=5eSCiU>]7N=ǸFzx/ƶ}}#ƽAszq/>|7z}X^c|>1^1!bͻ[m7>`7olm ݣ;vLeR(1V>PZÇקmd;T+yxs޺YѡZW)G*[іU8?,C늚]xoEUb A뼱Ҕ`O?׳my~~s=]C_h ;'Cy~ԵZx>:s}]c⢥ w7n ʯ_)wk~v]8:/T 'k֕g57\[W?T?Ttգ}VIV˕]xoEUb\l-;pIlW=uߡU}[ޓ+y-?T?T{qOM?շUov;Tۋa=m'z@]7:N[sR:z@Stj1I:YN63ƪ:uڊ/6ǸuX{W%Ÿu{ݻU/]q#o͇w+eUekWZQ~՝NGqRm=|gYwݾs#9;뾷Mp?Tʕfk̹o=1Tޏ܃~ݸ=ڧ}ڧ}̡qR췺G=ii 3|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}b| SztTۨ>>F-OBJGSz+OOjJgSz9jjڧ}ڧ}/Uq-M*N齔)jJr?&iiw1*)$;*[z[W}V9ϋ9LO?.g?V_9JS* ҵ.3?>>v1VuV2oߛaa֧=ߦ$}=Քz)Iq{OOb^sه?PٚW]!\m/唖iia T>8W Eݠ;mCWC/==XJQiirH9vmbZ7Kc_!_J_$ iiHƷU$|.jfjUyd}9^>Wϥ4=i\>>7!1V*z:srUqٍ{܍X\C,ڍ_O7sr2>Xb||K1.IޞT[unƊq'iOO;$zG?PgcmvZ.1lv[y^k=[A:)̈́dMO?CbR(j_U,o7x]32H;N|;ƴOO#]u6Vo7byn>!\_ k+֩^1}ڧ}!1IX!Ԧ9)!,v.kt4,gm:Q1~τ?T>>pa{l۲ejzڱYC֗?zwu3D}қ)u"φ1>h^0TIVUycEZV{6a;K Ubs&jڧ}ڧcO/hdzLdꐬ*ڜ+~xmU>X7k֙Rz-?;1;/4KO?FjH:k/sfeRɴYaCl%"mۯк*_U,mdҫ♔^ Ov>>NNN2Sڈ^QsiX_-]L~I<OO'X=YU&f6Xi-xUjrz2x>~JJUJy}ڧ}-c3`|UVEZ7H+ՊJuQ`eXO)=%1>bˊUAUUnʧlɧhczz1Rۣ}ڧ}ڧncU+ozkժ҇*`@JۯNv`˰(}ڧ}CUzܥ[O4Z*mڷU_OWRz"oӴOOrvq|l֮jՇ*[Jij$H>>Ӿ밽Ÿ4z#&G8ii<`mUtur`ڧ}ڧ}W}[}ڧ}ڧ} cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii}1>>L cڧ}ڧ}>ƴOO3%|iiigJ>>Ӿϔ1}ڧ}ڧ})cLOO>Sǘii} f?OO]͛7WVVf?OOɋuH>>Ӿr.&IENDB`n @KpPNG  IHDR04$ tEXtSoftwarenoned{xX pHYsgRIDATxquKLqI,KMhh]bLTV%M1.v.R  *1D)cl}\P!RXA )B .7sߎFG9oޏ>MTym}>iiKG]~]J>IOOO%X[[~JUrnn1c?XR4QciKi}2tJBӤN-LwJ4?jyjgaZi{LfA5xP̸y`iަi}gR5M<:3xxi><8kgUMS5U -N;ji5.z]o拋ӏ-'-jybi0XZ7Z5Z_P5MSTO_P5͸9~ip`Y4,QfE4Շ_]Q5M\<28\MS˃WTUqsjphe0wY4+4UU ZG呪ihj6Mկ^^~084ojmձ>P57|O~@*?y,}JU'SLN=QQ7۔8_8 8u UݨNJ/VM?0iX5i7^2Y%sJT ?{f*{0F!zUEU7q,PiByU|Aus yszߛu ,{sQUəT-NqqFj}lI5X,<8[yBX̪(͹j <7 dn4^gR*skNf^+*Rc9z*re'oW롷UUr@wTUj0T&6͟GQ U9(7 dW|0F+o8rPU5Jq(Qyw\}w7䣏~/>k?pt@7*UUQ oJd:ScenșP87fI5_PUQyMnUDo UP sX6F Fe= 57 ;v% 7Ԭ d*97D}=PvR̬c.mHҥ4G\O4V?Ȫ>ҜhG=jgGU̩Wcǔ{nVunnn!ȷ3\Qi^z9//* ?v|o\o!s&#kGȺ@۷O T5ʕ+6U侳@N`u}rQe'F9M@z#;9H5O:yYGTBTƁ['X*YkȚ3Y}2IjNV25#{dH s?_3hx#{m=u܄d ȺY'Ys,󯗪& dGw#B7{ֿk]1M_67j~~LUMGw#t@n[VMӧê1`ɥO.1 #kG֫W...U9{t# C{HvgO@Ys 41 #d[8Ϊc2A ÿ5#.²2kjŹyU^۽fU^[ז憪z}QCU̽x~%U^Ͽ\MS5_??z+4UsXu~y /.