ࡱ> bda#` 7bjbj 0N/p1p1p1p1 |1Lh4*11111111B4D4D4D4D4D4D4$5hU8nh411111h411}42221.11B421B4222F&411 Lp12 4B440448 2|8&48&42111h4h42 11141111hhh$0hhh0|T Chapter 10 Importance of Individual Subject Enables applied behavior analysts to _____________________ and ____________________ effective interventions for socially significant behaviors Contrasted with groups-comparison approach Groups-Comparison Experiment ________________________ selected pool of subjects from relevant population Divided into experimental and ______________________ groups Pretest, application of independent variable to ____________________________ group, and posttest Group Data Not Representative of Individual Performance Individuals within a group could stay the same or decrease, while the improvement of others could make it appear as overall average improvement To be most useful, treatment must be understood at an ________________________ _____________________ Group Data Masks Variability Hides ________________________ that occurs within and between subjects __________________________ control should not be a substitute for __________________________ control To control effects of any variable, must either hold it constant or manipulate it as an independent variable Absence of Intrasubject Replication Power of __________________________ effects with individuals is lost Many applied situations in which overall performance of group is socially significant When group results dont represent individuals, should supplement the data with _______________________ _______________________ Importance of Flexibility in Design An effective researcher must actively design each experiment so that it achieves its own unique design Good experimental design is any independent variable manipulation that produces data that convincingly addresses the _________________________ _________________________ The book presents __________________________ ______________________ in design form Experimental Designs Often designs entail a _________________________ of analytic tactics Component analysis of elements Infinite number of possible designs with different combinations Most effective use ________________________ __________________________ of data from individuals to employ baseline logic of prediction, verification, and replication Internal Validity Experiments that demonstrate clear functional relations have high degree of ______________________ ___________________________ _________________________ _______________________ refers to all relevant variables Steady state responding as evidence _______________________________ variables are threats to internal validity Subject Confounds _____________________________: changes in subject over course of experiment Repeated measurement controls and detects uncontrolled variables Setting Confounds Studies in ________________________ __________________________ are more prone to confounding variables than in controlled laboratories If change in setting occurs, should then hold new conditions constant until ______________________ _____________________ ___________________________ is observed Measurement Confounds __________________________ ____________________ or bias Keeping observers naive to expected outcomes can reduce observer bias Must maintain ________________________ ___________________________ long enough for reactive effects to run their course and then obtain stable responding Could use ________________________ ______________________ except when practice effects would be expected Independent Variable Confounds __________________________ control separates effects produced by subjects perceived expectations Double-blind control _________________________ _______________________ by subject expectations, teacher and parent expectations, differential treatment by others, and observer bias Treatment Integrity Similar to procedural fidelity Extent to which the independent variable is implemented or carried out as planned Low ________________________ ________________________ makes it very difficult to confidently interpret experimental results __________________________ __________________________: when application of independent variable in later phases differs from original application Precise Operational Definition A high level of treatment integrity requires a complete, precise _______________________ ________________________ of treatment procedures Define in 4 dimensions: verbal, physical, spatial, and __________________________ Simplify, Standardize, and Automate Simple, precise treatments are more likely to be ___________________________ delivered Simple, easy-to-implement techniques are more likely to be used and ______________________ _______________________ Experimenters should ___________________________ as many aspects as possible and practical If possible without compromise, could use an automated device to deliver independent variable Training and Practice ________________________ or provide practice for individual who will conduct the experimental sessions Could provide a detailed script, _______________________ _________________________, modeling, or performance feedback Assessing Treatment Integrity Collect treatment integrity data to measure how the actual __________________________ of the conditions matches the ________________________ ___________________________ Observation and calibration give the researcher the ongoing ability to use retraining and practice to ensure high _____________________________ _______________________ __________________________, eliminate, or identify the influence of as many potentially confounding variables as possible Social Validity Includes the ________________________ __________________________ of the target behavior, the appropriateness of the procedures, and the social importance of the results Usually assessed by asking direct and indirect consumers Consumer ___________________________ Social Importance of Behavior Change Goals To determine socially valid