ࡱ> 7 NbjbjUU "7|7|rJl       HHH84n\~ :*\0$ v' '  <  q  P PN*HztR0    Copyright Law Outline  TOC \o "1-4" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650684" I. Subject Matter and Standards  PAGEREF _Toc165650684 \h 3  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650685" A. Constitutional Limits: The Writings of Authors  PAGEREF _Toc165650685 \h 3  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650686" B. Statutory Limitations  PAGEREF _Toc165650686 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650687" 1. Originality  PAGEREF _Toc165650687 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650688" 2. Fixation  PAGEREF _Toc165650688 \h 5  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650689"  1101 Performers Right of Fixation.  PAGEREF _Toc165650689 \h 5  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650690" 3. The Idea-Expression Dichotomy  PAGEREF _Toc165650690 \h 6  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650691" C. Special Categories of Works  PAGEREF _Toc165650691 \h 7  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650692" 1. Facts and Compilations  PAGEREF _Toc165650692 \h 7  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650693" i. fact compilations generally  PAGEREF _Toc165650693 \h 7  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650694" ii. maps  PAGEREF _Toc165650694 \h 8  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650695" iii. copyright in the facts themselves  PAGEREF _Toc165650695 \h 9  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650696" 2. Derivative Works  PAGEREF _Toc165650696 \h 11  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650697" 3. Pictorial, Graphic, & Sculptural Works (PG&S)  PAGEREF _Toc165650697 \h 12  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650698" i. Applied Art  PAGEREF _Toc165650698 \h 13  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650699" ii. Photos  PAGEREF _Toc165650699 \h 14  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650700" 4. Miscellanea  PAGEREF _Toc165650700 \h 14  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650701" i. Architectural Works  PAGEREF _Toc165650701 \h 15  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650702" ii. Characters  PAGEREF _Toc165650702 \h 15  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650703" iii. Government Works  PAGEREF _Toc165650703 \h 16  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650704" iv. Obscenity  PAGEREF _Toc165650704 \h 17  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650705" II. Ownership  PAGEREF _Toc165650705 \h 17  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650706" A. Authorship Initial Ownership  PAGEREF _Toc165650706 \h 17  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650707" Rmk: Foreign authorship  PAGEREF _Toc165650707 \h 17  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650708" B. Works Made for Hire (WMFHs)  PAGEREF _Toc165650708 \h 18  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650709" C. Joint Works  PAGEREF _Toc165650709 \h 18  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650710" D. Transfers  PAGEREF _Toc165650710 \h 19  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650711" Scope of Transfers/ New Media Concerns  PAGEREF _Toc165650711 \h 20  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650712" III. Formalities  PAGEREF _Toc165650712 \h 20  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650713" A. Notice  PAGEREF _Toc165650713 \h 20  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650714" B. Deposit and Registration  PAGEREF _Toc165650714 \h 22  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650715" IV. Duration, Renewal & Termination of Transfer  PAGEREF _Toc165650715 \h 23  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650716" A. Duration and Renewal Rules  PAGEREF _Toc165650716 \h 23  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650717" B. Renewal and Derivative Works  PAGEREF _Toc165650717 \h 25  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650718" C. Duration Policy  PAGEREF _Toc165650718 \h 26  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650719" D. Termination of Transfers  PAGEREF _Toc165650719 \h 27  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650720" V. Infringement: Exclusive Rights and Limitations  PAGEREF _Toc165650720 \h 28  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650721" A. The Right to Reproduce: Copies  PAGEREF _Toc165650721 \h 28  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650722" 1. Definition of Copy  PAGEREF _Toc165650722 \h 29  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650723" 2. Elements of Infringement Cause of Action  PAGEREF _Toc165650723 \h 29  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650724" i. Factual Copying  PAGEREF _Toc165650724 \h 29  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650725" ii. Improper Appropriation  PAGEREF _Toc165650725 \h 30  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650726" B. The Right to Reproduce: Phonorecords  PAGEREF _Toc165650726 \h 31  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650727" C. The Right to Distribute  PAGEREF _Toc165650727 \h 32  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650728" D. The Right to Prepare Derivative Works  PAGEREF _Toc165650728 \h 32  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650729" E. The Right to Publicly Perform and Display  PAGEREF _Toc165650729 \h 33  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650730" 1. Definition of Public  PAGEREF _Toc165650730 \h 33  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650731" 2. Music Performance  PAGEREF _Toc165650731 \h 34  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650732" 3. Public Display  PAGEREF _Toc165650732 \h 34  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650733" 4. Limitations on Public Performance and Display Right  PAGEREF _Toc165650733 \h 34  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650734" F. Moral Rights  PAGEREF _Toc165650734 \h 35  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650735" 1. Generally  PAGEREF _Toc165650735 \h 35  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650736" 2. The Visual Artists Rights Act (VARA) - 106A  PAGEREF _Toc165650736 \h 36  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650737" 3. The Federal and State Patchwork  PAGEREF _Toc165650737 \h 36  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650738" VI. Fair Use  PAGEREF _Toc165650738 \h 37  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650739" A. Creation of New Works  PAGEREF _Toc165650739 \h 37  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650740" B. New Technologies of Dissemination  PAGEREF _Toc165650740 \h 38  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650741" C. New Technological Uses by End Users  PAGEREF _Toc165650741 \h 39  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650742" VII. Secondary Liability  PAGEREF _Toc165650742 \h 40  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650743" A. Vicarious Liability  PAGEREF _Toc165650743 \h 40  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650744" B. Contributory Infringement  PAGEREF _Toc165650744 \h 41  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650745" C. Dual-Use (Infringing and Noninfringing) Technologies  PAGEREF _Toc165650745 \h 41  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650746" D. Online Service Providers (OSPs)  PAGEREF _Toc165650746 \h 42  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650747" VIII. Enforcement: Remedies & Prevention  PAGEREF _Toc165650747 \h 43  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650748" A. Remedies  PAGEREF _Toc165650748 \h 43  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650749" B. Technological Prevention Measures (TPMs) second part of DMCA  PAGEREF _Toc165650749 \h 45  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650750" Copyright Law Summary Pages  PAGEREF _Toc165650750 \h 46  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650751" 1. Subject Matter: Is it Copyrightable?  PAGEREF _Toc165650751 \h 46  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650752" 2. Ownership: Who owns the Copyright?  PAGEREF _Toc165650752 \h 48  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650753" 3. Formalities, Duration, Renewal &Termination: Is the copyright still good?  PAGEREF _Toc165650753 \h 50  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650754" 4. Exclusive Rights and Limitations: What rights have been infringed?  PAGEREF _Toc165650754 \h 52  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650755" 5. The Fair Use Defense  PAGEREF _Toc165650755 \h 56  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650756" 6. Secondary Liability  PAGEREF _Toc165650756 \h 57  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc165650757" 7. Remedies  PAGEREF _Toc165650757 \h 58  Copyright Law Outline Introduction Two Broad Theories of Copyright: Consider a lyricist in a state of nature. How do we justify protecting their creation from copying/ uses by others? 1) Economic/ Instrumental Theory provide an incentive to create works of art. Dominant justification in the US. Market failures to solve: recouping the cost of creation: Problem is that, once the work is created, both the author and a potential competitor have the same cost of making copies. Thus, in a competitive market, the author will be forced to sell at cost of copying, and thus cant recoup costs of creation ( wont create works. Responses: there are other incentives to createfame, prestige, recognition. in certain cases (eg, paintings), copies will often be less good/ valuable than the original. creator has head start over competitor. creative works (sometimes) a public good: Eg, lyrics. Once out in society, can be memorized (nonexcludable), and enjoyed by many simultaneously (nonrival). note that while the work itself is nonrival, their embodiment in a tangible medium (eg, a written copy) is a rival piece of physical property. N.B. Fundamental Tension between creation and dissemination (incentives and access): giving copyright owner more control over creation/ temporary monopoly raises prices and limits access to the work (eg, through higher prices) encouraging creation of new works a fundamental concern copyright law, but so is encourage that the works be available to the public. 2) Natural Rights Theory since creative works are the fruit of an individuals labor, it is your property to control by virtue of your investment in the work. Dominant EU theory. I. Subject Matter and Standards A. Constitutional Limits: The Writings of Authors Main points: Copyright and Patent Clause: Art. I, 8,, cl. 8: To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. Thus, limitations on power: must be to promote science and useful arts must be for limited times not much teeth as Supreme Court upheld life + 70 years. Eldred. rights only secured to writings to their authors. 1) author = an originator or maker (Burrow-Giles) and writing= any physical rendering of fruits of mind very broad definitions. 2) promote progress defined broadly (includes commercial worksBleistein) 3) work need only low threshold of originality (some modicum of creativity/ intellectual effort) 4) no qualitative assessment of merits of art (Bleistein) Case law Burrow-Giles photographer Sarony takes photo of Oscar Wilde, which is copied. held: photographs are works of authorship within the Constitution. rejects arguments that photographs are not writings, and that photographs, since only a mechanical representation of the world, not an original work of authorship. Constitutions writings interpreted broadly. Other wordless works like maps protected at time of passage. photography involves creative choices which make Sarony an author. Bleistein color posters for circuses argued to be outside of copyrights realm. Holmes: originality is a low threshold, and promotion of useful arts extends to commercial works. Fact that this is low art shouldnt matterdangerous for courts to get into business of judging artistic quality outside narrow and obvious limits. dissent: commercial uses not a useful art. B. Statutory Limitations 102(a) copyrightable subject matter in original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression [in which they can be perceived] Thus, three requirements: a) works of authorship section gives list of types of works that are coveredliterary, musical, dramatic, PG&S, motion pictures, sound recordings, architectural worksbut it is nonexclusive. Thus, for a new medium, can argue either way: on one hand, can note nonexclusivity of list, fact that copyright has historically been extended further and further, legislative history says didnt want to freeze copyright, analogy to other types of works. on the other, can say its not on the list (can draw negative inference if existed at time of statute), or that Congress should amend it if they want to extend copyright. b) originality see below. c) fixation see below. Example: olograms (smell recordings). a) work of authorship? can debate either way. Not on the list, but the list is nonexclusive could make strong analogy to sound records, intent not to freeze copyright. but: could say this is a new sense, Congress should be left to make the policy call, chose not to include scents (in perfumes, eg). b) originality? satisfies low threshold by choice of ambient smell, setting to record, arrangement. Cf. Burrow-Giles. c) fixation? clearly perceptible for more than transitory period in physical embodiment. 1. Originality the Feist test: originality = work must be i) independently created; and ii) have minimum quantum of creativity minimal creativity is a very low threshold (Magic Marketing) Magic Marketing P wishes to protect his design of envelopes for mass mailing (marked with phrases like Gift Check Enclosed). D argues that the envelopes are not sufficiently original. held: envelopes not sufficiently original. Rare example of something that does not pass low standard. most everything will be sufficiently original under this test. Exceptions: short phrases, titles, typefaces. Three reasons not to protect such expression: 1) originality required in the Constitution 2) to protect such building blocks of expression would stifle the creativity of others, who might have need of them. eg, cant copyright a black stripe, not original and others need to use it. 3) economically, no need to give monopoly for objects with such low costs of creation. 2. Fixation 101 fixation = there exists i) an embodiment in a copy or phonorecord; ii) sufficiently permanent to permit it to be perceived, reproduced for more than a transitory period copies v. phonorecords: all tangible embodiments under 101 are either copies or phonorecords. Definitions: copy = tangible material object, other than a phonorecord, in which a work is fixed by any method now known or later developed, and able to be communicated, reproduced, etc., even if only with aid of machine phonorecord = material object in which sounds are fixed by any method now known or later developed examples: a thumb drive with data on it, an original painting copies a musical score copy CD, player piano sheet phonorecords. 1101 Performers Right of Fixation. before 1101, performer had no federal copyright remedy against unauthorized fixation. since fixation under 101 must be by the author, recording a live performance fell outside of realm of copyright, since theres been no fixation yet. but state copyright law offered protection. 1101 grants performer of live musical performance rights against unauthorized fixation, of their performances, and against distribution or transmission of said unauthorized fixation. constitutional issues: Martignon (SDNY 2004) criminal provisions of 1101 are unconstitutional. writings (no fixation) and limited times (no time limit on remedy) clauses not satisfied. cant fall back on Commerce power since this is Copyrights domain (horizontal preemption) But see KISS Catalogue upheld the statute held Constitutions writings doesnt require fixation, only original intellectual creation. in any event, can fall back on Commerce Power. Summary: unfixed works unprotected by federal copyright state law may protect 1101 protects against musical work bootlegging, but may be unconstitutional. 3. The Idea-Expression Dichotomy Main Points 1) 102(b) copyright protection does not extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method, operation, (Baker v. Seldon) egs: systems, methods, concepts, building blocks of expression 2) The merger doctrine - if uncopyrightable idea or system can only be expressed in a few ways, then the expression will not be protected. eg, Baker v. Sheldon, Morrissey 3) Issue is often a concern with functional works. 4) the scenes a faire doctrine (Hoehling) the merger doctrine in the fiction context = events, characters, or settings which are as a practical matter indispensable or standard in the treatment of a given topic are unprotected. eg, any fictional work in pre-war Germany bound to involve beer halls, Heil salutes, parades, etc. These standard tropes are not copyrightable. Case Law Baker v. Selden Sheldon publishes copyrighted books describing his bookkeeping system. Claims Baker infringed by making books with similar system, and selling these to banks. held1: copyright does not extend to the ideas embodied in the work, only the expressions of those ideas. thus, Seldons copyright limited to the explication of his system, but doesnt have a monopoly on the system. held2: even though Bakers forms (which are expression) are very similar to Seldons, Seldon does not have a monopoly on these forms due to the merger doctrine. since there is only a limited number of ways to implement the system (Sheldons forms or similar ones), protecting the forms would be tantamount to protecting the system, which is undesirable. idea is that the unprotected system merges with its expression, if expression can only be accomplished in a few ways rationale: policing the line between copyright and patent. in patent, we require that the idea be novel before granting the monopoly. Patents typically shorter, reflecting need to give only limited monopolies on socially significant innovations. Morrissey claims copyright in rules he created for sweepstakes. D used very similar words in its sweepstakes. held: copyright doesnt extend to the system of sweepstakes rules. Further, since there are only a few ways to express the system of rules, the merger doctrine applies and Morrissey cant recover for the copied expression of the rules. Breadsley - example of a thin copyright only get protection against verbatim copying Rationale of Idea/ Expression Distinction note: labels like idea and expression to large degree conclusory labels for what is protected by copyright and what is not. concern is not limiting access to concepts, systems, and building blocks particularly relevant in functional works a) concepts excluded as perhaps not too many of them, dont want to tie them up for other authors. eg, idea of writing a novel in form of a diary, even if first author to do so. b) systems, processes and procedures blurs line too closely with patent. eg, Baker, Morrissey. c) fundamental building block ideas dont want to tie them up, also often not original eg, stock characters in novels, basic elements (line, shapes) in visual art C. Special Categories of Works 1. Facts and Compilations i. fact compilations generally Summary Points 1) Feist: compilations protectable if minimally creative in selection or arrangement copyright only extends to the original contribution (i.e., the creative selection or arrangement), not the facts themselves. A relatively thin copyright. 