̽za^jӴ>y¼ j8n\T ,7|/.ϫVZZ<*~y-U^U+9kVSgex\zK4TMS. O/ OO_֚𻪼<\P՟QYmߪVSݯP_צ#U^o7k*wUU惘陼MK>[W~yӷC~Ϸ>>~zyy=ΥTym}>iiwf7^ Hڧ}ڧ}گiihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>&SzMהeN}ڧ}ϥCܲ&Hy?S5%tX>>(>ћCܲ&WR׼aJCO?c@U^W ;*^Mڧ}/yVnbȜ;4y 4KOh?nF>~4eΡ}ڧ} Y7\ii7ϥwO2fiis}a ݸ?0ii@76όx UO RQҩ> 9-hi;y4/u KڧG%nHMJ:Uv[>Ó }ڧ.ڣϞ}/xԤyg@><62:WwK?wy ?> #kǥ;iQY]>{iQ>Oݷ=vϻ~>O o>@Ri3e{g@><*z HڧGRI_/t\3| i ]֎Kw$~¿q}/xTG֎Kw$~¿q}/xTwY;.>O .kǥ;iQe{g@><*zX Ii9 u3)cr'>o¿q΢|6S/)]St5AJK%>8#z,H NiTZJ*?M)s}I-=,z,]+OܴKTSժO-X ڧR1R^HiCU+*S[L+v~¿q΢Tm,=HiUJޒTɳhK]֎KwN_UwR¤Υ}d{geh ]֎Kw$~¿q}/xTwY;.>O .kǥ;iQe{g@><*z HڧGRI_v\3| i ŀKw$~¿q}/xTwY;.>O q}/xTwY;.>O .kǥ;iQe{g@><*z HڧGRI_v\3| i ]֎Kw$~¿q}/xT:.>O .kǥ;iQe{g@><*#kǥΫm&/>)vrB(k?v{5ڧ}M ]qvÜLO7 Eywi7hOw뻬Kii.ٻ,R _ڧ}ڧ>{;]Cڧ}/pDowYHOʱxse-Ô:iiBމ!?>>f=U^Gii=P(#I)OOE Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z@>>Ӿ-| iiiߍ>OOF Hڧ}ڧ}w$>>iihIOOn}ڧ}ڧ}7Z;kkkHv[?iiig?@6]I=Ρ}ڧ}ڧ}~drIENDB`DyK www.vpython.orgyK 0http://www.vpython.org/DyK yK zhttp://www.opengl.org/users/downloads/index.htmlyX;H,]ą'cDyK yK (http://MyProgram.pyTDd - P  S A"bCRIȈ2)寧nCRIȈ2)寧PNG  IHDR*8cF) tEXtSoftwarenoned{xX pHYsgRmIDATxQgyb9XDq)X[CQ\dmBMC Z(bٲ )BX0sh.TB 3%B^K[H/ ->|3?;yw|6⹭s7-rs X'wym,fq}k<̳Ǯ=ݜsg羻v.~ȱ>Ws>ヽx<o ůؘhcl?^9xqэn/d '^ȑ|cr̟1͜{[9n̟Os/7翛S|s8bs^όgoVyLŭ7˹R6_Ylsq~vk/op3+YlͿ9j[Ücs|-5c?1o:֫Üs:x{~1W,~8_丝Oܹcw9Ο?X,rMDN^?ko+yիY- L;7]yMwwqb,c=te_ɀ䘊b+9b(=Ș嘊H2r-|{צezҦ+gy{Td6ק"Ge7k]"Sl E'm*^z/vY3rM,S^EMv>grdҦbo3rCrc)2`CTl "#6'x㜑S7Sq{Ȱٛ,x)^5~CWos~yi [cq7Ÿfqic|uxʅ^ȌzZ_r a{-=o,{}#_~oh}w768bZ_/7n 8߮7t[Ͻ4|CtOyVCarM^ܹsS2`?~M!K[CX ·/?|?|7>3g)~o8^^~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}S~׾[m=ڗZfӾr~3}u'x}k_'@'yo7z|}kvz?~廟}bGw|}kvخT쿲}?yM9`+}kX69 |}k;9afA9|}k_wx\'v+?k_0O׾lkxDd;׾}O}W>~׾ݺ<Ț)̧}OE͵}k[׾t<ܻ?}k_~+\׾.(n}k_K |j_+L>ok_~+\׾.(J7׾ wn}k_KJ7׾ ?͵}k?t}k͵}k|tsk__wӾODkYޫW1oWG[;[v]k?hVk~=8;xvѾF^m[ԣڕ~|?ԾO+xLkgrױ+;!NxcB 1χZdޏZjzݏ3?l~$HovS 2ueqLnڋ= >ۭ}ퟔsYSv9wgoǗrM>ُO=қ}ퟴwh6~W5$O~Ƿޏw>t׻◟g~?<y1\o#})Lk_ڧ;~ e]~|1~1l<;䫹&6Z>xx`V/ so/,?kzrl[{} tw wzU-Ös뼞暍rkmó0}if7Fxh~&̑iz ^ɕ־,#GzN3kVJ?p=Gctbϻ>ҾOF9/S.Z{0Gk=?Olq9r|ڼ#o䟅?