ذدà،±ل>‏ے <>‏ےےے;ےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےى¥ءyہ ً؟bjbj½½ .(ك{ك{ےےےےےے·¢¢üüüüüےےےے$4d8XXXXX333مهههههه$œ²Nf ü33333 üüXXغںںں3 üXüXمں3مںںںXےےےے@s66'aخےےےے=^ںد40dں´›F´ں´üں033ں33333 ل¾333d3333ےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے´333333333¢ آ: AP Chemistry Name ____________________________________ Date _________ Period _____ 1 ( Matter and Measurements SIGNIFICANT FIGURES A. When taking measurements all certain digits plus the first uncertain number are significant. Example: Your bathroom scale weighs in 10 Newton increments and when you step onto it, the pointer stops between 550 and 560. Your look at the scale and determine your weight to 557 N. You are certain of the first two places, 55, but not the last place 7. The last place is a guess and if it is your best guess it also is significant. B. When given measurements, the numbers that are significant are the digits 1-9 and the 0 when it is not merely a place holder. 1. When 0’s are between sig. fig., 0’s are always significant. Example: 101 has 3 sig. fig. and 34055 has 5 sig. fig. 2. When the measurement is a whole number ending with 0’s, the 0’s are never significant. Example: 210 has 2 sig. fig. and 71,000,000 also has 2 sig. fig. 3. When the measurement is less than a whole number, the 0’s between the decimal and other significant numbers are never significant (they are place holders). Example: .0021 has 2 sig. fig. and .0000332 has 3 sig. fig. 4. When the measurement is less than a whole number and the 0’s fall after the other significant numbers, the 0’s are always significant. Example: .310 has 3 sig. fig. and .3400 has 4 sig. fig. 5. When the measurement is less than a whole and there is a 0 to the left of the decimal, the 0 is not significant. Example: 0.02 has only 1 sig. fig. and 0.110 has 3 sig. fig. 6. When the measurement is a whole number but ends with 0’s to the right of the decimal, the 0’s are significant. Example: 20.0 has 3 sig. fig., 18876.000 has 8 sig. fig. In case 4 and 6 the 0’s have no effect on the value (size) of the measurement. Therefore, these 0’s must have been included for another reason and that reason is to show precision of the measurement. Since these 0’s show precision they must therefore be significant. In cases 2 and 3 removal of the 0’s DO change the value (size) of the measurement, the 0’s are place holders and are thus not significant. In case 5 the 0 is completely unnecessary, it is neither a place holder nor adds to the accuracy of the measurement. UNCERTAINTIES IN CALCULATIONS 1. When adding or subtracting numbers written with the ( notation, always add the ( uncertainties and then round off the ( value to the largest significant digit. Round off the answer to match. Example: (22.4 ( .5) + (14.76 ( .25) = 37.16 (.75 = 37.2 ( .8 The uncertainty begins in the tenths place… it is the last significant digit. 2. When adding or subtracting numbers written in significant figures, show the uncertainty by rounding the answer to match the largest place with uncertainty. Example: 267 + 11.8 = 278.8 = 279 The least accurate original measurement is only accurate to the ones place. 4. When multiplying or dividing measurements written in significant figures, show the uncertainty of your calculations by rounding off your answer to match the same number of significant figures as your least precise measurement (the measurement with the least number of significant figures). Example: 477.85 ( 32.6 = 14.657975 = 14.7 32.6 is the least accurate measurement with only 3 significant figures. NOTE: There are two types of precision: “absolute precision” and “relative precision.” Example: 322.45 x 12.75 x 3.92 = 16116.051 = 16100 All the measurements are accurate to the hundredth place (absolute precision) but the answer is rounded to 3 significant figures because 3.92 has only 3 significant figures (relative precision). 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