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EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 92.4 243.84 Tm 3 Tr -0.0113 Tc (Exptration) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 127.44 243.84 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 17.52 0 0 6 131.28 243.84 cm BI /W 98 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???~~~~~p>>>>>~?~~|~~| |?>~>~>~~~?~||~>???? EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 131.28 243.84 Tm 3 Tr -0.0561 Tc 0 Tw (Dare:) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 148.8 243.84 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 21.36 0 0 6 152.4 243.84 cm BI /W 119 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID >???p/??~~>>|||x|8x|x<x<? x<?x8?x8?x8~0|p|x|x||`|x~|?~~?>8 EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 152.4 243.84 Tm 3 Tr -0.0368 Tc 0 Tw (March) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 173.76 243.84 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 8.16 0 0 6.72 177.36 243.12 cm BI /W 46 /H 35 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID >>>??>>>>80>`???x||<8 EI Q BT 0.6742 0 0 1 177.36 243.84 Tm 3 Tr -0.1402 Tc 0 Tw (14.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 185.52 243.84 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 13.92 0 0 6.48 189.12 243.6 cm BI /W 78 /H 35 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <?~?~??~<x?>x<?>x>p>x>>><xxx>|>~>???  |?~|~<?<<>?8>?8>~0>|>?@> EI Q BT 0.809 0 0 1 189.12 243.84 Tm 3 Tr -0.0165 Tc 0 Tw (t985) Tj 0 Tr ET q 17.76 0 0 6.48 91.68 234.48 cm BI /W 99 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID p0`???|?~?  EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 91.68 234.96 Tm 3 Tr 0.0159 Tc (Total) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 109.44 234.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 28.08 0 0 6 112.08 234.48 cm BI /W 157 /H 32 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???<|x~?>??>?~?|?~<?><><|><|>|~>|>><>>>>>>|||||<|><<0>?>>x>>?|??<? ` EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 112.08 234.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.0612 Tc 0 Tw (Amount) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 140.16 234.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 7.44 0 0 6.48 142.56 234.48 cm BI /W 42 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~ <||||x||~>x EI Q BT 1.0113 0 0 1 142.56 234.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.1432 Tc 0 Tw (of) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 150 234.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 29.04 0 0 6.48 152.4 234.48 cm BI /W 162 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 0x80?<x~@>~0 ???>?|x~?p<> >p|><p<xx><<xx><<>x><<~x><<x|><8x~<<?x~~>|~|x|><<x>x?|><<>><x>< >x>|>p|??????? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 152.4 234.96 Tm 3 Tr 0.0241 Tc 0 Tw (Contract) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 181.44 234.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 4.56 0 0 1.2 184.08 237.12 cm BI /W 26 /H 5 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ? EI Q BT 0.809 0 0 1 184.08 234.96 Tm 3 Tr 0 Tc 0 Tw (--) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 188.64 234.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 34.56 0 0 6.96 191.04 234.24 cm BI /W 193 /H 37 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID  ?>?????|?s`À xxx<x?π<??8x?|x>p?pp~?p|?|||<|?8>?@>~~??||@|< EI Q BT 0.809 0 0 1 191.04 234.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (51.126.897) Tj 0 Tr ET q 30.24 0 0 7.44 92.16 224.64 cm BI /W 168 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~~~?x>x>>~~8?>~?~?~?????>??|~~|?|~|?||8?|<?|<x?|<x>|<|>|<|<<|?x>8<|~x><<x|x><<x>|>?|>?~?????~x<||<~? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 92.16 226.32 Tm 3 Tr -0.0062 Tc (Pnncipal) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 122.4 226.32 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 41.52 0 0 7.92 125.52 224.4 cm BI /W 231 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?>>> ` ?<?x?x<?>`<>>@|x>>|x>><>>|>>><>>~?|><?||><?||><<x<<<x>x>h<<>0>>p?p>??pǀ ??0?>@? x@@< @ EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 125.52 226.32 Tm 3 Tr 0.0268 Tc 0 Tw (Investigator.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 167.04 226.32 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 18.72 0 0 6.48 169.92 225.84 cm BI /W 105 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~||>~>~ >~>~?`<|8?0?p| >~>?>>>?>?>>?>>?>>~?  EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 169.92 226.32 Tm 3 Tr -0.0223 Tc 0 Tw (Bruce) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 188.64 226.32 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 6 0 0 6.72 191.52 225.84 cm BI /W 34 /H 35 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?>x>>>|||~||~~~~~~?|| EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 191.52 226.32 Tm 3 Tr -0.0457 Tc 0 Tw (G) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 197.52 226.32 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 33.12 0 0 6.48 200.4 225.84 cm BI /W 184 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~>~?~x?~x?~x~`?~? x?~8??~|?~{|x>`<~x>|?|? |?||?|p???x?|??<xx?<8x>?<xpx~?|?>~~|?x?8 EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 200.4 226.32 Tm 3 Tr -0.0554 Tc 0 Tw (Buchanan) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 233.52 226.32 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 9.36 0 0 6.72 236.4 225.6 cm BI /W 52 /H 36 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID >>>|||`?|~||?||~>>  EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 236.4 226.32 Tm 3 Tr 0.014 Tc 0 Tw (\(1:) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 245.76 226.32 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 6.24 0 0 6.48 248.64 226.08 cm BI /W 35 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID x|?? EI Q BT 0.809 0 0 1 248.64 226.32 Tm 3 Tr 0.0052 Tc 0 Tw (5\)) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 254.88 226.32 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 29.52 0 0 6.48 257.76 226.08 cm BI /W 165 /H 35 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID @0|y?}8p8x <<<<~`xx<xx<x<<><?xx?<?>x?x???x>8?~x>0|x>0<<~><x~><><<<`|@ EI Q BT 0.809 0 0 1 257.76 226.32 Tm 3 Tr 0.0086 Tc 0 Tw (497-0935) Tj 0 Tr ET q 31.44 0 0 6.48 92.16 216.72 cm BI /W 175 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???p?0??|<>8?8>>px|~~||||~~<~?<>??~??~~`~?`???~?>>?>|>??>||0>@|~|8>|?|x>~?|||>??060 ? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 92.16 217.44 Tm 3 Tr 0.0637 Tc (Associate) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 123.6 217.44 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 41.28 0 0 7.68 126.72 215.76 cm BI /W 230 /H 43 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?>> 0~~?|????~ 8>p~8~>>>~>|?>>>|?>><<??>|<>|<||8 ||8x||<?||||?|>|||>|x|>||?|<|~>~8?|?`?`? | <?? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 126.72 217.44 Tm 3 Tr 0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (lnvestlgator.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 168 217.44 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 26.16 0 0 6 170.88 217.2 cm BI /W 146 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~8xpx|px|`x|x<8>x?x|xx<x<x>x>?x>?翎x>>?><x?x x  x8 8>8>8>p<>p|?`?~` EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 170.88 217.44 Tm 3 Tr 0.0202 Tc 0 Tw (W:lham) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 197.04 217.44 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 2.64 0 0 6 199.92 217.2 cm BI /W 15 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID A? EI Q BT 0.7416 0 0 1 199.92 217.44 Tm 3 Tr 0.1055 Tc 0 Tw (J) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 202.56 217.44 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 25.92 0 0 7.44 205.68 216 cm BI /W 144 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?0>~~>p>>>?~?~+|>>>?>?>?<<<@>?<`>'<~><?>>?>?>?c~>~>x~?x>?x<?8?88 EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 205.68 217.44 Tm 3 Tr 0.0533 Tc 0 Tw (Glance\)) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 231.6 217.44 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 17.28 0 0 6.96 234.48 216.48 cm BI /W 96 /H 37 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID >~ `~>>> >|>>|>>~<>~<~<x~|||@|?<>> ~88~>~>~>>><~ EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 234.48 217.44 Tm 3 Tr -0.0167 Tc 0 Tw (\(415\)) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 251.76 217.44 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 13.92 0 0 6 254.64 217.44 cm BI /W 78 /H 32 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID p?x|<?8xx~??>|xx  EI Q BT 0.809 0 0 1 254.64 217.44 Tm 3 Tr 0.0075 Tc 0 Tw (197-) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 268.56 217.44 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 13.92 0 0 6.48 271.68 217.2 cm BI /W 78 /H 35 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?8~><||<x<x<ppp<p`<<<<<<<~?<?<?<<<?<?<?<~<><~<|<x~~ EI Q BT 0.7416 0 0 1 271.68 217.44 Tm 3 Tr 0.0907 Tc 0 Tw (1997) Tj 0 Tr ET q 35.76 0 0 8.16 74.16 197.76 cm BI /W 199 /H 43 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID @>|xxx|7~?????|?~>>>>x?~?|x?|>><x>>x|~>xx<|~>x?8>|~>x?8>|~>x?<>|<x?<>|<x| <|?<x?~p>?|x>8?xxx|8?|?< >???<? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 74.16 199.44 Tm 3 Tr -0.0409 Tc (Sponsored) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 109.92 199.44 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 21.6 0 0 7.92 112.56 197.76 cm BI /W 121 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID  x8?~x|||x~<x~<x>xx x<x>8x>x>x>x>>>~>~?~.?< EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 112.56 199.44 Tm 3 Tr -0.0093 Tc 0 Tw (jomtly) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 134.16 199.44 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 10.08 0 0 7.44 136.56 198 cm BI /W 57 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <||<<>????????>><<<|À<|<|<|<<<<<>xx880 ` EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 136.56 199.44 Tm 3 Tr -0.0536 Tc 0 Tw (by:) Tj 0 Tr ET q 20.88 0 0 6.48 92.16 190.8 cm BI /W 116 /H 37 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???gp?@<?~~~~~?~?>???~?~~>~>?????????x??8 EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 92.16 191.04 Tm 3 Tr 0.0751 Tc (Office) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 113.04 191.04 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 7.44 0 0 6.72 115.92 190.56 cm BI /W 42 /H 35 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~????>~~~||x|>x>~??~| EI Q BT 1.0113 0 0 1 115.92 191.04 Tm 3 Tr -0.1432 Tc 0 Tw (of) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 123.36 191.04 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 19.44 0 0 6.72 126.24 190.56 cm BI /W 108 /H 35 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???<0?000v0|??0~?0~>>>00p???xx>p~p?p?`x EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 126.24 191.04 Tm 3 Tr 0.0325 Tc 0 Tw (Naval) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 145.68 191.04 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 30.24 0 0 6.48 148.56 190.56 cm BI /W 168 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?????????~?8?~?8|? |~?>?~|π>>>0>><|0 <<<<<?<|p<|x<||><|?|~~<|?>~|<|?~<~???~???ǀ????~ EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 148.56 191.04 Tm 3 Tr 0.0649 Tc 0 Tw (Research) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 178.8 191.04 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 12.24 0 0 6 181.68 191.04 cm BI /W 69 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID x~?<?|~<x8xxxx8x??? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 181.68 191.04 Tm 3 Tr -0.0364 Tc 0 Tw (and) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 193.92 191.04 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 17.28 0 0 6.72 196.8 189.84 cm BI /W 96 /H 38 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 8x||@?||x<x<x<x<x<<<|<||>|>x|?>??>>?>>|>< EI Q BT 0.809 0 0 1 196.8 191.04 Tm 3 Tr -0.0514 Tc 0 Tw (;Zrm!) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 214.08 191.04 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 30.24 0 0 6.48 216.96 190.8 cm BI /W 168 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~~~>><<0||;?|0<~~p>|?~`> >x?x|`x?<8x8?x8~?x|~?x|~p|~x|~x|>?x|<|p|<x||p<~p~~?>?<?{?`> EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 216.96 191.04 Tm 3 Tr 0.0649 Tc 0 Tw (Research) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 247.2 191.04 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 27.36 0 0 6.48 250.08 190.8 cm BI /W 152 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <`|8 |8@????|??|`|x?x||x>`|xx>`|8x>|x8>x|xx?|xx|xx|xxx<xxx>8x>x>xxxp|xpx x| xp||À0~>??~??x  EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 250.08 191.04 Tm 3 Tr 0.0127 Tc 0 Tw (lnstnute) Tj 0 Tr ET q 33.12 0 0 6 92.4 181.92 cm BI /W 184 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 8x~x~x~x>~8~~@8~~0x~|3?x~|??x~??x~<~?x8?|8~?<x8>?<x<><>x?>|>>x~>|x~x<|x~x<|x~x<|x~~<~x~~@<`>x~?<?x~x>@||~~??~? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 92.4 182.16 Tm 3 Tr 0.0074 Tc (Personnel) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 125.52 182.16 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 12.24 0 0 6 128.4 181.92 cm BI /W 69 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID q?x~?x>|?xp??~??|>>?|>>|>p><p<<?|?p<?p<p|||?x|>?p|>?>????>?~??8 EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 143.28 182.16 Tm 3 Tr -0.01 Tc 0 Tw (Trainmg) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 172.08 182.16 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 30.24 0 0 6 174.72 181.92 cm BI /W 168 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??~?~~|||~?~~>?>~>??~?`|>?< x?x?xx>??xx>?x>?~x~>x~<x>|x>x~x~~?|xx???| EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 174.72 182.16 Tm 3 Tr 0.0649 Tc 0 Tw (Research) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 204.96 182.16 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 33.12 0 0 7.44 207.6 180.48 cm BI /W 184 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ||||~`||?<|8?q88|xx~?<x>|||<||<<x8<8|<>8|<~~<?|<?x8|<?p8<?p8<>p8<8|x|<x|x><~xx`>~x|>?|<?߀?>x?xπ~8<><` EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 207.6 182.16 Tm 3 Tr -0.0134 Tc 0 Tw (Programs.) Tj 0 Tr ET q 45.36 0 0 7.44 92.4 171.84 cm BI /W 253 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID @8xx0~>>>>>p?`~;?a?`~p|?~>p8??|>@>>>|?~~><|||>~<|?<|>~<|?<~>~<|?|>|||>~?|>|>~>|>~?|>~||>|~||?|>~|x<>>|~x<>>~~>x<>@???@|?|~`<|????x|x?~?~x0??04?08?~??? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 92.4 173.52 Tm 3 Tr 0.0016 Tc (Psychological) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 137.76 173.52 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 28.08 0 0 6.48 140.64 173.04 cm BI /W 157 /H 35 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?|x8 0>?}A~?<?p|8?px8x?x??>>>@??~?3?ǀ??< EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 140.64 173.52 Tm 3 Tr -0.0491 Tc 0 Tw (Sciences) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 168.72 173.52 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 31.68 0 0 6.72 171.6 173.28 cm BI /W 176 /H 36 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?~~>>>~~|?~~8>~x>x|>||x>|>|>><>?>~?~~<~~>>>>@>`>pxxx|>< EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 171.6 173.52 Tm 3 Tr -0.0241 Tc 0 Tw (Divtsion.) Tj -1.9962 Tc (\222) Tj 0 Tr ET q 29.52 0 0 6.48 92.16 164.16 cm BI /W 165 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID x88 <?>~>??>???~?~~?>>?>?|>>>>||<|>>x||<|<?||<~>|~|~>|?>?>?>>>?>>>>>>>?>|><x>|>x?@~??????? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 92.16 164.64 Tm 3 Tr 0.0241 Tc (Contract) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 121.68 164.64 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 31.68 0 0 7.44 125.04 163.2 cm BI /W 177 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID `8888||88|8?~??||xxxxxxxxx|xx|xx|x<<>x<<>x<<>~x<x<>0~8<<>0?<<x<>0?~>p~8>p?>p><>p??9?<>?p???>?08 EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 125.04 164.64 Tm 3 Tr -0.0362 Tc 0 Tw (Authont>) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 156.72 164.64 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 11.28 0 0 6 160.08 164.64 cm BI /W 63 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <|xp??@?````>`>~~~>????????>>>>| ? EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 160.08 164.64 Tm 3 Tr -0.0641 Tc 0 Tw (No.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 171.36 164.64 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 12 0 0 6.48 174.72 164.16 cm BI /W 67 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~?0~|p??? 00ppp???||||||x0? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 174.72 164.64 Tm 3 Tr -0.0513 Tc 0 Tw (NR) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 186.72 164.64 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 24.96 0 0 6 189.84 164.64 cm BI /W 139 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?8?~8?><>>?><>>>>>|?> |?||`||>|>|>~ ~`?>>> ??>?p  EI Q BT 0.809 0 0 1 189.84 164.64 Tm 3 Tr 0.0084 Tc 0 Tw (154-481) Tj 0 Tr ET q 31.44 0 0 6.48 92.4 155.52 cm BI /W 175 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???>|xx8@x|=?8x?|x|x<8~?xxx|xx8|~xx8|?xxpp~?xxx??8 |<#~??p? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 92.4 156 Tm 3 Tr 0.0544 Tc (Screntitic) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 123.84 156 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 25.92 0 0 6.72 126.96 155.52 cm BI /W 144 /H 36 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??a`~?~p>>~y??????>???||~|~?|~x~x~x~x~8~8?x?x?|?|???> EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 126.96 156 Tm 3 Tr 0.0762 Tc 0 Tw (Officer:) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 152.88 156 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 10.08 0 0 6 156 156 cm BI /W 56 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~~?~~~|~~?|?|?~~>|||~~~|~~~|~ EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 156 156 Tm 3 Tr -0.0292 Tc 0 Tw (Dr.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 166.08 156 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 29.04 0 0 6 169.2 156 cm BI /W 162 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID >ppxx<?8?80?p<p~p1?0GpG>x?|p10~||<xx<x~0<~ 8<?x<??x<?x|?߀|?<>|||@>||`~x|`|x|||x8|||~>|0?px??< EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 169.2 156 Tm 3 Tr 0.0576 Tc 0 Tw (Marshall) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 198.24 156 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 13.68 0 0 6 201.36 156 cm BI /W 77 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID > {x|>~>?>`<8xxxxxx>px|px|pxxxxx|x<~< EI Q BT 0.809 0 0 1 201.36 156 Tm 3 Tr -0.0132 Tc 0 Tw (Fat-r) Tj 0 Tr ET q 11.28 0 0 6 76.08 129.36 cm BI /W 63 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ||><<>>>~~~?>0>>`|>>>>>><<>>>>>>>>?? EI Q BT 1.0113 0 0 1 76.08 129.6 Tm 3 Tr -0.0649 Tc (fhe) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9439 0 0 1 87.36 129.6 Tm 0 Tc 0.0684 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 2.16 0 0 4.08 89.76 129.36 cm BI /W 12 /H 21 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 8x|||>>?p EI Q BT 1.0132 0 0 1 89.76 129.6 Tm 3 Tr /F2 7.92 Tf -0.07 Tc 0 Tw (\\) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9499 0 0 1 91.92 129.6 Tm -0.0555 Tc 0.1306 Tw ( iews and ) Tj ET q 39.12 0 0 6.48 127.68 128.88 cm BI /W 218 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID >x>x?@?8?||<><~<~<>|<?||8|||>||<x|<x|<x|<x||x|||?||?<?||<_<<| <><|||?<|?<?@ EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 127.68 129.6 Tm 3 Tr /F5 8.88 Tf 0.0021 Tc 0 Tw (conclusions) Tj 0 Tr 41.4468 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0684 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 33.12 0 0 6 168.96 129.12 cm BI /W 184 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 8?