[:h_'wb`'v[x^]=xg:]}ퟄQ'~+\Y1nU\׾t~}k͵}kJ7׾ wn}k_KJ7׾ +\׾.(V}/]P>~+\׾.(otsk__w}J7׾ ?͵}kO>ok_\׾tA͵}k[׾tAg>W}/]Ptsk__|V}/]Pϕn}k_KW3k_/n}k_Ksk_}+?w}祳=sCcg>}k?K~|}oo ~.-?Hk_~cļ}=zO׾\Ӿ}\?lԾn~siδ}k7ri_׾϶}O?i_(i}}k_N>C/}kl?S׾W|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}Sţ|}kQ>~׾O(?k_ڧx}ScO9yw}~k_׾p7ܹ!?U}k_?ڻO׾ЩXdOIENDB`#Dd   P  S A"bQ#;Cc A-#En%#;Cc APNG  IHDR8BV tEXtSoftwarenoned{xX pHYsgR IDATxq\ua Y#/AI.EMQ㥤(=8vu$nn4Z+6Nb5V #'h۸DjwiJT]DlDd6q`Mupsϻw훹wf̛7ߛ}ğ7FtmG|4G >~cc㭷j ^_pk:Rr&$;Ib6r$㤱8t@{I'=CIblMkq>x/H8yFc!Il`9xD8o&\h|)^mrqG&QIMVxlj4[uyln$+4'i$JJتFui|}63$98kvN6F&4'.5Nj5_jҸ;&Mpk*Ʒ.<8}qZ$I,^nsI'~NmM4Oj5ѭIbh5Yk|׭IxJíW4qvOW4$Nh4d|Uí\ŦPEi5wo&pkDI]b׊[y$U n='qq:^wNk5I*3Ec&Il&?-d1Ih,V4%X&IeMvIծLeϙ-[hToYJʬRUín]?TWcYínM5 sޭqA#IwT.hT4p]][> jj?pk*pk:~ ej=I4⤱V=nMCnMתkhk$IuAíܮj5pk\Ө^=M4D#pk:?h}39zP:tc#M}MLkX)kҔ2MiXƉluBCe'*E]h]SqrƩ]DSM6IXS3Ojx<=x\z{USV*):q6XZ[U|[CscɞXӿ-O-6]}Jݥi&4]d% ,OA,[?U8}yZ uZ*3N8'w;wӰ&J/j{.j*w JSV*?vM j<[}pgZj-sU^|y4Ӱ*ID%/Mz[m5 nɵW_ЈU[r}ѭq]sZR!nM/r^Rdo/闝B_]Zpk\]\YjK2vRt|xpkV5*L+z˚;wFmK#TOI5e9Pc6) յ3 5SB](TM]Q+is;l*Xb~"WG#U+gsնYL:})T5ܚϟ?_\‚[ݚ88ӷQ5}C- &wezjՍ*KvF_[qB?ҏ[hUQݞ8PFۦ@7Ijŕvi$BUwNd$ҭݵZkw޵;W~qǛ*W7F'׏?~ECey;~Jtꪮw;G?ҏ3fjU UӪՕP_|`z'M}ͽk?UЫc1-k]Pj,A?ҏ3!Tw5b Q:&]4WvlMw.ш˪q_w|I?ҏ[qHQsmjw,qR~)ՇL5v=~|]Ɖ.y\XWgXK*K?N諪pyUUBՈuԾ= 5y*Mnvכx=yrpҏoF#DBMYCMBfxhKox}G5 U[ӹFnxHP7<Џ2pk:w1&Kuwt^iz_5)ԬP>9: qbUJox}[pk:m_?ձy|aJ}G_R3s|4G|4?DíEh>yv>*{|4GW#zh>"zh>"zh>"zh>"zh>"zh>"zh>"zh>"zh>"zh>"zh>"zh>ˢ V a(@|4GkK; uUí"_Zu\۱t4GWgDhdB[EΉ7Ĝch>=.=dřKBo"EZE|4Z*=RB&rcSs݌#h>T*-P/qSs݌#h>[>ZŽyh>ԩԵr sVDAkG| 5=NnՏw%Wsrގh>#wr ս=֤h>OeʲVG|48񖽣h>=-SߎVZul*EӒ ՟h>xTZ7I}I@|4'^ e} ax!g`4GGvPBM30#;3 5u[;h>젴78v%T1{!|4}}Y;~`4G?[tz/nvh>g*n-P>@~F|4'޲wn{{h>V=tO}z}%z?0P|o7oGLEB}ۭ&gGy'^ǛfYjTAcKRzh><‰tB뛥~F|!`o}_EF>q뛥fV|4\"&ޒCx}r}nƑ|4Ăzi뛥FW|4ȳx(ԑ`R&2vD'Kͨ {!N[F5ܚQ^,5^4JRCw X>qo:j9Yjg`4?s$NjiYjg`4?CI}Yj轾#:8o:jɽYjh~xw' ^,5;s$nƑW5~NJK$s"u UjQ39OڰVmD^^5BE C/T^o6}'ao{}GʚCn$ K/T4+C/Tzo*}GE e"noG }GE CQ齾zކ*7TC?