2) Matthew Bender: minimal creativity = non-dictated-by-convention, non-obvious choice from more than a few options. Emphasis on creators judgment between choices. no creativity if choices: a) obvious, garden variety; b) dictated by industry convention or external factors; c) few possible choices. 3) some proposals advanced for sui generis system of protection for directories, databases, and the like. Case Law Feist Rural makes standard white pages listing. Feist copies to generate larger, area-wide listing. Supreme Courts treatment of tension in copyright law: facts themselves are not copyrightable, but compilations of facts are. Resolves this tension through originality as the sine qua non of copyright held: 1) facts are discovered, not created ( noncopyrightable 2) sweat of the brow theory rejected sweat of the brow = Lockean, AP v. INS view of copyright in compilations as derived from labor in creation 3) Originality in selection and assembly can lead to valid copyright in a fact compilation bur here, Rurals choices are not minimally creative ( not original (recall originality = creation + minimal creativity) 4) applicable statutes track Constitutional requirements 101 definition of compilation (= work formed by assembling of material or data, selected, coordinated, arranged in such a way that the resulting work constitutes an original work of authorship) requires originality 102(b) (idea-expression) excludes facts as discoveries Matthew Binder Hyperlink copies some factual information (history, parallel citations, attorneys) of Wests published legal opinions (clearly copyrightable headnotes, syllabus, not copied). Issue: is the arrangement/ selection of these facts minimally creative? Held: creativity exists when there is a not-dictated-by-convention, non-obvious choice from among more than a few options. This didnt happen in this case. Factors: a) the number of options is small ( less creativity if West only had choices between several binary or other constrained choices, hard to argue its creative. b) selection/ arrangement is garden variety or routine choices in light of prior use ( less creative. If youre doing something similar to everyone else due to convention, hard to argue its creative. Not exercising creativity, but doing what you can do given prior constraints. c) external factors/ industry convention dictating choices eg, BlueBook standards dictate parallel citations, or fact that there are only a few reporters and you cite to all of them. Dissent: seems to hearken back to sweat of the brow theory, which is invalid after Feist. Though its true these facts have value, that doesnt mean that are necessarily copyrightable. Argues for very low standard if it could be done differently, its creative. WIREdata, BAPCO, ATC database cases. Debate over whether these should be copyrightable. Following Feist, the tendency is not. Policy debate here: incentives v. access. majority rationale: worried about giving a monopoly to the first-comer, too much control over non-copyrightable underlying facts. dissent rationale: preserving incentive to create. EU: has sui generis system for database/ directory protection, which even extends to the facts themselves. Based on sweat of the brow theory, concerned with preserving incentives to create. similar proposals advanced in the US. Example: Two similar guides to 100 Best Restaurants for UT Students. Possible issues: the passages describing the restaurants copyrightable, but they havent been copied ( no problem the information (address, hours, phone number) facts are copyrightable, and the choice to include that information, though perhaps minimally creative, is certainly garden variety (Matthew Binder) choice of 100 restaurants (with 85 the same) choice to use 100 is garden variety restaurants selection is a minimally creative choice. fact that 85 were same is troubling, though D could argue independent creation or constrained choice (# of restaurants by UT Law?) decision to target law students probably a non-copyrightable idea ii. maps Main Points 1) Attempt to Represent reality as accurately as possible may limit scope of creativity May involve choices that are obvious due to convention, or only a few options 2) Potential Creativity in: a) reconciliation from source materials b) pictorial choices in depicting information c) selection of what information to depict 3) Probably only a thin copyright in most cases protection against verbatim copying only Case Law Mason v. Montgomery Data Mason makes county maps depicting land ownership information, which D copies. Are these maps minimally creative and so copyrightable? held: maps are protected. Analysis a) minimally creativity satisfied. Non-obvious choice made: i) pictorial representation of the land though topographical info copied from public domain sources, there was choices as to how to represent the real estate info symbols, etc. ii) selection of data to include used judgment in deciding which facts to include. iii) reconciling conflicting sources of information (different real estate records, eg) b) no merger: concern if there are only a few ways one can map a real estate map (the idea of making a real estate map being a non-copyrightable idea), then may be giving Mason a monopoly over this idea by granting protection answer: Mason enters into record other real estate maps, which are different in pictorial representation, selection, etc. policy: maps make a compelling argument for a thin copyright. consider ordinary street map. While theres clearly minimal creativity (in pictorial representation, level of detail, etc.), many choices (water blue, eg) obvious, dictated by convention, or by reality (want map to be accurate). There are also merger concerns (want others to be able to make map) ( thin copyright. thus, copying map itself prohibited, but individual choices made (like making interstates thicker, putting north at the top) not protected. exception: very original artistic map may have protection in some choices. iii. copyright in the facts themselves Main Points: 1) Feist: facts are discovered, not created. no originality ( no copyright. Includes scientific, history, biography, news. 2) Tough cases: interpretation and analysis as facts may not be protectable: Nash, Hoehling may be protectable: Mason, Wainwright CDN: predictive analysis may not be facts at all. 3) Copyright Estoppel: holding something out as fact allows copying as fact (Nash). 4) Trying to reconcile facts cases: Case Law Nash v. CBS Nash authors novel with historical theory that Dillinger die not die. CBS airs episode of TV show whose plot incorporates this theory. held: 1) Collateral estoppel- since Nash has held his novel out as facts, he cant later claim protection in them in as fictions. 2) Since Nash cant have copyright in facts themselves, his copyright extends only to his expression, which was not copied. Hoehling historian puts forth theory that Hindenburg crash was due to a saboteur. held: explanatory hypothesis, presented as truth, is treated as an unprotected fact. rationale: prevent any chilling effect on historical debate, underlying subject matter. BUT: how different are Nash and Hoehling from Mason? Dont they interpret the primary source material and present it in a minimally creative way? Wainwright Analyst does in-depth analysis of various companies, and newspaper published summaries of these. held: court finds copyright in both the expression and the facts/ predictions in the analysis. But: why cant a newspaper report analysts predict earning to be x isnt this a fact or at least a hypothesis as in Hoehling? Real problem seems to be the verbatim copying of the expression. ways to distinguish this case: pre-Feist there was verbatim copying (so facts part is dicta) CDN CDN estimates of coin prices are used in computer program. Claim is thus for copyright in the prices the facts themselves. held: CDN has copyright in its prices which are not mere reporting of facts, but instead creations. theory is that there is creativity in the judgment of which prices in the market to look at, how to evaluate them, analyzing impact of various events on prices, etc. note also this is a prediction (like Wainwright). ATC parts numbering case. Part numbering system held uncopyrightable as not minimally creative since: the system itself is unprotectable under 102(b) merger with the system choices constrained by convention. Summary: found protectable, minimally creative, even though they look like facts: Masons maps CDN coin prices Wainwrights analysis found unprotectable facts: Rurals listings Wests case information Nashs and Hoehlings historical theories part numbering system No clear way to reconcile, but same attempts at reconciliation/ factors that seem to drive the analysis: a) all those protected have some element of analysis but so do the historical theory cases, but there was some sort of estoppel, so could explain the result as turning on the estoppel b) Mason and Wainwright result hinges on fact that there was really copying of the expression (near verbatim in Wainwright). c) public domain concerns things found unprotected because to do otherwise would take something out of the public domain, and give a monopoly on particular information explains result in Rural and West, surely. If gave copyright, no one could publish a competing phonebook or case reports possible want to keep explanatory hypothesis in public domain in order to stimulate debate. d) standardization strand need for standardization in some industries leads to lack of protection explains result in part numbers case and perhaps West case. 2. Derivative Works Main Points: 1) derivative work ( 101) = recasts, transforms, or adapts some expression from previous work 2) there is copyright in a derivative work, but only as to new additions. a) this copyright is independent of the original copyright ( 103(b)) b) copyright owner has exclusive right to create derivative works ( 106(2)) c) no copyright if you have used the underlying work unlawfully ( 103(a)) 3) derivative works subject to a heightened originality standard, especially for visual works (substantial variation > modicum of creativity). motivated by concern for overlapping claims (Gracen) Statutory Scheme 103(a) derivative works are within the subject matter of copyright 101 derivative work = recasts, transforms, or adapts underlying work Eg, translations, dramatizations, art reproductions, abridgments. 103(b) copyright in a derivative work does not affect the copyright of the underlying work eg, fact that picture of Dorothy un-copyrightable does not affect copyright in The Wizard of Oz. 103(b) copyright in derivative work extends only to the (new) material contributed by the author 106(2) - Copyright holder has exclusive right to create derivative works eg, cant make a Spanish translation of Stephen King novel and sell it without his permission. King has this exclusive right as part of his copyright. 103(a) - Derivative work protection does not extend to material used unlawfully. Eg, if made Spanish translation without permission and get sued. Not only would you be infringing, King could then sell your translation no protection for even your original contribution if you used it unlawfully. Case Law and Examples Examples: a) you take a photo of a bottle of vodka. Is this a derivative work? first, we need to know whether the bottle is itself a preexisting work the 9th Circuit says no in Skyy Spirits. b) you write a biographical sketch of Charles Dickens, and publish it with A Tale of Two Cities not a derivative work. You havent recasted, transformed, or adapted it in anyway. c) songwriter writes song about two young people who fall in love, but families opposed, end up killing themselves. this is not a derivative work of Romeo and Juliet the only thing the writer has taken from Shakespeare is the uncopyrightable idea. thus, 101 definition is normally interpreted as requiring a recasting of some of the copyrightable expression, not just any recasting. d) painter depicts scene from a novel. typically viewed as a derivative work, as painting takes some of the expressive detail of the written scene. e) Video store in Utah edits out scenes of a movie that renters may find objectionable. seems clearly that there is a preexisting work, which has been recasted. Statute includes abridgments as an example ( its a derivative work f) Law student extensively highlights casebook. arguably there is clearly a preexisting work, and highlighting alters how the book is perceived, so it seems fair to say its been recasted. Alfred Bell mezzotint engravings of Old Master paintings held minimally creative derivative works, and so copyrightable. no 103(a) issue as underlying work is in public domain. must satisfy Feist originality: independent creation + minimal creativity. Latter part will be the problem. court fins that skill and exactitude, judgments engravers make satisfy minimal standard (more than a trivial variation). Alva Studios small scale, exact replicas of Rodin sculpture held minimally creative. relied on sweat of the brow analysis, so only arguably good law today (post-Feist) since replica exact, hard to rely on skill or judgment. Can justify the case through the a sort of skill and judgment required in the exactitude. Batlin Uncle Sam mechanical bank held not minimally creative derivative work. reasoning: variations only trivial. also seems to rely on fact that this is low art, which contradicts Bleistein. court seems to apply a heightened standard of creativity for derivative works. more than a modicum. Court ignores several variations creator made in Uncle Sam design as either trivial or dictated by utilitarian considerations. no mans land of derivative works not exact enough to qualify under Alva, but not different enough to qualify under Alfred Bell. Rationale for Heightened Standard of Creativity for Derivative Works 1) preservation of the public domain: copyright owners should try to extend their monopoly by making trivial variations though new copyright only extends to the new additions. 2) concern for overlapping claims say both A and B make slightly different derivative works of same original. Trier of fact will be hard pressed to determine whether B copied A or the original. Articulated by Posner in Gracen. might have the effect of chilling derivative works after A makes one. or at least make for complicated litigation. allowing A copyright for trivial variations may give him a weapon to effectively monopolize the underlying public domain work. 3) special concerns for visual art: note that all the cases involve visual art. Other derivative workstranslation, film adaptationalmost always clearly add nontrivial creative elements. 3. Pictorial, Graphic, & Sculptural Works (PG&S) PGS Works: Main Points 1) PSG works generally protected some different considerations for originality in photos. 