ࡱ> _ (Hbjbj (bbs?BB8<$ Ni0F:;;;hhhhhhh$jmh;^;;;h]i''';h';h''a4hp9!d>hi0Ni_d.FncFn|hFnh,;;';;;;;hh';;;Ni;;;;Fn;;;;;;;;;B b: Chapter 29 Our Solar System-Planet Overview Objectives Describe early models of our solar system. This means I can: Explain the geocentric model of the solar system and how retrograde motion brought change to that model. Describe the contributions and changes to solar system arrangement due to the following scientists: Nicolaus Copernicus, Kepler, Isaac Newton, Tycho Brahe, Galileo. Examine the modern heliocentric model of our solar system. This means I can: Explain Keplers 1st Lae and its relationship to the following terms astronomical unit, perihelion, aphelion, focus, major axis, semi-major axis, the Sun, and eccentricity. Determine the relative shape (elongated oval, oval, circle) of an orbit when given its eccentricity value. Explain Keplers 2nd and 3rd Laws. Relate gravity to the motions of celestial bodies. This means I can: Describe how mass, center of mass, and distance between 2 objects affects their gravitational pull on each other. Compare and contrast the properties of the terrestrial planets. This means I can: Name the terrestrial planets in order, beginning with the one closest to the sun. Identify the planet that has a given unique characteristic such as: highest amount of atmospheric CO2, highest amount iron on surface, largest temperature range, red color, greenhouse effect, number of moons, largest canyon, largest mountain, cratered like the Earths moon, surface features suggesting liquid water was once present, thick vs. thin atmosphere, etc. (See planet summaries written after each planet project presentation.) Compare Earth with the other terrestrial planets. This means I can: Identify the planet most like the Earth in mass, diameter and density. Define precession, explain its cause, and describe how it affects the north star. Describe the properties of the gas giant (Jovian) planets. This means I can: Name the gas giant (Jovian) planets in order, beginning with the one closest to the sun. Compare and contrast belts and zones, and identify which planets have them. Identify the planet that has a given unique characteristic such as: rapid rotation, brightest rings, large storm, largest planet, blue color & what causes the color, flattened, etc. (See planet summaries written after each planet project presentation.) Compare & contrast terrestrial vs. gas giant (Jovian) planets according to the properties listed in Objectives #4 & 6 above. In addition, I can: Label a diagram, identifying the location of the 8 planets, Pluto and the asteroid belt. List the planets that have retrograde rotation. Discuss defining general characteristics of each category such as: relative size of planets, 2 main elements present in each category, density, type of surface, relative number of moons, presence of rings, belts, zones Identify the unique nature of the planet Pluto. This means I can: Explain why Pluto is no longer classified as a major planet. Summarize the properties of the solar system that support the theory of the solar systems formation. Describe how the planets formed from a disk surrounding the young Sun. I can: Define & describe how the following terms are involved in the theory of the solar systems formation: interstellar cloud, solar nebula, planetesimal, equatorial plane. Explain how the theory is supported by the types of elements and density differences of the inner terrestrial vs. outer gas giants. Using distance from the sun and resulting temperature differences throughout the solar system, explain why lightweight gases such as hydrogen and helium are rare in the terrestrial planets but common in the gas giants. Explore remnants of solar system formation. This means I can: Define asteroid. Identify the location of the asteroid belt on a solar system diagram. Differentiate between meteor shower, meteoroid, meteor, and meteorite. Label, define and describe the composition of the parts of a comet including: coma, nucleus, tail, head. Describe how, when, and why the tails are formed, and which direction they point. Discuss the location of the two main clusters of comets, including how far they are from the sun in astronomical units. PlanetMnemonicBetween 4 & 59.  (Is it a planet? Major or minor?) Overview of solar system: All planets orbit Sun is same direction - ________________ All orbits except _____________ lie near the same plane Planets move faster at perihelion than aphelion due to Suns _______________ Planets closer to Sun move ____________ Terrestrial Planets: The 4 inner planets, closest to the Sun Solid rocky surfaces Close to size of Earth Sometimes called the __________ __________ planets due to iron & nickel cores Mercury (1st)) No moon Rotates 1 times in 1 orbit, therefore only 3 days occur every 2 years Little atmosphere Surface similar to moon: craters, ______________ (like maria) & scarps Scarps = planet wide system of ________________ Hardened _______________ plains suggest planet was once volcanic Most extreme (largest difference) day vs. night temperature in solar system Daytime temp:_________ Nighttime temp: _________ Thick core of ___________ & __________ Venus (2nd) Nicknames: Earths sister planet-Why? Morning or evening star- Why? Highest _____________ of any planet, 75% No moon Slow rotation: 1 Venus day = ______ Earth days Hottest planet due to __________________ Results in a ____________ _________ Main gases: 96% ____________ & 3% ________________ Also contributes to the ________________ __________ Average surface temp is 464oC Unique clouds made of ___________________ High atmospheric pressure ____________ spin opposite of most planets This backward spin is called ____________ __________ If on Venus, Sun would rise in the ___________ and set in the _____________ Surface: Smooth due to _____________ ___________ flows Very few impact craters Interior: Probably similar to Earths: ___________ __________ _________ Earth (3rd Rock from the Sun!!) 1 moon Unique-Water in 3 phases: _________, _________, & _______ Essential for life Atmosphere: Dense Atmospheric gases ________________ & _______________ Mild greenhouse effect keeps temp needed for life Tilted axis combined with revolution creates _______________ Wobble on its axis like a top is called ___________________ Due to Moon & Suns gravitational pulls See Fig 29-11 p783 Mars (4th) Nickname: The Red Planet Caused by high ________ content in soil 2 moons-Phobos & Deimos Atmosphere Thin, so little greenhouse effect Turbulent, constant winds ___________ storms may last for weeks Surface Northern hemisphere: Mostly ________________ Largest _____________ in solar system named ____________ _____ Southern hemisphere: ________________________ Other features: Dried river beds suggest ___________ water once Polar ice caps shrink & grow w/seasons caused by ____________ & ___________ Both caps made of dry ice or frozen _____ May have frozen water underneath Interior: Solid core of __________, ___________, & ____________  Asteroid belt Left over planetary debris from solar system formation, that never formed planets Located between Mars & Jupiter Separates terrestrial planets and gas giants  Gas Giants or Jovian Planets Interiors are either gaseous or liquid, resulting in low density Lack solid surfaces Composed mainly of lightweight elements such as _____________, _____________, __________, ____________, and ___________ Cold at surface Many satellites Ring systems Large in size and mass compared to Earth Most gas giant planets have ____________ similar to those on Earth, but due to the _________ _________ of the planet, the clouds get stretched out into ____________ . Clouds of the gas