ࡱ> %` nbjbj"x"x B@@GGGGGGGINNN8R\[ jpھھھTbt<- / / / / / / $dhS GS GGھھ4h GھGھ- - 6GG ھ  /N T~ 0 <D 8 G P~t@S S p [[[$%*$%[[[*GHrIGGGGGG CHAPTER  DocProperty "ChapterNumber" 15 Order and Civil Liberties  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should able to Define the key terms at the end of the chapter. Know how to differentiate between civil rights and civil liberties. Explain how the establishment clause of the First Amendment has been interpreted in cases involving the separation of church and state. Show how the free-exercise clause of the First Amendment has been applied to the issues of compulsory saluting of the flag and the use of drugs as a sacrament. Describe the two approaches developed by the Supreme Court for dealing with cases involving the free-expression clause of the First Amendment. Outline the evolution of the clear and present danger test. List the major exceptions to the First Amendments protection of freedom of speech. Discuss how prior restraint, libel, censorship, and shield laws affect freedom of the press in the United States. Explain how the Fourteenth Amendment has been used to extend the protections of the Bill of Rights to citizens in cases involving the states. Discuss where the Supreme Court found the right to privacy in the Constitution, and explain how this right has been applied in cases involving medical, sexual, and legal confidentiality.  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Order and Civil Liberties and the Challenge of Democracy The opening vignette illustrates how the courts are asked to balance order and freedom. Under what conditions can speech or expression be censored to prevent unrest or disorder? Is criticism of the president likely to promote disorder? This chapter looks at how the courts have resolved conflicts among the three values that are so important to democratic politicsorder, freedom, and equality. Court decisions involve a balancing act among these values. A review of the cases in this chapter may lead a person to conclude that not one of these values is ever preferred unconditionally over the others. The freedoms of speech, press, and assembly are all particularly important to the conduct of democracy, yet the Supreme Court has sometimes limited them, in the name of order, when exercising these freedoms would create a very serious danger. Furthermore, where certain types of expression are concernedfor example, obscenitythe Court has sometimes chosen to uphold the value of order by supporting community standards. On the other hand, the fact that the exercise of these freedoms may offer an affront to the majority and threaten to disrupt established patterns of social order is not always enough to convince the Court to restrict them.  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Chapter Overview  seq NL1 \r 0 \h The Bill of Rights In the American system, the values of freedom, equality, and order often conflict. In such cases, each side may claim that its view is rooted in the law. Disputes over issues involving such basic values are usually settled in the courts by our unelected judiciary. Conflicts often arise from different views on the rights of citizens, and a major source of peoples rights is in the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. The Constitution guarantees civil rights and civil liberties. A civil right declares what the government must do or provide; a civil liberty is a guarantee to individual citizens that acts as a restraint on government.  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Freedom of Religion The First Amendment provides for freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly. These protections of individual freedoms may conflict with the need for orderan example of the original dilemma of government discussed in Chapter 1. Freedom of religion is guaranteed in two clauses. The first, the establishment clause, forbids any law that would create an official religion; the second, the free-exercise clause, prevents the government from interfering with the practice of religion. The establishment clause erected a wall of separation between church and state. The government is also supposed to be neutral between religions and between the religious and the nonreligious. On certain issues, such as government aid to church-related schools, the Supreme Court has allowed what opponents have seen as violations of the establishment clause. Reasoning that textbook loans and transportation are aids to students, not churches, the Court has allowed some support to church schools. In 1971, the Lemon test put forth guidelines for determining constitutionality under the establishment clause. The Court loosened its application of the Lemon test by allowing public school teachers to provide government-mandated classes to disadvantaged youngsters in New York parochial schools. A 2002 decision upholding school voucher programs further weakened the standards outlined in Lemon. The Supreme Court has also relaxed restrictions on the use of public funding for Christmas displays. On the issue of school prayer, however, the Court has maintained a consistent position that public school prayer violates the establishment clause. In 2000, the Supreme Court struck down the practice of organized student-led prayer at public high school football games. The free-exercise clause also gives rise to conflicts when the practice of a certain religion leads a person to do what is forbidden by law or to refuse to do what is required by law. A person may not be forced to take a job that requires him or her to work on the Sabbath, but the Court has forbidden participation in traditional religious rituals that involve the use of illegal drugs. The Court reasoned that religious beliefs are inviolate, but antisocial actions in the name of religion are not protected by the Constitution. The perceived narrowing of the range of the free expression of religion led Congress to pass the Religious Freedom Restoration Act which required the government to meet strict scrutiny before interfering with religious practices. The Court quickly ruled the popular act unconstitutional, noting that Congress could not change the Constitution.  