2) separability: more limited protection for useful articles Congressional intent: protect applied art, but not industrial design separability: when item has an intrinsic utilitarian function (i.e., is a useful article) ( only those features separable from the utilitarian aspects are protected separability can be physical or conceptual. conflicting tests for conceptual separability: process-oriented, mind of the observer, separate feature. i. Applied Art Statutory Scheme 101 def of pictorial, graphic, sculptural works (PGS works) the deign of a useful article, shall be considered as a PSG work only to the extent that such design employs [artistic] features that can be identified from, and are capable of existing independently of, the utilitarian aspects of the article. the concept of separability 101 useful article an article having an intrinsic utilitarian function that not merely to portray appearance or information. (a single utilitarian function will do) egs, belt buckles, cars. Two step inquiry: 1) is the object a useful article? needs intrinsic utilitarian function though one can always envision some utilitarian function eg, can use a painting to hide holes in the wall, use a sculpture as a paperweight but this function must be intrinsic. difficult in grey areas like the costume cases can argue that they have utilitarian function of any clothes (warmth, covering), but also clearly have decorative function. line now drawn is that masks are not useful articles, yet costumes are. 2) if so, is the design protected? Requires separability. yes if it has pictorial, graphic or sculptural features (physically or conceptually) separable from utilitarian function. examples of physical separability: hood ornaments, statuette that houses a pencil eraser, Mazer lamp (statuette with lamp above). examples of conceptually separability: more difficult. A t-shirt with a picture of Mickey Mouse, designs on wrapping paper. conceptually separability is harder in 3D (sculptural) PSG works. Eg, Pivot Point case and various tests infra. Separability inquiry fairly arbitrary: Goldstein: there is no more troublesome line in copyright law than the line between protected PSG works and unprotected utilitarian elements of industrial design. Separability Cases: Kieseelstein-Cord copying of stylish belt buckle design (see picture on 237). Second circuit adopts primary/ subsidiary test: whether the primary ornamental aspect of the buckle is severable from its subsidiary functional aspect. Carol Bernhart four mannequins, used for clothing display, found to have no aesthetic feature separable from their utilitarian functions. Newmans Barnhart dissent the mind of the observer test: if the useful article stimulates in mind of the beholder two different concepts (one of ornamental features, another utilitarian) that are not inevitably entertained simultaneously ( separability believes that mannequins can be perceived as sculptural work as well as utilitarian work. Brandir Intl the process-oriented approach. if features reflect a designers artistic judgment, exercised independently of functional concerns, then separable. If designer is instead influenced by the functional considerations, then no separability. finds bike rack not copyrightable as driven by utilitarian considerations. Pivot Point maker of makeup mannequin seek to have protection for the look of their admittedly functional mannequin heads. adopts Brandir test and finds that since artist independently designs the facial features of the mannequin, it is protected. note that this starts to look a lot like a merger-type doctrine: should then the test be whether, given the utilitarian considerations, enough artistic choice can be exercised? Keanes dissent test should be whether features can be separately identified from the functional considerations. in belt buckle case, design of belt buckle adds nothing to the utility of the article in mannequin case, mannequin needs a face, so there is no separability. Rationale for Separability Requirement: polices ground between patent and copyright. Dont want copyright to create monopolies in areas of useful articles. Eg, claim copyright in the design of car. goal of separability should be to protect only the artistic elements. ii. Photos Three Types of Creativity in Photos (Coors): a) rendition angle of shot, light, exposure, selection of film and camera and lens. Creative is how it is depicted, not what is depicted. b) timing taking photo in right place and right time. Eg, picture of salmon jumping in to bears mouth. In both rendition and timing, copyright only extends to that depiction, not the subject itself. Subsequent photographers free to take a picture of the subject, just not in the same way. c) creation of the subject photographers creativity is in the creation of the subject. Eg, picture of family on a bench holding eight puppies. In this case, the copyright extends to the subject itself. cf. Sarony another photographer probably couldnt take a photo of Oscar Wilde with same cape, props, etc. Mannion v. Coors Coors uses version of Mannions photograph of Kevin Garnett with a different black man, but same angle, setting, clothing. judge holds the creativity was in the subject itself, and so there was infringement note: each element (black man, pose, clothing) not original in itself, but total likely is. dicta: idea-expression distinction doesnt make sense in photographs to the extent the judge is noting that idea terminology is flawed, this is useful. but dichotomy seems to have some currency: eg, we expect that basic building blocks of photos are not protectable, idea of a profile shot, etc. 4. Miscellanea i. Architectural Works Main Points 1) Pre-1990: treated as PSG works, separability required ( little protection. Artistic components often deemed to be non-separable no rights in a building based only on architectural drawings of building. 113(b), See Demetriades. 2) Post-1990: i) no separability limitation ii) design of a building is whats protected building = habitable structure not public works: highways, bridges, etc. iii) design can be embodied in any medium floor plan, building itself (reverse Demetriades) iv) no protection for: functionally required elements individual standard features (like common window) 1990: The Architectural Works Protection Act rationales 1) comply with Berne Convention 2) policy: architecture may warrant more protection than industrial design. i) buildings not mass produced, so less of a concern about freeing innovation ii) architects might have more concerned with individuality and creation, more central to their craft. iii) architecture historically considered an area of art. statutory framework a) protected area is design of a building building = structure used by humans. Includes houses, office buildings, churches, but not public works highways, bridges, etc. b) architectural work protected regardless of form of embodiment reverses Demetriades. c) two step analysis for protection i) is the design feature original? same as for any copyright ii) is the design element functionally required? works as a lower threshold of the separability/ merger idea. d) 120 limitations: a) copyright in architecture does not include the making and taking of pictures and other depictions of buildings located in public places and ordinary visible. b) the owner of the building free to alter or destroy architectural work without consent. c) exception to the exclusive right derivative works rule i.e., free to remodel your custom-designed mansion. what if your house is hit by a tornado and you wish to rebuild it as before? (statute unclear on this, but should be allowed) ii. Characters Main Points: 1) Visually depicted characters - long protected (e.g., MGM v. Honda) 2) Verbally depicted characters: Historically, hesitation about protecting. Reluctance to protect stock characters under scenes a faire doctrine (Gaiman) a) Hand fully delineated test/ specificity test (Nicholas) - in order to be copyrightable, a character must be depicted in sufficient detail. b) Sam Spade story being told test protected only if the character constitutes the story being told high standard courts have backed away from this of late (Stallone) c) Modern trend toward greater protection Case Law: visually depicted MGM v. Honda James Bond case. Honda commercial uses young, tuxedo-clad man, calm under pressure, in high-speed escape from villain with aid of gadgetry, accompanied by beautiful female, and who has dry wit to sell removable car top. why doesnt any spy secret agent character infringe? its really the whole picture, sum of the character components, and not the character itself thats infringed music is similar, many features of the character are similar, style is similar. Gaiman v. McFarlane Spawn case. Though Posner worried about protecting stock character (drunken hobo), held once visually depicted this character became sufficiently distinctive to be copyrightable. Case Law: verbally depicted Hands specificity test (Nicholas) in order to be copyrightable, a character must be depicted in sufficient detail. Eg, Shakespeare cant use Malvolio to copyright the idea of a vain and foppish steward. Warner Bros Sam Spade character can only be copyrighted if he constitutes the story being told. even though this was dicta (case was a contract dispute) it was influential courts today have backed away from this high standard, however. Anderson v. Stallone held that 30 page treatment of Rocky derivative work was an infringement of the Rocky character. held that Rocky character so highly developed that it was story being told and so an infringement (violation of 103(a) derivative works right, so Stallone could then use the story in Rocky IV) Rationale of higher standard for verbally depicted characters dont want to freeze use of stock characters give copyright on drunken wise hobo, gesticulating Frenchman, etc. with visual depiction, often more detailed ( more protection. iii. Government Works Main Points: 1) 105 any work of US govt not copyrightable. 101 work of the US govt = prepared by US officer or EE as part of official duties eg, no copyright in judicial opinions, statutes 2) state of local govt works more complicated Banks v. Manchester state judicial decisions unprotected Veeck v. So. Building Code privately authored model statutes, once enacted, are unprotected by copyright. majority: denying copyright allows for free dissemination of the law (access). Once enacted, the laws are facts. Already exist incentives to create. Individuals need access to law to be on notice. Banks. dissent: need to protect incentives to create these model codes (incentive). Fair use can allow experts, judges, other municipalities, to freely cite the code. County of Suffolk tax maps protected. iv. Obscenity Main Points: 1) No requirement that works be non-obscene to get copyright protection. Mitchell Bros. Congressional intent was to include all the writings of authors. Refuses to apply unclean hands doctrine consistent with refusal to inquire into artistic merit. Bleistein. [some dissent on this. See Devils Films] II. Ownership A. Authorship Initial Ownership Main Points 1) 201(a): In case other that WMFH (201(b)) or collaborative works (201(c)), copyright vest initially in the author(s) of the work. 2) definitions of author a) Reid author = person who actually creates the work, who translates an idea into a fixed tangible expression b) Lindsay conception, decisionmaking, and control over the protected expression are keys to authorship. Case Law Lindsay Lindsay plans in detail how filming would go, but another person did the actual filming. Held: person who exercises the control and artistic decisionmaking is the author, regardless of who did the actual fixation. Examples: if you create idea for song and words, and dictate it to another who writes it down. if you only contribute the uncopyrightable idea, however, you are not the author. eg, suggest TV show to CBS where contestants are voted off. CBS is still the author if thats all youve added to creation of Survivor. Rmk: Foreign authorship Main Points: 1) 104(a) unpublished works protected regardless of nationality 2) 104(b) for protection of published works, need to satisfy either: (1)(a) (at least one) author is US national (1)(b) author national of country with whom US has copyright relations, or (c) a stateless author almost everyone except nationals of Ethiopia, Nepal, Iraq, and a few others. (2) the work is first published in the US 3) once protected, works are protected as if a US citizen copyright protection is mainly territorial, not reciprocal. I.e., in France, protection is under French law; in US, under US law some treaties have established provision for reciprocal protection, or at least minimum standards per the terms of the treaty. B. Works Made for Hire (WMFHs) Main Points 1) 201(b): in WMFH context, ER/ hiring party is considered the author. Thus, the copyright vests initially with the ER. 2) two mutually exclusive ways to be deemed WMFH: a) 101(1) if prepared by EE in scope of employment. determination of who is an EE: defined by common law of agency (Reid). Benefits and tax treatment considered most important factors. b) 101(2) if created by an independent contractor and meet conditions to be WMFH, need signed, written agreement, and fit into one of nine specified categories of types of works. 3) WMFH must be within scope of employment i.e., type the individual was hired to perform, done for the benefit of ER, done within confines of employment (not on own time, e.g.) Case Law Reid dispute over who has copyright in Third World America sculpture. When will the artist be deemed an EE for purposes of 101(1)? test: look to common law of agency. Restatement of Agency factors: most important: 1) tax treatment; 2) provision of employee benefits; 3) hiring partys right to control over the work; 4) hiring partys right to assign additional projects; 5) skill required (Aymes) other factors: the skill required; the duration of the relationship; location of work; hired partys discretion of when and how long to work. cant contract around this i.e., write contract that deems someone as employee. Courts will still look to underlying nature of relationship. held: Reid was not an EE under this test. As independent contractor, look to 101(2). As this requires a signed contract ( Reid the author. Rmks: even if ER can get around these rules and get contract transferring the copyright, whether its a WMFH or acquired through transfer makes a difference in: 1) duration (WMFH a set term, transfer case will depend on life of author) 2) termination rights (available for transfers but not WMFH) C. Joint Works Main Points: 1) 101 must have at least 2 authors with intent to merge their contributions into unitary whole author = each must contribute independently copyrightable expression. Ninth circuit may require more (a mastermind) in certain contexts (Aalmuhmmed) Childress adds that each author must entertain in mind the idea of co-authorship, i.e. must have intent to be co-authors, at times the contributions were made. concern: overreaching contributor. If editor, e.g., makes some changes and then claims to be co-author problem would be exacerbated by fact that co-authors become co-owners in whole, with equal, undivided stake and right to exploit fully. measure this intent by objective indicia: i) artistic decisionmaking; ii) crediting; iii) agreements with third parties 2) Like WMFH, cant contract around this. Required by statute: cant write in contract that you are joint authors if its not the reality. policy: prevent exploitation to extend copyright. People could specify their children as co-authors, e.g. Case Law Thomas v. Larson contributor to Rent claims to be co-author. held: even though contributed independently copyrightable expression and intent to merge into whole, Thomas not a co-author due to lack of Childress intent to be co-authors looks to objective indications: Larson exercised final artistic choices, held himself out as sole author, made agreements with third parties independently. can Thomas still sue for the use of her independently copyrightable contribution? given the facts, court will likely infer that Larson had an implied nonexclusive license to use the material. Aalmuhammed contributor to Malcolm X claims co-ownership held: though contributed independently copyrightable expression, was not a co-author. rationale: with large collaborative work like film, only the masterminds can be considered co-authors. test probably too high a bar. Can see as court correcting for studios carelessness in not getting a WMFH contract from Aalmuhammed. Under 101(2), if studio gets a contract specifying its a WMFH will be enforced for independent contractors. D. Transfers Main Points: 1) 202 sale of an embodiment does not imply sale of the copyright (Thorogood). but: 109 owner of embodiment free to sell or dispose of that particular copy (first sale doctrine) 2) Transfer of Copyright a) does not include a nonexclusive license (outside of 101 definition) b) 201(d) divisibility - transfer of any subdivision, in whole or in part eg, can sell just right to perform in NYC. policy: encourage free alienability, efficient exploitation. c) 204 (other than nonexclusive license) transfer must be in writing to be valid (Statute of Frauds for Copyright) 3) Nonexclusive licenses can be oral contract or even implied from conduct (Effects) non exclusive licensee isnt an owner, cant sue for infringement. 4) intersection with joint ownership cant get an exclusive license to a co-authored work without agreement of all the co-authors. Each author can grant nonexclusive licenses independently, however. Examples a) Painter sells painting original to MoMA. MoMA starts making t-shirts. Painter has claim, since copyright not sold along with the embodiment. 202 b) MoMA gets agreement to print t-shirts from painter at cocktail party. Third party starts to make t-shirts as well, and MoMA tries to sue them. as contract was oral, no transfer of ownership under 204. MoMA can probably get an implied transfer of a nonexclusive license, but that is not enough for standing to sue (Painter, of course, can sue). Effects v. Cohen Cohen has company make special effects scenes for movie. Effects sues for infringement when doesnt get paid in full. held: no transfer of copyright, put nonexclusive license implied from conduct of the parties (fact that Cohen paid $58,000) Scope of Transfers/ New Media Concerns Main Points 1) typically governed by state contract interpretation law. 2) broad grants of rights in future, unknown media generally enforceable in US. 3) If contract doesnt address new media: 2d Cir. licensee gets any use reasonably within the terms of the license (Boosey & Hawkes). videocassettes within motion picture; eBooks not within in book form (Rosetta) 9th Cir. more liberal view. Interpret contract in light of principles of Copyright Act ( favor unwitting authors (Cohen) Case Law Cohen v. Paramount does right to perform song in movie in theaters or by means of television include VHS tapes? 9th Circuit takes broad approach, interprets ambiguity to favor author in light of principles of Copyright Act ( by means of television did not include new media of VHS tapes. notes that owner has reservation of rights clause Boosey & Hawkes 2d Cir. takes neutral view of interpretation, looks to plan language and asks whether new media reasonably falls within terms of the contract suggests parties intent not relevant as werent aware of the new media at time of contracting. concludes whether video within motion picture medium presents question of fact. Rosetta Books though purports to follow Boosey, concludes eBooks not within grant to publish in book form. III. Formalities A. Notice Main Points: A) 1909 Act Formality: Notice (effective until Jan. 1, 1978) 0) notice = place proper notice of copyright (symbol, owner, year of publication) on every copy of the work (now 401) 1) publication as dividing line between state v. federal schemes 2) general publication required to end state protection ( need notice to get federal protection limited publication or public performance is not enough (MLK) for general publication, need either: 1) distribution/sale to general public (more than closed group); 2) performance or display which did not make any restriction express or impliedon copying. 