<~<<>|>|8|<<8<<>x< >>x<<>pp><pp>>pp<><p>><>>>>>>>>?>>>?~>~>?>>??~??>x( EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 168.96 129.6 Tm 3 Tr 0.0069 Tc 0 Tw (contamed) Tj 0 Tr 35.0899 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0684 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 5.52 0 0 4.08 204.24 129.12 cm BI /W 31 /H 22 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID pxxxx|x|x|xxx|x|x<8<8|x|x|x<|<|>~>~> EI Q BT 0.7599 0 0 1 204.24 129.6 Tm 3 Tr /F2 7.92 Tf -0.0425 Tc 0 Tw (In) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9499 0 0 1 209.76 129.6 Tm 0 Tc 0.0721 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 11.52 0 0 6 211.92 129.12 cm BI /W 64 /H 32 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 0|0~| x8x<xp>8p?0p?0p0? px|8<<> x? EI Q BT 0.8232 0 0 1 211.92 129.6 Tm 3 Tr 0.0527 Tc 0 Tw (!hls) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9499 0 0 1 223.44 129.6 Tm -0.0599 Tc 0.1352 Tw ( document are ) Tj ET q 17.04 0 0 6 276.48 129.12 cm BI /W 95 /H 32 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 0`0 |>x~x><> pp?x??x?|?~?3?p EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 276.48 129.6 Tm 3 Tr /F5 8.88 Tf -0.025 Tc 0 Tw (those) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9439 0 0 1 293.52 129.6 Tm 0 Tc 0.0684 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 6.96 0 0 6 295.68 129.6 cm BI /W 39 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~ ?<?80 p88< EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 295.68 129.6 Tm 3 Tr -0.016 Tc 0 Tw (of) Tj 0 Tr 7.374 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0684 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 10.08 0 0 6 305.04 129.36 cm BI /W 57 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <|`~x`?xxxxxp08xx>???7 EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 305.04 129.6 Tm 3 Tr 0.0274 Tc 0 Tw (the) Tj 0 Tr 10.6795 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0684 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 24.72 0 0 6 317.28 129.36 cm BI /W 138 /H 32 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID q`|~|~|>>>> > || | ?< <> <> @|@0>?> EI Q BT 1.0113 0 0 1 317.28 129.6 Tm 3 Tr -0.0676 Tc 0 Tw (author,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9439 0 0 1 342 129.6 Tm 0 Tc 0.0684 Tw ( ) Tj ET BT 0.9499 0 0 1 344.16 129.6 Tm /F2 7.92 Tf -0.054 Tc 0.129 Tw (and ) Tj ET q 22.32 0 0 6 359.52 129.36 cm BI /W 124 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <|?|?|?>>8?<x?<``8?<p@<p``p<8<<<`?<<`?><<`><<~<~><~>8~<<~{<<~p?8>>??8 p`xx EI Q BT 0.8232 0 0 1 359.52 129.6 Tm 3 Tr 0.0758 Tc 0 Tw (chou!d) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9499 0 0 1 381.84 129.6 Tm 0 Tc 0.0721 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 9.6 0 0 4.56 384 129.36 cm BI /W 54 /H 25 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID p~<?xpxxppppppx`x? |? EI Q BT 0.809 0 0 1 384 129.6 Tm 3 Tr /F5 8.88 Tf 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (nor) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9439 0 0 1 393.6 129.6 Tm 0 Tc 0.0684 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 7.68 0 0 5.76 395.76 129.6 cm BI /W 43 /H 31 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID p|||||8~??8?~(|8|8|8~8~?> EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 395.76 129.6 Tm 3 Tr 0.0041 Tc 0 Tw (be) Tj 0 Tr 8.1368 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0684 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 36.96 0 0 7.44 405.6 127.92 cm BI /W 206 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID p<? x`d??g???ǀ `>`ǀ 8p>pǀx`<x`p x>pp` ?x ? ?<x~<|~>|~??x??880p EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 405.6 129.6 Tm 3 Tr 0.039 Tc 0 Tw (xrterpreted) Tj 0 Tr 39.1583 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0684 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 6.48 0 0 4.32 444.72 129.36 cm BI /W 36 /H 23 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?`? ?? 8xpxpx?w@pp?? 8|<`|p| pp>.ppǀ>px?x??ǀp8 `|<| EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 453.36 129.6 Tm 3 Tr 0.0569 Tc 0 Tw (nscessanl~) Tj 0 Tr ET q 41.28 0 0 7.44 74.88 119.28 cm BI /W 230 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <p?|~???<>p#8p|>p x>|x~<|p?||~<x|p??~~|<x<p|<<p?|<<?><<p><<p><><<x?<<px?<<p8x??<<0<x?|>0<>p|8<><x~x>8~<<?||?    EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 74.88 120.96 Tm 3 Tr 0.0276 Tc (representing) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 116.16 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 10.08 0 0 6 119.04 120.72 cm BI /W 57 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID `8<>|8|0|p|p<<|||||||xp|p||>0???| EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 119.04 120.96 Tm 3 Tr 0.0274 Tc 0 Tw (the) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 129.12 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 23.04 0 0 6.72 131.76 120.48 cm BI /W 128 /H 36 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID p>|~`~<><>|>~>8>>?~<?>?>>><<>x<>>x|>>xx<0<x>x<<x<8<<x|0<|x|0<|x~0<|x~x<|<p>x<|>p?x><|>xx><<>||>< ~|~>~?8< EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 131.76 120.96 Tm 3 Tr 0.0658 Tc 0 Tw (official) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 154.8 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 26.64 0 0 7.44 157.44 119.28 cm BI /W 149 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <|||<|<<88<`8>8?>~?<<x<|<x8<xǀp<0p<9x<0<<?<<<x|~<<~>>??@ǀ?xxp EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 157.44 120.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.0403 Tc 0 Tw (pohcies,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 184.08 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 18.96 0 0 6 186.72 120.72 cm BI /W 106 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ``p@???1>p>>??p>>>>>x>|<?? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 186.72 120.96 Tm 3 Tr 0.0612 Tc 0 Tw (either) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 205.68 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 24.48 0 0 6 208.32 119.28 cm BI /W 136 /H 32 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID x`x~8008`80xxp~x|x>~}??~?0?~???`????0?~~x~>|>`?<p0xxx||||>0 EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 208.32 120.96 Tm 3 Tr 0.0447 Tc 0 Tw (eupress) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 232.8 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 6.96 0 0 4.56 235.44 120.72 cm BI /W 39 /H 24 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~???x?x|><>|>|>>~~>~|>|>?|>x>>?? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 235.44 120.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.016 Tc 0 Tw (or) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 242.4 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 25.2 0 0 7.44 245.28 119.28 cm BI /W 140 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID `??~?<?`?px? x> 8px<0xp00?xp<?x<>xx|x<x<>x<>x|p>x<p0<p|p><x?|??x|?><<<<<< EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 245.28 120.96 Tm 3 Tr 0.0116 Tc 0 Tw (rmpited) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 270.48 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 6.72 0 0 4.56 273.12 120.72 cm BI /W 38 /H 25 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 8>? ?8>><><<<|||||~|>~|~ EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 273.12 120.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.016 Tc 0 Tw (or) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 279.84 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 9.84 0 0 6 282.48 120.96 cm BI /W 55 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID |xx?x000p>p>p~~||~~| | ||x<x<>||?~?~@|@|~>????@?'? EI Q BT 0.8232 0 0 1 294.96 120.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.0306 Tc 0 Tw (O:) Tj -2.2931 Tc (\221) Tj 0.0147 Tc (frcc) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 315.6 120.96 TD -0.0182 Tc 0.2165 Tw ( of ) Tj ET q 12.24 0 0 6 328.32 120.96 cm BI /W 68 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~???<|?|> > ??<<`>>>?> EI Q BT 1.3299 0 0 1 328.32 120.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.0129 Tc 0 Tw (\\a!) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 340.56 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.0418 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 5.04 0 0 5.76 343.44 120.96 cm BI /W 29 /H 31 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID @@xp>>~>80 ` 0x? EI Q BT 0.6742 0 0 1 343.44 120.96 Tm 3 Tr /F5 8.88 Tf -2.1605 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 0.0232 Tc (ii) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 348.48 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 29.76 0 0 6.48 351.12 120.72 cm BI /W 166 /H 35 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <~~|~|~|<| | | | p ?|| |||8|~>x>?x>>>>p??p><<~<<>|p<|?<|?><p|?><?|p< p<`<<_x>~??<?x? EI Q BT 1.0113 0 0 1 351.12 120.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.1259 Tc 0 Tw (&search) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 380.88 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj 2.64 0 TD /F2 7.92 Tf 0.004 Tc -0.0457 Tw (or ) Tj ET q 9.84 0 0 5.76 394.08 120.96 cm BI /W 55 /H 31 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID  pp8~<>|>p>`>| pppp x??? EI Q BT 0.7599 0 0 1 394.08 120.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.0932 Tc 0 Tw (ti!tt) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 403.92 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.0418 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 5.04 0 0 6 406.56 121.2 cm BI /W 28 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~~||@x|||xx8<||||||x||||<@> EI Q BT 0.6966 0 0 1 406.56 120.96 Tm 3 Tr 0.0971 Tc 0 Tw (1;) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 411.6 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.0418 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 3.84 0 0 6 414.24 121.2 cm BI /W 22 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?>|`x??0|@? EI Q BT 0.6966 0 0 1 414.24 120.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.0988 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 418.08 120.96 TD 0 Tc -0.0418 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 43.44 0 0 6.48 420.96 120.72 cm BI /W 242 /H 35 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?<||<? ?`~ f~6~<?|||xx|x||<<|~?x||8<|?8t||?0|?x8xx088`x8p<x`|x8xx88?><xx8x??<x|8x?<x~x<?<8~8<?|8?8<|||~?|~??~??^|p|0@ EI Q BT 1.0113 0 0 1 420.96 120.96 Tm 3 Tr /F5 8.88 Tf -0.0911 Tc 0 Tw (Gotcrnmenr) Tj 0 Tr ET q 33.6 0 0 7.44 74.88 101.76 cm BI /W 187 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <>~??>Àǀ<>>Àx<>>~x<>>x<>>x<~|x<~|~x<><>x<<<8|@|8x>08?>?p?ǀ??|<|08<8<8|x|<>>? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 74.88 103.44 Tm 3 Tr -0.0527 Tc (Approved) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 108.48 103.44 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 8.88 0 0 6.48 111.36 102.96 cm BI /W 50 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID px08pǀ|p>@`p` 0x<xp? EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 111.36 103.44 Tm 3 Tr 0.0112 Tc 0 Tw (for) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 120.24 103.44 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 20.88 0 0 7.44 123.12 101.76 cm BI /W 117 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?8`@||?||<<|<|p|<~<|<><<<><<<<<<<|<<|><<<<8<<>|<|><<>><0>>????><<<<>?? EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 123.12 103.44 Tm 3 Tr -0.0688 Tc 0 Tw (pubhc) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 144 103.44 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 24.48 0 0 6.48 146.88 102.72 cm BI /W 136 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID `x8|?~< }~@x~0<<8>8@x?88?8>8>xx>xx?x??x?x~x?g8x?| ?~ ~?8| EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 146.88 103.44 Tm 3 Tr 0.1052 Tc 0 Tw (release;) Tj 0 Tr ET q 38.88 0 0 6 174.72 103.2 cm BI /W 216 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 8||| | <`À?|?<?|?8<<?0<`<|xx<>xp<>xp><<<|p><<<|><<x ><x<xp>|x<|p>|<p|>?|<p|>|<p|>|<p|>|<>|>|>>|~> ~>?|???>~?߀<~ ? EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 174.72 103.68 Tm 3 Tr -0.0028 Tc (dr~iributron) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 213.6 103.68 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 32.16 0 0 6 216.72 103.2 cm BI /W 179 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ||||<?<<`<`<~?<<|<x<>x@x<<ppx<0xx<<0?x<<0x<<x<8>88~x`8~xp|~x|?x><x<|>>x|>>???????` EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 216.72 103.68 Tm 3 Tr -0.0299 Tc 0 Tw (unlimxed) Tj 0 Tr ET q 46.08 0 0 7.44 255.84 102 cm BI /W 257 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <~|||~~~|@| |p?0~|||<~p>>~|~pp>>?π`>????|~|?|<<<<@<@<x`>~|?>???<????|???x? ` EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 255.84 103.68 Tm 3 Tr -0.0261 Tc (Rqrt~d~cuon) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 301.92 103.68 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 5.28 0 0 4.32 304.8 103.44 cm BI /W 30 /H 23 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID  pp p8pxpxpxxxxx0xpxxxxxxx||<<| EI Q BT 0.7416 0 0 1 304.8 103.68 Tm 3 Tr 0.1055 Tc 0 Tw (in) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 310.08 103.68 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 19.44 0 0 6 312.96 103.44 cm BI /W 108 /H 32 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID pppp`8p8p/pp`p px?x ?8 ?>>>x8`| EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 312.96 103.68 Tm 3 Tr -0.0489 Tc 0 Tw (:vhole) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 332.4 103.68 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 6.48 0 0 4.32 335.28 103.44 cm BI /W 37 /H 23 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 9|???<8p8xxxxx|xxx|||>~ EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 335.28 103.68 Tm 3 Tr -0.0062 Tc 0 Tw (or) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 341.76 103.68 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 5.52 0 0 6 344.64 103.44 cm BI /W 31 /H 32 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID @``p|pxpxpxxxxxxx`8p|p||||< EI Q BT 0.809 0 0 1 344.64 103.68 Tm 3 Tr -0.0428 Tc 0 Tw (in) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 350.16 103.68 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 12.96 0 0 6 353.04 102 cm BI /W 72 /H 32 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID >8S 8>8<p8px?8?80p0p8888xx?p<????8?0xxxxx|? EI Q BT 1.0113 0 0 1 353.04 103.68 Tm 3 Tr -0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (pan) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 366 103.68 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 4.32 0 0 4.56 368.88 103.44 cm BI /W 25 /H 24 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ,0~x|xx88xxxx|x?xxx<>? EI Q BT 0.4045 0 0 1 368.88 103.68 Tm 3 Tr -0.1678 Tc 0 Tw (1~) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 373.2 103.68 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 32.64 0 0 7.44 376.08 102 cm BI /W 182 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID  `<0~y?8>|px~ pp>pp?>pp<?`p>p>>p<<`>~p<p~x:xx<x>p>|>?>???0?|x? xxpxx|0 EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 376.08 103.68 Tm 3 Tr 0.0379 Tc 0 Tw (permitteC) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 408.72 103.68 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 8.88 0 0 6 411.6 103.68 cm BI /W 50 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID  |p|pppppp<o EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 411.6 103.68 Tm 3 Tr 0.0112 Tc 0 Tw (for) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 420.48 103.68 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 10.8 0 0 5.28 423.36 102.48 cm BI /W 60 /H 29 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID  x x x?xxxxx<x|xxxxx|8xx EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 423.36 103.68 Tm 3 Tr 0.0312 Tc 0 Tw (an\)) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 434.16 103.68 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 27.12 0 0 6 437.04 102 cm BI /W 151 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <x ?x0??<?c<x<|<~< ~x<x?xxx<x<x<?x<?x<x>||?>?<????xxxx~ EI Q BT 0.9439 0 0 1 437.04 103.68 Tm 3 Tr -0.0219 Tc 0 Tw (purpose) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 464.16 103.68 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 7.68 0 0 6 467.04 103.68 cm BI /W 43 /H 34 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??0><<||||~|~~|||~>?@@ EI Q BT 1.0787 0 0 1 467.04 103.68 Tm 3 Tr -0.0319 Tc 0 Tw (of) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 474.72 103.68 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 10.32 0 0 6 477.6 103.44 cm BI /W 58 /H 33 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID `88p|888p8||||<x|||||>??? 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These) Tj 0.24 -18 TD 0.0284 Tc 3.2579 Tw (programs have a characteristic inference structure that systematically relates data to a) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 16.8 0 0 7.2 530.4 633.84 cm BI /W 94 /H 39 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 0?????????~?tx EI Q BT 0.8665 0 0 1 530.4 635.52 Tm 3 Tr 0.0641 Tc 0 Tw (pre-) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 80.4 617.28 TD 0.0142 Tc 1.9303 Tw (enumerated set of solutions by abstraction, heuristic association, and refinement. This level of) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 80.16 599.28 Tm -0.0357 Tc 0.7531 Tw (description specifies the knowledge needed to solve a problem, independent of its representation in a) Tj 0.4956 -18 TD -0.0382 Tc 1.3186 Tw (particular computer language. The classification problem-solving model provides a useful framework) Tj ET BT 80.4 563.28 TD 0.0049 Tc 2.5833 Tw (for recognizing and representing similar problems, for designing representation tools, and for) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 80.4 545.28 Tm -0.0411 Tc 0.741 Tw (understanding the problem-solving methods used by non-classification programs.) Tj ET BT 81.84 503.28 TD /F2 13.92 Tf 0.1656 Tc 6.0446 Tw (1. Introduction) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 91.44 485.04 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0365 Tc 0.4 Tw (Over the past decade a variety of heuristic programs have been written to solve problems in diverse) Tj ET BT 79.92 467.04 TD 0.008 Tc 1.6965 Tw (areas of science, engineering, business, and medicine. Yet, presented with a given \223knowledge) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 79.92 449.04 Tm -0.039 Tc 1.2699 Tw (engineering tool,) Tj 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 3.12 0 0 2.64 160.8 453.6 cm BI /W 18 /H 13 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID xp EI Q BT 0.6116 0 0 1 160.8 449.04 Tm 3 Tr -0.6456 Tc 0 Tw (\224) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 168.96 448.8 TD 0.0384 Tc 0.2261 Tw (such as ) Tj ET q 37.92 0 0 8.16 209.52 448.08 cm BI /W 211 /H 43 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID X?|????~~~??~?~~p~??~?????~~????~~?~??~??~??~??x????????????@?~?~??~?p< EI Q BT 1.0194 0 0 1 209.52 448.8 Tm 3 Tr -0.1701 Tc 0 Tw (EMYCIN) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 247.44 448.8 TD 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 19.68 0 0 10.08 250.56 446.4 cm BI /W 110 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID x????~~~~~~???~~~~?~?~~~~~~~~~~~??~?~??~x~|~~~~|~~<~|~x~pp`?? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 250.56 448.8 Tm 3 Tr -0.0315 Tc 0 Tw ([39],) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 270.24 448.8 TD 0.0273 Tc 0.379 Tw ( we are still hard-pressed to say what kinds of problems it) Tj -190.32 -17.76 TD 0.251 Tc 2.8215 Tw (can be used to solve well.) Tj 157.44 -0.24 TD 0.0213 Tc 3.5517 Tw (Various studies have demonstrated advantages of using one) Tj -157.2 -18 TD 0.0177 Tc 0.2228 Tw (representation language instead of another-for ease in specifying knowledge relationships, control) Tj 0 -18 TD 0.0118 Tc 0.887 Tw (of reasoning, and perspicuity for maintenance and explanation) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 10.32 0 0 10.08 384.24 392.64 cm BI /W 58 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???????????x EI Q BT 0.8665 0 0 1 384.24 394.8 Tm 3 Tr 0.0499 Tc 0 Tw ([9,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 394.56 394.8 TD 0.0074 Tc 0.3771 Tw ( 38, ) Tj ET q 17.28 0 0 8.4 415.44 393.6 cm BI /W 97 /H 46 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID  <~~??????