ࡱ> !` >Ebjbj\\ *>>;BBBBIII8I$ILeK(KKKKLLLddddddd$fhdid"PL"L"P"PdBBKK eQQQ"P^B8KKdQ"PdQQg]hz^KK u-tIP^]^e0Le]iPi ^i^LLMrQM\QNLLLddQ^LLLLe"P"P"P"PBIIBBBBBB Metric Measurement Background: Scientists can only expect to communicate effectively if they are using a common language. While the actual language changes from country to country, the one thing that remains fairly constant is the language of the metric system. Quite surprisingly the United States is not a metric nation like most countries. We still use what some consider to be an antiquated English system. The beauty of the metric system is that all measurements are based on 10s making it simpler to convert from unit to unit. The universal language of science is based in the metric system and that is the main purpose of this lab experience. Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory experience is: To learn to speak the universal language of science using metric measurements. To identify the SI units of length, volume, and mass To learn to convert within the metric system, and to convert between the English system and the metric system To measure accurately, using the appropriate laboratory equipment To get a better feeling of just how big a certain unit of metric measure actually is and apply that knowledge when considering units. Procedure/Discussion: There are several prefixes that are associated with metric units that can be attached to the base metric unit in order to create a new metric unit. Knowing the decimal meaning of the prefix establishes the conversion factor relationship between the newly created unit and the base unit. For example: the prefix "kilo" means 103 or 1,000. Therefore, if we are to use, for instance, a gram and we attach the kilo prefix in front, we get kilogram In addition, the relationship between the two units is now more easily understood. Since I know that "kilo" means 1000 then one kilogram unit is the same as (or equal to) 103 gram units. The prefixes that are most important are listed below along with their decimal and exponential equivalents: PrefixDecimal EquivalentExponential EquivalentPico-0.00000000000110-12Nano-0.00000000110-9Micro-0.00000110-6Milli-0.00110-3Centi-0.0110-2Deci-0.110-1No prefix1.0100Deka-10.0101Hecto-100.0102Kilo-1,000.0103Mega-1,000,000.0106Giga-1,000,000,000.0109 There are several dozen prefixes used but these above are most commonly used in Science measurements. In this lab we will briefly explore the following areas of measurement: Mass, Dimension, Volume, and Area. PART 1 REVIEWING SI MEASUREMENTS Mass Measurement Mass in the metric system has several units that scientists use most often. For comparison, the gram is the standard unit of mass in the metric or SI system. The gram (abbreviated g or gm) is roughly the same meaning as the English dry ounce. It takes about 29 grams to equal one dry ounce. A larger mass unit similar to the English pound is the kilogram. The kilogram is the same as 1000 grams and represents 2.2 pounds in mass. Dimensional Measurement Now let us go over dimensional measurement that is measure of length, width, and height. The basic metric unit of dimension is the meter (m). The meter is analogous to the English yard. A meter is equal to slightly more than a yard (about 10% larger). One meter is equal to 1.09 yards or 39.36 inches. A larger metric unit used often is the kilometer (km) which is analogous to the English mile. One kilometer is equal to 0.62 miles. In countries where the metric system is the national standard, signposts and posted speed limits are in km or km per hour. For example, the most common speed limit in Canada is 100, but that is 100 km/hr or about 60 miles per hour!! All metric rulers are calibrated the same. The numerically numbered position (major calibrations) are equal to centimeter marks, and then there are ten equally spaced position (minor calibrations) in between each of the numbered positions each of which are equal to 0.1 cm(1 mm). According to this calibration, one can record measurements with one position of estimation to the nearest 0.01 cm. Another instrument most often used in Biology labs is called a micrometer (sometimes referred to as the micron). As the name implies it can measure to the nearest micrometer and is used for very precise measurements of diameters. It is most commonly used in sizing up cells under the microscope and is commonly given the symbol mu, which looks like: Volume Measurement The third type of measure is measure of volume. Actually we can break this down into the measure of 1.solid volume (regular and irregular) 2.fluid (liquid and gas) volume Measurement of Fluid Volumes Let's now discuss measure of fluid volume. There are several instruments used to directly