3) omission of/ mistake in notice fatal, work goes into public domain. strictly interpreted: e.g., if put on wrong page, use wrong year, goes into public domain. B) 1976 Act as originally enacted (effective Jan. 1, 1978 Feb. 28, 1989) 1) dividing line between state and federal copyright is now fixation 2) once published, notice still required, but more liberal standards: a) 405 can cure defect in notice within five years through registration b) mistakes in notice can be forgiven ( 406), notice only need be reasonably perceivable ( 401) C) Berne Convention Implementation (Mar. 1, 1989 present) 1) notice no longer required 2) incentives to still use notice: i) statutory: infringer cant claim innocence to mitigate damages (401(d)) ii) practical: deter infringement, makes it easier to contact copyright owner. Historical View (geographic layers of copyright) 1909 Act Two types of copyright protection, with publication as the dividing line i) state common law copyright protection applied to unpublished works started as soon as a work was created, and lasted (potentially forever) until the work was published. granted copyright owner essentially one exclusive right the right to first publish the work. ii) federal statutory copyright protection once published, work lost its state protection and either: a) got federal protection (if applied with the formalities) b) fell into public domain (if did not) formalities required: notice notice = place proper copyright notice on every published copy of the work. omission of the notice from any published copy/ make a mistake in the form of the notice ( work goes into public domain. Strict application. Rationale of publication as dividing line: privacy if unpublished, no need for notice since its just sitting in a drawer. No one would mistakenly think they were free to copy it. common law copyright protects a privacy interest in perpetuity. Eg, a letter you write to your mother. if you try to economically exploit your work, you forfeit this privacy right. Well give you protection, but only for a limited time. Rationales of notice: i) makes user aware that work is copyrighted and not in public domain ii) facilitated more works going into public domain. iii) gave people useful information so as to figure out who has the copyright, when it will end (as includes) ( cuts down on transaction, search costs. BUT: injustice in unintentional or inadvertent loss of copyright. underlying understanding of copyright law: all works are naturally in the public domain. Copyright is a special protection one must affirmatively claim. When is a work published? MLK v. CBS I have a Dream held to be only limited published, so didnt go into public domain. a) general publication = distributing/ making available tangible copies to public at large ( published under 1909 Act, must comply with formalities. b) limited publication = communicate to a select group of people, for a limited purpose, and recipients dont have the right to copy. Limited publication didnt count as publication for the purposes of the federal statute, and so work remained under state protection. eg, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences distribution of Oscar statuettes to limited group of winners counted only as a limited publication. c) public performance or display not considered publication under the 1909 Act, and so notice requirement not triggered yet. MLK: a performance, not matter how broad, is not publication distribution of speech to the pressand allowing them to record itconstituted only a limited publication. rationale for limited publication: avoid unfairness of works accidentally falling into public domain. 1976 Act replaced publication as dividing line with fixation. federal copyright law attaches at moment of fixation in tangible medium. state common law still applies to unfixed works. B. Deposit and Registration Main points: 0) neither deposit nor registration are a prerequisite for copyright (since 1909), but incentives to do so. 1) 407: Deposit of two copies of the work shall be made to Library of Congress w/in 3 months. Failure doesnt affect copyright, just exposes you to fines. 2) 408: Registration optional, not a condition to copyright. But incentives: a) prerequisite to suit ( 411(a)) must register (and get certificate of copyright) before you can sue for infringement. Can register at any time, must pay $45, fill out form. issue of when can sueonce submit registration, or once registration accepted?: Majority view (Corbis) is not until you get the certificate. b) prima facie evidence of validity of copyright ( 401(c)) if register within five years. c) availability of statutory damages and attorneys fees (412) 3) For Foreign authors: a) registration not a prerequisite to suit (to comply with Berne) b) restoration for copyrights lost due to formality problems (mistake in notice, failure to renew) is available US authors enjoy neither of these benefits. IV. Duration, Renewal & Termination of Transfer A. Duration and Renewal Rules A) Works Created After Jan. 1, 1978 ( 302) 1) basic term: life + 70 (302(a)) 2) joint works: life of last author living + 70 (302(b)) 3) works made for hire: lesser of {pub. +95, creation + 120} (302(c)) 4) all terms run to end of calendar year ( 305) 5) Presumption of death 95 after publication, or 120 after creation if nothing in record indicates otherwise. ( 302(e)) Rmk: all these terms 20 years longer than were originally enacted due to Sonny Bono Act of 1998. B) Works Created Before 1978 but Not Published ( 303) 1) 303 covers works unpublished and not in public domain on Jan. 1, 1978. 2) For such works, life determined by 302, except: BUT: no copyright shall expire before Dec. 31, 2002. AND: if such work published before 2002, lasts at least until Dec. 31, 2047. 3) can also use 302(e) presumption of authors death. As it is 2007, any unpublished work created before 1887 can rely on the presumption, in or after 1887 cannot. 4) After 1/1/2003, we now have an unpublished public domain. C) Works Under the 1909 Act ( 304) 1) history: original term under 1909: 28 years + 28 year renewal in 1978, extended renewal to 47 years (adding 19) in 1998, extended renewal to 67 years (adding 20) 2) Initial term lasts 28 years. If renewed, renewal term lasts: 28 years, 19091977 47 years, 19781997 67 years, 1998 3) starting in 1992, renewal became automatic 4) Duration: in initial term on 1/1/78 (CA of 1976): 28 + 67 renewal in renewal term on 10/27/98 (Sonny Bono): 95 years total Thus: any work published in 1922 or before: copyright has expired as missed the 1998 Sonny Bono Act. any work published in 1923 or after: copyright did not expire (if properly renewed) and made the Sonny Bono Act. None of these will expire until 2018 at earliest. 5) Renewal Right Assignments ( 304) a) statute grants new estate at end of initial term to: i) author, if living ii) if author dead, surviving spouse and children iii) if no spouse/ kids, will executor iv) if no will, statutory next of kin Rmk: this order mandated by statute b) assignability of renewal right: renewal beneficiary can assign in advance their expectancy rights (Fred Fisher) if expectancy fails, assignee takes nothing strong presumption against conveyance of renewal rights (Corvocado). rationales of renewal: i) more works into public domain ii) give author a second bite at the apple, protection of author from bad bargains. Examples 1) Neela writes and publishes first novel in 1990; second written in 1991, published 2005; third written in 1992 but never published. Neela died in 2000. all governed by 302, as created on or after Jan. 1, 1978. Thus all under general life plus 70 rule ( 302(a)) ( all will expire in 2070. 2) Same as 1, but all co-authored with Author, who dies in 2030. as a joint work, 302(b) applies, life of last living author plus 70 ( all will expire in 2100. 3) Same as 1, but all works made for hire. 302(c) rule applies: lesser of {publication + 95, creation + 120}. 1st 2085 (1990+95); 2d 2100 (2005+95 < 1991+120); 3d 2112 (1992+120). 4) Work written and published in 1980. In 2080, can work be published by another? under 302(e), there is a presumption as to authors death 95 years after publication or 120 years after creation. If you consult copyright records and nothing indicates that author has not been dead for 70 years, then you can rely on the presumption. 5) Author writes novel in 1980, publishes it then. Author dies March 15, 1985. Its 2055, and work published on April 1, 2055. Who wins a suit? Authors children win. In 302(a), so life plus 70 applies. Work expires in 2055, and 305 provides that all terms run to the end of the year in which they would otherwise expire, so not in public domain until Jan. 1, 2056 6) Work written in 1922, never published, author dies in 1970. use 303 ( use 302 life + 70 ( expires in 2040. 7) Work written in 1922, never published, writer dies in 1930. applying 303 ( expires in 2000 ( use BUT exception ( expires at end of 2002. reason for exception: people may have relied on previous perpetual state copyright, and might affect a taking to remove it, thus gave minimum of 25 years of protection (from 19782002). if the work is published (say, in 2001), then AND applies and copyright wont expire until end of 2047. 8) Find letters written in 1880s in attic. 302 applies since a letter, life + 70 applies. So long as died before 1932, would go into public domain at end of 2002. Since we dont know when they died, we must use the presumption in 302(e) of 120 + creation. As it is 2007, any unpublished work created before 1887 can rely on the presumption, in or after 1887 cannot. 9) Novel written and published in 1970. Author dies in 2020. 304 applies, as 1909 Act work. Under 304(a)(1)(A) (works in their first term at Jan 1, 1978) (which is true since 1970 + 28 > 1978): Author gets 28 year initial term, plus what is now a 67 year renewal for the full 95 years ( doesnt expire until 2065 (1970+95 = 2065). in 1992, renewal became automatic, so we dont need to check whether the Author actually filled out the renewal in 1998. 10) Storyteller published novel in June 1, 1922 and June 1, 1924. 1922 novel: copyright starts in 1922 ( first term ends June 1, 1950 ( if renewed, second renewal term would be another 28 years ( June 1, 1978 ( since made it to Jan. 1, 1978 (date when 1976 copyright act became effect and renewal extend to 47 years) ( got an extra 19 years (4728 = 19) ( expires June 1, 1997 ( since so no longer date-to-date, expires Dec. 31, 1997. 1924 novel: copyright starts in 1924 ( first 28 year term ends June 1, 1952 ( if renewed, second renewal term would be another 28 years ( June 1, 1980 ( since made it to Jan. 1, 1978, got an extra 19 years (4728 = 19) ( made it to June 1, 1999 ( since made it to Oct. 27, 1998, gets Sonny Bonos extra 20 years ( expires at end of 2019. can check this as gets full 95 years: 1924 + 95 = 2019. 11) Author writes novel in 1960, published then. Author grants publisher exclusive right to reproduce the novel for the initial term of copyright. Publisher publishes new edition in 1990. Author sues. 1960 + 28 ( 1988. If author renewed, will win. If didnt, fell into public domain. 12) Author writes novel in 1975, assigns publisher all of my copyright interest, including any interest in any renewal term. Publisher prints and sells in 1976. Can publisher keep printing in 2006? Renewal up in 2004. If author still alive in 2004, renewal goes to author, and author allowed to transfer their rights preemptively (by Fred Fisher case), rights go to publisher. If author dead in 2004, renewal goes to widow(er)/ children or executors, and conveyance has no force since these parties did not sign a contract. but if publisher gets a contingent assignment from these children, then the publisher would get it. 13) Author publishes in 1976, conveying to publisher all my copyright interest. In 2006, publisher publishes and author sues. courts have strong presumption against conveyance of renewal term rights, and wont find a transfer by the author unless expressly made. Corcovado. Here, author might win since court will find no transfer of renewal rights. 14) 2000: Author writes novel, gets copyright, and grants Studio right to make film version. 2005: Studio produces and releases film (a WMFH). note that, as a WMFH, copyright in film lasts 95 + publication ( copyright expires in 2100 ( 302). but we also need to be concerned about the underlying work. So we need to know when the author died (since he gets life + 70 in the novel). If Author died in 2050, eg, copyright in novel wont expire until 2120. so, even though the film is in the public domain, showing it could infringeget sued not by the film company, but the author, or more likely, his successors. B. Renewal and Derivative Works Main Points 1) independent copyrights in underlying work (UW) and in derivative work (DW) 2) thus, use of DW = use of incorporated portions of UW 3) therefore: use of DW without permission to use UW infringes including where lack of permission due to renewal (Stewart v. Abend) but, after 1992, automatic renewal provisions mitigate Abend, which only applies if renewal is applied for and not if automatic. including where DW has gone into public domain but UW has not (Russell v. Price) Case Law Stewart v. Abend writer of short story grants rights to Hitchcock and Stewart to make Rear Window. Writer dies, copyright goes through will to Chase. Abend buys the copyright. Second Circuit had previously held that, for derivative works, principles of equity dictate that assignee of license to make derivative work can keep publishing after the renewal term ended. Rationales: owner of derivative work has added own creativity tough to get permission from future assignees at time of license might discourage derivative works Supreme Court holds that renewal is an unencumbered new estate, so derivative work licenses must renegotiate. accords with principle to protect original author. Russell v. Price copyright in film version of Pygmalion expired (as failed to renew), but copyright in play still good. Can you show the film? no, as would infringe underlying work. C. Duration Policy Main Issues 1) How long should the copyright term be? want to be long enough to be provide adequate incentive to create but longer terms reduce access, raise prices, and increase search costs (to figure out if old work in public domain or not) 2) How should we structure the term? start at creation, or publication? starting at creation encourages publication/ access fixed term, or based on life of the author? fixed term more certain, easier to determine whether copyrighted or no. life gives author benefits as long as they live renewal? renewal brings more work into public domain, prevents orphan works unitary system simpler, prevents accidental falls into public domain opt in v. opt out opt in prevents unnecessary copyrights (e.g., copyright created in toddlers scribbles), enlarges public domain (e.g., requiring notice) opt out prevents accidental falling into public domain 3) The Problem of Orphan Works terms longer, renewal automatic ( hard to know when something in the public domain/ many works no one cares about arent being used cant be exploited productively (eg, Google Books) proposal to get rid of damages if cant find copyright owner after reasonably diligent search 4) Restoration of Foreign Works 104(a) give restoration to foreign authors who lost copyright due to formality failures (to comply with Berne) held not to violate Constitution by taking works out of public domain 5) Cases: Eldred v. Ashcroft Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act does not violate Constitutions limited times provision. Copyright Law safety valves (idea-expression, fair use) already protects First Amendment rights, thus no heightened scrutiny Kahle later challenge to Sonny Bono CTEA. Argue that effected a fundamental change in contours of copyright law (as no longer as opt in system), deserves heightened scrutiny. 9th Cir. finds that Supreme Court has already decided this, in effect. Eldred v. Ashcroft detail Sonny Bono CTEA challenged majority: 1) Copyright Clause Issues life plus 70 is a limited time this is not a perpetual copyright (leaves open question is they extended it again, and again) doesnt violate for the promotion of Science and useful Arts even though, ex post, cant create any incentive held uniformity of terms a legitimate purpose 2) First Amendment dictate strict scrutiny? Copyright Law safety valves (idea-expression, fair use) already protect First Amendment rights. As long as Congress doesnt alter the traditional contours of copyright protection ( no need for scrutiny 3) rational basis? held parity (between copyright holders, and with EU) constitutes a rational basis. dissents Stevens: Doesnt promote useful arts due to ex port nature. Also not a limited time. Breyer: CTEA is not rational, as terms cannot create any incentive to create. Applies heightened standard since expressive issues at stake. law cannot be OK if it: 1) bestows private benefits, not public; 2) threatens to seriously undermine expressive values of Copyright Clause; 3) cannot find justification in an Copyright-Clause-related objective. finds all three satisfied. D. Termination of Transfers Main Points: rationale for termination: give author second bite at apple, protection from bad bargains correct for information problems: uncertainty ex ante what will be successful. serves same policies renewal used to serve 1) 203 scope ( 203(a)): applies to authors post-1977 inter vivos grants not WMFH [Note: 304(c) (applies to pre-1978 transfers of renewal terms) parallel statute] 2) Termination features (203): a) transfers subject to termination can occur during 5 year window starting 35 years after grant if right of publication if what is transferred, window begins lesser of {transfer + 40, publication +35}. b) notice must be given between 210 years in advance c) party with termination right: i) author if living ii) surviving spouse/ kids, in proportions listed iii) if ii not existing, estate (i.e., will) 3) if interest divided, majority required to terminate and to re-grant. 