ࡱ> ~ @ >bjbj $r62222222FtTFa^^^^^9 9 9 aaaaaaarcRea299 9 99a22^^a;;;9F2^2^a;9a;;nq\22_^R =ԤQ+:Ny] ia,a0a]Ffy;Ff@_FF2222Ff2_9 W(;#.29 9 9 aaFFD; FFChapter 5: The American Revolution I. The States United - Faced the task of mobilizing for war against the worlds greatest armed power A. Defining American War Aims - Second continental congress met in the State House in Philadelphia, w/ delegates from every colony except Georgia - Agreed to support the war, but disagreed about its purpose - Approved one, last conciliatory appeal to the king, the Olive Branch Petition - Reasons Americans changed their minds from redress of grievances to independence 1. Cost of war- human and financial 2. Lingering affection for England diminished - British recruited Indians, slaves and foreign mercenaries (Hessians) 3. Believed British govt. was forcing them toward independence - Rejected Olive Branch Petition - Prohibitory Act closed colonies to over seas trade and made no concessions to American demands - Enforced by a British naval blockade - Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense in January 1776 - Changed the outlook of Americans towards the war - Paine wanted to turn anger toward root of the problem -English Constitution - It was the king and the system that permitted him to rule, that was to blame B. The Decision for Independence - Common Sense sold more than 100,000 copies in first few months - Continental Congress declared American ports open to all ships except GB and entered into communication w/ foreign powers - July 2nd, 1776, Congress adopted a resolution - July 4th 1776, Congress approved Declaration of Independence - Thomas Jefferson wrote most of Declaration w/ help from Benjamin Franklin and John Adams - Expressed ideas voiced in colonies in preceding months; town meetings, artisan & militia orgs, county officials, grand juries, Sons of Liberty & colonial assemblies - Declaration split in two parts: 1. Govt. formed to protect rights of life, liberty, & property (Lockes contract) 2. Listed the crimes of the king - Declaration led to increase in foreign aid and led to Frances intervention C. Response to Independence - Loyalists were true to the king, while Tories were supporters of independence - Aftermath of D of I, colonists began to call themselves states - November 1777, Congress adopted Articles of Confederation ratified in 1781 - Confirmed weak, decentralized system w/ limited power over the states D. Mobilizing for War - New govt. faced challenges of raising and organizing armies, providing them with supplies and equipment, and finding a way to pay for it all - Americans largely relied on captured guns from British - Financing the war proved to be the most vexing problem - Congress had no power to levy taxes - Congress issued paper money which caused inflation - Reason troops suffered at Valley Forge: merchants wouldnt sell to them - Financed the war by borrowing heavily from other countries - Continental Army was created in spring of 1775, commanded by Washington - Continental Congress was too little interested in supplying Washington w/ manpower and too interested w/ interfering w/ military operations - Left the troops with little rations - GW got aid from military experts Lafayette of France & von Steuben of Prussia - Washington was most successful at holding the new nation together II. The War for Independence - British had the greatest navy and best equipped army in the world - America had the advantage of fighting on there own soil - The war was won not by advantages but by egregious blunder A. The First Phase: New England - British made the territory of the American colonies a battleground - British withdrew from Concord and Lexington in April 1775 - Battle of Bunker Hill: June 6, 1775 - British suffered their heaviest casualties at the Battle of Bunker Hill - March 17, 1776 British departed Boston to Halifax in Nova Scotia - America invaded Canada hoping they joined the