>??????~? 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Tj 0 Tr 20.0736 0 TD -0.0364 Tc 1.3291 Tw ( But attempts to describe) Tj 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET BT 0.9393 0 0 1 524.4 358.8 Tm /F7 9.84 Tf -0.0396 Tc 0 Tw (kinds) Tj ET BT 79.92 341.04 TD 0.0091 Tc 1.3354 Tw (of problems) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 56.64 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.015 Tc 1.1134 Tw (in terms of shared features have not been entirely satisfactory: Applications-oriented) Tj -56.88 -18.24 TD -0.0123 Tc 0.2368 Tw (descriptions like \223diagnosis\224 are too general \(e.g., the program might not use a device model\), and) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 79.68 305.04 Tm -0.0767 Tc 1.123 Tw (technological terms like \223rule-based\224 don) Tj -3.0205 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0348 Tc 0.8761 Tw (t describe what problem is being solved ) Tj ET q 16.08 0 0 10.08 463.2 303.12 cm BI /W 90 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?~~?~~~??~?~?~?~~?~~>>~~~????~~~~~> w; EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 463.2 305.04 Tm 3 Tr 0.0147 Tc 0 Tw ([18,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 479.28 305.04 Tm 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 15.6 0 0 10.08 482.88 303.12 cm BI /W 87 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???~?~??????????~????~????~>??<??? EI Q BT 0.8155 0 0 1 482.88 305.04 Tm 3 Tr 0.076 Tc 0 Tw (191.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 498.48 305.04 Tm -0.032 Tc 1.1387 Tw ( Logic has) Tj ET BT 79.92 286.56 TD 0.0293 Tc 2.0352 Tw (been suggested as a tool for a) Tj 161.28 0.24 TD 0.0019 Tc 1.4326 Tw (\223knowledge level\224 analysis that would specify what a heuristic) Tj -161.04 -18 TD -0.0025 Tc 0.195 Tw (program does, independent of its implementation in a programming language ) Tj ET q 16.08 0 0 10.08 447.6 266.88 cm BI /W 90 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??~~~~~?/?~~~~>|x~|?~?~??~??~~~~~?~~~~~ EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 447.6 268.8 Tm 3 Tr 0.0147 Tc 0 Tw ([30,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 463.68 268.8 TD 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 16.08 0 0 10.08 466.56 266.88 cm BI /W 90 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID x?????>??? ???? EI Q BT 0.8155 0 0 1 466.56 268.8 Tm 3 Tr 0.076 Tc 0 Tw (291.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 482.64 268.8 TD 0.0784 Tc 0.1861 Tw ( However, we) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 80.16 250.8 Tm -0.0373 Tc 0.2521 Tw (have lacked a set of terms and relations for doing this.) Tj 11.6476 -32.4 TD -0.0471 Tc 1.0635 Tw (In an attempt to specify in some canonical terms what many heuristic programs known as \223expert) Tj ET BT 79.68 200.16 TD 0.0085 Tc 0.4196 Tw (systems\224 do, an analysis was made of ten rule-based systems \(including ) Tj ET q 33.6 0 0 8.88 429.84 198.72 cm BI /W 187 /H 49 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID |??????|??????????~???~??~~<v~???~<<6O EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 429.84 200.16 Tm 3 Tr 0.0061 Tc 0 Tw (MYCIN,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 463.44 200.16 TD 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 37.44 0 0 8.88 466.56 198.72 cm BI /W 208 /H 48 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ????????~?????????~~???~?>??? ??????????????????????? <??~?????~????~>|??@ EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 466.56 200.16 Tm 3 Tr 0.0323 Tc 0 Tw (SACON,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 504 200.16 TD 0.058 Tc 0.4465 Tw ( and The) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 79.92 181.92 Tm -0.0309 Tc 0.8013 Tw (Drilling Advisor\), a frame-based system \(GRUNDY\) and a program coded directly in LISP \(SOPHIE Ill\).) Tj ET BT 79.92 164.16 TD 0.0235 Tc 1.8564 Tw (There is a striking pattern: These programs proceed through easily identifiable phases of data) Tj 0 -18.24 TD 0.0118 Tc -0.0419 Tw (abstraction, heuristic mapping onto a hierarchy of pre-enumerated solutions, and refinement within) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 79.68 128.16 Tm -0.0384 Tc 1.3188 Tw (this hierarchy. In short, these programs do what is commonly called) Tj 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET BT 0.9393 0 0 1 402.24 128.16 Tm /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0052 Tc 0 Tw (classification.) Tj ET BT 91.2 95.52 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0211 Tc 0.1603 Tw (Focusing on content rather than representational technology, this paper proposes a set of terms) Tj -11.52 -18 TD 0.0131 Tc 0.6483 Tw (and relations for describing the knowledge used to solve a problem by classification. Subsequent) Tj ET endstream endobj 12 0 obj 18023 endobj 13 0 obj << /MediaBox [ 0 0 610 789 ] /Type /Page /Parent 154 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F2 172 0 R /F3 180 0 R /F7 132 0 R >> /ProcSet 183 0 R >> /Contents 14 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 610 789 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 14 0 obj << /Length 15 0 R >> stream q 0 767.76 27.84 21.12 re h W n Q q 0 767.76 27.84 21.12 re h W n Q q 0 767.76 27.84 21.12 re h W n Q q 0 765.84 60 23.04 re h W n Q q 0 767.28 24.96 21.6 re h W n Q q 0 758.88 60 30 re h W n Q q 0 767.76 99.84 21.12 re h W n Q q 0 767.28 27.84 21.6 re h W n Q q 0 767.76 22.8 21.12 re h W n Q q 0 766.8 27.84 22.08 re h W n Q q 0 767.28 27.84 21.6 re h W n Q q 0 760.8 24.96 28.08 re h W n Q q 0 760.8 24.96 28.08 re h W n Q q 0 767.28 24.96 21.6 re h W n Q 0 0 0 rg 0.24 5.28 1.2 783.6 re f BT 0.8665 0 0 1 291.6 728.88 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0783 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj ET BT 58.56 693.12 TD 0.0059 Tc -0.0614 Tw (sections describe and illustrate the classification model in the analysis of MYCIN, ) Tj ET q 37.44 0 0 8.4 441.84 692.88 cm BI /W 208 /H 47 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ????????~?>>~>>??~??~?~?~?~??~~??????~?>~?x?>~??~~|~?||?~~~?~ ?~?/~?~?|??~?||?<|?? 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Tj 249.12 0.24 TD 0.0207 Tc 1.9237 Tw (There are several strong implications for the) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 58.32 602.16 Tm -0.0366 Tc 0.4992 Tw (practice of building expert systems and continued research in this field.) Tj ET BT 59.04 559.2 TD /F2 13.92 Tf 0.1787 Tc 4.4115 Tw (2. Classification problem solving defined) Tj 9.84 -18 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.012 Tc 0.4068 Tw (We develop the idea of classification problem solving by starting with the common sense notion) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 57.6 523.2 Tm -0.0424 Tc 0.561 Tw (and relating it to the reasoning that occurs ) Tj ET q 6.72 0 0 5.28 256.32 522.96 cm BI /W 38 /H 28 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 8xxxxxx|x|x|x|x|x||||||xx8x EI Q BT 0.8155 0 0 1 256.32 523.2 Tm 3 Tr -0.1018 Tc 0 Tw (In) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 263.04 523.2 Tm -0.0454 Tc 0.657 Tw ( heuristic programs.) Tj ET BT 58.32 484.32 TD 0.2189 Tc 3.7656 Tw (2.1. Simple classification) Tj ET q 11.04 0 0 7.92 68.64 466.08 cm BI /W 62 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???~~?|?????~~???|x EI Q BT 0.9789 0 0 1 68.64 466.08 Tm 3 Tr /F3 7.92 Tf 0.1705 Tc 0 Tw (AS) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 79.68 466.08 TD 0 Tc -0.0418 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.011 Tc 1.075 Tw (the name suggests, the simplest kind of classification problem is to identify some unknown) Tj -25.68 -18.24 TD 0.017 Tc 1.2154 Tw (object or phenomenon as a member of a known class of objects or phenomena. Typically, these) Tj -0.24 -18.24 TD 0.0211 Tc 0.1577 Tw (classes are stereotypes that are hierarchically organized, and the process of identification is one of) Tj 0.48 -18 TD 0.0169 Tc 1.6076 Tw (matching observations of an unknown entity against features of known classes. A paradigmatic) Tj -0.48 -18.24 TD 0.0056 Tc 1.3758 Tw (example is identification of a plant or animal, using a guidebook of features, such) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 403.2 0 TD 0.0588 Tc -0.1543 Tw (as ) Tj 15.12 0 TD -0.0084 Tc 0 Tw (coloration,) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 57.12 375.6 Tm -0.0342 Tc 0.5215 Tw (structure, and size.) Tj ET BT 68.4 342.96 TD 0.0071 Tc 0.1694 Tw (Some terminology we will find helpful: The problem is the object or phenomenon to be identified;) Tj -11.28 -18.24 TD 0.0108 Tc 2.2937 Tw (data are observations describing this problem; possible) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 281.04 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0389 Tc -0.1345 Tw (solutions ) Tj 44.16 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0211 Tc 2.2834 Tw (are patterns \(variously called) Tj -325.2 -18 TD 0.0282 Tc 0.8645 Tw (schema, frames or units\); each solution has a set of features \(slots or facets\) that in some sense) Tj -0.24 -18 TD 0.0107 Tc 4.4538 Tw (describe the concept either categorically or probabilistically; solutions are grouped into a) Tj 0 -18.24 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0298 Tc 2.5146 Tw (specialization hierarchy) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 110.4 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0062 Tc 2.3201 Tw (based on their features \(in general, not a single hierarchy. but multiple,) Tj -110.4 -18 TD 0.0247 Tc 0.1198 Tw (directed acyclic graphs\); a ) Tj 128.16 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0544 Tc -0.1499 Tw (hypothesis ) Tj 50.4 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0104 Tc 0.1341 Tw (is a solution that is under consideration: ) Tj ET q 40.8 0 0 6.72 429.36 252.48 cm BI /W 227 /H 38 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 8<<<<x??<|~>?~~<|>|>>>>?`?>>>?<>?|?>?|?~?||>|>x|<|||<|||<>><x<<>>|>>|<~?|>??<|~~|88 EI Q BT 0.9946 0 0 1 429.36 252.48 Tm 3 Tr /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0822 Tc 0 Tw (evtdence) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 470.16 252.48 TD 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0355 Tc 0.109 Tw (is data that) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 57.36 234.48 Tm -0.0349 Tc 0.5222 Tw (partially matches some hypothesis; the ) Tj ET BT 0.9393 0 0 1 240 234.48 Tm /F7 9.84 Tf -0.0389 Tc 0.1163 Tw (output ) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 268.56 234.48 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0325 Tc 0.6436 Tw (is some solution.) Tj -206.9316 -32.88 TD -0.035 Tc 0.8032 Tw (The essential characteristic of a classification problem is that the problem solver selects from a set) Tj ET BT 57.12 183.6 TD 0.0037 Tc 0.4493 Tw (of pre-enumerated solutions. This does not mean, of course, that the \223right answer\224 is necessarily) Tj -0.24 -18.24 TD 0.0181 Tc 0.5923 Tw (one of these solutions, just that the problem solver will only attempt to match the data against the) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 56.88 147.36 Tm -0.0367 Tc 0.838 Tw (known solutions, rather than construct a new one. Evidence can be uncertain and matches partial, so) Tj 0 -18 TD -0.0402 Tc 0.3418 Tw (the output might be a ranked list of hypotheses.) Tj ET BT 68.4 96.72 TD 0.0216 Tc 0.4589 Tw (Besides matching, there are several ) Tj 174.24 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0398 Tc 0.3447 Tw (rules of inference ) Tj 80.64 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0081 Tc 0.6164 Tw (for making assertions about solutions. For) Tj -266.4 -18 TD 0.0188 Tc 0.6537 Tw (example, evidence for a class is indirect evidence that one of its subtypes is present. Conversely,) Tj ET endstream endobj 15 0 obj 10866 endobj 16 0 obj << /MediaBox [ 0 0 613 792 ] /Type /Page /Parent 155 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F2 172 0 R /F7 132 0 R /F8 134 0 R /F9 136 0 R >> /XObject << /im3 22 0 R >> /ProcSet 183 0 R >> /Contents [ 18 0 R 20 0 R ] /CropBox [ 0 0 613 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 17 0 obj 35 endobj 18 0 obj << /Length 17 0 R >> stream q 4.32 0 0 783.12 0 6 cm /im3 Do endstream endobj 19 0 obj 11117 endobj 20 0 obj << /Length 19 0 R >> stream Q 0 0 0 rg 5.52 123.84 0.24 26.64 re f 5.76 51.84 0.48 54.96 re f q 7.2 0 0 8.88 299.76 724.08 cm BI /W 40 /H 48 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ? x||~~??? EI Q BT 69.12 688.56 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0168 Tc 0.3997 Tw (given a closed world assumption, evidence against all of the subtypes is evidence against a class.) Tj -0.24 -18.24 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0514 Tc 1.053 Tw (Search operators) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 81.12 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0102 Tc 1.0943 Tw (for finding a solution also capitalize on the hierarchical structure of the solution) Tj -81.36 -18.24 TD 0.0289 Tc 0.4756 Tw (space. These operators include: ) Tj 156.48 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.023 Tc -0.1185 Tw (refining ) Tj 35.76 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.016 Tc 0.5399 Tw (a hypothesis to a more specific classification; ) Tj 222.72 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0051 Tc 0 Tw (categorizing) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 68.88 633.84 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0371 Tc 1.8187 Tw (the problem by considering superclasses of partially matched hypotheses; and) Tj 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET BT 0.9393 0 0 1 444.96 633.84 Tm /F7 9.84 Tf -0.0022 Tc 0.0773 Tw (discriminating ) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 505.68 633.84 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0495 Tc 0 Tw (among) Tj ET BT 69.12 615.6 TD 0.0268 Tc 0.5016 Tw (hypotheses by contrasting their superclasses ) Tj ET q 32.4 0 0 9.6 290.4 613.44 cm BI /W 180 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?8<|?|??|~|?|~||?|???x ??|??~?~~?~||?~?~??x?|~>?????p0| ||? EI Q BT 1.0704 0 0 1 290.4 615.6 Tm 3 Tr -0.0475 Tc 0 Tw ([31.32,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 322.8 615.6 TD 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 15.6 0 0 9.6 326.16 613.68 cm BI /W 87 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID @~<>???~~~~?~~~~~>>~~~~~|~|?~|~|~|>||?>?>>>|>>~~<~~~~~||~|~~~~~~~~ EI Q BT 0.7206 0 0 1 326.16 615.6 Tm 3 Tr /F8 8.88 Tf 0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (121.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 341.76 615.6 TD 0 Tc -0.048 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0137 Tc 0.6108 Tw (For simplicity, we will refer to the entire) Tj -278.64 -18 TD 0.0239 Tc 0.6486 Tw (process of applying these rules of inference and operators as ) Tj 299.28 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf -0.02 Tc -0.0755 Tw (refinement. ) Tj 52.56 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0248 Tc 0.6796 Tw (The specification of this) Tj -352.32 -18.48 TD 0.0237 Tc 0.1688 Tw (process-a control strategy-is an orthogonal issue which we will consider later.) Tj 0.48 -38.16 TD 0.2545 Tc 3.49 Tw (2.2. Data abstraction) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 79.68 522.96 Tm -0.0383 Tc 0.6083 Tw (In the simplest problems, data are solution features. so the matching and refining process is direct.) Tj ET BT 68.4 504.48 TD 0.0067 Tc 0.6498 Tw (For example, an unknown organism in MYCIN can be classified directly given the supplied data of) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 68.16 486.48 Tm -0.0459 Tc 0.2857 Tw (gram stain and morphology.) Tj 11.3998 -32.4 TD -0.0418 Tc 1.078 Tw (For many problems, solution features are not supplied as data, but are inferred by data) Tj 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET BT 0.9393 0 0 1 486.96 454.08 Tm /F7 9.84 Tf -0.0188 Tc 0 Tw (abstraction.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 68.16 435.84 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.043 Tc 0.5801 Tw (There are three basic relations for abstracting data in heuristic programs:) Tj ET BT 88.32 410.16 TD /F9 5.76 Tf -0.8122 Tc 0.6336 Tw (l ) Tj 11.76 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0264 Tc 1.3181 Tw (qualitative abstraction) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 101.04 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0084 Tc 1.4233 Tw (of quantitative data \(\223if the patient is an adult and white blood) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 96.24 397.68 Tm -0.0478 Tc 0.3327 Tw (count is less than 2500, then the white blood count is low\223\);) Tj ET BT 88.56 373.2 TD /F9 5.76 Tf -0.8122 Tc 0.6336 Tw (l ) Tj 12.24 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.022 Tc 2.0425 Tw (definitional abstraction) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 105.12 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0063 Tc 2.0582 Tw (\(\223if the structure is one-dimensional of network construction,) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 96.24 360.72 Tm -0.0647 Tc 0.3464 Tw (then its shape is a beam\224\); and) Tj ET BT 88.32 336.48 TD /F9 5.76 Tf -0.8122 Tc 0.6336 Tw (l ) Tj 11.52 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0032 Tc -0.0987 Tw (generalization ) Tj 65.04 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.049 Tc -0.0466 Tw (in ) Tj 12.48 0 TD 0.0588 Tc -0.1543 Tw (a ) Tj 9.36 0 TD 0.0047 Tc 1.0998 Tw (subtype hierarchy \(\223if the client is a judge, then he is an educated) Tj ET BT 0.9175 0 0 1 96.48 324 Tm 0.0338 Tc -0.1565 Tw (person ) Tj ET q 9.36 0 0 9.12 129.6 322.32 cm BI /W 53 /H 50 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID |||xp~~~~~~~~ EI Q BT 0.8155 0 0 1 129.6 324 Tm 3 Tr -3.098 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj -0.0744 Tc (I\).) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 79.2 291.6 TD 0.0202 Tc 0.4443 Tw (These interpretations are usually made by the program with certainty; thresholds and qualifying) Tj -10.8 -18 TD 0.0193 Tc 0.6395 Tw (contexts are chosen so the conclusion is categorical.) Tj 264.96 -0.24 TD 0.0113 Tc 0.7032 Tw (It is common to refer to this knowledge as) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 69.12 255.6 Tm -0.0884 Tc 0 Tw (\223descriptive,) Tj ET q 2.88 0 0 2.64 128.16 260.4 cm BI /W 17 /H 14 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?xxxp  EI Q BT 0.5607 0 0 1 128.16 255.6 Tm 3 Tr -0.6099 Tc (\224) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 131.04 255.6 TD -0.1078 Tc 0.2522 Tw ( \223factual,\224 or \223definitional.\224) Tj -61.92 -37.92 TD 0.239 Tc 3.9855 Tw (2.3. Heuristic classification) Tj ET q 1.2 0 0 1.92 16.56 180 cm BI /W 7 /H 9 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID xd|8 EI Q BT 0.1529 0 0 1 16.56 180.24 Tm 3 Tr -0.2655 Tc 0 Tw (P) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 79.68 199.44 Tm -0.0365 Tc 0.8212 Tw (In simple classification, the data may directly match the solution features or may match after being) Tj ET BT 68.4 181.2 TD 0.0064 Tc 2.3635 Tw (abstracted. In heuristic classification, solution features may also be matched heuristically. For) Tj -0.24 -18.24 TD -0.0082 Tc -0.0873 Tw (example, ) Tj ET q 31.44 0 0 7.92 113.28 162.96 cm BI /W 175 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID >8??~?~>???~~???????>>>~??~~??~?x EI Q BT 1.0194 0 0 1 113.28 162.