4) 203(b)(5): termination only affects rights under US copyright law 5) 203(b)(1): original grantee can continue using derivative work he created (opposite of Stewart v. Abend) 6) cant contract around termination e.g., agree in original transfer not to terminate. Termination effective despite any agreement to the contrary. (anti-Fred Fisher) Examples 1) W begins work for Entertainment Co. (EC). W agrees to transfer all interest when he works for them, writes a script. After he leaves, he wants to make a movie with his script. Can he terminate? no termination as 203 doesnt apply to WMFH. 2) Author A writes play in January 2000, grants theater rights to perform on November 2000 in exchange for royalties. can terminate, beginning in Nov. 2035, and ending Oct. 31, 2040. must serve notice sometime between Nov. 1, 2025, and Oct. 31, 2038. 3) Same facts as 2, but author dies in 2015, leaving spouse and two children. on death, shares go 50% to spouse, 50% to surviving children. termination is by majority, so would need spouse + 1 child to effectuate. 4) Same as 2: author grants worldwide performance rights to EC on Nov. 1, 2000. Serves proper notice in 2025 to terminate in 2035. EC stages a new production in London in 2036. May it do so? Yes. Termination only effects rights under US law. 5) Author writes a play in 2000, grants right to make film to EC on Jan 1, 2000. EC makes film. Properly terminates on Nov. 1, 2035. Can EC continue to exploit its derivative work (eg. by selling DVDs)? yes. Transferee can continue using his derivative work, on anti-Abend equitable right. termination will stop him from creating new derivative works, and author can grant rights to another to make film (even if original transfer was exclusive) 6) Same facts, but now, in addition to granting the performance rights, A has made a separate promise to never terminate the grant. Can A terminate anyway? Yes. Termination applies despite any agreement to the contrary (cf. Marvel v. Simon agreement that it was a WMFH counts as to the contrary) 7) On Nov. 1, 2000, A grants performance rights to EC. Agreement is silent about duration. How long does transfer last? since author can exercise termination, de facto length is 35 years. BUT: 203(b)(6) if grant silent about length and termination right not exercised, transfer lasts length of copyright. V. Infringement: Exclusive Rights and Limitations A. The Right to Reproduce: Copies 106(1): Copyright owner has exclusive right to reproduce the work in copies or phonorecords 1. Definition of Copy Main Points: 1) definitions: reproduce = not defined, but House Report says its = making new tangible objects which embody the work 101 copy = material object in which the work is fixed, by any means now known or later developed, in which the work can be perceived or otherwise communicated, directly or which aid of device. 101 fixed = embodiment in a copy or phonorecord is sufficiently permanent to enable it to it be perceived for a period of more than transitory duration 2) is RAM a copy, or too transitory to be fixed majority view: Congress implicitly adopted view that RAM is a copy. many academics protest this, as potentially cast broad net just browsing the web creates a copy, which makes you a prima facie infringer. eg, if buy eBook, to read it, must make a temporary copy which makes you a prima facie infringer (though will be saved by express or implied license) 2. Elements of Infringement Cause of Action 501 anyone who violates [exclusive rights of 10622] is an infringer. Elements: P must show: 1) ownership of a valid copyright (course units IIV, supra) i.e, that subject matter satisfied, formalities required with, initial ownership or P trace her title to initial owner, has copyright expired, etc. registration certificate is prima facie proof of validity. 2) D has infringed: a) D copied from Ps work (factual copying) either: i) access + ii) probative similarity OR striking similarity b) Ds copying amounted to improper appropriation. i) D must have copied protected expression, not just ideas ii) did audience perceive substantial similarity? i. Factual Copying Main Points: 1) Two ways to prove copying (Arnstein): a) first route: i) access + ii) probative similarity b) second route striking similarity in determining probative similarity, fair game to take similarity in unprotected elements into account. 2) Typically a question of fact, and most proof will be circumstantial 3) Must proof factual copying as independent creation is not infringement. balance: tests attempt to protect a coincidental independent creator, yet also recognize the Ps difficulties of proof. D can rebut Ps evidence with evidence to independent creation. 4) Ds mental state is irrelevant unconscious, unintentional copying still infringement (Harrisongs) Case Law Arnstein outlines two route to prove factual copying. a) access + probative similarity evidence of access must be more than mere speculation. Fantastical chain of events does not suffice in Arnstein, claim of being followed by agents considered fantastical. at other end, if widely known (e.g., on radio), access a nonissue many cases will be middle ground, left to trier of fact. in probative similarity, can use similarities in unprotected elements but fact that some similarities from convention (maps with north at top) or drawing on common source (like a Biblical story) should be factored in. b) striking similarity allowed to prove factual copying element with similarities so striking as to preclude the possibility of [similarity by coincidence] eg, copy a sentence verbatim, or a Mountweazel. D can rebut even striking similarity with own evidence tending to show independent creation balance: tests attempt to protect a coincidental independent creator, yet also recognize the Ps difficulties of proof. Harrisongs subconscious copying still actionable. ii. Improper Appropriation Two Part Inquiry 1) the protected expression test: has D appropriated protected expression? Will be invariably ad hoc analysis: Hands abstraction test (Nichols, Sheldon): to what depth of abstraction does the copying extend? 2) audience/ ordinary observer test: Will audience for which work is intended perceive substantial similarity between P and D works? a) here it is inappropriate to consider similarity in non-protected elements b) rationale: substantial similarity indicates it may cut into originals market Case Law Hand cases: Nicholas versus Sheldon easy case: verbatim copying, or verbatim copying of some non-de minimus portion. harder case comprehensive non-literal similarity: its similar, but doesnt literally copy verbatim any expressive element Hands abstraction test looks to what depth the copying extends: in Nicholas, concludes plot is similar only at most general level two feuding ethnic families, children in love. in Sheldon, (Joan Crawford movie case) concludes three very similar scenes crossed the line, taking protected expression. Hand notes that these decisions will be inevitably ad hoc. ultimately a value judgment: drawing idea/ expression line reflects an attempt to balance competition/ incentive line fundamental to copyright. concern of freezing building blocks vs. preserving incentives to create. Steinberg New Yorker View from 9th Ave. case. first notes that many elements not protectableparochial view of the world, egbut much of the expressive style (lettering, choice of perspective, look of buildings) is protectable expression. Finds substantial similarity and rules for P. Adler v. World Bazaars bubble-blowing Santa case. first note that some functional elementse.g., those necessary for bubble-blowing functionwill have merged with unprotected idea of bubble-blowing. also unprotected: any canonical Santa-features (e.g., red hat, rotund-ness) are unprotected stock elements in public domain court found substantial similarity in market (note that intended market of kids, especially, wont be able to tell the difference) B. The Right to Reproduce: Phonorecords Main Points 1) Distinguish between: a) musical works and sound recordings musical work: sequence of words and notes. The composition. sound recording: work in the fixation of sounds. The recording. b) copies and phonorecords Eg, a CD is a phonorecord. Lyrics, sheet music are copies. Note: single phonorecord can embody multiple works a CD will embody both a musical work and sound recording. 2) 115: The compulsory mechanical license the right to cover i) applies only to musical works (not the sound recordings) thus, can make cover, but not copies of the CD recording. ii) allows making of phonorecords without permission once (a)(1) phonorecords have been distributed in the US thus to avoid compulsory license, can either: i) not distribute the work, ii) perform it but not record it, iii) distribute only in copies (eg, sheet music), iv) distribute outside US. iii) only applies to phonorecords, does not allow making of copies thus, can make a cover version but not distribute lyrics or sheet music iv) conditions: requires advance notice and royalties (b)(1) give notice to the copyright owner, within 30 days before distributing (c) pay royalties, which are set by judges in Copyright Offices. At the moment, its 9.1 cents per song per phonorecord. cannot alter basic melody or fundamental character of work [often, musicians prefer to use Harry Fox license to make covers, as more administratively efficient private system] 3) 114(b) limits reproduction right in sound recordings to dubbing (exact duplication) only cf. EU system: treats sound recordings under separate system, affords them less protection. 4) 1008: The Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (AHRA) exempting noncommercial consumer copying ( limits reproduction right of both musical works and sound recordings requires protection in digital audio recording devices to prevent serial copying distributors of digital audio devices (and blank media) required to pay royalties Case Law and examples: 1) Newton v. Diamond - Beastie Boys flute sample case. Newton has copyright in musical work, but not the sound recording. Newton loses, since no copyright in sound recording, and copying of musical work (just a few notes) is de minimus. 2) Make spot-on version of Ella Fitzgerald song. So long as paid 115 mechanical license, no infringement in musical work. no infringement in sound recording due to dubbing limitation. 114(b). C. The Right to Distribute Main Points: 1) 106(3) grants exclusive right distribute copies or phonorecords to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending applies to all works, independent of other rights may also include digital transmissions? 2) BUT: The First Sale Doctrine 109(a) notwithstanding 106(3), the owner of a particular copy or phonorecord lawfully made under this titleis entitled to sell or otherwise dispose of that copy or phonorecord thus, owner of a particular copy can re-sell, rent. policy: encourage development of secondary markets, efficiency, free alienation. 3) Exceptions to First Doctrine: 109(b)(1)(A) excludes rental of sound recordings 109(b)(1)(B) excludes rental of computer programs (though not video games) policy: concern that these rental stores would swallow the market. People would take them home, copy them, and return 4) Droit de Suite re-sale of fine art may require royalties to the author in CA and in some European countries. D. The Right to Prepare Derivative Works Main Points 1) 106(2) grants exclusive right to prepare derivative works i) since reproduction right broader than just verbatim copying, derivative works right overlaps with reproduction right ii) violation of derivative works right does not require fixation. iii) dubbing limitation for sound recordings applies here as well 2) DW must transform, recast, or adapt underlying work potentially very expansive: eg, as to include just mounting on a tile (in 9th but not 7th Circuit) hypo: what about highlighting a casebook? A derivative work preparation which violates underlying rights? imagining alternate actor in James Bond role (since fixation not required)? programming CD player to play abridged form of album (skipping the songs you dont like)? 3) DW must copy protected expression in order to infringe 4) unclear whether Ds transformation must amount to an original expression to infringe but majority view is it must. Case Law and Examples 1) Painting on T-shirts at MoMA. Entrepreneur buys them, cuts out painting, stretches and frames them. Derivative Work violation? argument against cite Lee. Framing not enough argument for creativity, changes media, experience. Does creativity required extend to context or just the four corners of the work? 2) Hogan v. MacMillan book about ballet uses series of still photographs from the performance. Held: remand to determine whether a derivative work photos contain a lot of information, could be seen as presenting the ballet in new media. 3) Lee v. A.R.T. Co. deals with company that mounts lithographs on small tiles. no violation of distribution/ display (the re-sale) due to first sale doctrine. but first sale doctrine doesnt apply to other 106 rights no right to make copies or create derivative works 7th Circuit holds this doesnt demonstrate minimal creativity to be a recasting, adaptation, or transformation. Conflicts with 9th Circuit view. E. The Right to Publicly Perform and Display Main Points: Public Performance in General 1) 106(4) gives exclusive right to perform [the work] publicly applies only to limited class: literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, motion pictures, and audiovisual works does not apply to sound recordings. 2) 101 Permanence defined broadly to recite, render, play, dance or act it either directly or by means of any device or process in case motion picture: to show its images in any sequence or to make its sound audible 3) multiple performance doctrine eg, if singer sings a song on American idol, shes publicly performing (to the audience), and anyone who broadcasts it is performing, and each person who turns on the TV is performing it as well. 4) Exclusive right to perform publicly private performances excluded BUT: no requirement that performance be for profit 1. Definition of Public 101 publicly = two prongs: (1) performance in a place that is either: i) semi-public (gathering of a large number of people) or ii) open to the public; OR (2) transmission to a clause (1) public or semi-public place, or to the public can be received by different people at different times, place to the public includes transmission to limited segment of public (eg, cable subscribers) Case Law and Examples 1) Aveco video rental store also has booths in which patrons can watch the videos they have rented. Clearly, store is authorizing performance (under secondary liability principles), but is this performance public? note that this is an audiovisual work, so performance right applies. court treats relevant area as the store itself, which is open to the public (anyone wholl pay). Fact that booths are private once rented discounted. 2) Hotel rents DVDs to guests, who take them back to their rooms for viewing. could argue that, like Aveco, each hotel room is open to the public since anyone can rent them. but hotel rooms are usually treated more akin to a private dwelling. Ninth Circuit takes this view. 3) Hotel shows movies on closed circuit basis, but only one at a time. clearly a transmission, and not to a semi-public place but to the public? since one at a time, can argue not to the public. But statute also says it can still be public even if transmission received at different times. Rmk: result seems to hinge on gut level; whether feels more like home video rental or a movie theater. 2. Music Performance Main Points 1) Performing Rights Societies (ASCAP, BMI, SESAC): represent copyright holders in musical works, enforce performance rights i) give blanket (all of catalogue) licenses for nondramatic performance of musical works to users (broadcasters, nightclubs, stores) ii) police and sue violators of public performance rights iii) divides fees among copyright owner members iv) nonexclusive: copyright owner can still license directly 2) Sound Recordings: Performance Right only in Digital Audio Transmissions no general public performance right radio, playing CDs at stores, etc., implicates no sound recording right 106(6) in digital audio transmission context (e.g., satellite radio, cable TV music channels): get limited public performance right. policy: prevent celestial jukebox. Thus covers all interactive (user gets to choose) digital performances. some exemptions, and subject to compulsory license in some cases (in Internet radio, e.g.) example: Pandora player would need permission from both ASCAP (for musical work) and from sound recording copyright holders. 3. Public Display Main Points 1) 106(5) grants copyright owner of [all works but sound recordings] exclusive right to display the copyrighted work publicly like performance, doesnt apply to sound recordings 2) BUT: 109(c) - Notwithstanding the provisions of 106(5), the owner of a particular copy lawfully madesuch owner is entitledto display that copy publicly, either directly or by projection of no more than one image at a time. The First Sale Doctrine for Public Display Limitation is very broad: paintings in galleries, hanging art in the law school, reading a newspaper or a train. Most work this right does is in transmission and Internet eg: positing of lyrics, posting of guitar tabs (violate musical works copyright). Posting of a poem (literary work). All are transmissions and so not covered by First Sale Doctrine. Examples 1) PILF auctioning off a painting. Can it display it to potential buyers at the auction? clearly a display, and clearly public, but saved by 109(c). 2) Perfect10 held that only person hosting website on their server, and not those merely linking to a page, have displayed the image. 4. Limitations on Public Performance and Display Right 110 Exemptions: 1) 110(1) Teaching: exempts performance or display by instructors or pupils in course of face-to-face teaching activities in a classroom or similar place devoted to instruction. classroom = limited to enrolled members of class. [ 110(2) covers distance education] 2) 110(3) Religious Services: covers performances in places or worship or religious assembly. 3) 110(4) Non-Profit: covers performance of nondramatic literary or musical work without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage, without payment of compensation to performers, promoters or organizers, if: (A) there is no direct or indirect admission charge; OR (B) the proceeds (after deducting for cost of performance) are used exclusively for educational, religious, or charitable purpose But: copyright owner has opportunity to serve a notice of objection. 