ކi7<{}z׭ h~W{}C haJ ]7<ކ{}C56 }Gj腊{^^P {K п={{}C540B訵ۥV!o/ C5^_zofg3:P<owTzofprnY^\,w v`EwbJ 8˯~)oR^,jgz/7T}?*˕bO47dߜXN$7Zę^^Х I%q;}9{}齾ռOjk.чg!n7;HmQ+ }GjU:!?iҴP/4⎚u3\8  h"ěh!d/B+3.wTzf_ѳmB]>k!׫n$͏gJݼzhzS{ew8@Km=C:,R˄ϐuxW)o;*׷y4g^wo`*7Riϲz&N?#"nM/|4? K8=Gd49{fS?wTz}C&ԣG^װϐnGF C/TzJSmҭz|4OCeVCOY/o>CvJp@wTN̼MKiޠ?K#O^l^_裻k}Cz3{/\#G^׈i$H65^_*y9{$DOz/veWq&?T^nȆUVoiˎ< ќڜlGF_1B9_yKJ54Y9PҢ+0HmQŞn轾<^YYRtUJ5t"ZAft8<^_'ԟX5wBu}%*ԟ%K" "_zx}͜,"#rMIjU5UdY$ٚh׵a7{}ysGϊ[ [JUЫ&+fqwTrƶ|}.[jhs`]*n_zx}uD#$bS}'UCwTƪRuƠwC햣"' yʊSoM}%UڵmREƹ^Ry}ՙTUc"d3AxgDǠh*Wzn/2!qrS^[vv+"\(@|z/\mg응=dvkRCQ|owTI3^ P|o s}C5/mz/jt Cn$J}酊eJ6 חs}C56 }G\P P|o s}C5/mz/vѷgGEۿ2s}|o 뛩{SCQ|owTfozކ*7TC?ކ{}C5oϠކ^P 6 P齾6 חha;*7TC/T40BjG_40^_zo{{}C haJ ]7<ކ{}C56 }Gj腊{^^P {K п={{}C540BwT40^_zoކ^P P|o }|o{}齾z/mJ ]7<ކ*7t{K wT40*mz{}C5/mz/7TC mJ |o JQ|o{}齾{{}C5BE C/Tzo~E Cj轾ha;*7t{^^%zmz/7TCQ|owTzo^haJ Џha轾^P 3ha;*7TCox@ C/Tzo*}GE Cj;*mJ 6 P齾6 חކ^%zmz{}C ha轾^P }GE CQ齾zކ*7TC?ކ{}C5oϠކiJjlGF_|^^KNEíEw齾C|[뫿ݖu3R;ꐯݖJoJGF}*Pzח~Eo'zՉu3{Bg`zouݑu3{Bg`zﰷߛGu3yzbMח/?c&k~ċɚ齾C?>ozo+}@ցāo(D^лzW_\J-ח/?FTg`zo#30׷g ċ#k<{}x|(30׷%zWpx|4yz6QN4Ov,G;. LmO~\7h>m<30׷3|4?9R n d?*EMQKՉwW%82gUꍾI2/}/E,5齾HRzh~J*R{}'^4 Lh>?]ؗ7KMOѫG=Kj@2KK|4Th_j3~'L_RƋ#?pl30ח~E Lh>_ţNjc@=o}/G*t^_^d^_gh>4oY/ċ@t3R4Gނ^_z/vj^ψMGF|4?;xy}/E|4QW zh> E9"}.U󃼷חh>߿bv{;W?p^h>gǜ_JovN:T&rގh>?/h[IDAT'KK|4x|4ujux"/#8bx"Gќ=0gUhhO>OחՀh~!f'KK|4/ܴbޞh>?n^_/x}'^4GDŽ=Oחh>?>R?p>^4Gn3py4Ga \^/}/E|4e?E|4ͷKtBx|4GSiz.חh>Koudqd4G \"U1h>ݯ #'Ls*E|4sYs wD#jqd4G|4?k]D/T4G|4?cYD/T4G|4?cYD/T4G|4?cYD/T4G|4?cYD/T4G|4?cYD/T4G|4?cYD/T4G|4?cYD/T4G|4?cYD/T4G|4?cYD/T4G|4?cYD/T4G|4?cYD/T4G|4?cYD/T4G|4?cYD/T4G|4?cY[yA>G|4/T+++KKKnM/|4G|4_ x4G|4?SQF_[yA>G|4vAd'WIENDB`3Dd  %&P  S A"b-3*B+ݺ~6c 3:>n3*B+ݺ~6cPNG  IHDRB@F tEXtSoftwarenoned{xX pHYsgR IDATx}quCLa0*PeB`#BPc!eL׎DBZPα)-*T+9d#R*5`%!  WHʅ ;֨VGPpnǷoow733k]p:'տl|6>!D09 3cڞ֯:vcNcm/:DkDud_ l@ #1H0?vvg Qή5Du0@TCA2s럁 c!#۝`\d-2 QCՑ}ۅ; MH0CTǶwATGx~{ dQۓ?aal;"?Dtpw A<3Ózx7d(;sfQzΣk0vx 3y`R]o[n{7#c]B{#k ^Ķ_<'@m6[߁X߅xW?nl5~#ۯ{2n{o̸{On8ddd~1ɨx#36<]>éU4>tg!cr_g4^o=3s83wv =>H;33o"OVK̎h1gdgLޗqx0FEg` g2zYDR !OnO'իTקq)8WnLMc[Ql6&ՙ}ԟdևmv`O']LX29IEcoiʍjcͥCj ٹ:3߄@.