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Freedom of Expression Freedom of expression, including freedom of speech and freedom of the press, provides a right to unrestricted discussion of public affairs, yet these rights have never been absolute. Initially, the First Amendment clauses seemed aimed at preventing prior restraint. As the First Amendment speech doctrines developed, justices argued that speech creating a clear and present danger can be limited. Symbolic speech and fighting words may receive even less protection, though the Supreme Court has ruled that flag burning is a constitutionally protected form of expression. Obscenityalthough hard to defineis not protected by the Constitution, and the Court agreed that the government can regulate the distribution of obscene materials. The Court has also affirmed a broad latitude for freedom of speech in cyberspace. Yet in 1999, a federal court issued a permanent injunction closing a website of some antiabortion advocates who threatened doctors performing abortions. Freedom of the press, including the ability to collect and report information without government interference, is crucial in a free society. Print media defend this freedom as absolute, although electronic media have had to accept some government regulation. Individuals may sue the media for libel, but public figures must show that there is malice involved when publishers print false statements about them. Basically, freedom of the press means freedom from prior restraint. The Court has been reluctant to limit freedom of the press in order to ensure a fair trial. However, reporters are not protected from the demands of law enforcement and may be required to reveal their sources. Only in the most extreme and compelling cases has prior restraint been considered justified, as, for example, when publishing certain material might mean nuclear annihilation. The First Amendment also provides the right to peaceably assemble and to petition the government for redress of grievances. This right has merged with freedom of speech and freedom of the press under the general heading of freedom of expression.  seq NL1 \r 0 \h The Right to Bear Arms The Second Amendments guarantee of the right to keep and bear arms is a source of great controversy. Advocates of gun control see the guarantee as a collective one, centered on the right of states to maintain militias. Opponents of gun control argue that the amendment protects the individuals right to own guns. In the 2008 ruling of District of Columbia v. Heller, the Supreme Court absolutely established the right of individuals to own guns for self-defense and struck down a citywide ban on handguns in Washington, D.C., and around the country. Federal gun restrictions were allowed to stand.  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Applying the Bill of Rights to the States The Bill of Rights was created to put limits on the power of the national government. Initially, its provisions did not apply to states. Under the Fourteenth Amendment, however, nearly all of the items in the Bill of Rights have gradually been extended to all levels of government. The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees people due process of law. The Court has interpreted this provision to mean that, in criminal proceedings, defendants in both state and national cases must be told about their constitutional rights, including their right to remain silent and their right to an attorney. The Court still allows jury size in trials to vary from state to state, however. The right to an attorney is considered fundamental, while the right to trial by a jury of a certain size is not. In one of the important cases of 2000, the court reaffirmed that Miranda had a constitutional rule, which Congress could not undermine through legislation. The Fourth Amendment provides people with freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. The exclusionary rule, which disallows the use of evidence obtained illegally, helps to ensure this right, though this rule has been weakened in recent years. Interpretation of the exclusionary rule continues to divide the Court and serves as an example of the conflict between freedom and order.  seq NL1 \r 0 \h The Ninth Amendment and Personal Autonomy The Ninth Amendment left open the possibility that there were other rights, not enumerated, that might also be free from government interference. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Supreme Court used the Ninth Amendment as the basis for asserting that people have a right to privacy and that that right allows individuals to make their own choices about birth control and abortion. The appointment of conservative justices under Presidents Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush placed gay rights and abortion rights in question, but President Clintons more liberal appointees seem more likely to support those unenumerated rights. The discovery of new rights under the Ninth Amendment creates a difficulty for democracy. It removes questions about value conflicts from the arena of democratic politics and puts them under the protection of the Constitution and the unelected judicial branch.  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Key Terms and Cases  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Terms civil liberties civil rights establishment clause free-exercise clause strict scrutiny free-expression clauses prior restraint clear and present danger test fighting words public figures bills of attainder ex post facto laws obligation of contracts Miranda warnings exclusionary rule good faith exception  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Cases Lemon v. Kurtzman Lynch v. Donnelly Sherbert v. Verner Employment Division v. Smith Gitlow v. New York Brandenburg v. Ohio Tinker v. Des Moines Independent County School District Cohen v. California Reno v. ACLU Miller v. California New York Times v. Sullivan New York Times v. United States District of Columbia v. Heller Palko v. Connecticut Gideon v. Wainwright Miranda v. Arizona Mapp v. Ohio Griswold v. Connecticut Roe v. Wade Lawrence and Garner v. Texas  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Research and Resources This chapter deals mostly with the protection and extension of civil liberties as a result of Supreme Court decisions. The text describes the Courts recent discovery of a right to privacy. In the 1970s, Congress also took some measures to protect two individual rights not explicitly specified in the Constitution, namely the right to privacy and the right to information. Congress passed a pair of acts known as the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act. The first of these grants all individuals access to information the government keeps about them; the second gives people the right to see much of the information collected by the government. This section of the study guide outlines methods for using these acts. If you have used government documents, you have no doubt been amazed by the range of subjects they cover. Published government documents are only the tip of the information iceberg. The government collects information on practically everything, and much of that material is in file drawers and computers in Washington rather than published in government documents. How do you get information that is gathered, but not published, by the government? What rights do you have to it? Answers to these questions are found in the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). The FOIA, first passed in 1966, marked a revolution in government record handling. The act shifted the burden of proof. Formerly, the person requesting information had been required to convince the government that the material should be provided; now the government must provide information unless it can give a specific reason under the statute why the information should be denied. One Food and Drug Administration official