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.1667 Tc 0 Tw (MYCIN) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 144.72 162.96 TD 0.0197 Tc 0.3477 Tw ( does more than identify an unknown organism in terms of features of a laboratory) Tj ET BT 0.9175 0 0 1 68.4 145.44 Tm 0.0371 Tc 0 Tw (culture:) Tj ET BT 114.72 145.2 TD 0.0194 Tc 2.0451 Tw (It heuristically relates an abstract characterization of the patient to a classification of) Tj -46.56 -17.76 TD 0.0338 Tc -0.1293 Tw (diseases. We show this ) Tj 112.8 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0416 Tc -0.1372 Tw (inference structure ) Tj 84.72 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0107 Tc -0.1063 Tw (schematically, followed by an example \(Figure Z-1\).) Tj -186 -32.4 TD 0.0258 Tc 0.1586 Tw (Basic observations about the patient are abstracted to patient categories, which are heuristically) Tj -11.04 -17.76 TD 0.0184 Tc -0.0659 Tw (linked to diseases and disease categories.) Tj 207.84 -0.24 TD 0.0121 Tc 0.3324 Tw (While only a subtype link with ) Tj ET q 24.48 0 0 7.92 421.92 76.56 cm BI /W 136 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ????~~~~@~|??~?~?~?????~??~???~???~???~????~??~??~p????@?~>?x? EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 421.92 77.04 Tm 3 Tr -0.0527 Tc 0 Tw (E.coli) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 446.4 77.04 TD 0.0216 Tc 0.3629 Tw ( infection is shown) Tj ET endstream endobj 21 0 obj 2454 endobj 22 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Name /im3 /Filter /CCITTFaxDecode /Width 24 /Height 4351 /BitsPerComponent 1 /Decode [ 1 0 ] /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /Length 21 0 R /DecodeParms << /K -1 /Columns 24 >> >> stream &?pE^?痏P/ITq.>08Tx~Ǯ> /ProcSet 183 0 R >> /Contents 24 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 621 798 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 24 0 obj << /Length 25 0 R >> stream 0 0 0 rg 5.52 12.72 2.64 783.36 re f BT 0.8665 0 0 1 311.28 727.68 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0783 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 292.8 672.72 Tm /F6 13.92 Tf 0.0557 Tc 1.9718 Tw (HEURISTIC MATCH) Tj ET BT 175.68 648.24 TD /F6 14.88 Tf 1.1572 Tc 3.3461 Tw (Patient Abstractions) Tj 0 Tc -0.0566 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 10.32 0 0 5.04 342.96 653.28 cm BI /W 58 /H 26 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID G~`??? EI Q BT 1.2424 0 0 1 342.96 648.24 Tm 3 Tr 0.0483 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 131.04 616.32 Tm /F6 13.92 Tf 0.0792 Tc (DATA) Tj -24.3317 -15.84 TD 0.0655 Tc (ABSTRACTION) Tj ET q 7.2 0 0 43.44 236.16 592.56 cm BI /W 40 /H 241 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <>>~~~~~~??><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>><<<<<<<<><<<><<<<><><<<<<<<<<<<<<   8x<<<<<<<<<<8<<<<88<<<<<<<<<8888<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< EI Q BT 1.8749 0 0 1 236.16 592.8 Tm 3 Tr -0.0295 Tc (t) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9135 0 0 1 207.84 577.44 Tm /F6 14.88 Tf -0.01 Tc 3.7561 Tw (Patient Data) Tj 181.5444 71.52 TD -0.0463 Tc 3.7958 Tw (Disease Classes) Tj ET q 7.44 0 0 48 409.68 592.8 cm BI /W 42 /H 266 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??{???? EI Q BT 1.7905 0 0 1 409.68 592.8 Tm 3 Tr 0.0187 Tc 0 Tw (I) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 425.76 617.76 Tm /F6 13.92 Tf 0.0596 Tc (REFINEMENT) Tj ET q 8.4 0 0 10.32 389.52 578.16 cm BI /W 47 /H 57 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??????????????????????? EI Q BT 0.9866 0 0 1 389.52 577.68 Tm 3 Tr /F6 14.88 Tf 0.0126 Tc (0) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.95 0 0 1 397.92 577.68 Tm 0 Tc -0.0947 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 46.56 0 0 10.56 399.84 577.68 cm BI /W 259 /H 59 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <<>~~~>| ~~??~???????????x????|| ?x?@???????????|~?||??|?<??s?? EI Q BT 0.9135 0 0 1 399.84 577.68 Tm 3 Tr -0.0666 Tc 0 Tw (iseases) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 288.72 530.64 Tm /F6 13.92 Tf 0.0626 Tc (HEURISTIC) Tj ET BT 179.04 506.4 TD 0.7227 Tc 4.0476 Tw (Compromised Host) Tj 0 Tc -0.0298 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 10.8 0 0 4.8 322.08 507.36 cm BI /W 61 /H 27 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?? EI Q BT 1.328 0 0 1 322.08 506.4 Tm 3 Tr 0.003 Tc 0 Tw (=) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 353.04 506.64 TD -0.0316 Tc 6.2419 Tw (Gram-Negative Infection) Tj ET q 7.44 0 0 43.68 256.56 450.24 cm BI /W 42 /H 241 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <>>>~~??????~?~||~~|~~~~~|~~~~~~~~~>>>>~~~~~>~>~~~~~~~>>>>>~~~~~>>~~~>>>>>~~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||||~||~~~~~||~~|||||~>~~~~~~~~~~~>>>>>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||||||<8 EI Q BT 1.953 0 0 1 256.56 450.48 Tm 3 Tr -0.0602 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 0 Tr ET q 7.68 0 0 47.76 393.36 450.72 cm BI /W 43 /H 264 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????P?~?????? EI Q BT 2.1483 0 0 1 393.36 450.96 Tm 3 Tr 0.0403 Tc (I) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 425.52 471.12 Tm 0.0807 Tc (SUBTYPE) Tj ET BT 106.8 458.64 TD -0.0031 Tc (GENERALIZATION) Tj 89.04 -31.44 TD 0.2153 Tc (lmmunosuppressed) Tj ET q 34.56 0 0 10.56 365.04 427.44 cm BI /W 193 /H 59 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 98?????π???|??? ??????8?8????>? EI Q BT 1.0155 0 0 1 365.04 427.92 Tm 3 Tr -0.0678 Tc (E.coli) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 399.6 427.92 TD -0.052 Tc 4.5822 Tw ( Infection) Tj -292.8 -44.64 TD -0.0031 Tc 0 Tw (GENERALIZATION) Tj ET q 7.44 0 0 47.04 256.56 367.44 cm BI /W 42 /H 260 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID x|??????~~~~~~~????~~~|||||||~~||||||||~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>>>>>>||||||||||||||||||||||||< EI Q BT 1.953 0 0 1 256.56 367.68 Tm 3 Tr -0.0602 Tc (t) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 228 352.32 TD 0.2079 Tc (Leukopenia) Tj -117.12 -39.84 TD -0.0408 Tc (DEFINITIONAL) Tj ET q 7.2 0 0 43.44 256.56 296.4 cm BI /W 41 /H 240 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <|??????@~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||~~~||||||||0 EI Q BT 2.7075 0 0 1 256.56 296.64 Tm 3 Tr /F6 9.84 Tf 0.0124 Tc (t) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 235.92 281.52 Tm /F6 13.92 Tf -0.0273 Tc 2.0568 Tw (Low WBC) Tj ET BT 114.48 241.68 TD 0.0127 Tc 0 Tw (QUALITATIVE) Tj ET q 7.2 0 0 42.96 256.8 225.84 cm BI /W 40 /H 238 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?????x|xxxx EI Q BT 1.8749 0 0 1 256.8 225.84 Tm 3 Tr -0.0295 Tc (t) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 223.44 202.56 TD 0.3088 Tc -0.3386 Tw (WBC ) Tj ET q 5.76 0 0 10.08 264.24 202.56 cm BI /W 33 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ????? EI Q BT 0.7031 0 0 1 264.24 202.56 Tm 3 Tr 0.0632 Tc 0 Tw (<) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 270 202.56 TD -0.0456 Tc 3.6158 Tw ( 2500) Tj -59.76 -47.52 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0053 Tc -0.0902 Tw (Figure ) Tj ET q 8.88 0 0 7.2 244.08 155.28 cm BI /W 50 /H 39 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ????????  EI Q BT 1.0194 0 0 1 244.08 155.04 Tm 3 Tr -0.0184 Tc 0 Tw (2-) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 252.96 155.04 TD 0.0661 Tc 1.0384 Tw ( 1:) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 275.04 155.28 Tm -0.0469 Tc 0.6172 Tw (Inference structure of ) Tj ET q 31.2 0 0 7.68 377.04 154.8 cm BI /W 174 /H 43 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID >?????????~??~~??????????????~???~|~??~~>  EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 377.04 155.28 Tm 3 Tr 0.0092 Tc 0 Tw (MYCIN) Tj 0 Tr ET endstream endobj 25 0 obj 19920 endobj 26 0 obj << /MediaBox [ 0 0 610 789 ] /Type /Page /Parent 155 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F2 172 0 R /F7 132 0 R >> /ProcSet 183 0 R >> /Contents 27 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 610 789 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Length 28 0 R >> stream 0 0 0 rg 0 5.28 1.44 783.6 re f BT 0.8288 0 0 1 303.84 723.36 Tm /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0405 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.76 688.32 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0374 Tc 0.808 Tw (here, evidence may actually derive from a combination of inferences. Some data might directly match) Tj ET q 24.72 0 0 7.92 71.76 669.84 cm BI /W 138 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?~||||??~???xx|||||~|~|?~|||~|~|||<~|??` EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.76 670.08 Tm 3 Tr -0.0321 Tc 0 Tw (E.coli) Tj 0 Tr 25.5257 0 TD -0.0355 Tc 0.8607 Tw ( by identification. Discrimination with competing subtypes of gram-negative infection might also) Tj -25.5257 -17.76 TD -0.0298 Tc 2.4995 Tw (provide evidence.) Tj ET BT 164.64 652.08 TD 0.0147 Tc 1.1241 Tw (As stated earlier, the order in which these inferences are made is a matter of) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.28 634.08 Tm -0.0437 Tc 0.5313 Tw (control strategy.) Tj ET BT 82.8 601.68 TD 0.0284 Tc 1.316 Tw (The important link we have added is a heuristic association between a characterization of the) Tj -11.28 -18 TD -0.0158 Tc 1.4803 Tw (patient \(\223compromised host\224\) and categories of diseases \(\223gram-negative infection\224\). Unlike the) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.28 565.68 Tm -0.0341 Tc 1.0551 Tw (factual and hierarchical evidence propagation we have considered to this point, this inference makes) Tj ET BT 71.28 547.68 TD -0.0359 Tc 0.3604 Tw (a great leap. A ) Tj 71.28 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0323 Tc 0.1122 Tw (heuristic relation ) Tj 75.6 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0063 Tc 0.4148 Tw (is based on some implicit, possibly incomplete. model of the world.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.52 529.44 Tm -0.0457 Tc 0.7657 Tw (This relation is often empirical, based just on experience; it corresponds most closely to the \223rules of) Tj -0.2478 -18 TD -0.0593 Tc 0.7539 Tw (thumb\224 often associated with heuristic programs ) Tj ET q 19.44 0 0 9.6 299.28 509.28 cm BI /W 108 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???~||8|||||?~|~|?>~~|????|?|> @| EI Q BT 0.9946 0 0 1 299.28 511.44 Tm 3 Tr /F7 9.84 Tf -0.0132 Tc 0 Tw ([14].) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 82.56 478.56 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0336 Tc 1.0661 Tw (Heuristics of this type reduce search by skipping over intermediate relations \(this is why we don) Tj -3.0205 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj -0.0649 Tc (t) Tj ET BT 71.04 460.8 TD -0.027 Tc 2.3315 Tw (call abstraction relations \223heuristics\224\).) Tj 201.6 -0.24 TD 0.0289 Tc 2.2356 Tw (These associations are usually uncertain because the) Tj -201.36 -18 TD 0.0086 Tc 1.4559 Tw (intermediate relations may not hold in the specific case.) Tj 285.84 -0.24 TD -0 Tc 0.9851 Tw (Intermediate relations may be omitted) Tj -285.84 -17.76 TD 0.0195 Tc 0.685 Tw (because they are unobservable or poorly understood.) Tj 265.92 0 TD -0.0116 Tc 0.5401 Tw (In a medical diagnosis program, heuristics) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.04 406.56 Tm -0.0288 Tc 0.268 Tw (typically skip over the causal relations between symptoms and diseases.) Tj ET BT 82.56 374.16 TD 0.0117 Tc 0.111 Tw (To repeat, classification problem solving involves heuristic association of an abstracted problem) Tj -11.28 -18.24 TD 0.0292 Tc 0.9152 Tw (statement onto features that characterize a solution.) Tj 261.84 0 TD 0.0141 Tc 0.7304 Tw (This can be shown schematically in simple) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.28 337.92 Tm -0.0461 Tc 0.7815 Tw (terms \(Figure 2-2\).) Tj ET BT 82.32 305.52 TD 0.017 Tc 1.6475 Tw (This diagram summarizes how a distinguished set of terms \(data, data abstractions, solution) Tj -11.04 -18 TD 0.0182 Tc 1.3263 Tw (abstractions, and solutions\) are related systematically by) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 280.8 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0008 Tc -0.0963 Tw (different ) Tj 39.6 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.012 Tc 1.3325 Tw (kinds of relations and rules of) Tj -320.16 -17.76 TD 0.0219 Tc -0.0574 Tw (inference. This is the ) Tj 100.8 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0305 Tc -0.126 Tw (structure of ) Tj ET q 42.96 0 0 7.2 224.4 269.28 cm BI /W 239 /H 39 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID |??`?`?pv?><?<xx8?x<?x8>x>8<>p<<<8 <8x |x?>x >x<?^p<x8?p<<?p|<>`|<<<p|<x>`0x|8>`00x|x>p|x> 0`x|p @`pxp<``pxpx``0x8<`x?xpp`??`? <8 EI Q BT 0.9946 0 0 1 224.4 269.76 Tm 3 Tr 0.0665 Tc 0 Tw (inference) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 267.36 269.76 TD 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 6.96 0 0 5.04 270.24 269.76 cm BI /W 39 /H 29 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID a8xx||||||~|~~~x|x~x~x|x~x>x>x>|>|>|>|><< EI Q BT 0.7136 0 0 1 270.24 269.76 Tm 3 Tr /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0641 Tc 0 Tw (tn) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 277.2 269.76 TD -0.007 Tc -0.0885 Tw ( classification problem solving.) Tj -194.16 -32.64 TD -0.0056 Tc 0.5701 Tw (In a study of physics problem solving, Chi ) Tj ET q 11.04 0 0 9.84 288 235.2 cm BI /W 62 /H 53 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ||||||||||||||?||?||~|~~|||~>?|||||||~??? EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 288 237.12 Tm 3 Tr 0.0868 Tc 0 Tw ([8]) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 299.04 237.12 TD -0.0275 Tc 0.692 Tw ( calls data abstractions \223transformed\224 or \223second) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.52 219.12 Tm -0.0835 Tc 2.0593 Tw (order problem feafures.\224) Tj ET BT 194.88 219.12 TD -0 Tc 0.0361 Tw (In an important and apparently common variant of the simple model, data) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.28 200.88 Tm -0.033 Tc 1.3209 Tw (abstractions are themselves patterns that are heuristically matched. In essence, there is a sequence) Tj 0 -18 TD -0.0208 Tc 0.8971 Tw (of classification problems. GRUNDY, analyzed below, illustrates this.) Tj ET BT 72 144.96 TD -0.0039 Tc 4.5644 Tw (2.4. Search in classification problem solving) Tj 10.8 -18.24 TD 0.0051 Tc 0.4113 Tw (The issue of search is orthogonal to the kinds of inference we have been considering. \223Search\224) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.76 108.96 Tm -0.0403 Tc 0.5608 Tw (refers to how a network made up of abstraction, heuristic, and refinement relations is interpreted, how) Tj ET BT 71.28 90.96 TD 0.0111 Tc 0.1149 Tw (the flow of inference actually might proceed in solving a problem. Following Hayes ) Tj ET q 19.68 0 0 10.08 463.44 88.56 cm BI /W 110 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??~?????????~~|<~8~80`??0 EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 463.44 90.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.0315 Tc 0 Tw ([18],) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 483.12 90.96 TD 0.0284 Tc 0.1161 Tw ( we call this) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.04 72.96 Tm -0.0429 Tc 0.0348 Tw (the ) Tj ET BT 0.9393 0 0 1 89.52 72.96 Tm /F7 9.84 Tf -0.0337 Tc 1.6438 Tw (process structure.) Tj 0 Tc 0.0749 Tw ( ) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 168 72.96 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0377 Tc 1.5164 Tw (There are three basic process structures in classification problem solving:) Tj ET endstream endobj 28 0 obj 10348 endobj 29 0 obj << /MediaBox [ 0 0 615 792 ] /Type /Page /Parent 155 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F2 172 0 R /F6 130 0 R /F7 132 0 R >> /ProcSet 183 0 R >> /Contents 30 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 615 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 30 0 obj << /Length 31 0 R >> stream q 10.08 0 0 47.76 374.4 494.64 cm BI /W 56 /H 264 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ????????????????????????? EI Q 0 0 0 rg 2.16 5.52 2.4 783.6 re f 609.84 707.76 0.72 56.88 re f q 31.68 0 0 16.08 184.32 477.84 cm BI /W 176 /H 88 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?? ???????????????|????????????G????????????????????? EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 299.28 724.32 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0322 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 248.4 576.48 Tm /F6 13.92 Tf 0.0557 Tc 1.2345 Tw (HEURISTIC MATCH) Tj ET BT 143.28 553.2 TD -0.0163 Tc 4.5466 Tw (Data Abstractions) Tj ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 98.64 522.24 Tm 0.0792 Tc 0 Tw (DATA) Tj -25.3148 -15.6 TD 0.0655 Tc (ABSTRACTION) Tj ET q 5.52 0 0 43.44 203.04 496.8 cm BI /W 31 /H 240 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???????????????>>>>???>>>>>>>>>>~>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>~~~>>>>>><<|||~~|~||~||||||||<||~||||||||||||||||||||||xxxxxxx8 EI Q BT 1.4452 0 0 1 203.04 497.04 Tm 3 Tr -0.0503 Tc (t) Tj 0 Tr ET q 10.8 0 0 5.28 308.4 556.32 cm BI /W 60 /H 27 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 7`?????d EI Q BT 1.4062 0 0 1 308.4 551.52 Tm 3 Tr -0.0451 Tc (a) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 319.2 551.52 TD 0.6737 Tc 5.1765 Tw ( Solution Abstractions) Tj ET q 1.92 0 0 4.08 208.8 530.16 cm BI /W 11 /H 22 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ` EI Q BT 0.0842 0 0 1 208.8 530.4 Tm 3 Tr /F2 35.76 Tf 0.1169 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 408.24 518.4 TD /F6 13.92 Tf -0.0101 Tc (REFINEMENT) Tj -254.16 -190.08 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.2393 Tc 2.5452 Tw (Figure 2-2:) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 218.16 328.56 Tm -0.0352 Tc 0.7703 Tw (Classification problem solving inference structure) Tj ET BT 354.96 479.52 TD /F6 13.92 Tf 0.2109 Tc 0 Tw (Solutions) Tj -271.44 -176.88 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0184 Tc -0.0772 Tw (1. ) Tj 11.52 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0457 Tc 0.0988 Tw (Data-directed search: ) Tj 98.64 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0296 Tc 0.4748 Tw (The program works forwards from data to abstractions, matching) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 93.36 290.16 Tm -0.0377 Tc 0.7454 Tw (solutions until all possible \(or non-redundant\) inferences have been made.) Tj ET BT 82.8 265.68 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0076 Tc 1.3369 Tw (2. Solution-) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 54.96 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0049 Tc -0.1004 Tw (or ) Tj 13.68 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0529 Tc 1.0515 Tw (Hypothesis-directed search:) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 128.16 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0287 Tc 1.1238 Tw (The program works backwards from solutions,) Tj -186 -12.24 TD 0.0186 Tc 0.1018 Tw (collecting evidence to support them. working backwards through the heuristic relations) Tj 0 -12.48 TD 0.0136 Tc 3.0663 Tw (to the data abstractions and required data to solve the problem. If solutions are) Tj 0.24 -12.24 TD 0.0188 Tc 0.4137 Tw (hierarchically organized, then categories are considered before direct features of more) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 93.6 216 Tm -0.0281 Tc -0.4761 Tw (specific solutions.) Tj ET BT 82.8 191.76 TD -0.0184 Tc -0.0772 Tw (3. ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0403 Tc 1.7842 Tw (Opportunistic search:) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 100.08 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0187 Tc 1.8057 Tw (The program combines data and hypothesis-directed reasoning) Tj ET q 19.68 0 0 10.08 96.24 177.12 cm BI /W 110 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 0????x?