аЯрЁБс>ўџ 57ўџџџ4џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС №Пюbjbjрр "(‚j‚jю џџџџџџl          < E2` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ФЦЦЦЦЦЦ$w —Žъ ` ` ` ` ` ъD  ` ` џD D D ` : ` ` ФD ` ФD дD  rРT  Р` T IЙYOVЩ ь š RР0E"ž%ь X%РD      йPax Romana & Contributions of Ancient Rome Essential Questions: What was the Pax Romana? Explain the civil service system in Rome. What is the Pantheon? What are aqueducts? Pax Romana ( period of peace and prosperity known as “Roman peace”, lasted from 27 B.C.E. to 180 C.E. (207 years) Economic Impact- Agriculture was the most important industry (90% farmed) - Silver coin, the denarius, was used throughout Rome, which made trade between different parts of the empire easy - A complex network of roads linked the empire to Persia, southern Russia, China, etc. and were originally built by military, but goods and culture were spread because of them Social Impact- Family was the heart of Roman society; the eldest man, known as the paterfamilias, or “father of the family” had power to rule the household, control property, banish family members, etc. - Women, both rich and poor, were nearly equal the men - Upper-class women could own property and attended public baths, plays, and festivals, but still could not vote - Lower-class women could be weavers, shopkeepers, or entertainers - Few children went to school, boys were favored over girls, and poor children had to work and were generally illiterate - Slaves were a bigger part of Roman culture than any culture before; they worked in cities and on farms and many were treated cruelly or forced to be gladiators Political Impact- Augustus stabilized the frontier, glorified Rome with splendid buildings and created a long-lasting system of government - He also set up a civil service, which meant that he paid workers to manage the affairs of government, such as the grain supply, tax collection, and the postal system - The Senate still functioned, but the civil servants, drawn from plebeians and former slaves administered the empire - The Roman Forum was a central area in which commerce and the administration of justice took placeRoman Contributions Art/Architecture- The Colossuem, a huge arena that could hold 50,000 and hosted gladiators contests, games, races, animal shows, etc. - The Pantheon was a temple for all the gods in Rome, had massive columns and domes, which were typical - Used bas-relief, where images project from a flat background - Where also skilled in mosaics, pictures or designs made by setting small pieces of stone, glass, or tile onto a surface Technology- Aqueducts were designed to bring water into cities and towns - Vast network of roads built of stone, concrete, and sand Languages- Latin was the official language of Rome - Latin influenced French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian which became known as the Romance Languages Literature- Writers used Roman themes and ideas while following Greek forms and models - Virgil, a poet, wrote The Aeneid, which was a praise of Rome and Roman virtues; he believed government was Rome’s most important contribution to civilization Religion- Adopted the Greek gods, but changed their names - Most important were Jupiter (Zeus) – father of the gods, Juno (Hera) – his wife, who watched over marriage and women, and Minerva (Athena) – goddess of wisdom and war - Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire and eventually became the official religion Law- All persons had the right to equal treatment under the law - A person was considered innocent until proven guilty - The burden of proof rested with the accuser, not the accused - A person should be punished only for actions, not thoughts - Any law that seemed unreasonable or unfair could be set aside   +AЎЏЙКЛМ !"2”Ђm ~ ” Ѕ A L Щ г r}уэmvГЗюќјѕ№ющючююююююююќюю\ jр№55 56]aJ$5\6] +,AZ„šЎЏ!"2mnст’“§ћћііііћћћэчччччч$If $$Ifa$ & Fюў“”Ђ`a˜™  NOШЩk l Šd {{{{{{{{{{{{$If $$Ifa$u$$If–lжж0ф§T$p< tрж0џџџџџџіЌ&6іжџџжџџжџџжџџ4ж4ж laіPўl m ~ љ њ Ђ Ѓ   ~  “ ” Ѕ ŠH{{{{{{{Šyw{$If $$Ifa$u$$If–lжж0ф§T$p< tрж0џџџџџџіЌ&6іжџџжџџжџџжџџ4ж4ж laіPў Ѕ   „ … Ф Х ? 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