}߱2O*'.&ilm ?<#'KiY!vq)ixQmAil>6T/CR7z);7o_Zs?r}]J1 H9Ja>6TZR?hxO> '؆?6?|Rm#>}4HQۨElS}CNݻr!c6?#=O $tmս^Ba.jj)4mJ9jIͩv$Dulg`06ad:qI%޸e#3p6Ʒ [[ih 0 [[q+ӃۂN8}v38w7{_ o93;cpك_~2+޸wy`x=`x򕳃{#3ƽg#ƑṃGyܖom wnpt03G 6dp` ATӃ O`xA`gigl4QӘgi1gD1Oc6>g㧉bl|6>O&yl|6>?M4fl|6~(igl4QӘ_ǧߗ^Ofk1sr$Ll6>ykm<5*zS^r!&Z~ l|*y{c4>9E-"6Oc6L##:xMټ H-):yg?ur#Ҳmᘧ1V!/Ә"y縥F:5dx6~piƟᰲ*I.$&y绫דDʛS\~9dx6~k@iƟFy'ouYC^yYz o'?g8a3o*S3Oc6~8nj(U4:RL (y4f7Od)8G`e6~Hio4=<겎kMуWd`l Z7 g/vyAPVgת'/'?}io דSƜlo7b}y[=!Ft(61}D ,gu ,eT~r@~ '"HwZV3`l| (zNkKu1|\/D6D0P7Of6?ic%cnu܃}f#fE5e"g<͓ ol|.zC~80+wʫ"C!co.}*)򐯫i "4_yY6`h3DMgfF}B7l|y[zQ#2+!B&iwEӊOfocl|6EKֲkys0H7#f70EOYig7h #I\NMuP4fϞ;'?>'(YiƚWk|Vd cM6Oc6>,&x<3c&~i&J`qy룎.N JN1_~XǙ4^@<P4fϞu됨ZsiQK#m c"}By l4f,mgth*#'1Is{n}s(ig㗟jDT'=?Q'#v2H 'qIH<"r-8ig㗟E#0u2`oA|-\Mbpxïp~94`6~gl|6 1GLDE 4{1F5cL&@1?š5"C_"aF/fGy(rywhȽ?~ !?ӘƟr/9'!wV[5pƉ|׽5Rk0U4n WԴORh/}nm`Ϛ1l| 62p= 6Oc6>qTݟUv|HP4f@5z`n"y!Kl˧ n(y[pZF_;Y 4fCGʘO&# *y?L_|P:~AZB=C?ljYI1 #:h q'e8Tظk5C_v4n}"k=9۾3ZTƂ XH\2"qXbB#V`* Q(uh8Z!^e-@` f? y+#ۏ$ N6_-yy7oy"]`Q@j&]2VPy3? {&g4n(,O{ȟoq)t0rgZ/&"p L9n1OѴ y!_VJ8 it$ jSD"NgZc Ca @`TpeM✏kS+aOnI V|rϪUs霃|C:|\u<oD~WA&״zWm/]$o`_!r1HYiۨ~?*BC]qiӸgaE>~X krKk h4V@k7L+.}2 Do܂ mSiV/+Q=2΅S|۸z<#yҿ,߮rUc z>hCr t><'GKF^/ϊ NBת_8;:1Ic*B<{f~uD->.M7P~~k3x( ]4Cc~u?Dt tE̅Nc»58vUb[+*iCagp5@c|aƧk6:fV1:UOB{=S%x1pB0m+3!BRb&8m]1@aCQ^W$u|1_Cdj/t%jkFq}Ν~]Vȟ(f?H݅#7cR Y'UXShԽ} ?X:VZ,MK7a!:GcdSGBm`XqHE_盧/!h@QcN<Z5d+|%iRܡrKDZz$ (Lh+NcϨ~u S8d5Tn*N8Slm`T^DR!#X'A}\eC/`?fz#I ۘ|`V1L= @DNӸ:U1z75IurB}J $U0z Zu*|qHSaX&LCyEhS!8pϳLsf= .P 4֟X ^7i*άq:DcFB n$8E']qXVÿzsf*N8 ;C p)tl t=0c-ғGc\3+4u 8)Q'UXm6/C3lj0q+<ᮯ[}CTe:>ⴀ8C H;)tlՖǗAIuiMRwF~+j:>4j1'Xq)b"4F4~'nպR4йC4FJxНhYJ<ݨRZuT'UV$^Kxr ֤v[ޞj"n֊PIi޽QSUB6& J) ^Vc%xSĕ}g(ħg{Ny/vwH7z^Z Xz^ cƴ2ewn<,滫MK3>opzR 3fV-%ťyTժXTq؞t~V\.bz&:mİ46xf*NX߂/c ; L ?X}XK^fAYbk=V]LG(@TOӡWC.Vj;/1t<. +j:>$Ě`{uSHu"gR(r3B;绻7ul/1uJ&u/fu|Ri15F)}˙B6ƙtb܊b>vwo^bc.GEDul{]I'!Vy ^PY^Ka┏FRmc%/|OFM~P'UesxE2BW\Uo^n(ݛ:PhE*΂qVsEB/{ ; LXd22KNUfRTqj8F [L ; nyq/ GFw r8)BC.ZV31~ w@QX3ڸWMct3Ro 3u|Ri"rjgOB/t7U1D'Q `P<+"O2dfcmU1ahź`4FHWNnйCY@s疣1366^WX jEZ'U$qʾxȁ~J2V#Ax8#\`4yDcȁq`po$9i^cojX߂R' tV\6ԸLz"C?