ࡱ> )` 7'bjbjUU >??}%%%8,&Lx&\;8'((LT(T(T(/)/)/)(;*;*;*;*;*;*;$=hI@N;/)/)/)/)/)N;T(T(c;,,,/)T(T((;,/)(;,,V4@T5T(' w%)4 5Ty;0;4x@*l@T5@T5/)/),/)/)/)/)/)N;N;G,X/)/)/);/)/)/)/)"d" Rhetorical Analysis Terms and Definitions TermDefinitionExampleallegorya story with two (or more) levels of meaning--one literal and the other(s) symbolic; often in allegories, characters are given names that make their symbolic meaning clearGeorge Orwells Animal Farmalliterationthe repetition of the initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring wordsallusiona brief reference to literature, geographical locations, historical events, legends, myths, traditions and/or elements of popular cultureanalogya comparison of two things, which are alike in several aspects, for clarification and explanation; sometimes analogies establish a pattern of reasoning by using a less abstract and more familiar argumentapostrophea figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or thing or a personified abstraction, such as love or liberty; the effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. In older poetry, often indicated by O! So-and-Socolloquialusing slang or informalities in speech or writing; (noun = colloquialism)connotationthe implied or suggested meaning of a word; associationdenotationthe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a worddialectthe use of words, phrases, grammatical constructions and sounds that capture everyday (or colloquial) language; dialect shows the actual way people speak, which often differs markedly from standard English.dictionword choice; diction must be named, i.e. described as specifically as possible. An authors choice of diction contributes to the tone and mood of the piece. dysphemisma degenerative or less agreeable substitute for words or concepts; can often create a insult. boneyard, instead of cemeteryeuphemisma more agreeable or less offensive substitute for an unpleasant word or conceptfacetious language joking or jesting often inappropriately; meant to be humorous or funny: not serious homilya sermon or serious talk, speech or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice Consider MLKsI Have a Dream speech. Consider parental and religious homilies.hyperboleexaggeration for emphasis or humorimagerythe use of language to describe and/or evoke sensory experience; Imagery must, like diction, be named. Pay attention to a writers diction and use of detail for hints about how to name the imagery.ironythe contrast between what is expected and reality Review: What are the three main types of irony?_____________ irony: _____________ irony: _____________ irony: metaphorone thing is spoken of as though it were something else; through this identification of dissimilar things, a comparison is suggested or impliedextended metaphorA  HYPERLINK "http://learningat.ke7.org.uk/homeweb/offline/english/literaryterms/poeticterms/" \l "metaphor" metaphor which is drawn-out beyond the usual word or phrase to extend throughout a  HYPERLINK "http://learningat.ke7.org.uk/homeweb/offline/english/literaryterms/poeticterms/" \l "stanza" stanza, an entire poem, through or across paragraphs, usually by using multiple comparisons between the unlike objects or ideas.metonomya figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another object closely associated with itoxymorona combination of contradictory words and meanings onomatopoeiawords that imitate the natural sounds they nameparadoxa statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer examination contains some degree of truth or validityparodya work (literature, music, film) that closely imitates the style or content of another work with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridiculepersonificationpresenting or describing concepts, animals or inanimate objects by giving them human qualitiespoint of viewthe perspective from which a story is told (or an essay is written): first person (I, we), second person (you), or third person (he, she, it, they). Also can mean the authors position about the subjectpuna play on words that are either identical in sound (homonyms) or similar in sound, but that are sharply different in meaningrepetitionwords, phrases, actions, and ideas that appear over and over again; usually, repetition in good literature highlights a pattern or makes a pointrhetoricthe art of writing and speaking effectively and persuasively; refers to the choices an author or speaker makes in order to do sosarcasmbiting, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or somethingsatirea work (literature, music, film) that uses irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement and sarcasm to target human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridiculeshifta change in verb tense, location, speaker, narrative method, setting or tone similea comparison between two things which are not alike, but which share at least one common element; similes explain an unfamiliar thing by comparing it to something familiar; similes use like, as, or similar explicit words to make the comparisonstylethe sum of choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary and rhetorical devicessymbolismobjects and actions that stand for or represent something beyond their literal meaningsyntaxsentence construction. Some authors heavily use prepositional phrases, for example. Hemmingway uses prepositional phrases liberally in order to describe. Perhaps some sentences are written with a short and choppy cadence to parallel an intense action in the text. The sentence structure in this case would contribute to the texts intensity. SCHEMES are also examples of syntax.Provide an example of a short passage with interesting or notable syntax:textsomething written, performed or spoken considered as an object to be examined: movies, books, poetry, etc. are considered texts.themethe central idea or message of a text; the insight it offers; Theme is not typically stated directly. thesis(also thesis statement) the sentence or group of sentences that directly express a writers opinion, purpose, idea or meaningtonethe authors attitude toward his or her subject and/or toward the audiencelitotes, aka understatementthe minimalization of fact or presentation of something as less significant than it is; the opposite of hyperbole< Alliteration repetition of consonant sound in neighboring words Assonance repetition of internal vowel sounds in neighboring words Euphemism substituting inoffensive term for offensive one Hyperbole extreme exaggeration Irony meaning often contradicted by appearance of ideas Metaphor comparison between two unlike things to show commonalities Onomatopoeia use of words that imitate their associated sounds Oxymoron contradictory terms appear side by side Personification inanimate object or abstraction is given human like qualities Pun a play on words Simile comparison between two things using like or as Understatement. deliberately making something more important than it is Anaphora repetition of the same word/phrases at beginning of successive clauses or verses Antithesis the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases Apostrophe breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing Chiasmus verbal pattern where second half of expression is balanced with the first part, but reversed Litotes understatement where an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite Metonymy describing something indirectly by referring to the things around it. Paradox a statement that appears to contradict itself Synecdoche - a part is used to represent the whole, the general represents the specific.      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