~~~~~~~~~~~?~??~?~?~?~?~~?~?~??~????p~~~~~~?~p~~~~~;3?7 EI Q BT 0.7646 0 0 1 96.24 179.28 Tm 3 Tr -0.0819 Tc 0 Tw (1201.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 115.92 179.28 TD 0.0129 Tc 0.9316 Tw ( Data abstraction rules tend to be applied immediately as data become available.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 93.84 167.04 Tm -0.0533 Tc 1.5875 Tw (Heuristic rules \223trigger\224 hypotheses, followed by a focused, hypothesis-directed search.) Tj 0.2478 -12.24 TD -0.0251 Tc 1.5033 Tw (New data may cause refocusing.) Tj 165.7931 0.48 TD -0.0313 Tc 1.3328 Tw (By reasoning about solution classes, search need not) Tj -166.2887 -12.96 TD -0.024 Tc 0.2631 Tw (be exhaustive.) Tj ET BT 77.04 109.92 TD 0.0253 Tc 2.0991 Tw (Data- and hypothesis-directed search are not to be confused with the implementation terms) Tj -10.56 -18 TD -0.069 Tc 0.3735 Tw (\223forward\224 or \223backward chaining.\224) Tj ET q 10.08 0 0 7.2 239.76 92.16 cm BI /W 57 /H 39 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??~~~?~?~?~~~?~??~??~>~?????~|~|~?~~?~~>~>~~~~< EI Q BT 1.0194 0 0 1 239.76 92.64 Tm 3 Tr -0.0888 Tc 0 Tw (Rl) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 249.84 92.64 TD 0.0138 Tc 0.1907 Tw ( provides a superb example of how different implementation) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 65.76 74.16 Tm -0.0283 Tc 1.2588 Tw (and knowledge level descriptions can be.) Tj ET BT 266.16 74.64 TD -0.0038 Tc 0.1483 Tw (Its rules are ) Tj 58.56 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0267 Tc -0.1222 Tw (interpreted ) Tj 50.16 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0202 Tc 0.1723 Tw (by forward-chaining, but it does a) Tj ET endstream endobj 31 0 obj 10548 endobj 32 0 obj << /MediaBox [ 0 0 613 791 ] /Type /Page /Parent 155 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F2 172 0 R /F6 130 0 R /F7 132 0 R /F8 134 0 R >> /ProcSet 183 0 R >> /Contents 33 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 613 791 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 33 0 obj << /Length 34 0 R >> stream 0 0 0 rg 1.44 5.52 1.44 783.36 re f BT 0.7646 0 0 1 296.16 725.28 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.1248 Tc 0 Tw (7) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 63.6 689.28 Tm -0.0392 Tc 1.394 Tw (form of hypothesis-directed search. systematically setting up subproblems by a fixed procedure that) Tj 0 -18.24 TD -0.0378 Tc 0.4942 Tw (focuses reasoning on spatial subcomponents of a solution ) Tj ET q 19.44 0 0 9.6 335.04 669.12 cm BI /W 108 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???????>>|????~?||??~~|`?????|? EI Q BT 0.7206 0 0 1 335.04 671.04 Tm 3 Tr /F8 8.88 Tf 0.0009 Tc 0 Tw ([28].) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 74.64 638.88 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0408 Tc -0.1364 Tw (The degree to which search is ) Tj 143.52 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0542 Tc -0.1498 Tw (focused ) Tj 37.44 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0033 Tc -0.0988 Tw (depends on the level of indexing in the implementation and) Tj -192 -18.48 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.8552 Tw (how it is exploited.) Tj 102 0.48 TD -0.0053 Tc 1.8298 Tw (For example.) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 39.36 0 0 7.44 232.56 620.64 cm BI /W 219 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID |@~?~~??~|~>?p?>?|??}>~?~|?~~??>>~|~|~|~||~|?||x~~?>~??~|~?x>88? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 232.56 620.88 Tm 3 Tr 0.0092 Tc 0 Tw (MYCIN) Tj -3.0205 Tc (\222) Tj -0.0091 Tc (s) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 271.92 620.88 TD -0.0168 Tc 1.8412 Tw ( \223goals\224 are solution classes \(e.g., types of bacterial) Tj -208.32 -18.48 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.4097 Tw (meningitis\), but selection of rules for specific solutions \(e.g., ) Tj ET q 24.48 0 0 7.92 354.72 601.92 cm BI /W 137 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 9|||>|?|?????????????????~??????????p??? /?? EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 354.72 602.4 Tm 3 Tr -0.0527 Tc 0 Tw (E.coli) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 379.2 602.4 TD 0.002 Tc 0.5024 Tw ( meningitis\) is unordered. Thus,) Tj ET q 39.12 0 0 7.44 63.84 583.92 cm BI /W 218 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ? ~?0p~?|?~?x????~??x~?x|~|~|??|>||>?<<||?xxx?|?~~>~?~??x|8<8 EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 63.84 584.16 Tm 3 Tr 0.0092 Tc 0 Tw (MYCIN) Tj -3.0205 Tc (\222) Tj -0.0091 Tc (s) Tj 0 Tr 40.395 0 TD -0.0275 Tc 0.3021 Tw ( search within each class is unfocused ) Tj ET q 2.16 0 0 9.84 282.72 582 cm BI /W 13 /H 53 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?||||||||||||||||||x||xxx|xx|xx||||<??? EI Q BT 0.6116 0 0 1 282.72 584.16 Tm 3 Tr -0.1475 Tc 0 Tw ([) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 284.88 584.16 Tm 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 15.12 0 0 9.6 287.76 582.48 cm BI /W 84 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???? EI Q BT 0.6756 0 0 1 287.76 584.16 Tm 3 Tr /F8 8.88 Tf 0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (111.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 74.4 551.76 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0283 Tc 2.3105 Tw (The choice of process structure depends on the number of solutions, whether they can be) Tj -11.04 -18.48 TD 0.0193 Tc -0.0462 Tw (categorically constrained, usefulness of data \(the density of rows in a data/solution matrix\), and the) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 63.36 515.04 Tm -0.042 Tc 0.3643 Tw (cost for acquiring data.) Tj ET BT 64.08 473.28 TD /F6 13.92 Tf -0.0377 Tc 0.0079 Tw (3. ) Tj 20.64 0 TD /F2 13.92 Tf -0.0482 Tc 5.2985 Tw (Examples of classification problem solving) Tj -10.56 -18.24 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0315 Tc 0.113 Tw (Here we schematically describe the architectures of ) Tj ET q 37.2 0 0 8.4 321.6 454.08 cm BI /W 207 /H 46 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID |????}????~??~??>???~??????????=??=??????<x?>?~~?~???~>?|??~|<||<?< EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 321.6 455.04 Tm 3 Tr 0.0323 Tc 0 Tw (SACON,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 358.8 455.04 TD -0.0269 Tc 0.2057 Tw ( GRUNDY, and SOPHIE III in terms of) Tj -295.68 -18.24 TD 0.0149 Tc -0.0366 Tw (classification problem solving. These are necessarily very brief descriptions, but reveal the value of) Tj 0 -18.24 TD 0.0141 Tc 0.9351 Tw (this kind of analysis by helping us to understand what the programs do. After a statement of the) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 63.36 400.56 Tm -0.0381 Tc 0.856 Tw (problem, the general inference structure and an example inference path are given, followed by a brief) Tj ET BT 0.9175 0 0 1 62.88 382.56 Tm -0.0158 Tc 0 Tw (discussion.) Tj ET BT 63.6 344.64 TD 0.4616 Tc -0.5572 Tw (3.1. ) Tj ET q 36.48 0 0 7.68 87.36 344.16 cm BI /W 203 /H 43 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ????????????~???p?????????????????????|???????x?? EI Q BT 1.0194 0 0 1 87.36 344.64 Tm 3 Tr -0.2221 Tc 0 Tw (SACON) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 74.4 326.64 Tm -0.0597 Tc 0.0522 Tw (Problem: ) Tj ET q 34.56 0 0 7.92 118.8 326.16 cm BI /W 193 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?????????????~/>~??>???~?????????? ????~?`?~~p~0~???~~?~~|>?? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 118.8 326.64 Tm 3 Tr 0.0406 Tc 0 Tw (SACON) Tj 0 Tr 35.6864 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 11.52 0 0 10.08 156.96 324.48 cm BI /W 64 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?~?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|>~~>~~?~~~~~~~~~~>~~~~?~~||~~????0 EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 156.96 326.64 Tm 3 Tr 0.0868 Tc 0 Tw ([3]) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 168.48 326.64 Tm -0.0369 Tc 1.0199 Tw ( selects classes of behavior that should be further investigated by a structural) Tj -108.5462 -18 TD -0.0393 Tc 1.3321 Tw (analysis simulation program \(Figure 3-l\).) Tj ET BT 74.64 276.24 TD 0.0196 Tc -0.1151 Tw (Discussion: ) Tj ET q 34.56 0 0 7.92 136.08 275.76 cm BI /W 193 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <~?????????~?~~??~>|??~ <?????~???????????~x??>?|||?~????~|~|?<<<? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 136.08 276.24 Tm 3 Tr 0.0406 Tc 0 Tw (SACON) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 170.64 276.24 TD 0.017 Tc 2.5755 Tw ( solves two problems by classification) Tj 193.44 -0.48 TD 0.4492 Tc 0 Tw (-analyzing) Tj 61.44 0 TD 0.0343 Tc 3.3902 Tw (a structure and then) Tj -362.16 -17.76 TD 0.0025 Tc 0.502 Tw (selecting a program.) Tj 108.48 0 TD -0.0031 Tc 1.173 Tw (It begins by heuristically selecting a simple numeric model for analyzing a) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 63.36 240 Tm -0.0358 Tc 1.1072 Tw (structure \(such as an airplane wing\). The model produces stress and deflection estimates, which the) Tj 0.2478 -17.52 TD -0.0435 Tc 0.8171 Tw (program then abstracts in terms of features that hierarchically describe different configurations of the) Tj 0 -18.24 TD -0.0375 Tc 1.0536 Tw (MARC simulation program. There is no refinement because the solutions to the first problem are just) Tj ET BT 63.36 186 TD 0.0062 Tc 0.6607 Tw (a simple set of possible models, and the second problem is only solved to the point of specifying) Tj 0.24 -17.76 TD 0.0177 Tc 1.3704 Tw (program classes. \(In another software configuration system we analyzed, specific program input) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 63.6 150.24 Tm -0.044 Tc 0.7381 Tw (parameters are inferred in a refinement step.\)) Tj ET endstream endobj 34 0 obj 15534 endobj 35 0 obj << /MediaBox [ 0 0 611 789 ] /Type /Page /Parent 155 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F2 172 0 R /F6 130 0 R >> /ProcSet 183 0 R >> /Contents 36 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 611 789 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 36 0 obj << /Length 37 0 R >> stream 0 0 0 rg 0.48 396.96 0.72 391.68 re f 0.96 228.48 0.72 168.72 re f 0.96 5.28 0.96 223.44 re f q 2.88 0 0 23.04 607.68 766.32 cm BI /W 16 /H 127 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID  8 ~ B EI Q BT 349.44 688.56 TD /F6 13.92 Tf -0.0295 Tc 2.6397 Tw (Analysis Program) Tj ET q 7.92 0 0 43.44 405.6 637.2 cm BI /W 44 /H 242 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??????????? p????? EI Q BT 0.8984 0 0 1 405.6 637.2 Tm 3 Tr 0.0575 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 462.24 658.32 Tm 0.0792 Tc (DATA) Tj ET BT 0.9135 0 0 1 224.64 639.84 Tm /F6 14.88 Tf 0.0669 Tc -0.0063 Tw (HEURISTIC ) Tj ET BT 0.9374 0 0 1 306 639.84 Tm /F6 13.92 Tf -0.055 Tc 0 Tw (MATCH) Tj ET BT 441.84 642.24 TD 0.0493 Tc (ABSTRACTION) Tj -321.12 -27.84 TD 1.6629 Tc -1.6927 Tw (Abstract ) Tj 73.68 0 TD /F6 14.88 Tf 1.6441 Tc -1.7007 Tw (Structure ) Tj ET q 10.8 0 0 5.28 279.12 620.16 cm BI /W 60 /H 28 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??F??Lg? EI Q BT 1.827 0 0 1 279.12 614.4 Tm 3 Tr -0.0084 Tc 0 Tw (*) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 321.12 617.28 TD /F6 13.92 Tf -0.0168 Tc 6.7071 Tw (Quantitative Prediction) Tj 8.64 -19.44 TD -0.0388 Tc 2.529 Tw (of Material Behavior) Tj ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 69.12 582 Tm 0.0792 Tc 0 Tw (DATA) Tj -24.8233 -16.32 TD 0.0655 Tc (ABSTRACTION) Tj ET q 7.2 0 0 43.68 181.68 563.28 cm BI /W 41 /H 243 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID >??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? EI Q BT 1.8749 0 0 1 181.68 563.28 Tm 3 Tr -0.0295 Tc (t) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 128.88 543.36 TD -0.0302 Tc 0 Tw (Structure ) Tj 62.64 0 TD /F6 14.88 Tf -0.0151 Tc 0 Tw (Description) Tj 171.36 -76.08 TD /F6 13.92 Tf 0.1848 Tc (Inelastic-Fatigue) Tj 15.84 -15.6 TD -0.0088 Tc (Program) Tj ET q 7.92 0 0 43.68 402.72 399.6 cm BI /W 44 /H 241 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???????????p?????????????? EI Q BT 2.9838 0 0 1 402.72 399.84 Tm 3 Tr /F6 9.84 Tf -0.0008 Tc (t) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 431.04 416.64 TD /F6 13.92 Tf -0.0408 Tc (DEFINITIONAL) Tj -60 -40.08 TD 1.9089 Tc 3.1013 Tw (Deflection ) Tj 0.0307 Tc 0 Tw (+) Tj 120.72 9.12 TD 0.1686 Tc (Fatigue) Tj 0 -15.36 TD -0.0622 Tc (Material) Tj ET q 7.92 0 0 43.44 403.2 321.12 cm BI /W 44 /H 242 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???????????? ` EI Q BT 2.9838 0 0 1 403.2 321.12 Tm 3 Tr /F6 9.84 Tf -0.0008 Tc (t) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 431.28 334.32 TD /F6 13.92 Tf 0.0127 Tc (QUALITATIVE) Tj ET BT 0.877 0 0 1 267.12 319.92 Tm /F6 14.88 Tf 0.4403 Tc (HEURISTIC) Tj -68.6919 -12.96 TD 0.1686 Tc (Size) Tj -86.4807 -12.48 TD 0.352 Tc (Beam) Tj ET BT 190.08 291.12 TD -0.0538 Tc 17.7571 Tw (+ support) Tj 0 Tc -0.0566 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 10.8 0 0 5.28 291.6 296.64 cm BI /W 60 /H 28 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID /?O?? EI Q BT 2.0828 0 0 1 291.6 291.12 Tm 3 Tr -0.015 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 335.28 297.6 TD /F6 13.92 Tf -0.0163 Tc 2.1465 Tw (Stress and Deflection) Tj ET q 7.44 0 0 43.44 151.2 239.04 cm BI /W 42 /H 242 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??????|??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? EI Q BT 2.7628 0 0 1 151.2 239.04 Tm 3 Tr /F6 9.84 Tf -0.0426 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 207.36 271.68 TD /F6 13.92 Tf 0.207 Tc (Distribution) Tj 148.32 6.48 TD 0.1479 Tc (Magnitude) Tj -317.28 -28.32 TD -0.0408 Tc (DEFINITIONAL) Tj 60.48 -34.32 TD 0.2105 Tc (One-dimensional) Tj ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 107.28 199.68 Tm -0.1066 Tc 0.1718 Tw (and ) Tj ET BT 0.95 0 0 1 136.08 199.68 Tm /F6 14.88 Tf 0.0426 Tc 0 Tw (Network) Tj ET BT 200.88 150.72 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0053 Tc -0.0902 Tw (Figure ) Tj ET q 9.12 0 0 7.44 234.72 150.48 cm BI /W 51 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??????3?|<??? EI Q BT 1.0194 0 0 1 234.72 150.72 Tm 3 Tr -0.0184 Tc 0 Tw (3-) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 243.84 150.72 TD 0.0661 Tc 0.7984 Tw ( 1:) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 265.68 151.2 Tm -0.0469 Tc 0.5346 Tw (Inference structure of ) Tj ET q 34.56 0 0 8.16 367.44 150.96 cm BI /W 192 /H 44 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?8????????????????~<??<???????????~???????????> /XObject << /im4 44 0 R >> /ProcSet 183 0 R >> /Contents [ 40 0 R 42 0 R ] /CropBox [ 0 0 613 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 39 0 obj 43 endobj 40 0 obj << /Length 39 0 R >> stream q 12.96 0 0 348.72 2.88 442.8 cm /im4 Do endstream endobj 41 0 obj 4361 endobj 42 0 obj << /Length 41 0 R >> stream Q 0 0 0 rg 1.2 186.48 0.48 252.24 re f 0.72 7.92 0.72 178.8 re f q 14.4 0 0 4.56 2.88 438.48 cm BI /W 80 /H 24 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID pppppppppppxxppppppppppp EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 302.4 725.28 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0322 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj ET BT 70.56 690.72 TD 0.2709 Tc 2.9936 Tw (3.2. GRUNDY) Tj 10.56 -17.52 TD 0.0354 Tc 0.1091 Tw (Problem: GRUNDY ) Tj ET q 17.28 0 0 9.6 173.04 671.04 cm BI /W 96 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??~??~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?~~?~~~~~~~~~~~~~>??~?~???~~~ ~~~~~??? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 173.04 673.2 Tm 3 Tr -0.037 Tc 0 Tw ([33]) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 190.32 673.2 TD 0.013 Tc 0.3715 Tw ( heuristically classifies a reader) Tj -3.1066 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0159 Tc 0.3286 Tw (s personality and selects books he might) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 70.08 654.96 Tm -0.0389 Tc 0.6502 Tw (like to read \(Figure 3-2\).) Tj ET BT 81.12 622.08 TD 0.0174 Tc 0.258 Tw (Discussion: GRUNDY solves two classification problems heuristically. Illustrating the power of a) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 69.84 603.84 Tm -0.0296 Tc 1.0123 Tw (knowledge level analysis. we discover that the people and book classifications are not distinct in the) Tj ET BT 69.84 586.32 TD -0.0132 Tc 1.1177 Tw (implementation. For example,) Tj 146.16 0.24 TD -0.0255 Tc -0.022 Tw (\223fast plots\224 is a book characteristic, but in the implementation \223likes) Tj -146.4 -18.72 TD 0.0148 Tc 0.4039 Tw (fast plots\224 is associated with a person stereotype.) Tj 247.92 0.48 TD 0.0393 Tc 0.5451 Tw (The relation between a person stereotype and) Tj -246.96 -18.72 TD -0.0063 Tc 0.905 Tw (\223fast plots\224 is heuristic and should be distinguished from abstractions of people and books. One) Tj -0.96 -18 TD 0.0198 Tc 1.8232 Tw (objective of the program is to learn better people stereotypes \(user models\). The classification) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 69.12 513.6 Tm -0.0328 Tc 0.7678 Tw (description of the user modeling problem shows that GRUNDY should also be learning better ways to) Tj ET BT 69.6 495.84 TD 0.014 Tc -0.1095 Tw (characterize books, as well as improving its heuristics.) Tj 265.2 0.24 TD 0.0178 Tc 0.0867 Tw (If these are not treated separately, learning) Tj -264.96 -18.48 TD -0 Tc 3.1448 Tw (may be hindered.) Tj 102 0.48 TD 0.0218 Tc 3.0293 Tw (This example illustrates why a knowledge level analysis should precede) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 69.84 459.6 Tm -0.0423 Tc 0 Tw (representation.) Tj ET BT 80.88 426.96 TD 0.0275 Tc 3.0449 Tw (It is interesting to note that GRUNDY does not attempt to perfect the user model before) Tj -11.04 -17.76 TD 0.025 Tc 0.1564 Tw (recommending a book. Rather. refinement of the person stereotype occurs when the reader rejects) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 69.6 390.96 Tm -0.0354 Tc 1.0184 Tw (book suggestions.) Tj 96.155 0.24 TD -0.0376 Tc 1.2436 Tw (Analysis of other programs indicates that this multiple-pass process structure is) Tj -96.155 -18.48 TD -0.0314 Tc 1.0142 Tw (common. For example, the Drilling Advisor makes two passes on the causes of sticking, considering) Tj ET BT 69.36 354.96 TD -0.0015 Tc 2.3259 Tw (general, inexpensive data first, just as medical programs commonly consider the \223history and) Tj ET q 0.72 0 0 1.2 57.6 343.68 cm BI /W 5 /H 6 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID pxx EI Q BT 0.2549 0 0 1 57.6 336.72 Tm 3 Tr -2.9214 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 69.6 336.72 Tm -0.0631 Tc 1.1295 Tw (physical\224 before laboratory data.) Tj ET BT 0.5097 0 0 1 11.76 218.4 Tm 0.0896 Tc 0 Tw (.) 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EI Q BT 1.953 0 0 1 229.92 590.88 Tm 3 Tr -0.0078 Tc (*) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 240.72 590.88 TD -0.0059 Tc 15.3362 Tw ( People) Tj 0 Tc -0.0298 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 10.8 0 0 4.56 322.32 596.4 cm BI /W 60 /H 26 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???? EI Q BT 1.4062 0 0 1 322.32 590.88 Tm 3 Tr -0.0451 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 354.72 590.88 TD 0.063 Tc (Book) Tj -262.08 -19.92 TD -0.0238 Tc 3.354 Tw (and Behavior) Tj ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 257.76 571.2 Tm -0.0413 Tc 0 Tw (Classes) Tj 98.8016 0 TD (Classes) Tj 16.4669 -51.84 TD -0.1066 Tc (1) Tj ET BT 394.56 539.76 TD -0.0101 Tc (REFINEMENT) Tj -40.32 -39.6 TD 0.0504 Tc (Books) Tj ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 188.64 389.28 Tm 0.0626 Tc (HEURISTIC) Tj 140.0918 0.48 TD (HEURISTIC) Tj ET BT 83.76 365.76 TD 0.0785 Tc 0.1318 Tw (Watches No TV) Tj ET q 10.8 0 0 5.28 228.96 366.72 cm BI /W 61 /H 27 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?? EI Q BT 1.4062 0 0 1 228.96 366.