giants are made of __________, __________, _____________, and ______________, rather than water vapor. Jupiter (5th) Largest planet Its mass contains 70% of mass in the solar system Fastest rotation (_____________ ___________) in solar system, ________ hours Spins so fast that the planet _________ at equator & is not perfectly _________ 7% wider around equator than the poles 4 Galilean moons: ______, ________________, _________________, & __________________ Io-constant volcanoes Europa-subsurface water ocean Plus several smaller ones Atmosphere Mainly ________________ & ______________ Bands of clouds Belts- low, warm, dark clouds Zones-high, cool light colored clouds Giant Red Spot Has rings Layers Outer-liquid hydrogen Inner layer of metallic hydrogen Core-heavier elements Saturn (6th) 2nd largest planet Similar to Jupiter-rotates rapidly & has belts & zones Atmosphere Mainly _____________ & ______________ Also has _________ & __________ _____ major rings Made of rocks & ice Hypothesis that rings formed from debris after a ______________________________ 1 major moon called ____________ plus at least ____________ more moons Titan-atmosphere made of __________________ & ______________ Uranus (7th) At least _______ moons & _______ rings Tilted on axis, so that poles lie in orbital plane Cold, average temp is __________ degrees Celsius Like Venus, has ______________ motion (____________spin ) Atmosphere Mainly ______________ & ______________ But, appears ____________ due to __________ gas which reflects blue light Dark rings Neptune (Usually 8th, but sometimes 9th if Pluto is still considered a planet) Presence predicted prior to discovery because of a ___________ in Uranus _______________ 8 moons Most famous is _____________ which has thin atmosphere & ___________ geysers Atmosphere Like Uranus, appears ____________ due to ______________ Like Jupiter & Saturn, has ________________ & _________________ Like Jupiter, HAD a large storm called the ___________ ___________ __________ ______ rings made of microscopic _________ particles Pluto (Used to be the 9th major planet, but it was sometimes the 8th) Different from other 8 planets Surface: rock & ice Atmosphere __________ & _____________ Like Venus & Uranus has ____________________ _____________ (________________spin ) Scientists have long questioned if it is really a planet: Very small Very eccentric orbit, causing Pluto to be closer to Sun at __________ than Neptune 50 AU from Sun at ____________ & 30 AU at ______________ For comparison, 1 AU = ____________________________________ Therefore, Pluto is between ____ to _____ times farther from the Sun, than the Earth Large moon Charon-are they really a double planet? Was Pluto originally a ______________ of _______________ Or is it a ____________ or ______________ planet instead of a major planet? Member the Kuiper Belt: Group of objects that orbit in a ___________________zone beyond Neptunes orbit Icy objects with diameters of at least 1,000 km May be source of comets Is Pluto a comet? Intelligent Life: Mars Europa icy surface, but could contain watery slush underneath Titan - evidence of methane lakes Io volcanic activity might sustain life, but there is an absence of water Section 29.4 Formation of Solar System Collapsing Interstellar Cloud Theory - Solar System Formation A cloud of ____________________ that stars & planets are formed from Consists mainly of _________________ & _________________gas Condenses due to ________________ & concentrates to form stars or planets As it condenses, the cloud _____________, becomes __________ like a disk, and ______________ Solar nebula: Large cloud that collapsed & formed the _______________________ Center _______________, ____________at edges of disk Temp difference caused different gases to condense in different areas _________________ became __________ close