reported that as a result of the FOIA, his agency went from a situation in which about l0 percent of our records were disclosed before the act to a situation where now we estimate about 90 percent of the categories of records we have are disclosed. The FOIA applies to information held by the administrative agencies of the government (including the executive office of the president), but it does not apply to records held by Congress, the courts, or state governments (virtually every state has its own act governing availability of public records). In 1974, the FOIA was amended, speeding and easing the process of gaining access to records. What sort of information may come to light under the FOIA? Here are some examples. FBI reports on high-profile deceased individuals at < HYPERLINK "http://foia.fbi.gov/room.htm" http://foia.fbi.gov/room.htm> Records of regulatory agencies concerning pollution control programs (Environmental Protection Agency) FBI files on UFOs at < HYPERLINK "http://foia.fbi.gov/unusual.htm" http://foia.fbi.gov/unusual.htm> Consumer complaints registered with the Fair Trade Commission Under statute, nine categories of information may be denied you, including agency personnel records; material on criminal investigations that might be an invasion of personal privacy, deprive a person of the right to a fair trial, or compromise a confidential source; and properly classified national defense or foreign policy secrets. For information on how to file a FOIA request, try the Department of Justice site at < HYPERLINK "http://www.aclu.org/library/foia.html" http://www.usdoj.gov/04foia/index.html>. The FOIA protects your access to government materials, but under its provisions, you may be denied information of a sensitive or personal nature about individuals. You do have a right to obtain personal information about yourself, however. Under the Privacy Act, if you are a U.S. citizen, you are entitled to access government records kept about you. The government will have records on you in the following instances: You have ever applied for a federal grant or loan, including student aid. You have ever worked for a federal agency or government contractor or were a member of the armed forces. You were ever arrested by your local police and fingerprinted, and the FBI has a record of the arrest. You have ever traveled abroad, and the Department of State has a file on your conduct abroad. You have ever received Medicare or Social Security benefits. To obtain information under the Privacy Act, follow the procedures sketched out by the FOIA. You can adapt the model to reflect the fact that you are using the provisions of the Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. 552a. For printed information on these two laws, see A Citizens Guide on Using the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act of 1974 to Request Government Records, published by the Government Printing Office.  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Using Your Knowledge SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Follow the process sketched out in the Research and Resources section to prepare a request for information obtainable under the Freedom of Information Act or the Privacy Act.  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Visit the FBIs electronic reading room, and browse the files for well-known people such as Mickey Mantle, Elvis Presley, John Wayne, and Jackie Robinson. What kinds of information were collected?  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Sample Exam Questions  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Multiple-Choice Questions SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . What entity was the Bill of Rights supposed to limit? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . federal government  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . U.S. Constitution  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Congress  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . state governments  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the president  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Which of the following is another term for civil liberties? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . positive rights  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . fighting words  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . certiorari  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . nolo contendre  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . negative rights  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . If people possess rights, what do governments possess? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . might  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . powers  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . restraint  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . values  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . justice  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Which clause has erected a wall of separation between church and state?  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . exclusionary clause  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . supremacy clause  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . contingency clause  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . establishment clause  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . free-exercise clause  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . What aspect of the Courts decision on religion was emphasized in Agostini v. Felton?  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . privacy  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . neutrality  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . freedom  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . order  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . free exercise  seq NL1 6 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . The free-exercise clause of the First Amendment  SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . permits all beliefs and practices of all religions.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . allows government to overrule states in times of dire emergency.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . may, in rare cases, allow the government to compel belief.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . protects belief and practice of Christianity only.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . permits all beliefs but allows for the limitation of antisocial religious practices.  seq NL1 7 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . What term do we use to describe censorship before publication? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . exclusion  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . strict scrutiny  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . prior restraint  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . ex post facto  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . stare decisis  seq NL1 8 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Our government needs the doctrine of strict scrutiny to SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . subject religious practices to careful inspection.