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.0451 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 264.96 365.76 TD 3.1007 Tc -3.1304 Tw (Educated ) Tj ET q 10.8 0 0 4.8 356.64 367.2 cm BI /W 60 /H 27 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??? EI Q BT 1.328 0 0 1 356.64 365.76 Tm 3 Tr 0.003 Tc 0 Tw (=) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 385.68 366.24 TD -0.0201 Tc 4.0704 Tw (Books with Intelligent) Tj -120.72 -16.08 TD -0.0205 Tc 0 Tw (Person) Tj 120.72 -3.84 TD -0.0557 Tc 5.0659 Tw (Main Character) Tj -120.96 -12 TD 0.1406 Tc 0 Tw (Stereotype) Tj ET BT 0.9765 0 0 1 414 298.32 Tm -0.1066 Tc (1) Tj ET BT 437.52 314.64 TD 0.0669 Tc (SUBTYPE) Tj -50.88 -39.12 TD -3.3293 Tc (\223) Tj 0.2312 Tc 4.0591 Tw (Earth Angels) Tj -3.5693 Tc 0 Tw (\224) Tj -193.92 -123.84 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.2393 Tc 2.5452 Tw (Figure 3-2:) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 257.52 151.92 Tm -0.0247 Tc 1.2551 Tw (Inference structure of GRUNDY) Tj ET endstream endobj 47 0 obj 2977 endobj 48 0 obj << /MediaBox [ 0 0 611 789 ] /Type /Page /Parent 156 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F2 172 0 R /F5 128 0 R /F7 132 0 R /F10 138 0 R >> /XObject << /im5 54 0 R >> /ProcSet 183 0 R >> /Contents [ 50 0 R 52 0 R ] /CropBox [ 0 0 611 789 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 49 0 obj 38 endobj 50 0 obj << /Length 49 0 R >> stream q 5.76 0 0 783.12 0 5.52 cm /im5 Do endstream endobj 51 0 obj 13911 endobj 52 0 obj << /Length 51 0 R >> stream Q q 2.88 0 0 2.4 14.64 597.84 cm BI /W 16 /H 12 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID  EI Q q 8.16 0 0 6.72 297.6 724.08 cm BI /W 46 /H 36 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ||||dd||x|<|||||<8|\|<x EI Q BT 0.8764 0 0 1 297.6 724.32 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F5 8.88 Tf -0.0587 Tc 0 Tw (11) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 68.16 688.56 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.047 Tc 3.3115 Tw (3.3. SOPHIE) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 8.64 0 0 7.2 133.2 688.56 cm BI /W 48 /H 38 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID >???????| EI Q BT 1.1214 0 0 1 133.2 688.56 Tm 3 Tr 0.0468 Tc 0 Tw (Ill) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 78.96 670.8 TD -0.09 Tc 0.4745 Tw (Problem: SOPHIE III ) Tj ET q 11.04 0 0 9.6 175.44 669.12 cm BI /W 62 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID || ||||||x|||~???||||~? EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 175.44 670.8 Tm 3 Tr 0.0868 Tc 0 Tw ([5]) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 186.48 670.8 TD 0.0137 Tc 0.5508 Tw ( classifies an electronic circuit in terms of the component that is ) Tj 311.52 0 TD /F10 9.84 Tf 0.0192 Tc 0 Tw (causing) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 67.68 652.56 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.04 Tc 0.7753 Tw (faulty behavior \(Figure 3-3\).) Tj ET BT 78.72 620.16 TD -0.0106 Tc 2.5551 Tw (Discussion: SOPHIE) Tj -3.1066 Tc 0 Tw (\222) Tj 0.0168 Tc 2.3077 Tw (s set of pre-enumerated solutions is a lattice of valid and faulty circuit) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 67.44 601.92 Tm -0.0319 Tc 1.0643 Tw (behaviors. In contrast with MYCIN, solutions are device states and component) Tj 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 26.64 0 0 10.56 433.44 599.04 cm BI /W 149 /H 59 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID x?????????????????????>??~??p????????>|??>???>>??~|>?~>??????????????????????@~pp@ EI Q BT 0.8665 0 0 1 433.44 601.92 Tm 3 Tr 0.0566 Tc 0 Tw (,flaws,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 460.08 601.92 Tm -0.0413 Tc 1.0245 Tw ( not stereotypes) Tj ET BT 67.68 583.92 TD 0.0199 Tc 1.8579 Tw (of disorders. and they are related causally. not by features.) Tj 305.52 0.24 TD 0.0318 Tc 2.1287 Tw (Data are not just external device) Tj -305.76 -18.48 TD 0.0146 Tc 0.3499 Tw (behaviors. but include internal component measurements propagated by the causal analysis of the) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 67.68 547.44 Tm -0.0323 Tc 1.0532 Tw (LOCAL program. Reasoning about assumptions plays a central role in matching hypotheses. In spite) Tj ET BT 67.44 529.44 TD 0.0211 Tc 0.3433 Tw (of these differences. the inference structure of abstractions, heuristic relations, and refinement fits) Tj -0.24 -18 TD 0.0078 Tc 3.3047 Tw (the classification model, demonstrating its generality and usefulness for describing complex) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 67.44 493.2 Tm -0.0376 Tc 0 Tw (reasoning.) Tj ET BT 67.68 450.96 TD /F2 13.92 Tf 0.1868 Tc 4.7434 Tw (4. Causal process classification) Tj 10.8 -18 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0251 Tc 1.8165 Tw (To further illustrate the value of a knowledge level analysis, we describe a generic inference) Tj -11.04 -18 TD 0.0095 Tc 1.1249 Tw (structure common to medical diagnosis programs, which we call) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 316.08 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0493 Tc 1.0551 Tw (causal process classification,) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 134.16 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.018 Tc 0 Tw (and) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 67.68 396.72 Tm -0.0383 Tc 0.3192 Tw (use it to contrast the goals of electronic circuit and medical diagnosis programs.) Tj ET BT 0.5097 0 0 1 15.36 216 Tm 0.0896 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj ET BT 79.2 364.8 TD 0.0047 Tc 2.9998 Tw (In SOPHIE, valid and abnormal device states are exhaustively enumerated, can be directly) Tj -11.52 -18.24 TD 0.009 Tc 1.3011 Tw (confirmed, and are causally related to component failures.) Tj 292.8 -0.24 TD 0.0052 Tc 1.0993 Tw (None of this is generally possible in) Tj -292.8 -17.76 TD 0.0039 Tc 1.3775 Tw (medical diagnosis, nor is diagnosis in terms of component failures alone sufficient for selecting) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 67.44 310.56 Tm -0.033 Tc 1.054 Tw (therapy. Medical programs that deal with multiple disease processes \(unlike MYCIN\) do reason about) Tj ET BT 67.68 292.32 TD 0.017 Tc 1.9274 Tw (abnormal states \(called) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 78.72 0 0 8.88 186 290.16 cm BI /W 438 /H 49 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ||||||x?=<}??>????????????>|?>>?~>~|~>>~~>~~?~~?>~|?|~>?|?~~>|>??~?>|>??|?>~?|?>|?>|??>?~><>>>>~><>>>?>~<|>>|?>~||>~|?~|x~||>|x<|>|x|?|||?>|?|?|>?|>x>x>??<>??p?<>??<x|||?pp> EI Q BT 1.0499 0 0 1 186 292.32 Tm 3 Tr /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0561 Tc 0 Tw (pathophysiologic) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 264.72 292.32 TD -0.0082 Tc 1.9526 Tw ( states, e.g.,) Tj 64.08 -0.24 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0232 Tc 1.3196 Tw (\223increased pressure in the brain\224\), directly) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 67.68 274.56 Tm -0.0341 Tc 0.8046 Tw (analogous to the abnormal states in SOPHIE. But curing an illness generally involves determining the) Tj ET BT 67.68 256.32 TD 0.0155 Tc 0.309 Tw (cause of the component failure.) Tj 158.64 0 TD -0.0062 Tc 0.3564 Tw (These \223final causes\223 \(called diseases. syndromes, etiologies\) are) Tj -158.16 -17.76 TD 0.0148 Tc 1.3113 Tw (processes that affect the normal functioning of the body \(e.g., trauma, infection, toxic exposure,) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 68.16 220.56 Tm -0.0363 Tc 3.2497 Tw (psychological disorder\).) Tj ET BT 192.24 220.56 TD 0.0119 Tc 1.6259 Tw (Thus, medical diagnosis more closely resembles the task of computer) Tj ET BT 0.5097 0 0 1 15.84 180.24 Tm 0.0896 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 67.68 202.56 Tm -0.0369 Tc 1.0447 Tw (system diagnosis in considering how the body relates to its environment) Tj 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 19.44 0 0 10.08 409.2 200.4 cm BI /W 109 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?????????>?8~?????~? ??? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 409.2 202.56 Tm 3 Tr -0.0315 Tc 0 Tw ([25].) 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Tj 0 Tr ET BT 376.56 192.72 TD 0.015 Tc 0.9295 Tw ( However, classification problem) Tj -311.52 -18 TD 0.001 Tc 1.1634 Tw (solving, as defined here, is) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 134.16 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0374 Tc 1.0671 Tw (a description of how a problem is solved by a particular problem solver.) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 328.56 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.131 Tc 0 Tw (If) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 65.04 156.72 Tm -0.0407 Tc 0.5592 Tw (the problem solver has a priori knowledge of solutions and can relate them to the problem description) Tj ET BT 65.28 138.72 TD 0.0136 Tc 2.3278 Tw (by data abstraction, heuristic association, and refinement, then the problem can be solved by) Tj -0.24 -18 TD 0.0119 Tc 0.8525 Tw (classification. For example, if it were practical to enumerate all of the computer configurations) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 10.32 0 0 7.44 521.28 120.72 cm BI /W 58 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???|?|?|?|?~??~?~~~~~~~~~~~>|>|||< EI Q BT 1.0194 0 0 1 521.28 120.72 Tm 3 Tr -0.0888 Tc 0 Tw (Rl) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 65.52 102.72 Tm -0.0415 Tc 1.0556 Tw (might select, or if the solutions were restricted to a predetermined set of designs, the program could) Tj 0 -18 TD -0.036 Tc 0.2755 Tw (be reconfigured to solve its problem by classification.) 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To) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 411.12 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0412 Tc -0.1368 Tw (select ) Tj 30.24 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0588 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj -460.08 -18.48 TD -0.0058 Tc 2.1357 Tw (solution, the problem solver needs experiential \(\223expert\224\) knowledge in the form of) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 417.36 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0201 Tc 2.0444 Tw (patterns of) Tj -417.36 -18.48 TD 0.0327 Tc 2.0318 Tw (problems and solutions) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 110.64 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0043 Tc 1.9801 Tw (and heuristics relating them.) 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Knowledge level analysis) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 79.2 251.28 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0382 Tc 1.1142 Tw (As a set of terms and relations for describing) Tj 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET BT 0.9393 0 0 1 294.48 251.28 Tm /F6 9.84 Tf -0.0507 Tc 0.1289 Tw (knowledge ) Tj ET q 19.2 0 0 9.12 342 249.36 cm BI /W 107 /H 50 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?~~~?~?~|~|>~<|~|?||||||~~~~~>|>?~??~?????xx0? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 342 251.28 Tm 3 Tr /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0295 Tc 0 Tw (\(e.g,) Tj 0 Tr 19.8258 0 TD -0.0351 Tc 1.0676 Tw ( data. solutions, kinds of abstraction,) Tj ET BT 68.4 233.76 TD -0.0095 Tc 1.402 Tw (refinement operators, the meaning of \223heuristic\224\), the classification model provides a) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 418.32 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0536 Tc 0 Tw (know/edge) Tj ET BT 0.9393 0 0 1 68.4 215.76 Tm -0.0186 Tc 0.6057 Tw (level analysis ) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 127.44 215.76 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0308 Tc 0.6419 Tw (of programs, as defined by Newell ) Tj ET q 19.44 0 0 9.6 288.24 213.84 cm BI /W 109 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??~`~|~?|||?|~|~~|||||||~|~|~|?O|?|?|||<?>>~~~<~>~?~?~~~?|?|?|||||~~~??? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 288.24 215.76 Tm 3 Tr -0.0315 Tc 0 Tw ([29].) 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Tj 0 Tr ET BT 97.2 600.96 TD /F9 5.76 Tf -0.8122 Tc 0.6336 Tw (l ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0346 Tc 2.5099 Tw (Heuristic nature of) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 37.44 0 0 8.4 200.88 599.76 cm BI /W 208 /H 46 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID @ ``0??????>|>|~x~<<8<><<<<>~<x<?x>~< x88??x|x|<px>x>|x~<||<~<<x<~><<<<<8<<<x8<<xx8<?<xx8x8x8x8xpxxpx`x0ppp`?~?|p?? EI Q BT 0.9393 0 0 1 243.84 600.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.0219 Tc 0 Tw (soivmg.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 277.2 600.96 TD 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F6 9.84 Tf 0 Tc 2.5842 Tw (Heuristic association has been emphasized at the) Tj -177.36 -12.48 TD -0.0065 Tc 2.871 Tw (expense of the relations) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 118.32 0 TD /F5 11.76 Tf 0.071 Tc -0.131 Tw (used ) Tj 27.6 0 TD /F6 9.84 Tf 0.0101 Tc 2.8044 Tw (in data abstractton and refinement. 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Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 360 501.36 Tm -0.0857 Tc 0.8225 Tw (\223Modularity\224 is a representational) Tj ET BT 104.16 488.64 TD /F6 9.84 Tf -0.0248 Tc 0.4093 Tw (issue of ) Tj ET q 41.04 0 0 9.36 142.32 486.48 cm BI /W 229 /H 51 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID P xxxx8>?x?8x<<~|~??|>?>?xx>?x>x>x>x>x>x>x>x>>>>>>x>>x>~p>x>|>>0>?px>~0>p< EI Q BT 0.9946 0 0 1 142.32 488.64 Tm 3 Tr -0.0407 Tc 0 Tw (indexrng.) Tj 0 Tr ET q 32.4 0 0 7.68 86.4 455.04 cm BI /W 181 /H 43 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID p>??p?????x?x?>x||?|?||?|?|??p|??p|??|??|?||?||?||~?||?||?|||||8<><?|p??|??`p? 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Tj ET BT 85.44 367.44 TD /F6 9.84 Tf 0.067 Tc 2.9575 Tw (While rule-based) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 83.52 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0143 Tc 3.0102 Tw (languages do not make important knowledge level distinctions, they have) Tj -94.56 -18 TD /F6 9.84 Tf 0.0026 Tc 2.3019 Tw (nevertheless provided an extremely successful) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 218.16 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0056 Tc 2.2989 Tw (programming framework for classification problem) Tj -218.4 -18.24 TD /F6 9.84 Tf 0.0336 Tc 2.8109 Tw (solving. Working backwards \(backchaining\) from) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 229.2 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0588 Tc -0.1543 Tw (a ) Tj 11.04 0 TD /F6 9.84 Tf 0.0335 Tc 2.751 Tw (pre-enumerated set of solutions guarantees) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 208.08 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0508 Tc 0 Tw (that) Tj -448.56 -18 TD /F6 9.84 Tf 0.0147 Tc 2.3378 Tw (only the relevant rules are tried) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 152.4 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0158 Tc 2.2886 Tw (and useful data considered.) Tj 148.8 0.24 TD -0.0013 Tc 0.9858 Tw (Moreover. the program designer is) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 73.44 294.72 Tm -0.037 Tc 0.5694 Tw (encouraged to use means-ends analysis, a clear framework for organizing rule writing.) Tj ET BT 74.16 252.24 TD /F2 13.92 Tf 0.1522 Tc 4.8581 Tw (7. Related analyses) Tj 10.08 -18 TD /F6 9.84 Tf 0.2432 Tc 4.0499 Tw (Several researchers have described portions of the classification) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 331.92 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.2048 Tc 4.0197 Tw (problem solving model,) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 72.96 216 Tm -0.0303 Tc 1.0626 Tw (influencing this analysis. For example, in) Tj 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 49.2 0 0 7.68 266.16 216 cm BI /W 274 /H 43 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??@?????????~~??~??|??8?????~??~~|~~~~???~?~?~~?p? <??~????????x  EI Q BT 1.0194 0 0 1 266.16 216 Tm 3 Tr -0.2031 Tc 0 Tw (CRYSALIS) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 315.36 216 Tm 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 16.8 0 0 10.32 319.2 214.08 cm BI /W 94 /H 57 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID p?????~~~~~~~?~~~~~?~~~~~~~~~~~<~~~~~~~?~?~~~~~~~~~~???H EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 319.2 216 Tm 3 Tr 0.0731 Tc 0 Tw ([13]) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 336 216 Tm -0.035 Tc 1.0593 Tw ( data and hypothesis abstraction are clearly) Tj -272.1089 -18.48 TD -0.034 Tc 0 Tw (separated.) Tj ET BT 134.64 197.76 TD 0.0203 Tc 2.8441 Tw (The EXPERT rule language) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 16.8 0 0 10.32 275.28 195.6 cm BI /W 94 /H 57 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID p???~?~~~?~~~?~?~?~~~~?~?~~~~~~~~~~~?~~~~~~?~?~??~?~?~?????>  ? EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 275.28 197.76 Tm 3 Tr 0.0731 Tc 0 Tw ([40]) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 292.08 197.76 TD -0.0268 Tc 2.8512 Tw ( similarly distinguishes between \223findings\224 and a) Tj -220.08 -18.24 TD 0.0223 Tc 0.6022 Tw (taxonomy of hypotheses.) Tj 132.48 0.48 TD 0.0009 Tc 2.0636 Tw (In PROSPECTOR) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 19.44 0 0 10.32 291.36 177.84 cm BI /W 109 /H 57 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?????  ~?~?~~~?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?~?~?~~~~~x~~~~~~~~~~~~~x~x~p~p~~?@?? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 291.36 180 Tm 3 Tr -0.0315 Tc 0 Tw ([17],) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 310.8 180 TD 0.0163 Tc 1.8349 Tw ( rules are expressed in terms of relations in a) Tj -238.8 -18.48 TD 0.0294 Tc 0.3551 Tw (semantic network.) Tj 99.84 0.24 TD -0.0397 Tc 2.8242 Tw (In CENTAUR) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 13.92 0 0 10.08 239.04 159.36 cm BI /W 78 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??`???????????~~~~~~?|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p~p~~?~?~~~~<~~~~?? EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 239.04 161.76 Tm 3 Tr 0.0352 Tc 0 Tw ([2],) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 252.96 161.76 TD 0 Tc 2.6128 Tw ( a variant of MYCIN, solutions are explicitly) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 224.64 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0416 Tc -0.1372 Tw (prototypes ) Tj 51.6 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0355 Tc 0 Tw (of) Tj -457.2 -18.48 TD 0.0246 Tc 1.3635 Tw (diseases. Chandrasekaran and his associates have been strong proponents of the classification) Tj ET BT 0.9393 0 0 1 72.24 125.52 Tm /F6 9.84 Tf 0.1932 Tc 0 Tw (model:) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 110.64 125.28 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0507 Tc 0.5385 Tw (\223The normal problem-solving activity of the physician.. .) Tj 268.3915 0.24 TD -0.0296 Tc 0.6406 Tw (\(is\) a process of classifying the case) Tj -308.2909 -18.24 TD -0.0557 Tc 0.7207 Tw (as an element of a disease taxonomy\224 ) Tj ET q 13.68 0 0 10.08 251.76 105.12 cm BI /W 77 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 0???~~??|||||~~~~~??>>|~~~~~~~x~~~????? EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 251.76 107.28 Tm 3 Tr 0.0352 Tc 0 Tw ([7].) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 265.44 107.28 Tm -0.0212 Tc 0.7912 Tw ( Recently, Chandrasekaran and Weiss and Kulikowski have) Tj ET BT 72 89.04 TD 0.0174 Tc 0.4271 Tw (generalized the classification schemes used by their programs \(MDX and EXPERT\) to characterize) Tj 0 -18.24 TD /F6 9.84 Tf -0.0043 Tc 1.5888 Tw (problems solved by other expert systems) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 30.24 0 0 10.32 262.56 69.12 cm BI /W 169 /H 56 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???~|~~?~~~~~~~?