to Sun, before spreading out Lighter elements (____________________) remained gas until further away from Sun Therefore, planets are made of dif elements Planetesimals: space objects built by ________________________ solid particles Condensing particles become ______________ & __________________ Planets- planetesimals collide & become planets _______________ was 1st to form in outer solar system As size increased, gravity _________________ Then more gas, dust pulled in & growth continued Rest of gas giants form Not as large because _________________ had taken much of the material Satellites (_____________) form along equatorial planes Inner planets: __________________metals so they are ___________ & _____________ Suns _________pulled much of the material, so closet planets have ________ moons Debris- (leftover material) Most crashed into planets or ejected out of solar system Planetesimals left between Jupiter & Mars = ___________________ ___________________________ prevented them from merging into a planet Asteroids-_______________ rocky bodies from solar system formation that __________ the Sun Meteoroid- piece of asteroid (interplanetary material) that __________________ atmosphere Produces a meteor- a streak of _____________ as it ________ up in the atmosphere Meteorite- piece that _________________ completely & _______ the ground, leaves a crater until it erodes Comets- Small bodies made of _______ & ________ that have ___________ orbits around the Sun Most found in 1 of 2 clusters: _______________________-close to Pluto (30-50 AU) from Sun Oort cloud- >100,000 AU from Sun Comet Structure (Parts of a comet): Icy nucleus = small, _________________ When heated, releases gas & dust to form the other 2 parts Coma __________________ surrounding nucleus Tail-always points ______________ from the Sun due to solar ____________ Head = nucleus & coma ________________________ Meteor shower - occurs when Earth passes through remains of a __________________ Section 29.1 Early Astronomers Research & Ideas Ancient astronomers could recognize the difference between stars & planets Planets move relative to star positions Geocentric Model- 1st model of solar system Believed the Sun, planets & stars _____________ a stationary _____________ Problems- didnt explain why some planets appeared to move _____________ (___________ motion) Most move planets appear to move from _______________________ But sometimes they appear to move ________________________ Heliocentric Model- _____________-centered Suggested by Copernicus in 1543 Explained retrograde motion Inner planets move ______________, so outer planets appear to move ___________ Galileos discoveries also support heliocentric 4 moons orbit _______________, not the Earth Keplers 1st Law: Planets orbit the Sun in an ellipse, NOT a circle Ellipse = oval: centered on ____________ points (foci), not 1 like a circle ____________ is always one focus for all planets  Eccentricity- HOW oval-shaped. Based on the ______________ between the 2 _________ Has a value between 0 to 1 0 = perfect ____________ (Distance between the 2 foci is ______) 1 = very ___________________ Planet is NOT at a constant distance from the Sun Perihelion- ______________ point to the Sun Aphelion- ______________ point Major axis: runs ______________ through both foci Is the ______________ diameter Semimajor axis: ______________ of major axis Is the planets _________________distance to Sun 1 AU (astronomical unit) = the average distance between ________________ Keplers 2nd Law: Planet sweeps out equal amounts of __________ in equal amounts of ________ See Fig 29-4 p 778 Keplers 3rd Law: Math equation to determine the size of a planets orbit & the time it takes to orbit Gravity & Orbits Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation Any 2 bodies _____________ each other Amount of gravity