ࡱ> VXUb s%jbjb{x{x +Fs.......))))4*<0>\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*p0r0r0r0r0r0r0,72R4X0.\*\*\*\*\*0p0..\*\*0p0p0p0\*.\*.\*p0p0B4v"....\*p0p0p0..p0P* ߾)J+&p0p0000p04p04p0p0.THE EXAM The AP Biology Exam is three hours in length and is designed to measure a students knowledge and understanding of modern biology . The exam consists of an 80-minute, 100-item multiple-choice section, which examines the students understanding of representative content and concepts drawn from across the entire course; a 10-minute reading period; and a 90-minute free-response section, consisting of four mandatory questions that encompass broader topics . The number of multiple-choice questions taken from each major subset of biology reflects the approximate percentage of the course as designated in the Course Description (see the Topic Outline on page 6) . In the free-response portion of the exam, usually one essay question is taken from Area I of the outline (Molecules and Cells), and another question focuses on Area II (Heredity and Evolution) . Two questions generally focus on Area III of the outline (Organisms and Populations) . Any of these four questions may require the student to analyze and interpret data or information drawn from laboratory experience, as well as from lecture material, and may require students to integrate material from different areas of the course . The multiple-choice section counts for 60 percent of the students exam grade, and the free-response section counts for 40 percent . Within the free-response section, each of the four questions is weighted equally . The answers to the free-response questions must be in essay form; outlines alone or unlabeled and unexplained diagrams alone are not acceptable . The students should read each question carefully, organize their material neatly, and compose answers that are as comprehensive and precise as time permits . To provide the maximum information about differences in students achievements in biology, the exams are intended to have average scores of about 50 percent of the maximum possible score for the multiple-choice section and for the free-response section . Thus, students should be aware that they may find these exams more difficult than most classroom exams . However, it is possible for students who have studied most but not all of the topics in the outline to obtain acceptable grades . To be broad enough in scope to give every student who has covered an adequate amount of material an opportunity to perform well, the multiple-choice section must be so comprehensive that no student should be expected to attain a perfect or near- perfect score . Thought-provoking problems and questions based on fundamental ideas from biology are included, along with questions based on the recall of basic facts and major concepts . Multiple-choice scores are based on the number of questions answered correctly . Points are not deducted for incorrect answers, and no points are awarded for unanswered questions . Because points are not deducted for incorrect answers, students are encouraged to answer all multiple-choice questions . On any questions students do not know the answer to, students should eliminate as many choices as they can, and then select the best answer among the remaining choices . The free-response section asks the students to organize answers to broad questions, thereby demonstrating reasoning and analytical skills as well as an ability to synthesize material from several sources into a cogent and coherent essay . To prepare for such questions, students should practice writing free-response answers whenever appropri- ate during the course . Sample Multiple-Choice Questions Examples of the kinds of objective questions that may be used in the exam follow . This is not a complete exam . (Answers are given on page 32 .) Additional sample questions can be found at AP Central . Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions . Select the one that is best in each case . 1 . Which of the following best describes an intimate ecological association in which an organism benefits from living on or within a host, but which generally has a negative effect on that host? (a) Mutualism (b) Saprophytism (c) Commensalism (d) Parasitism (e) Predation 2 . While studying a cell with the electron microscope, a scientist notes the following: numerous ribosomes, a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, and a cell wall . Which of the following could be the source of this cell? (a) A fungus (b) An animal (c) A bacterium (d) A plant (e) A virus 3 . Which of the following statements best summarizes organic evolution as it is viewed by modern evolutionists? (a) It is goal directed . (b) It represents the results of selection for acquired characteristics . (c) It is synonymous with the process of gene flow . (d) It is the descent of humans from the present-day great apes . (e) It is the differential survival and reproduction of certain phenotypes . 4 . If a segment of DNA is 5'-TAC GAT TAG-3', the RNA that results from the transcription of this segment will be (a) 3'-TAC GAT TAU-5' (b) 3'-ATG CTA ATA-5' (c) 3'-UAC GAU UAG-5' (d) 3'-AAC GAU UAA-5' (e) 3'-AUG CUA AUC-5' 5 . The bones of a human arm are homologous to structures in all of the following except a (a) whale flipper (b) bat wing (c) butterfly wing (d) bird wing (e) frog forelimb 6 . Regarding mitosis and cytokinesis, one difference between higher plants and animals is that in plants (a) the spindles contain cellulose microfibrils in addition to microtubules, whereas animal spindles do not contain microfibrils (b) sister chromatids are identical, whereas in animals they differ from one another (c) a cell plate begins to form at telophase, whereas in animals a cleavage furrow is initiated at that stage (d) chromosomes become attached to the spindle at prophase, whereas in animals chromosomes do not become attached until anaphase (e) spindle poles contain centrioles, whereas spindle poles in animals do not 7 . A common feature of starch and glycogen is that molecules of both (a) form microfibrils that give support to connective tissue fibers (b) contain repeated monomers of glucose and galactose (c) are important structural components of plant cell walls (d) are polymers of glucose (e) are water-soluble disaccharides 8 . The ancestors of land plants most likely resembled modern-day members of the (a) Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) (b) Rhodophyta (red algae) (c) Chlorophyta (green algae) (d) Phaeophyta (brown algae) (e) Chrysophyta (diatoms and golden-brown algae) 9 . Which of the following offers the best description of neural transmission across a mammalian synaptic gap? (a) Neural impulses involve the flow of K+ and Na+ across the gap . (b) Neural impulses travel across the gap as electrical currents . (c) Neural impulses cause the release of chemicals that diffuse across the gap . (d) Neural impulses travel across the gap in both directions . (e) The calcium within the axons and dendrites of nerves adjacent to a synapse acts as the neurotransmitter . 10 . Which of the following statements is true about the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and the Calvin (light-independent) cycle? (a) They both result in a net production of ATP and NADH . (b) They both require a net input of ATP . (c) They both result in a release of oxygen . (d) They both take place within the cytoplasmic matrix . (e) They both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle matrix . Sample Free Response Question: 4 . The evolution of circulatory systems allowed larger and more-complex animals to arise . (a) Describe the respiratory and digestive systems specialized structures that facilitate the movement of oxygen and glucose into the circulatory system of mammals . (b) Explain how oxygen and glucose are transported within the circulatory system of mammals . 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