ÐÏà¡±á>þÿ <>þÿÿÿ;ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥ÁU@ ð¿ôbjbj¬›¬› ,ÎñÎñÚÿÿÿÿÿÿˆºººººººÎ2228jv,Îø®®"ÐÐÐÐÐÐ$ˆRÚ\5ºuÐÐuu5ººÐÐJ±±±u¦ºÐºÐ±u±±ÃººÃÐ¢pD2îä[Å2:Ã`0Ã6U@6ÃÎÎºººº6ºÃLÐä±òþwÐÐÐ55ÎÎd 2•ÎÎ2Earth Science 300 Summary Notes. Evolutionary History of the Solar System and the Earth Basics temperature scales (ºF, ºC, K) distances (mm, m, km, (m etc.) periodic table (elements ordered by atomic number = # of protons) structure of atoms (nucleus with protons, neutrons; outer electrons) structure of simplest elements – H and He isotopes big bang theory of universe (15 billion years ago) evidence for expansion of universe (red shift) Stars what is a star? (ball of hot gas of H, He) process which generates Sun’s energy (fusion – converts H nuclei into He) when it runs out of H fuel, star transforms into red giant our sun takes about 10 billion years to do this (5 billion more to go!) core keeps contracting – gets denser and hotter – more nuclear reactions more elements created (by fusion) most abundant (and important to life) are C and O red giant of sun’s mass will last only a few hundred million years next stage (after Red Giant) depends on mass of star …. our sun: fuel in our sun will eventually run out (another 5 billion years) inner core will congeal into white dwarf white dwarf: no more nuclear energy, becomes cool, dim and undetectable elements locked up in star more massive stars: goes through nuclear process much faster, gets much hotter many more elements synthesized (all elements up to iron, eg. Si, S, Ne) some stars undergo a supernova explosion – core collapses, sonic boom travels through star, it explodes supernova shines as brightly as a billion suns ejects its outer layers and releases chemicals more elements are made in the shock wave elements are cast out into space by the explosion our sun is 99% H and He, and 1% heavier elements including iron – means that our sun was formed from previous generations of stars the elements of the earth are the elements of the universe formed by earlier stars Scale of the Universe definition of light year distance to sun (8.3 light minutes) distance to next nearest star (4.3 light years) size of Milky Way (100,000 light years across, contains billions of stars) distance to furthest planet – Pluto (5.5 light hours) nearest galaxy – Andromeda (2.2 million light years), has 300 billion stars constellations – based on lore – not physically related universe contains billions of galaxies Our Sun 5 billion years old, will last for another 5 billion years temperature at core = 15 million ºC fusion takes place in core heat travels by radiation, then convection outer surface that we see = photosphere, temperature 5700 ºC composition of our Sun = primarily H, He + traces of O, C, Na (sodium), Fe (iron) We know composition from looking at absorption spectrum of Sun. Certain frequencies (wavelengths) of light are absorbed by gases in Sun’s atmosphere. These frequencies correspond to the energies needed to excite the electrons of the elements present into higher energy orbits – and uniquely identify the elements present. Planets planets grew by accretion (of cosmic dust = stardust = material created by earlier stars) names (and order) of planets - MVEMJSUNP motion of planets around the sun (Kepler’s Laws) period of orbit increases as distance from Sun increases Mercury shortest Pluto longest rocky planets = MVEM – earth-like. some have craters. giant gas planets = JSUN – rich in H, He. V. hot internally. Cold at surface. Jupiter’s Red Spot caused by huge storm in atmosphere of Jupiter Saturn’s rings composed of ice Earth latitude and longitude earth’s motion and seasons The earth’s axis is inclined at 23 ½ º relative to the plane of the earth’s orbit around the sun. It is this tilt that is responsible for the earth’s seasons. (No tilt -> no seasons.) The Earth is not always exactly the same distance from the Sun. (It travels in an ellipse, not a circle.) But the change in distance does not cause the seasonal temperature changes. The earth spins on its axis once every 24 hrs. The earth revolves in an elliptical orbit around the sun every 365 ¼ days. Seasonal temperature changes are due to: 1. angle of noon sun on any given day only places along a particular latitude will receive overhead (90º) sun. As we move N or S from this location the sun’s rays strike at an ever-decreasing angle. The more oblique the angle, the less intense the light. At summer solstice (June 21) the sun is overhead at 23 ½ ºN (Tropic of Cancer) At winter solstice (Dec 21) sun is overhead at 23 ½ ºS (Tropic of Capricorn) At equinoxes (March 21, Sept 22) sun is overhead at Equator. 