ࡱ> ac`a 0bbjbjrr :dL\L\=  ,47$"(((((2#4#4#4#4#4#4#$Y&)fX#X#((#zzz ((2#z2#zz:!,"(`~?2&" #$07$0"Ru)du)"u)"vyTzDX#X#t7$u) Z z:  THE ENEMY Summary An American-trained Japanese surgeon working in Japan during World War II pulls a wounded American sailor, apparently an escaped POW, from the surf behind his home. After much hesitation, he hides the sailor, operates on him, and saves his life. Becoming afraid for his family, he reports what he has done to his patient, an official in the Japanese military. General Takima says he will arrange to have the American assassinated in order to spare possible retribution against Sadao, the surgeon, and his family. It doesn't happen, and Sadao is left with determining how to rid himself of this danger he has brought into his home. Finally, he helps the sailor escape. SETTING (Time & Place) The story takes place during the Second World War while Japan and America are at war with each other. The story is set on the Japanese coast in the home of Dr. Sadao Hoki. MOOD The mood is reflected in the natural weather conditions, which emphasize the changing, often conflicting emotions of the main characters. At first, the weather is foggy and misty, signifying the uncertainty that faces Sadao and his wife. The weather is windy in the middle section symbolizing the tension and confusion in Sadaos thoughts. The rain in the end is the natural outcome of the fog at the beginning and symbolizes reconciliation. PLOT The plot is built up through a number of stages that lead to the climax of the story, after which the pace is slower. Finally, all the elements are drawn together in the conclusion. Serenity the scene described at the beginning of the story is one of serenity. Hana comes out to her husband, and affectionately takes his arm. Together they make a picture of perfect harmony. This picture of a happy, loving couple is soon shattered by the appearance of a body in the water which is later discovered to be an escaped American POW. Dilemma the arrival of the wounded white sailor disturbs the happy picture. Sadao and his wife must make a choice: treat the man or let him die, give him shelter or throw him back into the sea, turn him in to the authorities or let him recover first. As a doctor, Sadao is sworn to help any man in need, but this man is his enemy. If he turns him over to the police, he will surely die, but if Sadao shelters him at home, he himself could be condemned as a traitor. This conflict with no satisfactory solution is a dilemma. Finally, they decide to bring him inside, and after he has become stronger, to turn him in. Complications the quiet, everyday life of the household is disrupted. Sadao realizes that he must operate on the sailor in order to save his life, but no one is willing to help him. This very idea of touching a white man is repulsive. Hana finally agrees to help him operate, but none of the servants can even try to understand the conflicting feelings within Sadao. Crisis the crisis comes when the servants leave the house. Since they are superstitious and uneducated, they cannot understand Sadaos reasons for saving the sailors life. They look at the world in black and white, and cannot see anything in between. Once they leave, Sadao and his wife have to cope with the house. After the operation, the sailor recovers. Now, a major question has to be faced: Will Sadao inform the police after he has saved the mans life? Climax the conflict comes to a head during the operation, and when it is over, Sadao starts to write a report to the police, but never sends it. Now the tension rises. Will General Takima arrest him? The General can understand Sadaos behavior since he also studied in America. Moreover, he needs Sadao to take care of him and treat his illness. The General suggests an easy solution to the doctors problem by offering to send his assassins to kill Tom, thus removing from Sadao the burden of making a decision. The doctor suffers through three, long, windy nights, but the assassins do not appear because the general has forgotten to send them. Resolution Sadao is unable to sleep and cannot keep his secret from Hana any longer. He is forced to act, so he helps Tom escape. (For a long time, Dr. Sadao refuses to know the sailors name. This emphasizes his conflict since he doesnt want to know his enemy on a personal basis. He knows that the moment he learns the prisoners name, he will get close to him and it will be more difficult to turn him over to the authorities. It eases his conscience to treat him as the nameless the enemy.) When the sailor leaves, the conflict is resolved. He feels he has done his duty to his country and also kept faith with his profession. Serenity is restored and the servants return. Is this just a story about a wounded American sailor named Tom who was washed up on the Japanese shore, found by a doctor and his wife, and taken care of by them until he was well enough to escape? Certainly not. This story raises the high-level moral questions about ethics in the time of war. Does one's obligation to country overcome obligation to family? To self? To patient? When is a patient a patient, and when is he an enemy to be treated as threat? How are ethical principles prioritized when they are in conflict of this nature? And, in terms of the story itself, how does one examine the motives that drive Sadao to make his decisions? Are they based in his culture as Japanese or his culture as surgeon? Or are they totally self-serving? The real