`cФ/@ "4c'):>$icd+ c7'rxu#x)i yWS;{(}r[m84uӫ$v_F|ա漈z^uTqR,yШBmft ?ԪlաR'Q]YIg8~Z\#w=dja\2? 4~o ^Wx-U WW&ӦO8s qWf[]|utDW2cWxz&n9()իա1DH$O8yܱ+#0*`l:W{vȍ.̪s։t:vSc?=7siL*) xhz;DuUoTq*|vޘսȟ{16%Z}IDATM +[,]`R'}W@=v5[hIg)t,$ hi;7Ť-X vYIi3ՊK&z?/5 w5i$ptZu*΂q11A.VNդ1D3k2bO8 1O4PCz r94ѿ+K)dժjTqcuޚ9MVTq*|д3>;Dbv[}RS":HtSc{2pي'խ%nZ}7ZkEu|RũȇxBm`$ k\B4zqiVem{NX_SbqycsuR4.}Ëj;v'hfCN[!S T׶./?!aSifLTqrg>mUufݞ]^6~Nq6[o+.wwNN?vxTwƥsJc:>@/?;oSq[=% GF66n ]>f ,g@*ݞZ TuWh "z:5߭5cjml~ӏғ]qx 5<[4R̯mR7@J3",+uiˮ`{2 ] ! rH,;֚5/@T6IvJ0:DctZ.ur6*ԏWw;mxή66?XraylB>懗'qxhl~`tƐI tYhzK3.Ϩ-c..uZ4v3k滦$-}ovhiŮΊKA=lsV{j#Ʊ-_;to14]0_K,ts1IuqN5ln:AJR0ԏ+hL`` K#ܞ2~I%Hc~<9W\t|۬ƧOXTC*Db[ო/54/(& D5zBQvKA ^j*nn_j_a=zGi KRuPiKujV\.:9HeMS}j6:uBҸ6o~~Xs/ m~B֦=h=!O\t4o*`L1rq7TϨ+.uƺij${k60njW6', KwiCx97n)tS?!fq$tLz^ݥ1]~5an)[lև.ݥ1$i9;E[Cޤ4׊]gT_4uCO6‡._:. NX׾ W{y ũio3 Zu6F{|txԹ9`Nu4!A t?&@x/0ԩ].un;o4MHjwY1߿5ա4/=vsfkd66?Oi 汫Smv0?̢1g5@cL-+!adп ^IO3˕SK:h!1gt7@c srtowDn1fabnN^S;!\4n2@c &I:/ma`!Ze#ұquv0lsX4N٦+ұ1$,utnlȬ؞O.~_4 Kf4kcdb_Wy? \`.WLcd=rڠ1Ɵt~0d8yTk0|4yT ۞I581ӘƧc_۰91OB_,{ӘƧ綧f(yT@?֐9-igSþES1].671O/ݞ|x[ӘƧ@F4fyxW|4Ϳu[Ә!S;OͿ9qӘ!}m!`wy=5Qj`igïQml~q71O9+"nDc71O-nONl ƟN4fIn~il|6> Vi:`.h-JM->E 4f/N\hnO3ښ$y @ω y ̰2j.?A4f5dl|6>3k{,l4QӘoRcl|6~a{C2Oc6>u@c̬f,y&uPig4OS2Oc6>u@__6~Xigl4QӘgi1gD1Oc6>g㧉bl|6>O&yl|6>?M4fl|6~(igl4QӘgi1gD1Oc6>g㧉bl|6>O&yl|6>?M4fl|6~(igl4QӘgi1gD1Oc6>g㧉bl|6>O&yl|6>?M4fl|6~(igl4QӘgi1gD1Oc6>g㧉bl|6>O&yl|6>?M; c{Ygl|f !c{Ygl|@cAT7gl|GšyfIENDB`@`@ :,NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH R`R :, Heading 1dd@&[$\$5CJ0KH$\aJ0\@\ )|8 Heading 2$<@& 56CJOJQJ\]^JaJV@V :, Heading 3$<@&5CJOJQJ\^JaJDA@D Default Paragraph FontRi@R  Table Normal4 l4a (k@(No ListB^`B :, Normal (Web)dd[$\$Bb`B :, HTML CodeCJOJPJQJ^JaJ$o$ :,textsfe`" :,HTML Preformatted7 2( Px 4 #\'*.25@9CJOJQJ^JaJ6U`16 )|8 Hyperlink >*B*ph*W`A* )|8Strong5\ 6\ 6\  z z z z z z z z z z z4(h$,67?