measure fluid volumes. The graduated cylinder is the most commonly used in the lab. However, there are several others. The pipet, buret, and volumetric Flask measure fluid volumes more precisely than most graduated cylinders. The basic metric unit of measure for volume is the liter(l) unit. The liter is similar to the English quart. One liter being the same as 1.06 quarts. It is basically a fluid volume unit as is the smaller metric unit called the milliliter(ml). The milliliter is similar to the English fluid ounce. One fluid ounce is equal to about 30 ml. Other metric units of volume that are more often associated with volumes of solids is the cubic centimeter(cc or cm3) which is equal to a milliliter. Be certain that you understand that the cc may look like a dimensional unit since it has the word "centimeter" in it. However, it also has the word "cubic" which always indicates a volume unit. You can think of a cubic centimeter as a cube 1 cm on each edge. The volume of such a cube would be 1cm X 1cm X 1cm or 1 cm3. We also use the cubic meter(m3) often in science to measure large volumes in space. Any dimensional relationship such as 100 cm = 1 m can be used to derive a volume unit relationship simply by cubing BOTH sides of the relationship so for example: 100 cm = 1 m cubed would be: (100 cm)(100 cm)(100 cm) = (1m)(1m)(1m) or 1 X 106 cm3 = 1 m3 You can even do this with English dimensional relationships that result in a newly created volume relationship. For example: 1 ft = 12 in. If we cubed both sides we would have: (1 ft)(1 ft)(1 ft)= (12 in)(12 in)(12in) or 1 ft3 = 1728 in3 Try it yourself on the following dimensional relationships: If 1 inch = 2.54 cm Determine the relationship between cubic inches and cubic centimeters? Show your work in this space.  Area Measurement Area measurement relationships are similar to volume relationships except you square both sides of the dimensional relationship. For example if we wanted to know the relationship between square cm and square m we could begin with the following dimensional relationship between cm and m: If: 100 cm = 1 m, then (100 cm)2 = (1 m)2 and 10,000 cm2 = 1 m2 BASICALLY, dimensional measurement is one dimensional, area measurement is two dimensional and volume measurement is three dimensional. PART 2 CONVERTING SI MEASUREMENTS METRIC CONVERSION EXERCISES Make the conversions within the Metric System and the conversions between the English and the Metric System. Please SHOW ALL WORK AND ALL UNITS to demonstrate that you know what you are doing for conversions between systems. A. Basic metric equivalencies See the table at the beginning of this lab or the textbook for further details. The prefixes will be useful. 1. 1 m = ________ cm 2. 1 m = ________ mm 3. 1 cm = ________ mm 4. 1 km = ________ m 5. 1 km = ________ cm 6. 1 kg = ________ g 7. 1 kg = ________ mg 8. 1 L = ________ mL B. Conversions between systems - SHOW ALL WORK AND ALL UNITS To correctly do this portion of the lab, you must know what the conversions are. As such: Metric to EnglishEnglish to MetricLength: 1 mm = 0.04 in 1 cm = 0.39 in 1 m = 39.37 in = 3.28 ft 1 m = 1.09 yd 1 km = 0.62 miLength: 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 30.48 cm = 0.305 m 1 yd = 0.914 m 1 mi = 1.609 kmWeight: 1 g = 0.035 oz 1 l = 1.057 qtWeight: 1 oz = 28.350 g 1 lb = 0.453 kgCapacity: 1 ml = .2 tsp 1 l = 1.057 qtCapacity: 1 tsp = 5 ml 1 c = 236 ml 1 qt = 0.946 l 1 gal = 3.785 l 9. 1 mi = ________ km C. Your personal data (Just for fun) 10. 1 mi = ________ m 31. How tall are you (feet and inches)? ____________ 11. 1 yd = ________ cm 32. How many inches tall are you? ___________ 12. 1 in = ________ cm 33. How many centimeters tall are you? ___________ 13. 50 ft = _________ m 34. How many meters tall are you? ___________ 14. 150 lb = ________ kg 35. What do you weigh in pounds? ___________ 15. 5 ft 5 in (65 in) = ________ cm 36. What do you weigh in kilograms? ___________ 16. 24 in = ________ cm 37. What do you weigh in grams? ___________ 17. 100 lb = ________ g 18. 1 lb = ________ g 19. 1 ft = ________ cm 20. 64 oz = ________ g 21. 1 l = ________ qt 22. 55 mi/hr = _________ km/hr 23. 40 mi/hr = ________ km/hr 24. 100 km/hr = ________ mi/hr 25. 5 km = ________ mi 26. 10 km = ________ mi 27. 1 kg = ________ lb 28. 1 kg = ________ oz 29. 100 kg = ________ lb 30. 