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . conform with constitutional limits on search and seizure.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . represent a compelling state interest if religious practice is restricted.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . stop speeches or acts that careful inspection reveals to be obscene.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . rarely use the power of the Supreme Court to challenge laws passed by legislatures.  seq NL1 9 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Why did the Supreme Court reverse the decision in Brandenburg v. Ohio? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . It pleased the public.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Evidence had been gathered illegally.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . There was no evidence that the danger was real.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . No crimes had been committed.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . It was politically advantageous to do so.  seq NL1 10 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . The Second Amendment  seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . entitles citizens to own any type of weapon  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . places the burden of enforcement of weapons regulations at the federal level  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . mentions the need for a well-regulated militia  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . mentions the need for state or federal licensing restrictions on weapons  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . none of the above  seq NL1 11 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Which of the following upholds the idea that undifferentiated fear of apprehension of disturbance is not enough to overcome the right to freedom of expression? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Cohen v. California  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Palko v. Connecticut  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Tinker v. Des Moines Independent County School District  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Sherbert v. Verner  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Gideon v. Wainwright  seq NL1 12 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . In which case(s) did the U.S. Supreme Court declare that the First Amendment protects the publication of all statements, even false ones? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Sherbert v. Verner  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Slaughterhouse cases  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Barron v. Baltimore.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . New York Times v. Sullivan  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . New York Times v. United States  seq NL1 13 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Which of the following cases extended the Sixth Amendment provision for a right to counsel to the states? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Palko v. Connecticut  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Near v. Minnesota  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Mapp v. Ohio  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Miranda v. Arizona  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Gideon v. Wainwright  seq NL1 14 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . What did the founding fathers mean for citizens to do with the right of the people peaceably to assemble? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . rotect themselves against tyranny  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . petition the government  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . protest and help create new laws  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . participate and evaluate the role of government  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . inform others of their rights as free men  seq NL1 15 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Which amendment was used by the Supreme Court to justify an unenumerated right of privacy? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . First Amendment  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Second Amendment  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Sixth Amendment  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Ninth Amendment  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Fourteenth Amendment  seq NL1 16 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . What did Roe v. Wade settle for the nation as a whole? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . upheld order over freedom  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . rejected all state regulation of abortion  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . permanently settled the abortion question  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . permitted unrestricted state regulation of abortion  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . allowed abortions during the first three months of pregnancy  seq NL1 17 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Which case was used by the Supreme Court to protect the emotive and cognitive elements of speech? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Cohen v. California  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Palko v. Connecticut  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Near v. Minnesota  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Sherbert v. Verner  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Gideon v. Wainwright  seq NL1 18 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Which of the following is the term to declare an action to be criminal after it has been performed? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . nolo contendre  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . habeus corpus  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . ex post facto law  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . strict scrutiny  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . exclusionary rule  seq NL1 19 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . What do bills of attainder accomplish? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . They ban homosexual marriage throughout the United States.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . They eliminated income taxes until overturned by Sixteenth Amendment.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . They allow bills to become law without the presidents signature.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . They pronounce an individual guilty of a crime without a trial being held.