~?~?~?~?~~?~?~??~~?~~??~??~~??|~?~~|~|~<~<~|7?~~@~~~~~~~~~>~?~~@~~~~? EI Q BT 1.1051 0 0 1 262.56 70.8 Tm 3 Tr 0.0365 Tc 0 Tw ([6,41].) 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Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 374.64 666.96 Tm -0.0871 Tc 1.1131 Tw ( Building on the idea that \223frames\224) Tj -313.2473 -18 TD -0.0404 Tc 0.7226 Tw (are not just a computational construct, but a theory about a kind of knowledge ) Tj ET q 19.44 0 0 9.6 436.32 647.28 cm BI /W 109 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??~~~~~~~~|>?>O?~?~?~|~?~???~~~~~~~?|?~?~~~?pxp? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 436.32 648.96 Tm 3 Tr -0.0315 Tc 0 Tw ([19],) Tj 0 Tr 20.0736 0 TD -0.0241 Tc 0.6349 Tw ( cognitive science) Tj ET BT 71.04 630.96 TD 0.0058 Tc 1.1287 Tw (studies have described problem solving in terms of classification.) Tj 328.8 0.72 TD 0.0047 Tc 0.8598 Tw (For example, routine physics) Tj -328.32 -18.72 TD -0.0016 Tc -0.0539 Tw (problem solving is described by Chi ) Tj ET q 10.8 0 0 9.84 242.64 610.8 cm BI /W 61 /H 53 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ????|||||||||xx||?|||>|<x|x||||x|x|x>|???||||?||xxx|? EI Q BT 0.8665 0 0 1 242.64 612.96 Tm 3 Tr 0.0509 Tc 0 Tw ([8]) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 253.44 612.96 TD 0.0201 Tc -0.1156 Tw ( as a process of data abstraction and heuristic mapping onto) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.28 594.72 Tm -0.0518 Tc 0.8256 Tw (solution schemas \(\223experts cite the abstracted features as the relevant cues \(of physics principles\)\223\).) Tj 0 -18 TD -0.0459 Tc 1.1118 Tw (The inference structure of) Tj 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 36.72 0 0 7.44 194.4 576.72 cm BI /W 205 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 8<????<?<<<|<p||80<|x0p<|x0 ~<~<|~<?|<>|<|><|>|~><<~?><>?><??>>?>>><~x|> |<x<~>?>>x><|>||~>0?x??pp8x?8 EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 194.4 576.72 Tm 3 Tr 0.0323 Tc 0 Tw (SACON.) Tj 0 Tr 37.9168 0 TD -0.0382 Tc 1.0522 Tw ( heuristically relating structural abstractions to numeric models. is) Tj -165.0496 -18 TD -0.03 Tc -0.2264 Tw (the same.) Tj ET BT 82.32 526.08 TD 0.0194 Tc 0.1251 Tw (Related to the physics problem solving analysis is a very large body of research on the nature of) Tj -11.28 -18.24 TD 0.0091 Tc 2.5354 Tw (schemas and their role in understanding) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 35.52 0 0 10.08 278.64 505.44 cm BI /W 198 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <>@>???|?|?|?|?||?????>???~?|????8?8?8|0?<|x{>|||>????|??|?|?|?|8?|?| ???@ EI Q BT 1.0194 0 0 1 278.64 507.84 Tm 3 Tr -0.0572 Tc 0 Tw ([35.34].) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 328.08 508.32 TD 0.0037 Tc 2.2528 Tw (More generally, the study of classification,) Tj -256.8 -18.48 TD 0.0053 Tc 0.9192 Tw (particularly of objects, also called) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 165.36 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf -0.0047 Tc -0.0908 Tw (categorization, ) Tj 67.44 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.018 Tc 0.8465 Tw (has been a basic topic in psychology for several) Tj -233.28 -18 TD -0.0137 Tc 2.7982 Tw (decades \(e.g.. see the chapter on \223conceptual thinking\224 in) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 22.8 0 0 10.08 371.04 469.44 cm BI /W 127 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID  ???~?~~~>~~~~~?~?~?~~~~~~~????~?~~>~??>~>~>~>~>~>~~~~~~~<~?|>~?|~~??|~~?|~?~ ^~~x~~~~????? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 371.04 471.84 Tm 3 Tr -0.0371 Tc 0 Tw ([22]\).) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 393.84 471.84 TD 0.027 Tc 2.6975 Tw ( However, in psychology the) Tj -322.8 -18.24 TD 0.026 Tc 0.0056 Tw (emphasis has been on the nature of categories and how they are formed \(an issue of learning\). The) Tj 0.24 -17.76 TD 0.0147 Tc 0.1898 Tw (programs we have considered make an identification or selection from a pre-existing classification) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.28 417.6 Tm -0.0378 Tc 1.074 Tw (\(an issue of memory retrieval\). In recent work, Kolodner combines the retrieval and learning process) Tj ET BT 71.28 399.6 TD 0.0238 Tc 0.1206 Tw (in an expert system that learns from experience ) Tj ET q 19.2 0 0 9.6 299.28 397.44 cm BI /W 107 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??||||?|?|?|>|>?||?||?||x|||~~????|||? EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 299.28 399.6 Tm 3 Tr 0.0346 Tc 0 Tw ([23].) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 318.48 399.6 TD 0.0103 Tc 0.1684 Tw ( Her program uses the MOPS representation, a) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.28 381.6 Tm -0.0317 Tc 0.3702 Tw (classification model of memory that interleaves generalizations with specific facts ) Tj ET q 19.44 0 0 10.08 446.64 378.96 cm BI /W 108 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?||<~?|?~?|??|~~~|~|~~|??~|?9??~~?~|?>|?<|>||?` EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 446.64 381.6 Tm 3 Tr -0.0315 Tc 0 Tw ([24].) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 71.52 339.36 TD /F2 13.92 Tf 0.1689 Tc 5.5613 Tw (8. Conclusions) Tj 11.28 -18 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0093 Tc 0.6472 Tw (A wide variety of problems can be described in terms of heuristic mapping of data abstractions) Tj -11.28 -18 TD 0.0138 Tc 2.5307 Tw (onto a fixed, hierarchical network of solutions.) Tj 246.72 0 TD 0.0011 Tc 2.1834 Tw (This problem solving model is supported by) Tj -246.48 -17.76 TD 0.0104 Tc 0.4664 Tw (psychological studies of human memory and the role of classification in understanding. There are) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 71.52 267.36 Tm -0.037 Tc 0.227 Tw (significant implications for expert systems research:) Tj ET BT 91.92 242.16 TD /F9 5.76 Tf -0.8122 Tc 0.6336 Tw (l ) Tj 11.04 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.017 Tc 0.4275 Tw (The model provides a ) Tj 106.56 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0294 Tc 0.4511 Tw (high-level structure for decomposing problems, ) Tj 211.68 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0069 Tc 0.6176 Tw (making it easier to) Tj -321.12 -12.48 TD 0.0088 Tc 0.0157 Tw (recognize and represent similar problems. For example, problems can be characterized) Tj -0.24 -12.48 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.2007 Tw (in terms of sequences of classification problems. Catalog selection programs might be) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0095 Tc 0.855 Tw (improved by incorporating a more distinct phase of user) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 46.32 0 0 9.36 374.64 202.8 cm BI /W 258 /H 51 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <????????~??~????~~?~~??~~??~~?~~~~~~??~~??~???????????~?~???~???~<>>|+? ??? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 374.64 205.2 Tm 3 Tr -0.034 Tc 0 Tw (modelling,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 420.96 205.2 TD 0.0219 Tc 0.7826 Tw ( in which needs or) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 99.6 192.72 Tm -0.0374 Tc 1.7639 Tw (requirements are classified first.) Tj ET BT 259.2 192.72 TD 0.0087 Tc -0.0642 Tw (Diagnosis programs might profitably make a stronger) Tj -159.84 -12.48 TD 0.0299 Tc 1.1089 Tw (separation between device- history stereotypes and disorder knowledge.) Tj 363.6 -0.48 TD -0.0658 Tc 2.6103 Tw (A generic) Tj -363.6 -11.52 TD 0.0087 Tc 2.3491 Tw (knowledge engineering tool can be designed specifically for classification problem) Tj ET BT 0.9175 0 0 1 99.36 156 Tm -0.0315 Tc 0 Tw (solving.) Tj ET BT 145.92 156 TD 0.0246 Tc 1.6132 Tw (The advantages for knowledge acquisition carry over into explanation and) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 99.36 143.52 Tm -0.0306 Tc 0 Tw (teaching.) Tj ET BT 91.44 119.04 TD /F9 5.76 Tf -0.8122 Tc 0.6336 Tw (l ) Tj 11.76 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.017 Tc 1.3275 Tw (The model provides a) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 109.44 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0351 Tc 1.3694 Tw (basis for choosing application problems.) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 185.76 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0073 Tc 1.4718 Tw (For example, problems) Tj -299.04 -12.24 TD 0.0308 Tc 0.4817 Tw (can be selected that will teach us more about the nature of abstraction and how other) Tj 0 -12.24 TD 0.0077 Tc 1.9768 Tw (forms of inference \(e.g.,) Tj 124.56 -0.24 TD 0.0054 Tc 1.5791 Tw (analogy, simulation, constraint posting\) are combined with) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 99.36 82.32 Tm -0.0228 Tc 0 Tw (classification.) 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If heuristic programming is) Tj -0.4956 -18.24 TD -0.0377 Tc 0.8083 Tw (to be different from traditional programming, a knowledge level analysis should always be pursued to) Tj ET BT 66.96 442.56 TD 0.0154 Tc 0.1976 Tw (the deepest levels of our understanding, even if practical constraints prevent making explicit in the) Tj 0.48 -18.48 TD 0.0188 Tc -0.0903 Tw (implemented program everything that we know. In this way, knowledge ) Tj 335.28 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0468 Tc -0.1423 Tw (engineering ) Tj 54.48 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0282 Tc -0.0437 Tw (can be based on) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 66.96 405.84 Tm -0.039 Tc 0.3529 Tw (sound principles that unite it with studies of cognition and representation.) Tj ET BT 67.68 363.36 TD /F2 13.92 Tf 0.6104 Tc 0 Tw (Acknowledgments) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 78.48 345.12 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0312 Tc 0.7971 Tw (Many of these ideas were stimulated by discussions with Denny Brown in our attempt to develop a) Tj ET BT 66.96 327.12 TD 0.0216 Tc 0.7229 Tw (framework for teaching knowledge engineering.) Tj ET q 0.96 0 0 7.44 305.04 326.88 cm BI /W 6 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 0xxxxxxxx|xxx|8 EI Q BT 0.4078 0 0 1 305.04 327.36 Tm 3 Tr 0.2074 Tc 0 Tw (I) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 306 327.36 TD 0.0213 Tc 1.3832 Tw ( would also like to thank Tom Dietterich, Steve) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 67.2 308.64 Tm -0.0398 Tc 0.6202 Tw (Hardy, and Peter Szolovits for their suggestions and encouragement.) Tj 11.152 -32.64 TD -0.0299 Tc 0.3621 Tw (The Drilling Advisor is a product of Teknowledge, Inc.) 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EI Q BT 0.9032 0 0 1 66.96 348.72 Tm 3 Tr 0.0641 Tc (El) Tj 0 Tr ET q 11.28 0 0 9.6 66.96 278.88 cm BI /W 63 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?????>~|??>>~|? EI Q BT 0.7311 0 0 1 66.96 278.88 Tm 3 Tr 0.0428 Tc (VI) Tj 0 Tr ET q 11.52 0 0 10.08 66.96 153.36 cm BI /W 64 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??~~~~?~~~~~~~~?~~?~~?~?~?~?~???~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~?~~~~~~~~~~???? EI Q BT 0.8172 0 0 1 66.96 153.6 Tm 3 Tr 0.0957 Tc (RI) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.8 657.6 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0081 Tc -1.257 Tw (Aiello, N.) Tj 0 -14.64 TD -0.0387 Tc 0.3196 Tw (A comparative study of control strategies for expert systems: AGE implementation of three) Tj 17.0997 -15.12 TD -0.0345 Tc -0.0978 Tw (variations of PUFF.) Tj ET BT 100.8 612.96 TD -0.169 Tc 0.0734 Tw (In ) Tj 12.24 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0331 Tc 0.8714 Tw (Proceedings of the National Conference on Al.) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 212.4 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0094 Tc 0.9219 Tw (pages l-4. Washington, D.C., August, 1983.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.8 587.04 Tm -0.0128 Tc -0.8636 Tw (Aikins J. S.) Tj 0 -15.12 TD -0.0385 Tc 0.2161 Tw (Prototypical knowledge for expert systems.) Tj ET BT 100.32 557.04 TD /F7 9.84 Tf -0.0029 Tc 1.1073 Tw (Artificial Intelligence) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 64.8 0 0 8.88 192 555.36 cm BI /W 361 /H 49 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 00??x??|?@|>?>?????~??>?>?>?>~?>~>|?|~~|||~||x~<~x|~8?~~??~~~?~~???~~~~?~~|~?|???>?~~??~?????~? >??>||x@ EI Q BT 0.8557 0 0 1 192 557.04 Tm 3 Tr /F8 8.88 Tf 0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (20\(2\):163-210,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 256.8 557.04 TD -0.048 Tc 0.96 Tw ( 1963.) Tj -156.24 -25.68 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0074 Tc -0.1029 Tw (Bennett, J.. Creary, L., ) Tj ET q 51.6 0 0 9.6 206.88 529.2 cm BI /W 287 /H 51 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID p?~||||||@|?||???~@|????~??|??|??|??|????????????<~???~?~p?~?>?>? ? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 206.88 531.36 Tm 3 Tr -0.0486 Tc 0 Tw (Englemore,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 258.48 531.36 TD -0.0053 Tc -0.0902 Tw ( R., and ) Tj ET q 34.8 0 0 8.88 296.4 529.92 cm BI /W 194 /H 47 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 8|???????????????????~????>?~?~|??~????????????????>??>9??????????~??~??>|???|?|??|~??x~>`?? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 296.4 531.36 Tm 3 Tr -0.0329 Tc 0 Tw (Melosh!) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 331.2 531.36 TD 0.0049 Tc -0.1004 Tw ( R.) Tj ET q 36.48 0 0 7.44 100.32 516.24 cm BI /W 203 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~ ?????>?>>|x|x||p|x?x>|?~|x>||>>|><>|><|~||||x?||x|x~x~|>|`?~~?>>>>??>?~?>?<??<??8?>? EI Q BT 0.9393 0 0 1 100.32 516.48 Tm 3 Tr /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0669 Tc 0 Tw (SACON:) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 136.8 516.48 TD 0.043 Tc 2.0215 Tw ( A knowledge-based consultant for structural analysis.) Tj -36.72 -14.88 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0092 Tc 0.1696 Tw (STAN-W-78-699 and HPP Memo 78-23, Stanford University, ) Tj ET q 22.8 0 0 9.6 378.96 499.68 cm BI /W 127 /H 52 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID @?|||?????????~???????8??|?~??~?>?~?~|?|~~~?~?> <<8@ EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 378.96 501.6 Tm 3 Tr -0.0477 Tc 0 Tw (Sept,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 401.76 501.6 TD 0.0279 Tc 0.1165 Tw ( 1978.) Tj ET q 37.44 0 0 8.4 100.32 474.96 cm BI /W 208 /H 46 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?0x~~~~@~~?????~?~?9<~?>p  EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 100.32 475.92 Tm 3 Tr -0.0118 Tc 0 Tw (Bobrow,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 137.76 475.92 TD 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 8.64 0 0 7.44 140.64 475.92 cm BI /W 48 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?~~~~|~?~?~~?~?~?~~~~????? EI Q BT 1.0704 0 0 1 140.64 475.92 Tm 3 Tr -0.0624 Tc 0 Tw (0.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 149.28 475.92 TD 0.0098 Tc 0.0547 Tw ( and Winograd, T.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.56 461.04 Tm -0.0239 Tc 0.263 Tw (KRL: Another perspective.) Tj ET BT 100.32 446.16 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0421 Tc -0.0176 Tw (Cognitive Science ) Tj ET q 35.76 0 0 8.4 182.4 444.96 cm BI /W 199 /H 46 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?~????????~~??~??~???x???? ?~~??~??p????~??~???~|@<> EI Q BT 0.8107 0 0 1 182.4 446.16 Tm 3 Tr /F8 8.88 Tf 0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (3:29-42,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 218.16 446.16 TD -0.048 Tc ( 1979.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.56 420.24 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.018 Tc -0.2033 Tw (Brown, J. S., Burton, R. R., and ) Tj ET BT 0.9628 0 0 1 241.2 420.24 Tm /F13 10.8 Tf 0.0011 Tc -0 Tw (de ) Tj ET q 25.68 0 0 8.4 259.68 419.28 cm BI /W 143 /H 47 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <~<|||~~~?~~???? g???????~??~??~????~???~?????`?|?|?||?}|?8~?~>><<8 EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 259.68 420.24 Tm 3 Tr /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0184 Tc 0 Tw (Kleer,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 285.36 420.24 Tm -0.0093 Tc 0 Tw ( J.) Tj -190.8232 -14.64 TD -0.0312 Tc 0.9934 Tw (Pedagogical, natural language, and knowledge engineering techniques in SOPHIE I, II, and Ill.) Tj 0.2478 -14.88 TD -0.0321 Tc 0.0236 Tw (In ) Tj ET q 8.4 0 0 7.44 112.56 390.96 cm BI /W 47 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID =?????????8~~~~>@~px?x???~~?x~~~?|||~~~~?~~~?~?~?|?~~?~~?~?~?~?|<<p?`<?pp EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 214.56 280.56 Tm 3 Tr -0.028 Tc 0 Tw (Mittal.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 241.2 280.56 Tm -0.0549 Tc 0.7906 Tw ( S.) Tj -145.2238 -14.64 TD -0.0322 Tc 1.077 Tw (Conceptual representation of medical knowledge.) Tj ET q 7.2 0 0 7.44 100.8 251.28 cm BI /W 40 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID <>~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~>>>~~?~?~?~?~~?~?~?~?~?~?~?~~>?>?<> EI Q BT 0.8665 0 0 1 100.8 251.04 Tm 3 Tr 0.0627 Tc 0 Tw (In) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 108 251.04 TD -0.001 Tc 0.1455 Tw ( M. Yovits \(editor\), ) Tj 88.8 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0316 Tc 0.1129 Tw (Advances in Computers, ) Tj 111.12 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.015 Tc 0.1775 Tw (pages 217-293. Academic Press, New York,) Tj ET BT 0.9175 0 0 1 118.32 235.92 Tm 0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (1983.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.56 210.48 Tm -0.0137 Tc 0.3145 Tw (Chi, M. T. H., Feltovich, P. J., Glaser, R.) Tj 0 -14.64 TD -0.0351 Tc 0.5224 Tw (Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices.) Tj ET BT 100.8 180.96 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0354 Tc -0.0509 Tw (Cognitive Science 5: ) Tj ET q 18.24 0 0 7.44 193.68 180.72 cm BI /W 102 /H 39 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID x>>??~~~~~~~~~?~|8 EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 193.68 180.96 Tm 3 Tr /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0526 Tc 0 Tw (121-) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 211.92 180.96 TD 0.0245 Tc -0 Tw ( 152, 1981.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.56 155.28 Tm -0.0218 Tc 0.4591 Tw (Clancey, W. J. and Letsinger, R.) Tj 0.2478 -15.12 TD 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw (NEOMYCIN: ) Tj 59.973 0 TD -0.0367 Tc 0.7719 Tw (Reconfiguring a rule-based expert system for application to teaching.) Tj ET BT 101.04 125.52 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0123 Tc 1.8122 Tw (In Proceeding> of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 396 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0343 Tc 0 Tw (pages) Tj -379.92 -14.64 TD -0.017 Tc 0.0414 Tw (829-836. August, ) Tj 80.88 0 TD /F8 8.88 Tf -0.048 Tc 0 Tw (1981.) Tj -96.96 -14.88 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.019 Tc -0.1145 Tw (\(Revised version to appear in Clancey and Shortliffe \(editors\), ) Tj 291.36 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0262 Tc -0.1218 Tw (Readings in Medical Artificial) Tj -274.8 -14.88 TD 0.0166 Tc 0.4879 Tw (Intelligence: The First Decade, ) Tj 139.2 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0123 Tc 0.6368 Tw (Addison-Wesley, 1983\).) 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Tj 0 -15.12 TD -0.0438 Tc 1.1096 Tw (In Proceedings of the) Tj 0 Tc -0.0095 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 37.92 0 0 7.44 215.76 657.84 cm BI /W 211 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 8??~|?~> >|?~><|??>>??>>>?><>>~>|>>|||<~?|?||<x>|?||<|<|>|<||>||>||>>|x?>>||<x|<<|?|??|xx@?