depends on their ______________ & their ____________ apart Orbit is around the ______________of mass of the 2 bodies (Sun & planet) Sun is ________ the center of the orbit but is 1 of the 2 ________ Fig 29-5 p779 ES Ch 29 Our Solar System Review for Test To study-notes, worksheets, book (vocab, questions, diagrams), Computer Review:  HYPERLINK "http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/earthscience/index.html" http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/earthscience/index.html Then: Chapter Resources, Unit 8, Chapter 29      FILENAME ES Ch 29 Solar System Note Outline -  PAGE 1 -  DATE \@ "M/d/yyyy" 5/24/2012  +,67`st  ` n {   ; E F N    J]^"+2FGɹɥę hAhAhAhy5hAh<h<5 hA5h<h<H* h<h< h<5>*h< hy5 h<5h<hy5hy hy5>*h^Xhy5CJaJh^X5CJaJhy5CJaJ6,7t |  e ^G{"_ & Fgdy & Fgdy$a$gd^X{FG!"^_yzEXY`ijrDE_)*+,?ACEGIKMN\^`bdfhjŲŪŪŪŪŢŪŪŪhyCJaJhyB*ph%hy5B*CJOJQJ\aJphhy hAh^X h^X5hAhA5hAhy5 hAhAh^X hA5>* hA5hA@_@Y*+,-4=$x&#$/If $*$7$8$H$ & Fgdy & Fgdy=>?@AfPAA$x&#$/If & F$x&#$/Ifgdykd$$IflHF) zr t 6x06    44 laABCDEfPAA$x&#$/If & F$x&#$/Ifgdykd$$IflHF) zr t 6x06    44 laEFGHIfPAA$x&#$/If & F$x&#$/IfgdykdN$$IflHF) zr t 6x06    44 laIJKLMfPAA$x&#$/If & F$x&#$/Ifgdykd$$IflHF) zr t 6x06    44 laMNV\]^fWWWW$x&#$/Ifkd$$IflHF) zr t 6x06    44 la^_`abfPAA$x&#$/If & F$x&#$/IfgdykdC$$IflHF) zr t 6x06    44 labcdeffPAA$x&#$/If & F$x&#$/Ifgdykd$$IflHF) zr t 6x06    44 lafghijfPAA$x&#$/If & F$x&#$/Ifgdykd$$IflHF) zr t 6x06    44 lajklmnfPAA$x&#$/If & F$x&#$/Ifgdykd8$$IflHF) zr t 6x06    44 lajlnstjqtvGHMPRw{UV :!>!A!C!####$$ۿ#jhyB*UmHnHphu hy5h^X hyH*hy6CJaJ hy5>* hy>* hy56hy56CJaJjhAUmHnHuhyB*phhy>norstfWWWWW$x&#$/Ifkd$$IflHF) zr t 6x06    44 lafddddddddddkd$$IflHF) zr t 6x06    44 la 89ijy & F hh^hgdy & Fgdy & Fgdy#$UVFGHTa & F hh^hgdy8^8^ & Fgdygd^X & F hh^hgdyh^hgd^Xa|}~./WX & F p^gdy^8^8^ & F hh^hgdy & Fgdy/0]^ 89gd^X & F hh^hgdy & F ^gdyh^h^ & Fgdy & F hh^hgdy  M &!9!:!E!^! & F hgdy & F gdy^gd^X & F gdy & F 8gdy & F gdy & F hh^hgdy8^8gd^X & F 88^8gdy^!!!!!!!!!"","-"E"F""""""G#H#t## & F gdy0^0 & F gdy`^`^ & F gdy & F gdy#####=$\$$$$$$$$%Q%R%~%%%%%%h^hgd^Xh^hgd^X & F hh^hgdy & Fgdy & F gdyX^X$$$$$$$%~%%%%%%&&*&+&4&6&&&&&'''))))));*=*b+h+k+m+,,,,,,,,o-p--- . .......//S/T/ 0 0001111222233hy5>*\ hy5 hyH* hy5>*h^Xhyh^X56CJaJhy56CJaJhyB*phL%%%&&&& ''L'M''''((j((((((( & Fgdy^ & F hh^hgdygd^X & F hh^hgdy()C)S)T)^)e){)))))) **>*?*b*v****#+8^8 & Fgdy & F hh^hgdy & F hh^hgdy & Fgdy & Fgdy#+$+a+b+o++++++8,9,D,l,m,,,,,--o- & F $ hh^hgdy8^8 & Fgdy^ & F $ hh^hgdy & Fgdy^o-p-x--- . .M.N...../ /?/S/T/{/|//gd^X & Fgdyt^t & F $ 88^8gdy & F 8gdy & F $ hh^hgdyh^hgd^X// 0 000l0m00000=1>1q1r1111122c22T^T & Fgdy^^gd^X & Fgdygd^X & Fgdy22222222393333333444p4q44455h5i55 & Fgdy & Fgdy & Fgdy & Fgdy33335&566<7C7777B9H999:(:b:y:{::::(;1;;;====>>">>>>>??[?m?????A A AAAAAABB!B hy\h^Xj-hyU hy5H*hyB*ph hy>*hy5B*phhy5B*phhy56^J hy5^J hy^J hyH* hy5hy5>*\hy hy5\:555,6-6~66666;7<7l7m7777888b8c88888 & FgdyT^T & Fgdy^ & Fgdy8A9B9^9999::z:{:::';(;;;<<J<k<l<<<< & Fgdy^ & Fgdy & FgdyT^T & Fgdy<<!="=k=l=====>>#>n>>>>??o???? & Fgdy^ & Fgdy & Fgdy & FgdyT^T & Fgdy^??@6@R@@@@@ADAEAAAAABB5B6BwBxB^ & Fgdy^gd^X8^8gd^X^^ & Fgdy & Fgdy & Fgdy!B5B6BBBBBC"CKCRCkCyCCCCCD D"D&DtDuDDDDDDDEEE0F1F?F@FlFmFFFFFFG G GDGEGsGtGvGwGyGzG|Gپ٩ٛيjhyUh^Xhy0Jjah^XhyUjh^XhyUh^Xhy5\ h^Xh^Xh^Xh^X5>*h^Xhy5>* h^Xhy hy5H* hy5\ hy\ hy5h^Xhy6xBBBBBBBCCJCKCjCkCCCCCDDtDuDDDDh^hgd^X & Fgdy^ & FgdyT^T & Fgdy & FgdyDDEE+E,ERESEEEEE1F?F@FlFmFFFrGsG & Fgdy^gd^X & FgdyT^T & Fgdy^ & Fgdygd^X & Fgdyh^hgd^XsGuGvGxGyG{G|G~GG%H&H'H(Hgd^X |G}GGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHH#H$H%H'H(H h^Xhyh)CJaJmHnHuhyCJaJjhyCJUaJhyjhyU,1h/ =!"`#$`% n,Q$fˋ9ePNG  IHDRrgAMA|Q pHYs  ,IDATxK%yOutN(`V0Xfpzno Bk17@C&[c:aaY(!w1YQY$ E1=@)rs瞜zU)qsJg?7WgNX^&a_7Z߼8" ;bb!C7'alDjz2T=a \*AAޚM@BIP vų ?>hm,CN/LTw .H(M -å* M~?jH%{ "TMU,gb9I[-L턬M

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