4) 110(5) home-style exemptions. Covers small businesses playing radio or TV in their store. 110(5)(A) exempts communication of a transmission [of a performance of display] on a single receiving apparatus of the kind commonly used in private homes, so long as i) no direct charge is made ii) the transmission is not further transmitted. [110(5)(A) enacts Aiken, which held radio in fast food restaurant did not infringe.] 110(5)(B) expands the coverage, only for nondramatic musical works, to any public establishment under 2000 ft2 or restaurants under 3750. OR, even if you are larger, you can still be exempt if: radio transmission communicated by not more than 6 speakers TV transmission of nondramatic musical works communicated by not more than 4 devices Rmk: doesnt cover CDs, performance of live music. Examples 1) Law Revue band performance Law and Order theme during break. clearly a public performance of a copyrighted musical work. 110(1) wont help not teaching activity, not in a classroom 110(4) could work, but unclear whether proceeds devoted to charitable purposes. F. Moral Rights 1. Generally Main Points: 1) four basic rights: i) attribution right to be identified (or not) as author, prevent another from claiming credit ii) integrity to prevent public presentation in a distorted or mutilated form. iii) disclosure author has right to decide whether to create the work in the first place, to decide when it is done, and ready to be disclosed to the public iv) withdrawal a right to terminate the public exploitation of the work (less used) 2) these rights often inalienable in these systems (typically European law) cant be transferred or sold away. 3) US tradition has a patchwork that protects (to some degree) these interests: unfair competition, defamation, VARA (new law), contract, some of copyright. 4) Berne convention requires protection for attribution and integrity Congress took position that existing patchwork adequately protected 2. The Visual Artists Rights Act (VARA) - 106A VARA: Main Points: 1) applies only to works of visual art ( 101 - defined as essentially fine art: painting, photography, drawing, sculpture) a) in single or signed limited (> 200) editions b) not WMFH, books, magazine, motion pictures, anything mass produced. Not chart, diagrams, models. c) advertising and promotional materials excluded (Pollara). Thus banner in protest didnt fit into VARA. 2) grants rights of integrity and attribution: 106A(a)(1) right to claim authorship, and prevent misattribution of work (or another work you did not create). (2) Prevent use of name in event of a distortion. (attribution) 106A(a)(3) right to prevent intentional distortion, mutilation, modification which would be prejudicial to honor or reputation. (integrity) 106A(a)(3) prevent destruction of work of recognized stature 3) conditions: i) not transferable, but waiveable if express, in writing, and specific (106A(e)) ii) subject to fair use exceptions iii) last length of authors life 4) doesnt apply to reproductions 106A(c)(3) specifically exempts any reproduction from the attribution right, in connection with anything (like a catalogue) thats not visual art. further, any such reproduction will not be considered a distortion under the integrity rights. 106A(c)(3). Examples: 1) Gallery buys canvas, displays without crediting author probably not a violation until author asks for attribution, but if then denied, violates 106A(a)(1). 2) Gallery reproduces picture of art in catalogue. no violation as its a reproduction not in context of visual art also wont be a considered a mutilation. 106A(c)(3). 3. The Federal and State Patchwork i. Federal Level Main Points 1) Common Law doctrines (e.g., contract) and Lantham Act unfair competition provide some equivalents to moral rights in US law e.g., Gilliam Monty Python gets preliminary injunction against ABC against displaying edited mutilations of TV show on contract and unfair competition (theory: distortion will injure business reputation) claims. 2) But Dastar case limits use of Lanham Act for moral rights. case held origin of the good language only applies to source of the product, not to authors, thus limited Lanham Act use in this context and raising question as to whether we comply with Berne. ii. State Level Main Points: 1) state law (defamation, contract law) provides some moral rights protection 2) some states (eg, CA and NY) have express moral right protections, which often go further than VARA (e.g., Wojnarowicz and NY Artists Authorship Rights Act) VI. Fair Use A. Creation of New Works Main Points: 1) Fair Use: A case-by-case, factual ad hoc determination applies to all subject matter, exclusive rights. an affirmative defense: thus burden on the infringer. 2) Fair Use Factors ( 107): (1) purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is commercial v. educational a) a commercial nature weights against FU finding, but not presumptive. b) if work was transformative weighs for FU (Campbell) c) fact that a work is a legitimate (reasonably perceived) parody weighs for FU (Campbell, Mattel) d) Parody may be given a FU advantage vis--vis satire (Campbell), though its unclear whether this is a principled distinction. parody comments of the original work satire makes broader social points e) even if theres transformation, whether new meaning added is criticalas opposed to homageweighs for FU (Seinfeld SAT) f) wrongdoing or unclean hands of D will be weighed against him (Harper and Row) (at least implicitly) (2) the nature of the copyrighted work (of the P) a) factual or functional works often get less protection (weigh for FU) than a fictional or expressive works. b) copyrighted work is unpublished, use will rarely be fair (Harper and Row) But: last sentence of 107 makes clear that unpublished nature not determinative. (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion of Ps work used a) court consider both the quantity and the quality used (Harper and Row). If copy the heart of the work or a large amount of it, weighs against FU. b) amount used must be reasonable in relation to the purpose of the copying (Campbell). If take more than needed, weighs against FU. c) Though not a listed factor, courts also look to how big a part of the Ds work is the alleged FU. (4) the effect of the use on the potential market of Ps work a) interested both in harm caused by the D himself, and if the Ds type of use was sanctioned, and other people did the same. b) look both at the market itself and its effect on potential derivatives. c) harm through disparagement is not cognizable (eg, if parody or criticism reduces demand); only substitution/ displacement harm is cognizable. d) courts only consider the markets that the P traditional markets or those that P would reasonably have developed reason: otherwise fourth factor becomes circular can always claim a market for the license of the use in question. e) often considered the most important factor. 3) canonical examples of fair use: criticism, comment, reporting, teaching, scholarship. Case Law and Examples Campbell 2 Live Crew Parody of Orbisons Pretty Woman. Fair use found. first factor: despite fact that use was commercial, fact that it was transformative and a reasonably perceived parody weighed for FU. third factor: fact that 2LC used only enough to conjure up original weighed in their favor fourth factor: held little risk of substitution, since parody very different from original, and that market for parody doesnt exist. Harper and Row fact that Fords work was unpublished, and that Ds had acted wrongfully to obtain it (knowingly purloined), that copied part a substantial part of article (and the heart of it), and that use commercial, weighed against FU. dissent: strong public interest in news-reporting weighs for FU. Seinfeld SAT possible damage to market found even if P didnt exploit it, can reserve the right to later. Fact that this was less of parody that a homage seems to weigh against. Mattel Court found fair use in twisted Barbie pictures, relying on parodic nature. Didnt matter that not everyone gets the parody. N.B. Here, and in most cases, there are both parodic and satiric elements. An English major can likely tell a story one way or the other. The Wind Done Gone parody found, and fair use upheld. Parody need not be funny, so long as its transformative. Worldwide Church of God publisher puts out book by now-deceased founder, whose work is now disowned by the Church. Splinter group wants to publish it, and is sued for copyright infringement. D argues that there is no harm to the market, as the P has eschewed it. Court says that this decision should be afforded respect. Law Revue Bill It mostly a satire (mocking law associate life), though some parody. Not very transformative wrt musical work. Somewhat harder case that Campbell (though use is less commercial). Gordon: Fair Use as Market Failure - Should only allow fair use when transaction costs (or costs from externalities) for licensing the use are greater than value of use, so use wont get made despite fact that would be socially beneficial transaction. Ignores First Amendment concerns incorporated into Fair Use. B. New Technologies of Dissemination Main Points 1) Apply same four factors, though new issues raised: new ways in which transformative nature can be claimed (Arriba) TCs might be lower, but might be externalities from use (Google Books) Case Law and Examples Google Books Google scans library collections, and allows users to search them. Unless publisher agrees, can see only snippet from work corresponding to search first factor: use is commercial, since Google gets advertising transformative?: can argue Google, in indexing, converting to snippets, arrangement of results effects transformation (cf. Arriba) or could take more four corners view that snippet are verbatim copies. third factor: small amount, though potentially could be heart of work. fourth factor: certainly snippet wont substitute for a book (except in reference books, which Google doesnt show) Google could claim externalities in a public good (knowledge) but no TC costs, except with orphan works unclear whether market has developed. UMG v. MP3.com (SDNY) fair use denied for MP3.Com, where users, if they showed they owned a particular CD, could thereafter access all the songs on the CD (a sort of limited celestial jukebox). despite argument this just facilitates space shifting, court rejected fair use. Kelly v. Arriba (9th Cir.) thumbnail image search held to be fair use. Considered transformative, and found no harm to the market (which is in original, full-size image for which thumbnails do not substitute). But see Perfect 10 (C.D. Cal.) district court found use commercial, and more harm to the market (since the reduced quality images were marketable to cell phones), and so found no fair use. On appeal. C. New Technological Uses by End Users Main Points 0) in device cases like Sony first must define relevant use at issue. 1) same four factors, but 2d and 3d play smaller role may indicate that fair use factors, designed to consider public uses and use of small pieces, fits uncomfortably in evaluating the personal use of end users 2) Sony time-shifting is fair use. 3) courts skeptical of benefit to the copyright owner argument under 4th factor (Napster) Case Law and Examples: Sony v. Universal time-shifting with VCRs is fair use. first factor: held this was personal dissent argued that it is commercial, since you are getting something which you would otherwise pay for proves too much making copy of NY Times article to send to your mom is something you would otherwise pay for, but not commercial. second factor: ambiguous. Some time-shifting for news, some for entertainment. third factor: all of it is copied, but thats the nature of the use. fourth factor: strong case for market harms: reduce value of re-run license, hurt ratings, hurt value of advertising (as users skip it), hurt future market for on-demand TV. argument against: most time-shifters dont skip advertising (this was before remotes) Nielson ratings take into account time-shifting might even give benefit if more watch though courts skeptical of this type of benefit to the copyright owner argument (Napster) Napster P2P file program is not fair use first factor: considered commercial, due to anonymity, and fact that are getting for free something that they would otherwise have to pay for. better rationale: rely on implicit barter in relationship. fourth factor: market harm. Gonzalez Kazza user couldnt download songs to sample them easily rejected. Sony premised on watching tape just once (not creating library), and user here made permanent copy. example: ripping songs to your iPod. first, define relevant activity: here, space-shifting first factor: can argue this is personal. fourth: could argue for no market harm, since youve already bought the CD, but this assumes the use is fair. quite possible would cause damage to the transportable music market, which is already developed in iTunes et al. Would pay more for a CD with privilege to copy to MP3 than one without. VII. Secondary Liability A. Vicarious Liability Main Points 1) Gershwin/ Shapiro test: vicariously liable if: i) have the right and ability to supervise the infringing activity; AND dont need formal contractual right to control. Actual control is enough. ii) direct financial interest/ benefit from infringing activity. [acts as an expansion of respondaet superior] 2) no knowledge requirement 3) directness of financial interest becoming more attenuated (Cherry Auction)? Case Law Shapiro department store owner had independent concessionaire who was selling bootleg records. Held liable using test above. landlord-tenant cases v. dance hall cases landlords held not liable as no direct financial interest, perhaps no right to control (though certainly have ability) dance hall owners were held liable under above test. Cherry Auction Cherry Auction runs flea market at which pirated records are sold. i) clear that CA has ability to control, as contractual right to remove vendor. ii) less clear that CA has direct financial interest. Doesnt get a cut from them (as in Shapiro). Court nonetheless holds claim stated, since possible that infringing activity increased audience and thus rent charged. after Cherry Auction, can landlord be liable for downloading of tenants? i) has right and ability to control, given lease terms BUT: seem to be countervailing privacy concerns in this context. ii) financial benefit seems very indirect, but could make CA analogy. B. Contributory Infringement Main Points: 1) Gershwin: liability imposed on one who: i) has knowledge of anothers infringing activity; AND ii) induces, causes, or materially contributes to infringing activity 2) objective knowledge standard (Napster): D actually knew or reasonably should have known typically, need only know that the activity is occurring, not whether it was actually infringement (e.g., if its an ambiguous case like a fair use defense) But see Netcom. (requiring notice/ knowledge of the infringing nature of the activity, not just the activity itself). 3) A Direct Form of Liability: D is held to account for her own acts under contributory infringement (not the acts of another as in vicarious liability) Cases and Examples 1) Cherry Auction under contributory theory, claim has been stated. Knowledge satisfied as CA given notice of activity; providing customers, space, parking all materially contribute to the infringement. 2) Landlord accountable for downloading of tenants? likely will not have knowledge. if knowledge satisfied, does providing space and facilities constitute materially infringement? seems to satisfy test on literal level. however, countervailing privacy concerns, wary of imposing affirmative duty on landlord to police tenants. Residential context different from commercial one in Cherry Auction. C. Dual-Use (Infringing and Noninfringing) Technologies Main Points: 1) Sony: sale not copyright infringement if: product widely used for legitimate, nonobjectionable uses; OR if device is merely capable of substantial [or commercially significant] noninfringing uses dissent: no liability unless significant portion of products actual use is noninfringing. Mere capability not enough. rationale: protect new technologies. 2) Inducement-Based Liability: Liability for D who distributes the device with object of promoting or inducing infringing use (Grokster) shown by clear steps taken to foster inducement inducement can be shown by: i) advertising or solicitation classic proof of promoting infringing use e.g., targeting users with known demand for infringement ii) business model used (does it make more money if more infringement) iii) failure to take precautions, affirmative steps to prevent though things under iiiii may not be enough alone. Case Law and Examples Sony held no secondary liability for VCR makers since device is capable of substantial noninfringing uses rationale: balancing copyright protection against not discouraging development of useful new technologies N.B. Sony would fail under normal contributory infringement test i) they have reason to know about the infringement ii) they are materially contributing (couldnt infringe without them) policy debate between Blackmun and majority: Blackmuns test less protective of new technologies uncertainty manufacturer wont know whether hes liable until he sees how people use his product. wont give time for noninfringing uses to develop majoritys test has own problems not protective enough of copyright owners unfair to let device makers hide behind capability that is never used. Napster (9th Cir.) held contributory infringer for P2P program though has substantial noninfringing uses (e.g., transmitting public domain works), Court holds that Sony test only goes to knowledge prongsince Napster had knowledge of infringement and did nothing, its liable. test applied: if operator learns of significant infringing material and fails to purge or attempt to correct it, this constitutes a knowing material contribution. holds Sony test only applies for contributory infringement, not vicarious liability Grokster case involving P2P program with decentralized server (thus Grokster only distributes the software. Held: Sony test does not apply when infringement is induced and promoted by the device maker. relies on fact that Grokster targeted Napster users, had business model based on infringement, didnt employ protections against infringement ( liable. Side-debate on Sony test: Ginsburg: would put more emphasis on how device actually used, not just the capability Breyer: would preserve Sony test and rule for Grokster absent the inducement. Concern with protecting technologies. D. Online Service Providers (OSPs) 512: Creates safe harbors (no damages and only limited injunctive relief) for Online Service Providers (OSPs): 1) 512(k): definition of OSPs = a provider of online services or network access or the operator of facilities therefor. Broad definition includes not only AOL or access providers but sites like YouTube or message boards. 