{H%QY6\SUI+7  :rzu}DL_xU 0RwVM(}0b!H!R!"""]#^#?$@$g$h$$$%*%%&&&''B'C'W(X(t(((())3)S)z))****H,w,,---.A.~.....1/////0002212T2U23444'5e5p55555566P777778:8v888889/9R9g99<;b;;@<<<<= ====>>>7?8?R@d@AAAABB$C%C:CsCCCCD[DiDsDDDDDE"E:EEE;GGGHZHzH{HII.IgIIIIJOJtJuJJJJJJK,KCK\K|KKKKMM3NNNNOOBPPPP$Q%Q9QQQ R-R9R\R%TUT>>7?8?R@d@AAAABB$C%C:CsCCCCD[DiDsDDDDDE"E:EEE;GGGHZHzH{HII.IgIIIIJOJtJuJJJJJJK,KCK\K|KKKKMM3NNNNOOBPPPP$Q%Q9QQQ R-R9R\R%TUT@BCFHKMPSM!&,058>A7GsLZP\S$YW`1d6d479;=?ADEGIJLNOQRTU5d59D   6\XXXXX?b$].ȴzyII>[w4b$Y/`![6#b$ @Kp?@t(    |. 0e``TT`TT#"     .0e0e0e``TT`TT#"    .0eN0e``TT`TT#"    <A0e0e0e0e C"`  6A0e0e0e0eC"`  6A0e0eC"`B S  ? 0*@<E6\ *,6Jm""..J\ *J@*#Y.J!.-J@#eT. )J@SECTION006100000000000000000SECTION006200000000000000000SECTION006300000000000000000SECTION006400000000000000000%TU1WY7\STUBWY7\ Ԯ a |! Ta a `VV_f M 7\^epp P 7\>*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PersonName=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceType=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceName9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace VELFMSZV]nuPW. 4   , . ov#@KW`bgZ \ H!J!!!i"v"""######@$H$K$S$V$c$d$f$% %%%%&%'%)%'#'&'.'1'>'?'A'''''(((()&)))+)3)@)S)[)^)f)i)v)w)y)w,,,,,,,,5.>.A.F.p.{.~............2%2(2/212@2D2S25$5(5-5W5b5f5h5q5~55555555555555556^6f66667/888:8?8i8t8v8{88888888889 99999#9&9-9/9>9B9Q9U9[9^9e9g9v9z99<<<<>>>>? ??!?)?5?AAAAAAAAhCqCsCxCCCCCCCCCCDDD)D1D8DEDMDYDsD{D~DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEE!E"E)E,E9EGGGGZHkHpHxH\IeIgIlIIIIIIIIIIIJJJ%J,J9JAJMJOJYJhJrJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKK*K1K7K:KBKCKJKMKZK\KmKrKzKL#LwL~LLM MMQQ9RBRiTwT~TTTThUqUUUbVeV}VV?YJYYYDZMZZ[z[[[[+\7\9HU L R TWipRXw~}07H!J!""##d$f$'%)%*%-%& &&&?'A'C'I'''(((((())+)C)J)w)y)**,,--. .A.F.~........