American cause B. The Second Phase: The Mid-Atlantic Region - 32,000 troops arrived outside New York under William Howe - Washington only mustered up a ragtag group of 19,000 - Christmas 1776, Washington launched a surprise attack on Hessians - Howe would come from the North along the Hudson and another invading force would come from Canada and travel south - Howe abandoned his own plan one day after he put it into motion - Continental Congress moved from its capital into York Pennsylvania - General Philip Schuyler was removed from command after the British force took control of Ticonderoga - Replaced by General Horatio Gates - Burgoyne was forced to surrender on October 17, 1777at Saratoga - Saratoga was turning point in war > led to alliance between US and France - British Generals had problems with the war effort - Burgoyne let the Americans retreat and regroup - Howe did not understand the nature of war C. The Iroquois and the British - Iroquois Confederacy declared it was neutral in 1776 - 3 out of 6 nations supported the British D. Securing Aid From Abroad - Failure to crush the Continental Army and Saratoga were two main reasons for the turning point in the war - America had indirect from European countries and direct support from France - John Adams called early American representatives abroad Militia Diplomats - United States most potential ally was France - French government would not give the U.S diplomatic recognition - Benjamin Franklin was a popular hero among the French - France helped America by furnishing most of the money and munitions but also provided a navy and an expeditionary force E. The Final Phase: The South - British troops spent three years moving throughout the South - British badly overestimated the extent of the loyalist settlement - Many loyalists refused to help the British - This phase made the war truly revolutionary by introducing a new kind of combat and had a new of mobilizing and politicizing large groups of population - Sir Henry Clinton replaced William Howe in 1778 - George Rogers Clark captured settlements in Illinois country from British & Indains - Benedict Arnold was a traitor betrayed Patriot stronghold at West Point - December 29, 1778 British captured Savannah, GA - May 12, British captured the port of Charleston, SC - Nathanael Greene replaced Gates after British crushed patriot forces at Camden, SC - On October 7, 1780 patriots captured a force of 1,100 Tories at Kings Mountain - Cornwallis suffered unexpected and severe blow at Cowpens on 1/17/1781 - Greene combined all of his forces and met the British at Guilford Court House, NC and eventually retreated, but forced British to abandon the Carolina campaign - Washington, Rochambeau and de Grasse trapped Cornwallis at Yorktown - caught Cornwallis between land and sea (see map on page 140) - Cornwallis, claiming to be ill sent a deputy to surrender 7,000+ men F. Winning the Peace - French would not agree to settlements w/ England until Spain won back Gibraltar - November 30, 1782 Franklin, Jay, and Adams signed a treaty with Britain - Treaty of Paris was finally settled on September 3, 1783 - Granted US w/ clear recognition of independence & generous cession of territory III. War and Society A. Loyalists and Minorities - The losers were the British and American loyalists - Up to 100,000 loyalists fled the country - The majority consisted of men and women of wealth - The distribution of wealth and power was distributed more rapidly after the war - Anglicans suffered the most after the war - The revolution weakened the Quakers in Pennsylvania - Roman catholic religion was on the rise - Father John Carroll was named head of Catholic missions in America in 1784 - In 1789, Carroll became first American Bishop B. The War and Slavery - Many slaves took advantage of British presence in the South and escaped - In SC nearly one third of slaves defected from the war - In 1770, Africans constituted over 