2) 512(i) termination policy: threshold condition to be eligible. (1)(A) OSP must adopt and reasonably implement termination policy for repeat infringers. a lot of debate on what is reasonable implementation do you have to monitor, actually kick off infringing users, etc. 3) Categories of Safe Harbors: 512(c) main section. deals with storage of user content (Eg, server space, chatrooms, search, sites like YouTube) Safe Harbor if meet three conditions: 1st: either: (A)(i) no actual knowledge of infringement; OR (A)(iii) upon obtaining knowledge, acts expeditiously to remove such material red flags of pirating may be enough for knowledge 2d: (B) gets no direct financial benefit from infringement, if OSP has right and ability to control. like vicarious liability, but maybe a bit stricter. 3d: (C) upon receiving notice of infringement, acts expeditiously to remove (the notice and take down [and put back]) gives specific conditions for notice, and user allowed to counter-notify (and then OSP must put back up) other sections of safe harbors: 512(a) mere conduit (protects access providers) 512(b) deals with caching 512(d) deals with linking. Same notice and take down structure. 4) Policy: balance protecting copyrights, facilitating internet business, and concerns for chilling speech. Rmk: 512 just establishes only supplies a safe harbor. If fall outside these safe harbors, it doesnt mean you are liable, just that court will fall back on traditional theories of secondarily liability (as in Netcom). Case Law Netcom Inspired 512. Disgruntled ex-Scientologist posts unpublished Scientology documents on message board. Server of message board (Netcom) sued. court rejects claim of direct infringement, even though Netcom technically made a copy. reflects policy view that Netcom shouldnt have to filter all content. vicarious liability: rejected as no direct financial benefit. contributory infringement: issue of fact wrt knowledge they got notice, but might have been unsure whether it was infringement material contribution satisfied. YouTube litigation YouTube sued by Viacom for infringement by its users. YouTube will try to rely on 512: 1) fits definition of OSP. 2) has 512(i) policy in terms and conditions, kicks you off if violate twice Viacom may argue this is not reasonably implemented. 3) fit into 512(c)? seem to satisfy (A) no knowledge or take down; (C) take down upon notice but could argue they get direct financial benefit through their advertising. Case made hinge on interpretation of direct. Corbis Amazon sued for infringing sales through independent vendors on its site. reasonable implementation interpreted favorably to OSPs. Need not be perfect, just reasonable. VIII. Enforcement: Remedies & Prevention A. Remedies Main Points: [0) Recall: registration a prerequisite to suit.] 1) Civil Remedies: i) 502(a) injunctions. available in equitable discretion of court. Preliminary injunctions typical. Permanent injunctive relief available. in cases where D added expression (eg, Abend) compulsory licensing an option. ii) damages. P has choice of: a) 502(b) actual (make whole) damages AND profits of the infringer attributable to the infringer; OR b) statutory damages (registration required) see detail in 3) and 4). iii) 505 attorneys fees (registration required) 2) Criminal Liability - applies only to willful infringement. Where: a) for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain; OR b) reproduction or distribute more 1+ copy of 1+ works with total retail value over $1000 in a 180 day period; OR. c) dissemination of pre-release work on computer network 3) Calculating Actual Damages and Profits from Infringement a) Types of Actual damages: i) lost profits recover if infringement cut into your sales ii) lost licenses from third parties if infringement resulted in inability to license to another (eg, Schlitz) iii) lost license from the infringer himself fair value of what D would have had to pay to P if he had properly gotten permission (eg, Davis) b) Profits Attributable to Infringement P can get indirect profits. Eg, Frank Music. P need only present proof of gross profits of D. 504(b). BUT: profits must be reasonably related to infringement. Davis. In discretion of judge to apportion profits in his best estimation and interests of justice. Schlitz. 4) Calculating Statutory Damages a) Amount: P entitled to sum of: not less than $750 and not more than $30,000 for all infringements with respect to any one work. court will likely take into account whether just one copy of many copies made (toward top of range) of the work. if willful, max. award increases to $150,000. if innocent, min. drops to $200. P gets jury decision on statutory damages. b) 412 Registration required. c) Rationale: give incentive to enforce copyrights even when actual damages low. 5) Statute of Limitations 3 years for civil, 5 years for criminal 6) federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction, and state law in area often preempted. Cases and Examples: Davis Glasses of P used in Gap ad without permission. Davis not allowed to just give profits of Gaps corporate parent as proof, needs to be reasonably related (e.g., just the profits of the Gap). Davis allowed to get fair market value of license that Gap should have paid him. Frank Music Musical uses parts of Kismet without permission. P able to recover share of indirect profits in increased sales of hotel rooms and casino activity in casino where musical was performed. Schlitz Beer co. infringes by using Shaft theme in commercial. P able to recover value of the license he would have got from another but for infringement. P also gets share (though small) of profits from sales of beer, which presumably increased somewhat due to ads. B. Technological Prevention Measures (TPMs) second part of DMCA Main Points: 1) 1201 provides protection for technological protection measures address problems of serial copying, and easy dissemination in digital context. 2) Taxonomy: Two Types of controls: Access controls blocking access to work (eg, password) Rights controls restrict uses (eg. prevent copying or other 106 right) Two types of prohibitions: device bans prevent creating device to do act. act bans prevent individual acts. Chart: Act BanDevice BanAccess Controls1201(a)(1)1201(a)(2)Rights Controls---1201(b)3) TPM violates 1201(b) if circumvents and: (A) primarily designed for purpose of circumvention; OR (B) has only limited commercially significant purpose other than circumvention; OR (C) marketed with knowledge of use for circumvention. 4) Sony test applies only to contributory liability. Overruled in TMP context by 1201. Streambox. like Grokster, an exception to Sonys protection of new technologies. 5) Possible First Amendment issues, but courts have dismissed them. Reimerdes. Cases Streambox device circumvents RealPlayer controls by allowing other players to access the streaming files (an access control) and allowing users to copy (a rights control). RealPlayers integrated system combines access control (only our player will work) in order that a rights control (cant copy) respected. court finds i) Sony does not apply, ii) that Streambox circumvents the controls, and iii) designed for purpose of circumvention, so liable. Reimerdes DeCSS designed to break DVD encryption, and D makes it available on its website. Clearly falls within ban of 1201, but D raise constitution claims, since device is capable of fair use, which after Eldred is protected by First Amendment, and statute says nothing in the statute was intended to affect scope of fair use. Court dismisses First Amendment claim, arguing theres no right to make your fair use in a maximally convenient way. Copyright Law Summary Pages 1. Subject Matter: Is it Copyrightable? In General Constitutional: Art I., s.8, cl.8 The Writings of Authors author = an originator or maker (Burrow-Giles) writing = physical rendering of fruits of mind (Burrow-Giles) To Promote Progress Includes commercial works (Bleistein) No assessment of artistic merit (Bleistein) For Limited Times No much teeth after Eldred. Statutory: 102: original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium. 102 gives nonexclusive list of types (literary, musical, etc.). Originality (also Const.): Feist: originality = work must be i) independently created; and ii) have minimum quantum of creativity Minimal quantum is low threshold (Magic Marketing) Fixation: 101 fixation = there exists i) an embodiment in a copy or phonorecord; ii) sufficiently permanent to be perceived for more than a transitory period 1101 grants right of first fixation in musical performances. Idea-Expression Dichotomy 102(b) copyright protection does not extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method, operation, (Baker v. Seldon) The merger doctrine: if uncopyrightable idea can only be expressed in a few ways, then the expression will not be protected. (Morrissey) scenes a faire doctrine (Hoehling): events, characters, or settings which are as a practical matter indispensable or standard in the treatment of a given topic are unprotected. Rationale: protect building blocks, line b/w copyright and patent. Special Subject Matter Areas Facts and Compilations Facts are discovered, not created ( not protectable (Feist) no originality ( no copyright. 102 excludes discoveries. Fact compilations protectable only iff minimally creative in selection or arrangement (Feist) rejects sweat of the brow theory Minimal Creativity = non-dictated by convention, non-garden variety choice from more than a few options (Matthew Binder). No minimal creativity in MB due to restraints of convention, only garden variety choices by Westlaw. Maps: a thin copyright (Mason) choices limited due to convention, attempt to be accurate but creativity in: pictorial representation, selection of what to include, reconciling source information. Collateral Estoppel: Holding out as facts precludes later claim of fiction. (Nash, Hoehling) Copyright in Facts Themselves? Tough cases analysis, interpretation of facts CDN copyright in coin prices as creativity in judging which prices of market to use. Wainwright - newspaper published reports of analyst. Distinguish as copying verbatim. ATC parts number system not copyrightable. Merger, convention. Derivative Works 101 must recast, transform, or adapt some of the expression of the UW. Eg, abridgements, translations, adaptations to new media. 103(b): Copyright in DW limited to the new additions, independent of UWs copyright. Eg, Stewart v. Abend, Russell v. Price. Subject to a heightened standard of originality (more than a trivial variation), at least in PG&S (Baitlin) Compare: Alfred Bell, Alva Studios, Baitlin. rationale: prevent conflicting claims (Gracen); preserve public domain. 103(a): If create derivative work unlawfully, forfeit protection. Eg, Stallone (Rocky IV) case. Applied Art - a type of Pictorial, Graphic & Sculptural Works (PG&S) PG&S generally protected, but industrial design is not. Useful Articles require separability to be copyrightable. useful article = has an intrinsic utilitarian function cant just envision any utilitarian use. Use cant be to convey appearance of information. separability = artistic features must be capable of being identified separately. physical separability eg, hood ornament. conceptual separability eg, art on t-shirt. Tests for Conceptual Separability (Pivot Point) primary/ subsidiary (Kieseelstein-Cord) primary ornamental aspect of belt buckle severable from subsidiary functional use. mind of the observer (Barnhart) if the useful article (like mannequin) stimulates in mind two separate concepts process-oriented (Brandir) did the designer exercise artistic judgment independent of functional considerations? Bike rack fails test. Architectural Works type of PG&S Pre-1990: treated as PG&S, separability required ( little protection Demetriades: no rights in building based on drawings. Post-1990: The Architectural Works Protection Act: no separability required design of building protected, regardless of embodiment can be in floor plans or building itself. Doesnt cover public works highways, bridges No protection for: Functionally required elements individual standard features taking of pictures or other depictions ( 120) owner of building can alter or destroy ( 120) Photos type of PG&S Three types of originality: rendition, timing, and creation of the subject. Mannion v. Coors If the creativity is in the creation of the subject, then (unlike rendition or timing) copyright extends to the subject itself. Characters Visually depicted easier road to protection (MGM v. Honda) Verbally depicted harder road. Concern of not freezing stock characters (Gaiman). Two Tests: Hand fully delineated test (Nicholas): character must be sufficiently detailed to be awarded protection. Story Being Told test (Warner Brothers): character must be so centrally as to be the story being told to get protection. very high bar, courts have backed away from it of late (Stallone) Government Works 105: works of US govt not copyrightable work of US govt = prepared by US officer or EE as part of official duties. Eg, judicial opinions, statutes. State or local govt works more complicated Banks state judicial decisions unprotected Veeck privately authored model statutes, once enacted, are no longer protected. Strong dissent. Incentives v. Access. Obscenity No requirement that works be non-obscene to get protection. Mitchell Bros. 2. Ownership: Who owns the Copyright? General Rule 201(a): Copyright vests initially in the authors (other than WMFH) Definitions of Author Reid author = person who actually creates the work, who translates an idea into a fixed tangible expression Lindsay conception, decisionmaking, and control over the protected expression are keys to authorship. Foreign Authorship 104: US law grants copyright protection if i) unpublished ; ii) one author a US national; iii) author a national of country with copyright relations; iv) author stateless; v) work first published in US. ( copyright on our terms (territorial) basically everyone but nationals of few countries (Nepal, Iraq, etc). Works Made For Hire (WMFH) 201(b): in WMFH context, ER/ hiring party is considered the author ( the copyright vests initially with the ER. two mutually exclusive ways to be deemed WMFH: 101(1) if prepared by EE in scope of employment. determination of who is an EE: defined by common law of agency (Reid). Benefits and tax treatment considered most important factors. 101(2) if created by an independent contractor and meet conditions to be WMFH, need signed, written agreement, and fit into one of nine specified categories of types of works. Rmk: cant contract around this scheme. WMFH must be within scope of employment i.e., type the individual was hired to perform, done for the benefit of ER, done within confines of employment (not on own time, e.g.) Joint Authorship 101: requires 2+ authors with intent to merge contributions into unitary whole each author must contribute independently copyrightable expression Childress: each author must entertain in mind the idea of co-authorship i.e., must have intent to be co-authors, at times the contributions were made. rationale: prevent overreaching contributor (Larson) measure this intent by objective indicia: a) artistic decisionmaking; b) crediting; c) agreements with third parties (Larson) Rmk: like WMFH, cant contract around this scheme. Transfers & Scope of Transfers 202: sale of embodiment does not imply sale of copyright (Thorogood) but: 109(a) owner of embodiment free to sell or dispose of that particular copy (first sale doctrine) divisibility 201(d): can transfer any subdivision, in whole or part encourages free alienation, efficient exploitation 204: transfer must be in writing to be valid, except for nonexclusive licenses nonexclusive licenses can be oral or implied from conduct (Effects v. Cohen) nonexclusive licensee have no standing to sue. intersection with joint ownership cant get an exclusive license to a co-authored work without agreement of all the co-authors. Each author can grant nonexclusive licenses independently, however. Scope of Transfers and New Media typically governed by state contract interpretation law. broad grants of rights in future, unknown media generally enforceable in US. If contract doesnt address new media: 2d Cir. licensee gets any use reasonably within the terms of the license (Boosey & Hawkes). videocassettes within motion picture; eBooks not within in book form (Rosetta) 9th Cir. more liberal view. Interpret contract in light of principles of Copyright Act ( favor unwitting authors (Cohen v. Paramount) 3. Formalities, Duration, Renewal, and Termination: Is the copyright still good? Notice, Registration and Deposit Notice Under the 1909 Act: Notice Required when Generally Published notice = place proper notice of copyright (symbol, owner, year of publication) on every copy of the work (now 401) MLK: for general publication, need either: distribution/sale to general public (more than closed group); OR performance or display which did not make any restriction express or impliedon copying. Limited Publication not Enough (MLK, Academy of Motion Pictures) public performance or display not considered general publication under the 1909 Act. mistakes in notice fatal publication as dividing line b/w state and federal protection Under the 1976 Act: Notice Required, but more liberal (effective 1/1/78) 405 can cure defect in notice within five years through registration mistakes in notice can be forgiven ( 406), notice only need be reasonably perceivable ( 401) fixation as dividing line b/w state and federal protection. Berne Convention Implementation: No Required Formalities, BUT incentives to still use notice: (effective 3/1/89) statutory: infringer cant claim innocence to mitigate damages (401(d)). practical: deter infringement, makes it easier to contact copyright owner. Registration and Deposit: No Longer Required 407: Deposit of two copies of the work shall be made to Library of Congress w/in 3 months. Failure doesnt affect copyright, just exposes you to fines. 