2. length of daylight Need to compare fraction of line of latitude which is in daylight to that in dark to find # hours daylight vs # hours dark. Equator always has 12 hrs day, 12 hrs night At equinoxes everywhere has 12 hrs day, 12 hrs night At June solstice everywhere in NH has more than 12 hrs day, less than 12 hrs night, number of daylight hrs increases as you go N, everywhere N of 66 ½ ºN has 24 hrs daylight. Opposite is true in SH. (i.e. Everywhere has less than 12 hrs day, more than 12 hrs night, number of daylight hrs decreases as you go S, everywhere S of 66 ½ ºS has 24 hrs night.) At December solstice conditions are reversed for the two hemispheres over June solstice. moon – visible by reflected sunlight from its surface orbit of the moon around the earth – sidereal month = 27.3 days, synodic month = 29.5 days spins once for every orbit around the Earth – same face always faces the Earth phases of moon – new, first quarter, full, third quarter positions of Earth, Sun and Moon during solar eclipse and lunar eclipse PAGE PAGE 1 WXY`•–½ Ã n„&Ÿ§›¡5pÙÚÛáâãåæìíîïðòóôöïéåÝåÖåÝåÝåÍåÝåÍåÆåÂ¸²¸²å¸²¸§¸²å£Âh¹!h¹!0JmHnHu híe†0Jjhíe†0JUhÉthíe†5\híe†OJQJ\ jmðhíe†híe†OJQJhíe† híe†CJ híe†5CJhíe†CJOJQJ#!XY`žà% P Y Œ ¼ ½ Ã ï : v ¾ +^óëëæÝØØÏØæÏÏææÝæææÊÏØÏgdíe†„Ð^„Ðgdíe†gdíe†¤¤gdíe†gdíe†$a$gdíe†$¤¤a$gdíe†Úóþþ^¡Úå*V¡¿Õ ^ Œ Í 3`–mn„Áñ<röñññññññññññññññìññãÚÚÚÚÚ„Ð^„Ðgdíe†¤¤gdíe†gdíe†gdíe†„ ^„ gdíe†r¾ö&a… ËZžŸ§+\•§¶ì:{š›öööñèööööööãöèñöööÚÚööÚÚñ„ ^„ gdíe†gdíe†¤¤gdíe†gdíe†„Ð^„Ðgdíe†›¡¸Ó‹Ap»äûå4‚ÁÙUƒºv~öííààÓÓÓÆ¹°ÓÆÆ¹ÆÆ¹¹Æ„p^„pgdíe†„@„0ý^„@`„0ýgdíe†„ „0ý^„ `„0ýgdíe†„p„0ý^„p`„0ýgdíe†„p„0ý^„p`„0ýgdíe†„Ð^„Ðgdíe†¤¤gdíe†~ÒWØÙÚãäåðñòóôòòåÜòò×ÕÌÊÕÌÊÕÕÕ„üÿ„&`#$gdíe†„ ^„ gdíe†„@„0ý^„@`„0ýgdíe†„p„0ý^„p`„0ýgdíe†°Ð/ °à=!° "° # $%°œ<@ñÿ<íe†NormalCJ_HmH sH tH H@Híe† Heading 3$¤ð¤<@&5OJQJDA@òÿ¡DDefault Paragraph FontRióÿ³RTable Normalö4Ö l4Öaö(kôÿÁ(No List8 @ò8íe†Footer ÆàÀ!CJDC@Díe†Body Text Indent „Ð^„ÐHR@Híe†Body Text Indent 2 „ ^„ HS@"Híe†Body Text Indent 3 „p^„p.)@¢1.íe†Page Numberô,ÿÿÿÿ!XY`žà%PYŒ¼½Ãï:v¾+^¡Úå*V¡¿Õ^ŒÍ3`–mn„Áñ<r¾ö & a … Ë Z žŸ§+\•§¶ì: { š › ¡ ¸ Ó ‹Ap»äûå4‚ÁÙUƒºv~ÒWØÙÚãäåðñòõ(0€€0˜0€˜0€˜0€x(0€€˜0€Y˜0€Y˜0€Y˜0€Y˜0€Y˜0€Y˜0€Y˜0€Y˜0€Y(0€€˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½˜0€½ €˜0€½˜0€½ €˜0€½˜0€½ €(0€€˜0€n0˜0€n˜0€n €˜0€n˜0€n˜0€n˜0€n˜0€n˜0€n(0€€˜0€ ˜0€ ˜0€ ˜0€ ˜0€ ˜0€ ˜0€ ˜0€ (0€€˜0€Ÿ˜0€Ÿ˜0€Ÿ˜0€Ÿ˜0€Ÿ˜0€Ÿ˜0€Ÿ˜0€Ÿ˜0€Ÿ˜0€Ÿ˜0€Ÿ(0€€ €˜0€› €˜0€› €˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› x˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› ˜0€› x˜0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€˜@0€€0ì“ô^r›~ôó!•!ÿ•€ÿÿèªÜ¬-òõöõ8*€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€time€€0€12€Hour€MinuteOQSUZ\!*MUÆÊ DF}îõÙÚâåïòõÁÃÙÚâåïòõ3Ÿ¨§µ› ¡ ÙÚòõÙÚòõÿÿhcox ååTÉt¹!œp±miê?yíe†^%ï@šÐ £à#¶Tä%vçÿ@€¬ôP@ÿÿUnknownÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿG‡z €ÿTimes New Roman5€Symbol3&‡z €ÿArialA&‡ŸArial Narrow"1ˆðÐhE“•fE“•fB˜'B˜'!ð x´‚‚4ÏÏ3ƒQðH ðÿ?äÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿê?yÿÿEarth Science 300hcoxhcoxþÿà…ŸòùOh«‘+'³Ù0x˜´ÀÐÜèü 4@ LX`hpäEarth Science 300darthcox SccoxcoxNormal.dotchcoxl.d2oxMicrosoft Word 10.0@@¾âÞä[Å@¾âÞä[ÅB˜þÿÕÍÕœ.“—+,ù®0ühp€ˆ˜ ¨°¸ ÀÞäcsunc'Ï{ Earth Science 300Title þÿÿÿþÿÿÿ !"#$%&'()*þÿÿÿ,-./012þÿÿÿ456789:þÿÿÿýÿÿÿ=þÿÿÿþÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿRoot Entryÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÀF`p9îä[Å?€Data ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ1Tableÿÿÿÿ6WordDocumentÿÿÿÿ,SummaryInformation(ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ+DocumentSummaryInformation8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ3CompObjÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿjÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿþÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÀFMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8ô9²q