60% of the war - Blacks started to engage in open resistance after the Revolution - Slaves constituted for more than half the population in Georgia and SC - Revolutionary sentiment and Christian fever spread antislavery sentiments in North - Southerners believed enslaving blacks was the only way to ensure liberty for whites C. Native Americans and the Revolution - American patriots tried to persuade Native Americans to stay neutral - Some tribes joined European cause because they sought out to stop white expansion - A Cherokee faction led by Dragging Canoe attacked settlements in summer of 1776 - Patriot victory increased white demands for western lands - Also, white attitudes towards tribes took a turn for the worse - Thomas Jefferson viewed Native Americans as noble savages - The Revolution revealed and increased deep division within tribe D. Womens Rights and Womens Roles - Women who were left behind during war took care of family farms & businesses - Some women went to Patriot armies and joined their male relatives by choice - Women helped w/ morale and doing jobs such as cooking, laundry, and nursing - Considerable amounts of women became involved in combat - Some disguised themselves as men just so they could fight - Important male political leaders voiced support for womens education - Unmarried women had legal rights such as owning property, entering contracts while married women had no rights at all - Most women accepted that their place remained within the family - Revolution encouraged people to reevaluate contributions of women to family and society - Wives were still far from equal partners in marriage, but their ideas, interests, and domestic roles received increased respect E. The War Economy - After a century of dependence on British, American trade was on its own - English ships attempted to drive American vessels from the sea - Mid-1780s American merchants developed a new system of trade with Asia - Americans began to make their own clothes after British ports stopped trading IV. The Creation of State Government A. The Assumptions of Republicanism - Americans could only agree the new Government would be Republican - Condition of a persons birth was crucial determinant of success - Americas experiment with statecraft became a model for other countries - Made U.S the most admired and studied nation on all the Earth B. The First State Constitutions - First decision was to write down the constitution - Second decision was the executive branch power must be limited - Most important no state governor or executive officer could hold a seat within the executive branch, separating power between the two branches C. Revising State Governments - Many states began to revise their state constitutions to limit power - First change was the actual writing of the constitution - Second change was a significant strengthening of the executive D. Toleration and Slavery - In 1786, Virginia enacted Thomas Jefferson Statue of Religious Liberty - Slavery was abolished where slavery was already weak - Slavery survived in all southern states and Border States - Few whites believed blacks could be integrated into American society as equals V. The Search for a National Government A. The Confederation - Articles of Confederation was adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777 - It could not regulate trade, draft troops, or levy taxes on the people - Lasted from 1781 until 1789 - Had little stature in the eyes of the world B. Diplomatic Failures - Confederation held at low esteem because of difficulties in persuading Great Britain to live up to the terms of the peace treaty of 1783 - Congress sent John Adams in 1784 to London to work out things out - Throughout the 1780s Britain refused to send a diplomatic minister to the American capital - Confederation diplomats agreed to a treaty with Spain in 1786 C. The Confederation and the Northwest - A of C most important accomplishment was its resolution