|@ EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 215.76 658.08 Tm 3 Tr -0.0206 Tc 0 Tw (Narional) Tj 0 Tr 39.1559 0 TD -0.0284 Tc 0.5155 Tw ( Conference ) Tj ET BT 0.9393 0 0 1 312.96 658.08 Tm /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0215 Tc 0.563 Tw (on Al, ) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 341.28 658.08 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0218 Tc 1.0663 Tw (pages 74-78. Washington, D.C., August,) Tj ET BT 0.9175 0 0 1 130.08 643.44 Tm 0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (1983.) Tj ET q 6.48 0 0 10.08 78.72 615.6 cm BI /W 36 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?~|`xxxxxx? EI Q BT 1.0704 0 0 1 78.72 617.76 Tm 3 Tr 0.0159 Tc ([l) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.8665 0 0 1 85.2 617.76 Tm 0.0783 Tc -0.4716 Tw ( 1 ) Tj ET q 2.16 0 0 10.08 93.36 615.6 cm BI /W 13 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?? EI Q BT 0.3568 0 0 1 93.36 617.76 Tm 3 Tr -0.0799 Tc 0 Tw (J) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 112.32 617.76 Tm -0.0138 Tc 0.3765 Tw (Clancey, W. J.) Tj 0.2478 -15.12 TD -0.037 Tc 0.3262 Tw (The epistemology of a rule-based expert system: A framework for explanation.) Tj ET BT 112.08 588 TD /F7 9.84 Tf -0.0029 Tc 2.7873 Tw (Artificial Intelligence) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 65.04 0 0 8.88 206.88 586.32 cm BI /W 362 /H 48 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?~x|?>>?~??0??~>~?>>~?>~>|~~|~?~8~||??????<????|?|??||p |x|??~?~????|??|?|? ? ?>|x EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 206.88 588 Tm 3 Tr /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0251 Tc 0 Tw (20\(3\):215-251,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 271.92 588 TD 0.0279 Tc 2.5165 Tw ( 1983.) Tj ET q 17.04 0 0 10.32 78.48 559.92 cm BI /W 95 /H 56 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?~|p|||||||||?||~||x||O|||||||||||||x|x||?||||||||||||||||||À|||||||~|~|~~|????? EI Q BT 0.9946 0 0 1 78.48 562.08 Tm 3 Tr /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw ([12]) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 112.08 562.08 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0138 Tc 0.3765 Tw (Clancey, W. J.) Tj ET BT 111.84 546.72 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0274 Tc 2.0971 Tw (Acquiring, representing, and evaluating a competence model of diagnosis.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 112.08 532.08 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0392 Tc 0.5267 Tw (HPP Memo ) Tj ET q 22.08 0 0 7.44 165.84 532.08 cm BI /W 123 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???????~??~?~~?~???????????~~||~??? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 165.84 532.08 Tm 3 Tr -0.0204 Tc 0 Tw (64-2.) Tj 0 Tr 22.7996 0 TD -0.0359 Tc 0.833 Tw ( Stanford University, February, 1984.) Tj ET BT 112.08 517.44 TD /F8 8.88 Tf -0.048 Tc 0 Tw (\(T) Tj 10.56 0 TD /F8 6.96 Tf -0.096 Tc (O) Tj 4.08 0 TD /F8 8.88 Tf 0 Tc -0.048 Tw ( ) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0 Tc -0.0953 Tw (appear in Chi, ) Tj ET q 31.68 0 0 8.4 199.68 516.72 cm BI /W 177 /H 47 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ~????|?~?~?|Cx??|~?~?~??~~~?p|??~?>?>?~???f2 EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 199.68 517.44 Tm 3 Tr -0.0166 Tc 0 Tw (Glaser,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 231.36 517.44 TD 0.006 Tc -0.1015 Tw ( and Farr \(Eds.\), ) Tj 77.28 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0266 Tc -0.1221 Tw (The Nature of Expertise, ) Tj 109.68 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0029 Tc -0.0926 Tw (in preparation.\).) Tj ET q 17.04 0 0 10.08 78.24 489.84 cm BI /W 95 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID @???||@x|||||||x|x|x?|x|x|x|x~||x|x||||<|x>||x>~||?~|x|||||~|`~<?<<||||? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 78.24 491.76 Tm 3 Tr -0.037 Tc 0 Tw ([13]) Tj 0 Tr 35.1908 0 TD -0.0323 Tc 0.5195 Tw (Engelmore. R. and Terry, A.) Tj -0.7435 -15.12 TD -0.0525 Tc 0.3421 Tw (Structure and function of the ) Tj ET q 49.44 0 0 7.92 245.52 476.64 cm BI /W 275 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID |x????????~?????_????~?~?????????p?>0??>??~??~??~????~????????~??~???|??|?~??~??>?????~?>?????>?~?????????????????? EI Q BT 1.0194 0 0 1 245.52 476.64 Tm 3 Tr -0.2031 Tc 0 Tw (CRYSALIS) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 294.96 476.64 Tm -0.0264 Tc 0.2656 Tw ( system.) Tj ET BT 112.32 462 TD -0.169 Tc 0.0734 Tw (In ) Tj 12.72 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0275 Tc 1.3169 Tw (Proceedings of the Sixth) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 57.84 0 0 7.44 240.24 461.28 cm BI /W 322 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ? ???????|?~|??>??|>>?>>??>>?~<?|>|??|>>|??|>~|?>?>||>>?>|?|~<<>|?~x>~}<<>|>~>~<<>x>|>|>|?<~>|~|>|?8~>|<|?x||>|>x|~x>x|>~>x?|>?<xxx<?<p?x?x`p?`<~ EI Q BT 1.0499 0 0 1 240.24 462 Tm 3 Tr 0.0339 Tc 0 Tw (international) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 298.08 462 TD 0.0161 Tc 1.3764 Tw ( Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 194.64 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0343 Tc 0 Tw (pages) Tj -364.32 -14.88 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.9902 Tw (250-256. August, 1979.) Tj ET q 17.28 0 0 10.08 77.76 419.28 cm BI /W 96 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??p~~~~~?~~?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?~>~~~~~~~~~>~??~~?~~?~~~?~~~~~~~~~~~0~~~~~~>~~~~~?? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 77.76 421.2 Tm 3 Tr -0.037 Tc 0 Tw ([14]) Tj 0 Tr 34.9429 0 TD -0.0281 Tc 0.5151 Tw (Feigenbaum, E. A.) Tj 0 -14.88 TD -0.0354 Tc 0.6714 Tw (The art of artificial intelligence: ) Tj ET q 3.84 0 0 7.44 257.76 406.08 cm BI /W 22 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 8|||~~~|~~~~~| ~|8` EI Q BT 0.7646 0 0 1 257.76 406.32 Tm 3 Tr 0.0896 Tc 0 Tw (I.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 261.6 406.32 Tm -0.0318 Tc 0.8022 Tw ( Themes and case studies of knowledge engineering.) Tj ET BT 111.84 391.68 TD -0.169 Tc 0.0734 Tw (In ) Tj 12.72 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0202 Tc 1.3243 Tw (Proceedings of the Fifth) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 57.84 0 0 7.2 236.88 391.2 cm BI /W 322 /H 39 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID @  p??|/????>?????????>?????~??>????>????~???~~?>?|~~>?|?~~~~|??|~?~~??|?||?~>??|~|>~>?>?|?~|>>|>>>?|?|>>>>>?<>~>>>|>~~>~~~~>~|~~>?~|?|??~||??|x|??|?`x08 x?><  EI Q BT 1.0499 0 0 1 236.88 391.68 Tm 3 Tr 0.0339 Tc 0 Tw (international) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 294.72 391.68 TD 0.0161 Tc 1.3764 Tw ( Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 194.64 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0343 Tc 0 Tw (pages) Tj ET q 24 0 0 7.44 128.88 376.56 cm BI /W 134 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?x>~???~~~~~~?~~~|~~????~???~~?~~?>~~|~~~~~>>p EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 128.88 376.8 Tm 3 Tr 0.0485 Tc (1014-) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 152.88 376.8 TD -0.018 Tc 0.1625 Tw ( 1029. August, 1977.) Tj ET q 17.28 0 0 10.08 77.52 349.2 cm BI /W 96 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???~p~0~|>|>~>~>~>~>~?~?~~~~>~>~~~~~~~~~~~~||~|~|~|~~~~~>~>~?>~>~>~?~?~~~~~>~>~>~>~>~>~? EI Q BT 0.8665 0 0 1 77.52 351.36 Tm 3 Tr 0.068 Tc 0 Tw ([153) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 111.6 351.36 Tm -0.0425 Tc 0.5301 Tw (Friedland, P. E.) Tj ET BT 111.36 336.24 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0327 Tc 2.7038 Tw (Knowledge-based experiment design in molecular genetics.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 111.36 321.6 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0274 Tc 1.5883 Tw (Technical Report STAN-CS-79-771. Stanford University, October, 1979.) Tj ET q 17.04 0 0 10.08 77.28 293.76 cm BI /W 95 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 0??`|||~~~|?~?~?~?~|?~~|~~~~?|???????|~~|~~~>~~~~~~~? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 77.28 295.44 Tm 3 Tr -0.037 Tc 0 Tw ([16]) Tj 0 Tr 34.9429 0.24 TD -0.0179 Tc 1 Tw (Genesereth, M. R.) Tj 0 -14.88 TD -0.0287 Tc 0.4538 Tw (Diagnosis using hierarchical design models.) Tj ET q 7.2 0 0 7.44 111.6 265.92 cm BI /W 40 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID |~>?~>>????|?<? EI Q BT 0.8665 0 0 1 111.6 265.68 Tm 3 Tr 0.0627 Tc 0 Tw (In) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 118.8 265.68 TD 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0331 Tc 0.5914 Tw (Proceedings of the National Conference on Al, ) Tj 211.2 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0266 Tc 0.771 Tw (pages 278-283. Pittsburgh, PA, August,) Tj ET BT 0.9175 0 0 1 128.88 251.28 Tm 0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (1982.) Tj ET BT 0.7206 0 0 1 77.28 225.36 Tm /F8 8.88 Tf 0.0009 Tc -0 Tw ([ ) Tj ET q 12.96 0 0 9.6 81.6 223.68 cm BI /W 73 /H 54 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?8||????~?|?|?|??||??>?~?~?~??x>>>???? EI Q BT 0.8107 0 0 1 81.6 225.36 Tm 3 Tr 0 Tw (171) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 111.36 225.6 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0357 Tc 0.0274 Tw (Hart, P. E.) Tj -0.4956 -14.88 TD -0.0341 Tc 0.5922 Tw (Observations on the development of expert knowledge-based systems.) 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EI Q BT 1.1051 0 0 1 430.56 196.08 Tm 3 Tr 0.0225 Tc 0 Tw (IntMgence,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 485.76 196.08 TD 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0343 Tc 0 Tw (pages) Tj ET q 23.76 0 0 7.44 128.4 180.96 cm BI /W 133 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?!<?????~?~~~?~?~?~??~?~~~????| EI Q BT 0.9175 0 0 1 128.4 181.2 Tm 3 Tr 0.0485 Tc (1001-) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 152.16 181.2 TD -0.018 Tc 0.1625 Tw ( 1003. August, 1977.) Tj ET q 17.28 0 0 10.08 77.04 153.36 cm BI /W 96 /H 55 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID |~~~~~~~~?~~~~~~~~~~~~?~?~?~~?~~~?~?~~~~~?~?~~~?~?~?~>~?~??? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 77.04 155.28 Tm 3 Tr -0.037 Tc 0 Tw ([18]) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 94.32 155.28 TD 0.6529 Tc 2.1316 Tw ( Hayes, P.J.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 111.6 140.64 Tm -0.0321 Tc 0.0236 Tw (In ) Tj ET q 37.2 0 0 8.16 122.4 140.4 cm BI /W 207 /H 44 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ????????p~???????????????????????????~??8?~?x?~x`??? 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Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 101.28 575.28 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.025 Tc -0.1076 Tw (Patil, R. S., Szolovits, ) Tj ET BT 0.9458 0 0 1 199.2 575.28 Tm /F8 8.88 Tf 0.0009 Tc -0 Tw (P., ) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 219.12 575.28 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0387 Tc -0.0521 Tw (and Schwartz. W. ) Tj ET q 7.92 0 0 7.44 299.28 575.28 cm BI /W 44 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID |p?~~~~~~|? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 299.28 575.28 Tm 3 Tr -0.0093 Tc 0 Tw (6.) Tj 0 Tr -204.949 -14.88 TD -0.0297 Tc 0.3398 Tw (Causal understanding of patient illness in medical diagnosis.) Tj ET BT 101.28 545.28 TD -0.169 Tc 0.0734 Tw (In ) Tj 13.2 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0176 Tc 1.8602 Tw (Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 383.28 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0343 Tc 0 Tw (pages) Tj -380.4 -14.88 TD -0.017 Tc 0.0414 Tw (893-899. August, ) Tj 80.88 0 TD /F8 8.88 Tf -0.048 Tc 0 Tw (1981.) Tj -97.44 -25.44 TD /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0334 Tc -0.0621 Tw (Pople, ) Tj ET q 8.4 0 0 7.44 132.72 504.96 cm BI /W 47 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID x??????????????????8???|?|x?|8 EI Q BT 0.8665 0 0 1 132.72 504.96 Tm 3 Tr 0.0705 Tc 0 Tw (H.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.8 490.08 Tm -0.0447 Tc 0.5548 Tw (Heuristic methods for imposing structure on ill-structured problems: the structuring of medical) Tj 16.8519 -14.64 TD -0.0291 Tc 0 Tw (diagnostics.) Tj -16.8519 -15.12 TD -0.0405 Tc 0.59 Tw (In P. Szolovits \(editor\), ) Tj ET q 37.68 0 0 7.44 208.08 460.08 cm BI /W 210 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?p??8~|~|xxX?p?x>>???>|??>x??>???>??|~|~~||~|~?|~x|<>~<<?|||~xx|?x||8p? EI Q BT 1.0499 0 0 1 208.08 460.32 Tm 3 Tr /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0491 Tc 0 Tw (ArtificiaI) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9393 0 0 1 245.76 460.32 Tm 0 Tc 0.0749 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 52.8 0 0 8.88 249.12 458.4 cm BI /W 294 /H 49 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID `pp 0~8??|?x|??|???|~||x|xx||x>x>x?>?>>?<>?>?<>>~|>>|~|~>|~>|~>|?>>x~<|?>>x?|?><?|?|?|?x>xx<?pp?0@?>|>|?x EI Q BT 1.0499 0 0 1 249.12 460.32 Tm 3 Tr 0.0595 Tc 0 Tw (intelligence) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 0.9393 0 0 1 301.92 460.32 Tm -0.0114 Tc 0.5981 Tw ( in Medicine, ) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 358.56 460.32 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0274 Tc 0.0188 Tw (pages ) Tj ET BT 0.9458 0 0 1 389.28 460.32 Tm /F8 8.88 Tf 0.0009 Tc -0 Tw (119-l ) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 420.24 460.32 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0093 Tc 0 Tw (90. ) Tj ET q 43.2 0 0 7.92 436.8 460.08 cm BI /W 240 /H 42 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID `???~~~??~??~??>???p<??~>?~~~?|~~~~?~?~??~??~???~?~?|??~??~??~?????????>????<>???~>?x 0? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 436.8 460.32 Tm 3 Tr -0.0254 Tc 0 Tw (Westview) Tj 0 Tr 44.608 0 TD -0.0413 Tc 0.5288 Tw ( Press,) Tj ET BT 0.8557 0 0 1 118.08 445.44 Tm /F8 8.88 Tf 0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (1982.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.8 420 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0143 Tc -0.2425 Tw (Rich, E.) Tj 0 -15.12 TD -0.0296 Tc 0.1037 Tw (User modeling via stereotypes.) Tj ET BT 100.56 390.24 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0421 Tc 1.0624 Tw (Cognitive Science) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 47.28 0 0 8.4 184.56 389.04 cm BI /W 263 /H 46 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?????????????~???|~~|~~~~~>|????????????p???~?~?~???~???~?~>?? EI Q BT 1.1051 0 0 1 184.56 390.24 Tm 3 Tr -0.0052 Tc 0 Tw (3:3%X66,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 231.84 390.24 TD 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD /F8 8.88 Tf -0.048 Tc 0 Tw (1979.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.8 364.56 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.018 Tc 0.5048 Tw (Rumelhart, D. E. and Norman, D. A.) Tj ET BT 100.08 349.92 TD 0.0324 Tc -0.1279 Tw (Representation ) Tj 75.12 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf -0.0348 Tc 0.4193 Tw (in memory.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.32 335.04 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0311 Tc 0.5678 Tw (Technical Report CHIP- 116, Center for Human Information Processing, University of) Tj 17.3476 -14.88 TD -0.0206 Tc 1.1269 Tw (California, June, 1983.) Tj ET q 36.72 0 0 8.88 100.32 293.28 cm BI /W 204 /H 48 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ????~>A` ??????~?|??~??????>?>~~|?|>~<>??`<pp EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.32 294.48 Tm 3 Tr -0.0352 Tc 0 Tw (Schank,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 137.04 294.48 TD 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 8.4 0 0 7.44 140.16 294.48 cm BI /W 47 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?~~?????~~~?>?~?~?~|~|>8 EI Q BT 0.8665 0 0 1 140.16 294.48 Tm 3 Tr 0.0705 Tc 0 Tw (R.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 148.56 294.48 TD -0.0519 Tc 0.3164 Tw ( C., and Abelson, ) Tj ET q 8.4 0 0 7.44 231.84 294.48 cm BI /W 47 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??~~~~?~?~?~?~??~~~~~~?~?~?>~?~~?~~~~~|> EI Q BT 0.8665 0 0 1 231.84 294.48 Tm 3 Tr 0.0705 Tc 0 Tw (R.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 240.24 294.48 TD -0.0796 Tc 0.224 Tw ( P.) Tj -139.92 -14.88 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0286 Tc 1.6159 Tw (Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.8 264.72 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0181 Tc 0.3066 Tw (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. ) Tj ET BT 0.9458 0 0 1 306.72 264.72 Tm /F8 8.88 Tf 0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (1975.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.56 239.52 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0137 Tc -0.1192 Tw (Simon, H. A.) Tj 0 -15.36 TD -0.0467 Tc 0.4848 Tw (The structure of ill structured problems.) Tj ET q 37.68 0 0 7.44 100.08 209.52 cm BI /W 210 /H 41 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ??x?? ?> ~|8x|x>|>|>|~~>???~~??|???~?~?|??|~~>>>~>?|~>|?~~~??||>?|>?>?<>x`p? EI Q BT 1.0499 0 0 1 100.08 209.76 Tm 3 Tr /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0491 Tc 0 Tw (ArtificiaI) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 137.76 209.76 TD 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 52.56 0 0 8.88 140.64 207.6 cm BI /W 293 /H 49 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?> 8?qxp??????>?>~?~??|?????|??>??|~?>>?~>~>>~>|>>|~|>~~|>|>||||||||| ~>|~~>|~?~?|???|??|?|8@`~? ~ ~>?? EI Q BT 1.0499 0 0 1 140.64 209.76 Tm 3 Tr 0.0595 Tc 0 Tw (intelligence) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 193.2 209.76 TD -0.0184 Tc -0.0772 Tw ( 4: ) Tj ET q 38.16 0 0 8.4 206.64 208.56 cm BI /W 212 /H 46 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID 00|?~?~~??~~??~?~????~?|8 8 EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 206.64 209.76 Tm 3 Tr /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0161 Tc 0 Tw (181-201,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 244.8 209.76 TD 0.0279 Tc -0.1235 Tw ( 1973.) Tj ET q 27.36 0 0 8.88 100.56 182.64 cm BI /W 152 /H 48 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ???~~~x?????????>???~~?<?>??|??????~??????????????????? EI Q BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.56 183.84 Tm 3 Tr -0.0293 Tc 0 Tw (Sowa,) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 127.92 183.84 TD -0.0184 Tc 0.1628 Tw ( J. ) Tj ET q 7.2 0 0 7.44 142.32 183.84 cm BI /W 40 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?~?~?~< EI Q BT 0.8155 0 0 1 142.32 183.84 Tm 3 Tr -0.1018 Tc 0 Tw (F.) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 100.8 169.44 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.261 Tc 6.6035 Tw (Conceptual Structures.) Tj ET BT 0.9684 0 0 1 100.8 154.56 Tm /F2 9.84 Tf -0.0157 Tc 1.0806 Tw (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1984.) Tj -0.2478 -25.92 TD -0.0399 Tc 0.5273 Tw (Swartout W. R.) Tj 0.2478 -14.64 TD -0.0402 Tc 0.2798 Tw (Explaining and justifying in expert consulting programs.) Tj ET BT 101.04 99.12 TD -0.169 Tc 0.0734 Tw (In ) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F7 9.84 Tf 0.0283 Tc 1.5562 Tw (Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 37.44 0 0 7.44 399.12 98.88 cm BI /W 209 /H 40 /BPC 1 /D [ 1 0 ] /CS /G ID ? >?~8?~|<8p???x?>??>????~?|~?||?~~??<~??~~~~|~~|>|>~~?~?|>?|>>~||x>||?>?|?>~>|<p? EI Q BT 1.0499 0 0 1 399.12 99.12 Tm 3 Tr 0.0491 Tc 0 Tw (ArtificiaI) Tj 0 Tr ET BT 436.56 99.12 TD -0.0075 Tc 1.832 Tw ( Intelligence,) Tj 0 Tc -0.0955 Tw ( ) Tj 61.2 0 TD /F2 9.84 Tf 0.0343 Tc 0 Tw (pages) Tj -380.4 -14.88 TD -0.0099 Tc 2.7944 Tw (815823. August, 1981.) 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All Rights Reserved. 1990-1991 Type Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved.PONPOM+WingdingsRegularPONPOM+WingdingsPONPOM+WingdingsVersion 2.00PONPOM+WingdingsThe Windows logo is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.normalStandardCopyright 1992-1994 Microsoft Corp. All Rights Reserved. 1990-1991 Type Solutions, Inc. 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