50 m = ________ ft PART 3 MEASURING LENGTH IN SI UNITS Recall that the basic unit of length in SI is the meter (m). The most common units of length are the kilometer, meter, centimeter, and millimeter. Use a meter stick or metric ruler to measure the items listed below. When possible, measure to the nearest millimeter. Record your measurements in the data table provided. **Recall that decimals are used in SI. There should be NO fractions in your answers. Complete the table by converting your measurements to the units given. ITEM l / w / h mm cm M Text Book  length  width  height    Desk or Table length width  height    Classroom   length width height PART 4 MEASURING VOLUME WITH SI UNITS In SI, the volume of a solid is measured in cubic meters (m3). The commonly used basic unit of liquid volume is the liter (L). The units used for solids and for liquids and gases are related in SI: 1 mL = 1 cm3 (cm3 is read cubic centimeter, and may also be called cc) The most common units of volume are the liter and the milliliter. To find the volume of a solid, multiply : Volume = length x width x height Find the volume of your text book. SHOW YOUR WORK!!  A graduated cylinder, or graduate, is usually used in laboratories to measure the volume of liquids. Very accurate measurements can be made using a graduate. If the graduate you are using is made of glass, handle it carefully. Look at the scale on the side of the graduated cylinder you have been assigned to use for this exercise. What is the maximum volume that can be measured in this graduate? ___________________________________________________________________________ What volume is represented by each single line on this graduated cylinder? Fill a small test tube with water and pour the water into the graduated cylinder. Look carefully at the level of the water in the graduate. If the graduate you are using is made of glass, the water will form a meniscus, or curved upper surface. Look at the meniscus shown in the figure below. The correct volume is found by reading the bottom of the meniscus. To read the volume accurately, the meniscus should be at eye level.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.morrisonlabs.com/images/volumexamples/gradcylzoom73ml.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET   INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.morrisonlabs.com/images/volumexamples/meniscus1.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  How much water did the test tube hold? Record this amount in the table provided. ITEM  mL  L  Small Test Tube    Large Test Tube    Beaker    Empty can or bottle   Measure the volume of each of the items in the table above. Record your measurements. Record the volumes in both milliliters and in liters. PART 5 MEASURING MASS WITH SI UNITS The basic unit of mass in SI is the gram (g). There is a relationship between the SI units of mass and volume: 1 mL of water has a mass of approximately 1 g. The most commonly used units of mass are the milligram, the gram, and the kilogram. In the laboratory, a balance is used to find the mass of objects. Balances are sensitive instruments. They must be handled carefully or they will no longer be accurate. Your teacher will show you the proper use of the balance that you will be using. 1. Look at the list of objects in the table below. Determine the mass of each object as accurately as possible. Record the mass in both grams and in kilograms. ITEM  g  Kg  Steel Nut    Rubber Stopper    Empty Can or Bottle    10 mL of water  Conclusion: The following can be concluded after completing this lab experience: What did you learn in this lab? Did you understand what the metric system was all about or did you gain some valuable insight? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Why is it important that all scientists use similar units, being the SI System? Give two reasons why the metric system is the best system for use in science. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Why is it easier to convert SI units than the English System of Units? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ We are quite familiar with the commonly used units of the English System of Measurement (inch, foot, yard, ounce, pound, gallon, etc.) Investigate some of the lesser-known units of the English System of Measurement. What is the origin and the significance of the following terms: Rod, gill, peck, pennyweight, scruple, and league? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin. The Kelvin scale is related to the Celsius scale, with which you may be familiar. Make a chart showing equivalent temperatures in Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit scales. On the Celsius scale, what is the significance of 0 C and 100 C? On the Kelvin scale, what is the significance of 0 K?     Name_____________________________ Date of Data Collection___________________ Class Period _________ Lab Days/Period________ Teacher_______________________________ Mr. Comets Living Environment Laboratory Manual, 2005-2006, South Lewis High School, Turin, New York 13473. 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