of some of the controversies involving western land - By 1784, confederation had enough land to permit Congress to begin making policy for national domain - Ordinance of 1784 divided western territory into ten self governing districts - Could petition Congress for statehood when population was equal to that of the smallest state - Congress created system for surveying & selling western lands in Ordinance of 1785 - Grid was applied in 1785 in the Northwest Territory - Northwest Ordinance was passed in 1787 - Abandoned the ten districts & created a Northwest Territory - Specified a 60,000 min. for statehood D. Indians and the Western Lands - In 1790-91 Little Turtle led group of tribes in two attacks on the U.S and won both - 630 whites died in the second battle on November 4, 1791 - A year later, the Miami tribe signed the Treaty of Greenville E. Debts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays - Postwar depression lasted from 1784 to 1787 - Confederation was in great debt & couldnt tax the people to get it - Only receiving about one-sixth of what is was asking for - Committed Nationalists sought ways to increase the powers of central govt. and to meet its financial obligations - Continental impost: 5% duty on all imported goods to be levied by Congress and used to fund the debt - Farmers deemed that state govts. issued paper money to increase money supply and make it easier for them to meet their obligations - Most riots were rallied behind Daniel Shays - Shays issued demands including paper money, tax relief, a moratorium on debts, the recollection of the state capital from Boston to the interior, and the abolition of imprisonment for debt - As a military enterprise, Shays Rebellion was a failure - Shays Rebellion helped a movement produced in states: a new national constitution ( Proved the A of C was not working and needed to be revised!  #$9:;<=j ^ _ ` a b j t ĺxxxxoofxf]fooh\lh .aJh\lhMaJh\lh5IaJh\lh)aJh\lh1_m56aJh\lhFaJh\lh!aJh\lh=aJh\lh1_maJh\lhmMaJh\lhmM5aJh5IhmMCJ$aJ$h!hmM5CJ$OJQJaJ$h!h!5CJ$OJQJaJ$h!hF5CJ$OJQJaJ$$#$9 ^  + [ \ o P `gd!^]^gdY]gdY`gd)gd)`gd5Igd1_m$a$gdmM>    * + 1 O Z [   [ ] ^ n o r t  帮ʸӸ帙әh\lhBaJh\lh&aJh\lh56aJh\lh6aJh\lhaJh\lh!aJh\lh]c=aJh\lh=aJh\lh .aJh\lhYaJh\lh)aJh\lhMaJ7P Z GX%y ]8Sgdg`gdB`gdH`gd!`gdBgd1_mgd! *FJX#$%&+./\]exy  _kǾڵڵڬڬh\lh@r aJh\lhz;O56aJh\lhYqaJh\lhBaJh\lhz;OaJh\lh!aJh\lhHaJh\lhH*aJh\lh=aJh\lhaJh\lh&aJh\lh&H*aJ58SUVW^_!6S[\]^_CQRbkst#ǾǵǾЈh\lhZSaJh\lh aJh\lh aJh\lhnYaJh\lhgaJh\lh .aJh\lh&aJh\lhwaJh\lh!aJh\lh=aJh\lh@r aJh\lhg56aJh\lh.aJ5![C F=w ] 0^`0gdgd gdg ^`gdg`gd!^]^gdggd1_m`gdg#EF<=?Mmvwz "#_`STYȿ}tt}t}tk}kt}h\lhhaJh\lh\aJh\lh=aJh\lh56aJh\lh!aJh\lh#>aJh\lhaJh\lh aJh\lh0aJh\lh aJh\lh 5aJh\lhZS5aJh\lh]daJh\lhgaJh\lhnYaJh\lhZSaJ'T@CdWf`gd=^gd= 0^`0gdYC BC"':cdeg!ǾǵЬЬЏЏІznh\lhjD56aJh\lh=56aJh\lhR"aJh\lhjDaJ *h\lh=aJ *h\lh aJh\lh aJh\lhaJh\lhr aJh\lhfaJh\lh=aJh\lhlraJh\lhZaJh\lhhaJh\lhh56aJ*!"Xfis]NOʾ|sj|jaajh\lhEaJh\lh0aJh\lhZSaJh\lh4aJh\lh[56aJh\lh[aJh\lhaJh\lhX'aJh\lhYIaJh\lh=aJh\lh>#E56aJh\lh):56aJh\lhLZ56aJh\lh=56aJh\lhjDaJh\lh>#EaJ&f#[<O& Z :!!!."t""`gdgd1_mgd4gd[`gd=^gd=OQR% T X &!9!;!!!!!!!!"-"."""""""""####5#C#o#####$&$ʬh\lhE XaJh\lhy/aJh\lhSPaJh\lhv 56aJh\lh=56aJh\lhXw;aJh\lhv aJh\lh#2aJh\lhaJh\lh=aJh\lh}aJh\lhdaWaJh\lhEaJ4""#l###F$[$}$$$%h%%%%G&w&&&'P'''4((() ^`gdSPgd,gd1_m&$'$F$[$`$}$$$$$$H%g%%F&J&R&`&x&y&~&&&&&''''$'%'''''7(((((()))))*ƽ~uuh\lhe=aJh\lhg+56aJh\lhg+aJh\lhmMaJh\lhk7aJh\lh[PX56aJh\lh56aJh\lhaJh\lh[PXaJh\lh,aJh\lh,56aJh\lh,5aJh\lhy/aJh\lhSPaJ.)Z))),*k***)+y++,A,,,-H---.,.E.../o//gd7T`gdXF"gd,*******++(+)+|++++++,,,------.,.1.E.i.....//H/I/o/ʯvmh\lh?aJh\lh,aJh\lh7TaJh\lhe56aJh\lheaJh\lh@aJh\lh>>>>>>ʡhFhFCJ$aJ$hB>*CJaJ *h\lhzxaJ j *h\lhzxaJh\lhr aJh\lhBaJh\lh_aJh\lh]c=aJh\lh)yaJh\lh:aJh\lhzxaJ0^;;;<c<{<<=3====4>>>>>`gdzxgd1_m ^`gdzx":p5I/ =!"`#$%<@< NormalCJ_HmH sH tH DAD Default Paragraph FontViV  Table Normal :V 44 la (k(No List 6r#$9 ^+[ \oP ZGX%y ]8 S ! 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