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . They permit criticism of public officials without fear of retaliation.  seq NL1 20 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . According to Justice Felix Frankfurter, what has the history of liberty been? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . an observance of procedural safeguards  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . an observance of due process  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . a weakening of the establishment clause  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . a strengthening of the free-exercise clause  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . an erosion of the restrictions on religion  seq NL1 21 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Gideon v. Wainwright concerns which amendment of the U.S. Constitution? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . First Amendment  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Fourth Amendment  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Fifth Amendment  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Sixth Amendment  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Eighth Amendment  seq NL1 22 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . In 2000, Justice OConnor sided with a coalition of liberal justices to strike down SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Roe v. Wade.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the Lemon test.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the right to counsel.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . a Nebraska law that banned partial birth abortion.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . the clear and present danger test.  seq NL1 23 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Concerning the exclusionary rule in the case of Mapp v. Ohio, the Supreme Court placed a premium on the value of SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . order.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . equality.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . freedom.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . federalism.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . free exercise of religion.  seq NL1 24 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . In what case did the U.S. Supreme Court declare that the creation and use of military commissions for the enemy combatants at Guantanamo Bay were unauthorized by Congress and violated international law? SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Knight v. United States  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Hamdan v. Rumsfeld  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Near v. Minnesota  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Shadi v. Ashcroft  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . Lawrence and Garner v. Texas  seq NL1 25 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Before the Fourteenth Amendment was passed and applied to the states, the Constitution still barred both state and national governments from SEQ NL_a \r 0 \h   seq NL_a \* alphabetic a seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . passing ex post facto laws.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic b seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . establishing an official religion.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic c seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . denying citizens the right to a jury trial.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic d seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . searching property without warrants.  seq NL_a \* alphabetic e seq NL_1_ \r 0 \h . denying the free exercise of religious practices.  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Essay Questions SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . How does the Supreme Court balance the tension between freedom of speech and the value of order? How has this balance changed over time? Provide examples of cases that balance these competing values.  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Where did the Supreme Court find the justification for the Roe v. Wade decision? Outline activities in this area that are currently enforced as legal, and those which are currently enforced as illegal.  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Which amendments to the U.S. Constitution protect the rights of the accused? Please discuss them in detail.  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . Discuss the recent decision on the Second Amendment. Will this substantially change anything? Will it make the United States safer for citizens or more dangerous?  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . In deciding cases involving civil liberties, has the Supreme Court held freedom, equality, or order as an absolute value? Defend your answer by providing examples from cases discussed in this chapter.  seq NL1 \r 0 \h Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions SEQ NL1 \r 0 \h   seq NL1 1 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . a  seq NL1 2 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . e  seq NL1 3 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . b  seq NL1 4 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 5 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . b  seq NL1 6 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . e  seq NL1 7 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  seq NL1 8 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  seq NL1 9 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  seq NL1 10 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  seq NL1 11 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  seq NL1 12 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 13 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . e  seq NL1 14 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . b  seq NL1 15 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 16 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . e  seq NL1 17 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . a  seq NL1 18 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  seq NL1 19 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 20 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . a  seq NL1 21 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 22 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . d  seq NL1 23 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . c  seq NL1 24 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . b  seq NL1 25 seq NL_a \r 0 \h . a      PAGE 154 Chapter  DOCPROPERTY "ChapterNumber" \* MERGEFORMAT 15:  DOCPROPERTY "ChapterTitle" \* MERGEFORMAT Order and Civil Liberties Chapter  DOCPROPERTY "ChapterNumber" \* MERGEFORMAT 15:  DOCPROPERTY "ChapterTitle" \* MERGEFORMAT Order and Civil Liberties  PAGE 153 Copyright Cengage Learning. 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