conflict here is between the humanitarian values instilled in Sadao during his years of study in America, and the age-old heritage of racial superiority and prejudice he grew up with in Japan. The conflict is resolved when humanitarianism overcomes prejudice and chauvinism, which is the storys message it is our duty to treat people first as human beings and then according to other criteria. HOTS to Remember Problem solving: identifying the problem->considering the options->weighing the pros and cons ( ) of each option->reaching a decision Distinguishing different perspectives: When people see/perceive things differently Uncovering motives: What makes a character or someone do what he/she does? Why does he/she do this specific thing? The central theme of the story The Enemy is the internal conflict between Dr. Sadaos loyalty to his country and his devotion to his profession. Loyalty to the country conflicts with The desire to save lifePATRIOTISM vs.  HUMANISMJapan is at war. Harboring an enemy is treason. Hatred for all other races is instilled so deeply in the mind of the people that its part of their culture. Dr. Sadaos background: his upbringing in a chauvinistic society, nationalism, the tremendous influence of his father and his duty as a citizen (patriotism & tradition). His words are not in harmony with his actions (he calls the prisoner my friend.) His desire to save life as a doctor. What drives him? Compassion, vanity, challenge, humanity. Exposure to another country and culture (America), Modern education. Ability to question broadening of perception. The Hippocratic Oath duty to help people regardless of their race, color or religion. Setting: The story takes place at Sadao and Hana's home on the coast of Japan. It's a misty evening, sometime during WW2. Symbolism: The fog which appears soon before the American soldier shows up symbolizes Sadao and Hana's problem, the lack of clarity, concerning what they should do with the man on the beach. It might also symbolize secrecy (). Considerations of safety compel () them to keep the man's presence in their home a secret. They're faced with the dilemma of whether or not to save the man's life. On the one hand, sheltering an enemy in their home, especially an enemy prisoner, could endanger the entire family. On the other hand, they are incapable of throwing a wounded man back into the sea, where he would certainly die. For the same reason, they hesitate to turn him over to the police. Climax: It is the point of highest interest and the turning point of the action. The climax of the story occurs when a messenger appears with a message from the old General. Hana assumes that the servants have revealed that she and Sadao are hiding an enemy soldier. Knowing what the consequences will be for the family, Hana almost faints with fright. Sadao resolves to get rid of the American somehow. This is the point of highest tension, from which all of the subsequent events lead to the resolution of the problem. Conflict: The conflict is between obligation to humanity and duty to one's country. In this story, Sadao and Hana are faced with the dilemma of helping the enemy for humanitarian reasons, even though doing so would be an act of treason against the country. In the end, duty to humanity triumphs (). The message of the story: Universal human values take precedence over ( ) narrow-minded considerations (racism, nationalism, chauvinism). The bond uniting all human beings rises above the difference between us. The theme of racism is reflected in the story in several ways. When Sadao recalls how he met Hana, he remembers that he didn't become serious with her until he was sure that she "had been pure in her race" because otherwise his father wouldn't have approved. Yumi refused to touch the American, let alone wash him before the operation, and when he left she "cleaned the guest room thoroughlyto get the white man's smell out of it." Sadao has strong feelings about white people. He thinks to himself that they are "repulsive" and that "it was a relief to be openly at war with them at last." He also believed that "Americans were full of prejudice, and it had been bitter to live in it, knowing himself their superior." The story reveals the conflict between East and West. When we are told about Sadao's father we see that Sadao's father's room has no western furniture, there are mats on the floor and wall cupboards with bedding. This description reinforces the importance to Sadao's father of Japanese culture and tradition. It suggests a complete rejection of western culture, emphasizing the idea of cultural conflict between East and West. Hana and Sadao are different from other Japanese because they have been exposed to western culture and so are more open-minded and tolerant. They live a good life which combines both traditional values and modern ideas. Because they are well educated and aware, they believe they also have a duty to humanity in addition to their duty to Japan. Sadao and Hana are both well-educated and acquired some of that education in the USA. Therefore, they possess a great deal of knowledge of the world beyond Japan and, particularly, about Americans and their culture. Furthermore, Sadao is a surgeon and took an oath to save lives, which he takes very seriously. As a result, his loyalty to his country isn't the only driving force in his life. The General is also an educated man who studied at Princeton University in the USA, and this is perhaps why he can