goals: ___________________________ the performance of persons considered competent Experimentally ___________________________ different levels of performance to determine which produces optimal results Social Importance of Interventions __________________________ _______________________ and questionnaires for obtaining consumers opinions on acceptability of interventions Examples: Intervention Rating Profile Treatment __________________________ Rating Form Social Importance of Behavior Changes Methods for assessing outcomes: Compare subjects performance to a ________________________ _____________________ Use _________________________ assessment instrument Ask consumers to rate ______________________ ______________________ of performance Ask experts to evaluate subjects performance Test subjects new performance in _______________________ ________________________ Normative Sample Not limited to posttreatment comparisons Compare subjects behavior to ________________________ _____________________ of behavior of normative sample to provide ongoing measure of improvement and how much is still needed Consumers and Experts Most frequently used method for assessing social validity is to ask consumers _________________________ can be called upon to judge the social validity of some behavior changes Standardized and Real-World Tests Example of standardized test: Self-Injury Trauma Scale (SITS) ___________________________ __________________________ in the natural environment provides direct assessment of social validity Also exposes subject to naturally occurring reinforcement, which may promote _________________________ and ____________________________ External Validity Degree to which a functional relation in an experiment will hold under _______________________ ________________________ A matter of _____________________, not all-or-nothing Those with greater degrees of generality make greater contribution to applied behavior analysis External Validity and Groups-Design Research There is nothing in the results of a groups-design experiment that can have _______________________ ___________________________ Unable to provide data that lead to improved practice in education Groups-design is effective in ___________________________ evaluations External Validity and Applied Behavior Analysis ___________________________ of findings in ABA is assessed, established, and specified through replication of experiments Two major types of scientific replication: ________________________ and _______________________ Direct Replication Duplicates exactly the conditions of an earlier experiment ____________________________ direct replication: uses same subject to establish reliability of functional relation Intersubject direct replication: uses different but similar subjects to determine ______________________ Systematic Replication Researcher purposefully varies one or more aspects of ________________________ ____________________________ Can demonstrate ___________________________ and external validity of earlier findings Can alter any aspect: subjects, setting, administration of independent variable, or target behaviors Evaluating Applied Behavior Analysis Research Questions to ask in evaluating the quality of research in applied behavior analysis fall under 4 categories: Internal validity ___________________________ _________________________ External validity Scientific and _________________________ ________________________ Internal Validity Must decide whether ___________________________ ___________________________ has been demonstrated Requires close examination of measurement system, ___________________________ ____________________, and the researchers control of potential confounds Evaluating Internal Validity Definition and ___________________________ of dependent variable Graphic display Meaningfulness of __________________________ ______________________________ Experimental design ___________________________ _________________________ and interpretation Visual Analysis and Interpretation Factors that favor visual analysis over tests of statistical significance in ABA: Want to see _______________________ _______________________ behavior change, not statistically significant Good for identifying variables that produce strong, large, and reliable effects Accepting statistical analysis as evidence of ________________________ ______________________ may cause researcher not to experiment further Tests of statistical significance may cause data sets to conform, losing __________________________ in design Errors Type I error: when researcher concludes that _________________________ ______________________ had effect on dependent variable, when it did not Type II error: when researcher concludes that independent variable did not have effect on dependent variable, when it did _________________________ ___________________________ leads to less Type I and more Type II errors Statistical analysis leads to more Type I and less Type II errors Social Validity Independent variable should be assessed in terms of its effects on dependent variable, as well as social acceptability, complexity, _____________________________, and __________________________ Consider ___________________________ and generalization of behavior change in evaluation of a study External Validity To effectively judge external validity, compare a studys results with those of other relevant ___________________________ _____________________________ Theoretical Significance and Conceptual Sense Evaluate a study in terms of its scientific merit Look at its _______________________ to the advancement of the _______________________ Knowledgeable reproducibility Need for More Thorough Analyses Need for more ___________________________ __________________________ of the principles that underlie successful demonstrations of behavior change Readers should consider the technological ___________________________, the 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