//224444(5-5f5h55555555555b6f67788:8?8v8{88888889999R9T9<<<<>>>>>>??BB%C)C:C>CsCxCCCCC DDDD[D`DiDnDDDDDDDFFGGZHlHII.I2IgIlIIIIIIJJJ\JbJuJzJJJJJJJJJ\KnKQQ(R,R1R6RBUDU`UcUUUUU!W&WX XMXOX]XbXYY}ZZ1[4[[[\$\+\7\::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::4UUUUWW*\7\4UUUUWW*\7\" <> Z&dh}L߉0 u"'g#NM^Xt>'$"$Fd*tD{mujoy_2*; Z9g@'$I4 i+Bz+!Qdw&/pb/h`QoQ1!o`$85Ђ?a,r1DLL1>FbEk);K(JTaJ{[ۨZ^CMDdluW&iq2@-i&:-oiFMku tkΰn-jHW~Oh(h^h`(B*OJQJ^Jo(ph p ^ `pB*OJQJ^Jo(ph^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>H^`HB*OJQJ^Jo(ph>`B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>`B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph> ^ `B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>`B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>h(h^h`(B*OJQJ^Jo(ph`B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph> p ^ `pB*OJQJ^Jo(ph`B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>h(h^h`(B*OJQJ^Jo(ph^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph> ^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>H^`HB*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>^B*OJQJ^Jo(ph>"w&/^FdMDd-iЂ?jHW~oQ1b/"J{[oyh}+oiD{ 'gNMFMk'1D tk`$8@'1>Fn4 i+*; &i );K"")|8:,@^^^^6\`@Unknowng: Times New RomanTimes New Roman5Symbol3& : Arial?5 : Courier New;Wingdings"qh&& jN / jN /Y8>4[[3qHP ?:,21Visual Python (Adapted from Vpython tutorial by Bmmasonmmason"                           ! Oh+'0 (4 T ` lx4Visual Python (Adapted from Vpython tutorial by BmmasonNormalmmason2Microsoft Office Word@@xY@iY  jN՜.+,D՜.+,p, hp  Mt. San Antonio College/[' 2Visual Python (Adapted from Vpython tutorial by B Title 8@ _PID_HLINKSAS http://myprogram.py/T 1http://www.opengl.org/users/downloads/index.html'&@http://vpython.org/contents/download/VPython-Win-Py2.7-5.32.exec'4http://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7/python-2.7.msig*http://www.vpython.org/  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !#$%&'()+,-./016Root Entry F0gujY8Data q1TabletWordDocumentLZSummaryInformation("DocumentSummaryInformation8*CompObjq  FMicrosoft Office Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q