ذدà،±ل>‏ے =?‏ےےے<ےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےى¥ء5@ ً؟Abjbjد2د2 (XX'ےےےےےےˆœœœœœœœ°4448l$گ°ˆ)¶°°"زززززز) ) ) ) ) ) )$>*Rگ,¾-)œغ'ززغ'غ'-)œœززB)‡(‡(‡(غ'.œزœز)‡(غ')‡(,‡(³(œœ³(ز¤@yjm>»ب4 (.³()X)0ˆ)³(N-7(4N-³(°°œœœœN-œ³(T†&Lز&6‡(',4'§زˆZ v$-)-)°°„4k(°°4INTRODUCTION TO LAW – answer guide for markers and students PART A – Question 1 Is there a contract between Sarah and John? The question is concerned with the element of the contract called agreement or offer and acceptance. There is no binding agreement unless an offer is made which is accepted in exactly the same terms by the offeree. The first issue to be decided is whether John’s email is an offer or an invitation to treat. The advertising of goods for sale is generally an invitation to treat (Partridge v Crittenden). The owner of the goods is inviting offers to purchase those goods. When the customer places an order or responds to the advertisement this is construed as an offer which may be accepted or rejected by the seller of those goods. Advertisements that limit the number of potential acceptors may be viewed as offers to sell those goods to those customers at that price (Lefkowitz v Great Minneapolis Surplus Store). John has sent his email to “all other computer sellers in Adelaide” thereby limiting potential acceptors to members of this class. John’s email may be viewed as an offer to sell for $10,000. Sarah offers to buy the computers for $8,000 with payment and delivery over two periods. This is a counter-offer which operates as a rejection of John’s offer to sell for $10,000. Sarah is now the offeror. John, however, rejects Sarah’s offer by offering to sell with immediate payment and delivery. It is a condition of acceptance that John be notified by the 20th. When Sarah asked John about payment within 14 days, this was not a counter-offer, but merely a request for information, which did not destroy John’s offer. Sarah must accept this offer by the 20th if she wishes buy the computers. On the 17th John entered into a contract to sell to a third party. He is therefore revoking or withdrawing his offer to sell to Sarah. An offer can be withdrawn at any time before acceptance, except where the promise to keep the offer open is supported by consideration. Sarah did not pay a deposit so John is free to revoke his offer. However, to be effective, the revocation must be communicated to the offeree either by the offeror or a reliable third party (Byrne v VanTienhoven). John’s attempted revocation by phone and email fails, however, his letter of revocation reaches Sarah on the 19th. It must be remembered that a revocation of offer by post is not deemed to have been communicated until it has been received and read by the offeree. Sarah posts a letter of acceptance on the 18th. Where it is “within the contemplation of the parties” that the post would be used as a means of communicating acceptance, then acceptance is valid at the time of posting, not at the time of receipt (Adams v Lindsell). If the postal acceptance rule applies then a contract was formed on the 18th, the day before Sarah receives John’s revocation of offer. If the postal acceptance rule does not apply there is no contract because Sarah’s acceptance was not communicated to John until after the due date for acceptance. In any event John successfully communicated his revocation on the 19th. In Henthorn v Fraser the Court stated that “within the contemplation of the parties” is where the offer was made by post and it would not be unreasonable to accept by post. John and Sarah had been negotiating over the phone and no mention had been made about the post as a means of communication of acceptance. John excluded the operation of the postal rule when he indicated that he would need Sarah’s order by the 20th. Whether or not there is a contract between Sarah and John therefore depends on the application of the postal rule. NOTES TO MARKERS PASS – students should recognise that the advertisement is an offer and that the existence of a contract depends on the application of the postal acceptance rule. CREDIT – in addition students should describe the counter-offer, request for information and communication of revocation of offer. Appropriate case references should be provided. DISTINCTION – all of the above presented in an articulate discussion that is grammatically correct. 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58Paragraph Properties 59Character Properties 59Paragraph Properties 60Character Properties 60Paragraph Properties 61Character Properties 61Paragraph Properties 62Character Properties 62Paragraph Properties 63Character Properties 63Paragraph Properties 64Character Properties 64Paragraph Properties 65Character Properties 65"Internal Data Integrity (Type 4) 1B !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€پ‚Bےے®JQـ¶?¯JQœ¶?°JQج£?±JQd‎!²JQجس"——يي± B¢¢ُُ¶ B8*€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€City€9*€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€place€&'/2<?B&'/2<?B=QVg&'?B&'?BےےMardi Guy Harleyه¬-S4ف6(-;ع9=eD*IV Jhث(js^xKX|xYk1•vdڑ‹~©ے@€ذlةAP@ےےUnknownےےےےےےےےےےےےGگ‡z €ےTimes New Roman5گ€Symbol3&گ‡z €ےArial"1ˆًذh€إf€إfmؤi¾ i¾ !ً ´´پپ4d3ƒًـX ًے?نےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےs^xےے;INTRODUCTION TO LAW answer guide for markers and studentsMardi Guy Harley‏ےà…ںٍùOh«‘+'³ظ0¸ک نً, @L ht€ Œک ¨°ن<INTRODUCTION TO LAW – answer guide for markers and 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