understand Sadao's dilemma. As a general, his loyalty to his country is unquestionable. The servants are simple, uneducated people. As servants, they aren't trained to think for themselves but to obey orders. However, we see that their loyalty to their country surpasses ( ) their loyalty to their masters. Their knowledge of the world is limited, so they can't begin to understand the dilemma that Sadao and Hana are facing. Later, the General's offer solves Sadao's dilemma. With the man gone from the house, he needs no longer fear arrest. In addition, it solves the moral dilemma of what to do with the man by taking the responsibility out of Sadao's hands. He doesn't tell Hanna about it because the idea of assassins in the house would upset her, as might the idea of having a man murdered. The story takes place during WW2. From the story, we can understand that Japan was a totalitarian (absolute) state in which rulers dealt harshly with those who opposed them. People could be informed on, arrested and condemned to death. Hana and Sadao mistrust the servants. Sadao and the general mistrust each other. From what Tom (the enemy) says to Sadao, we can infer that Tom thinks most Japanese are cruel and inhumane, unlike Sadao ("If I hadn't met a Jap like you well, I wouldn't be alive today. I know that.") and that the Japanese are aggressive and militaristic ("I suggest if all the Japs were like you there wouldn't have been a war.") Background information: In the summer of 1941, the Japanese conquered China and Indochina. In response, America, Britain and the Netherlands froze Japanese financial assets in their banks and started and oil embargo against Japan. America demanded that Japan withdraw from China and Indochina. In return, America would lift the oil embargo. The Japanese, however, continued their offensive, with plans to conquer the rest of south-east Asia as well as islands in the Pacific Ocean. Fearing opposition from the Pacific Fleet of the US Navy, based in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the Japanese navy undertook to cripple the Pacific Fleet by a surprise air attack. On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese airplanes struck Pearl Harbor. This attack brought the USA into the war on December 8. Germany and Italy, Japan's allies then declared war on the USA. In this way, the USA found itself in the war fighting against Japan in Asia, and against Germany and Italy in Europe and Africa. On May 8, 1945, Germany finally surrendered to the Allies ( ). Italy had already surrendered, but the Japanese refused to give up the fight, as surrender was against their tradition. Seeing no end to the fierce was with Japan, the USA dropped an atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima on August 6 and another over Nagasaki on August 9. Only then did Japan announce its surrender, thus ending WW2. About the author: The author of the story, Pearl S. Buck, was the daughter of American missionaries living in China, where she grew up. 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In 1942, while America was fighting Japan and anti-Japanese sentiment was common, she and her husband founded the East and West Association to promote cultural exchange and understanding between Asia and the West. Buck strongly believed that all people are equal. In 1949, angered that American adoption services didn't consider Asian and mixed-race children adoptable, Buck founded Welcome House, the first international, inter-racial adoption agency in the USA. She and her husband adopted six children, two of whom were of mixed race. This background information helps put the specific events of the story into a wider historical context. It helps us understand why the characters in the story consider the helpless American sailor their enemy and why they feel so threatened by his presence in the house. It helps explain why the servants have no sympathy for Tom and why they think he must be handed over to the police as a prisoner of war. It also helps explain Sadao and Hana's conflict. The fact that Pearl Buck grew up in China and had a different perception of Asians from that of most of her countrymen parallels the fact that Sadao and Hana spent time in America and so are able to see Americans in a different light from most of their countrymen, even during wartime. Sadao and Hana are "different from other Japanese" in the same way that Buck was probably different from many Americans in her perception of the Japanese (the enemy) during WW2. This is shown by the fact that she and her husband founded the East and West Association in 1942 while the war was going on. Finally, Buck's belief in the essential equality and brotherhood of man, despite political and cultural differences, is a central message of the story. 81h:pAo. 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BZ%D0<?MPUSA^.eAo.vsAv\WvH{oQky83#-etL3X==@22}}}"}#}+},}4}56=@ D@(T@.`@8t@B@@Unknown G.Cx Times New Roman5Symbol3. .Cx Arial?. x@Arial Black7.@Calibri5. !Miriam?= .Cx Courier New;WingdingsA$BCambria Math" hkR'kR'P 3nP 3n!S24==KQHP ?-2!xx THE ENEMY  SummarydayanAyelet  Oh+'0x  4 @ LX`hpTHE ENEMY SummarydayanNormalAyelet2Microsoft Office Word@F#@(-@(-P 3 ՜.+,0 hp  dayann= THE ENEMY Summary   !"#$%&'()*+,-./012456789:<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOQRSTUVWYZ[\]^_bRoot Entry F>TdData 31Table;)WordDocument:dSummaryInformation(PDocumentSummaryInformation8XCompObjq  F Microsoft Word 97-2003 MSWordDocWord.Document.89q