408: Registration optional, not a condition to copyright. But incentives: prerequisite to suit ( 411(a)) prima facie evidence of validity of copyright ( 401(c)) availability of statutory damages and attorneys fees (412) For Foreign authors only: registration not a prerequisite to suit (to comply with Berne) restoration for copyrights lost due to formality problems (mistake in notice, failure to renew) is available (104(a)) Duration & Renewal Rules Works Created After Jan. 1, 1978 ( 302) basic term: life + 70 (302(a)) joint works: life of last author living + 70 (302(b)) WMFHs: lesser of {pub. +95, creation + 120} (302(c)) all terms run to end of calendar year ( 305) Presumption of death 95 after publication, or 120 after creation if nothing in record indicates otherwise. ( 302(e)) Works Created Before 1978 but Not Published ( 303) For such works, life determined by 302, except: no copyright shall expire before Dec. 31, 2002. if such work published before 2002, lasts at least until Dec. 31, 2047. can also use 302(e) presumption of authors death. As it is 2007, any unpublished work created before 1887 can rely on the presumption, in or after 1887 cannot. Works Under the 1909 Act ( 304) History: original term under 1909: 28 years + 28 year renewal in 1978, extended renewal term to 47 years (adding 19) in 1998, extended renewal term to 67 years (adding 20) starting in 1992, renewal became automatic Duration: in initial term on 1/1/78 (CA of 1976): 28 + 67 renewal in renewal term on 10/27/98 (Sonny Bono): 95 years total Thus: any work published in 1922 or before: copyright has expired as missed the 1998 Sonny Bono Act. any work published in 1923 or after: copyright did not expire (if properly renewed) as made the Sonny Bono Act. None of these will expire until 2018 at earliest. Renewal Rights & Assignments ( 304) (a) renewal right grants new estate at end of initial term to: (i) author, if living (ii) if author dead, surviving spouse and children (iii) if no spouse/ kids, will executor (iv) if no will, statutory next of kin Rmk: this order mandated by statute Assignability of renewal right: renewal beneficiary can assign in advance their expectancy rights (Fred Fisher) if expectancy fails, assignee takes nothing strong presumption against conveyance of renewal rights (Corvocado). Derivative Works & Renewal independent copyrights in underlying work (UW) and in DW thus, use of DW = use of incorporated portions of UW therefore: use of DW without permission to use UW infringes, including where lack of permission due to renewal (Stewart v. Abend) Abend, post-1992, only applies if renewal is not automatic. infringes if DW has gone into public domain but UW has not (Russell v. Price) Termination of Transfers (203) 203 scope 203(a): applies to authors post-1977 inter vivos grants, and not WMFH 203(b)(5): termination only affects rights under US copyright law [Note: 304(c) (applies to pre-1978 transfers of renewal terms) parallel statute] Termination timing (203): transfers subject to termination can occur during 5 year window starting 35 years after grant if right of publication if what is transferred, window begins lesser of {transfer + 40, publication +35}. notice must be given between 210 years in advance. Party with termination right: given to: i) author if living ii) surviving spouse/ kids, in proportions listed iii) if ii not existing, estate (i.e., will) if interest divided, majority required to terminate and to re-grant. 203(b)(1): original grantee can continue using derivative work he created (opposite of Stewart v. Abend) cant contract around termination e.g., agree in original transfer not to terminate. Termination effective despite any agreement to the contrary. (anti-Fred Fisher) 4. Exclusive Rights and Limitations: What rights have been infringed? The Reproduction Right: 106(1) exclusive right reproduce in copies or phonorecords Definition of Copy 101 copy = material object in which the work is fixed, by any means now known or later developed, in which the work can be perceived or otherwise communicated, directly or which aid of device. 101 fixed = embodiment in a copy or phonorecord is sufficiently permanent to enable it to it be perceived for a period of more than transitory duration. RAM satisfies definition. Elements of an Infringement Cause of Action P has ownership of a valid copyright registration certificate is prima facie proof of validity. D has infringed: Factual Copying: D copied from Ps work either: i) access + ii) probative similarity; OR striking similarity Improper Appropriation: D must have copied protected expression, not just ideas will audience perceive substantial similarity? Details: Factual copying independent creation will not be infringement Ds mental state irrelevant: copying can be subconscious or unintentional (Harrissongs) question of fact, most proof circumstantial Improper Appropriation Hands abstraction test: look to depth of abstraction to which copying extends to see whether only ideas were copied (Nicholas, Sheldon) appropriate audience is that for which the work was intended factual copying inquiry can take into account similarities in unprotected elements, but substantial similarity inquiry cannot. The Right to Reproduce: Phonorecords The Compulsory Mechanical License: 115 gives musicians a right to cover applies only to musical works, and only to phonorecords thus can make own version of song (the musical work), but not copy the CD (the sound recording) cant print lyrics or make score as these are copies. conditions: give advanced notice, pay royalties at least 30 days; about 10 cents a phonorecord cant alter basic melody or fundamental character The Dubbing Limitation for Sound Recordings: 114(b) Reproduction right in sound recordings limited to exact copying. The Audio Home Recording Act of 1992: 1008 exempts non-commercial consumer copying of musical works and sound recordings. requires protection against serial copying, royalties in blank media. The Right to Distribute: 106(3) grants exclusive right to distribute copies or phonorecords to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership The First Sale Doctrine 109(a) notwithstanding 106(3), the owner of a particular copy or phonorecord lawfully madeis entitledto sell or otherwise dispose of that copy or phonorecord Exceptions to First Sale Doctrine: 109(b)(1)(A) excludes rental of sound recordings 109(b)(1)(B) excludes rental of computer programs (though not video games) Droit de Suite re-sale of fine art may require royalties to the author in CA and in some European countries. The Right to Prepare Derivative Works: 106(2) grants exclusive right to prepare DWs DW must transform, recast, or adapt underlying work potentially very expansive eg, highlighting your casebook? violation of derivative works right does not require fixation. DW must copy protected expression in order to infringe, not just ideas Majority view: Ds transformation must have minimum quantum of originality to infringe. Lee Art mounting on tile not enough to be original. Concern with making everyone an infringer. Conflicts with 9th Circuit view. The Right to Publicly Perform and Display: 106(4) gives exclusive right to perform [the work] publicly; 106(5) to display [work] publicly No requirement that performance or display be for profit Only Applies to Limited Class of Works: Not Sound Recordings Definition of Public two prongs of 101: (1) performance in a place that is either: i) semi-public (gathering of a large number of people) or ii) open to the public; OR (2) transmission to a clause (1) public or semi-public place, or to the public can be received by different people at different times, place to the public includes transmission to limited segment of public (eg, cable subscribers) Definition of Performance 101: to recite, render, play, dance or act it either directly or by means of any device or process. Very broad. in case of motion picture: to show its images in any sequence or to make its sound audible multiple performance doctrine- one event has many performances. Singer on American Idol performs, network that broadcasts it performs, viewer that turns on TV performs (though not publicly). Music Performance Musical Works: Performance Right Enforced by ASCAP et al. give blanket (all of catalogue) licenses for nondramatic performance of musical works to users (broadcasters, nightclubs, stores) divides fees among copyright owner members nonexclusive: copyright owner can still license directly Sound Recordings: Performance Right only in Digital Audio Transmissions no general public performance right radio, e.g., implicates no sound recording right 106(6) in digital audio transmission context (e.g., satellite radio, cable TV music channels): get limited public performance right. policy: prevent celestial jukebox. Public Display: Limited by First Sale Doctrine for Display display doesnt apply to sound recordings 109(c) - Notwithstanding the provisions of 106(5), the owner of a particular copy lawfully madesuch owner is entitledto display that copy publicly, either directly or by projection of no more than one image at a time. very sweeping limitations display still applies to transmissions, e.g., in the Internet. 110 Limitations: 110(1) Teaching: exempts performance or display by instructors or pupils in course of face-to-face teaching activities in a classroom or similar place. 110(3) Religious Services: covers performances in places of worship. 110(4) Non-Profit: covers performance of nondramatic literary or musical work without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage, without payment of compensation to performers, promoters or organizers, if (A) there is no direct or indirect admission charge; OR (B) the proceeds (after deducting for cost of performance) are used exclusively for educational, religious, or charitable purpose But: copyright owner has opportunity to serve a notice of objection. 110(5) home-style exemptions. Covers small businesses playing radio or TV in their store. Detailed provisions. Rmk: doesnt cover CDs, performance of live music Moral Rights Generally: Four basic rights attribution right to be identified (or not) as author, prevent another from claiming credit integrity to prevent public presentation in a distorted or mutilated form. disclosure author has right to decide whether to create the work in the first place, to decide when it is done, and ready to be disclosed to the public withdrawal a right to terminate the public exploitation of the work (less used) Rmk: Berne convention requires protection for attribution and integrity Congress took position that existing patchwork adequately protected The Visual Artists Rights Act (VARA) - 106A Scope: applies only to works of visual art ( 101 - defined as essentially fine art: painting, photography, drawing, sculpture) in single or signed limited (> 200) editions not WMFH, books, magazine, motion pictures, anything mass produced. Not chart, diagrams, models. advertising and promotional materials excluded (Pollara). doesnt apply to reproductions if not themselves fine art (eg, catalogues) 106A(c)(3) specifically exempts any reproduction from the attribution right, if not visual art. grants rights of integrity and attribution 106A(a)(1) right to claim authorship, and prevent misattribution 106A(a)(3) right to prevent intentional distortion, mutilation 106A(a)(3) prevent destruction of work of recognized stature conditions: not transferable, but waiveable if express, in writing, and specific (106A(e)) subject to fair use exceptions lasts length of authors life The Federal and State Patchwork Common Law doctrines (e.g., contract) and Lanham Act unfair competition provide some equivalents to moral rights in US law eg, Gilliam. Monty Pynthoners sued on contract and unfair competition. Dastar case limits use of Lanham Act for moral rights. state law (defamation, contract law) provides some moral rights protection some states (eg, CA and NY) have express moral right protections, which often go further than VARA e.g., Wojnarowicz and NY Artists Authorship Rights Act 5. The Fair Use Defense The Four Factors (107) A case-by-case, ad hoc determination. (1) purpose and character of the use a commercial v. personal v. educational? is the work transformative (Campbell)? reasonably perceived parody (Campbell)? satire (Mattel)? wrongdoing or unclean hands of D (Harper and Row)? (2) the nature of the copyrighted work (of the P) factual or functional vs. expressive? if unpublished, use will rarely be fair (Harper and Row) (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion of Ps work used courts consider both the quantity and the quality used copied the heart of the work? (Harper v. Row) amount used reasonable in relation to the purpose of the copying (Campbell)? how big a part of the Ds work is copied from P. (4) the effect of the use on the potential market of Ps work look both at the market itself and its effect on potential derivatives which would reasonably have been developed reason: otherwise fourth factor becomes circular can always claim a market for the license of the use in question. harm through disparagement is not cognizable (eg, if parody or criticism reduces demand); only substitution/ displacement harm is cognizable. Gordon: externalities or transaction costs? often considered the most important factor. canonical examples of fair use: criticism, comment, reporting, teaching, scholarship. New Technologies of Dissemination Apply same four factors, though new issues raised: new ways in which transformative nature can be claimed (Arriba) TCs might be lower, but might be externalities from use (Google Books) New Technological Uses by End Users in device cases like Sony first must define relevant use at issue. same four factors, but 2d and 3d play smaller role may indicate that fair use factors, designed to consider public uses and use of small pieces, fits uncomfortably in evaluating the personal use of end users Sony time-shifting is fair use. courts skeptical of benefit to the copyright owner argument under 4th factor (Napster) 6. Secondary Liability Vicarious Liability Gershwin/ Shapiro test: vicariously liable if: have the right and ability to supervise the infringing activity; AND direct financial interest/ benefit from infringing activity. Rmks: no knowledge requirement directness of financial interest becoming more attenuated (Cherry Auction)? Contributory Infringement Gershwin: a contributory infringer if: has knowledge of anothers infringing activity; AND induces, causes, or materially contributes to infringing activity objective knowledge standard (Napster): D actually knew or reasonably should have known typically, need only know that the activity is occurring, not whether it was actually infringement. But see Netcom. Dual-Use Technologies The Sony test: sale not copyright infringement if device is capable of substantial [or commercially significant] noninfringing uses dissent: no liability unless significant portion of products actual use is noninfringing. Mere capability not enough. Inducement-Based Liability: Liability for D who distributes the device with object of promoting or inducing infringing use (Grokster) shown by clear steps taken to foster inducement. E.g.: advertising or solicitation classic proof of promoting infringing use e.g., targeting users with known demand for infringement business model used (does it make more money if more infringement) failure to take precautions, affirmative steps to prevent Online-Service Provider Safe Harbors: 512 Definition of OSPs 512(k): a provider of online services or network access or the operator of facilities therefor. Broad definition includes AOL, access providers, YouTube, message boards. 512(i) termination policy: threshold condition to be eligible. (1)(A) OSP must adopt and reasonably implement termination policy for repeat infringers. Debate over reasonable implementation. Categories of Safe Harbors: 512(c) main section. In storage of user content, safe harbor if meet three conditions: Either: (A)(i) no actual knowledge of infringement; OR (A)(iii) upon obtaining knowledge, acts expeditiously to remove such material red flags of pirating may be enough for knowledge (B) gets no direct financial benefit from infringement, if OSP has right and ability to control. like vicarious liability, but maybe a bit stricter. (C) upon receiving notice of infringement, acts expeditiously to remove (the notice and take down [and put back]) gives specific conditions for notice, and user allowed to counter-notify (and then OSP must put back up) 7. Remedies Traditional Legal Remedies Civil Remedies: 502(a) injunctions - available in equitable discretion of court. 502(b) damages. P has choice of: 502(b) actual (make whole) damages AND profits of the infringer attributable to the infringer; OR statutory damages (registration required) 505 attorneys fees (registration required) Criminal Liability - applies only to willful infringement, Where: for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain; OR reproduction or distribute more 1+ copy of 1+ works with total retail value over $1000 in a 180 day period; OR. dissemination of pre-release work on computer network Calculating Actual Damages and Profits from Infringement: Types of Actual damages: i) lost profits recover if infringement cut into your sales ii) lost licenses from third parties (eg, Schlitz) iii) lost license from the infringer himself (eg, Davis) Profits Attributable to Infringement P can get indirect profits. Eg, Frank Music. P need only present proof of gross profits of D. 504(b). profits must be reasonably related to infringement. Davis. In discretion of judge to apportion profits in his best estimation and interests of justice. Schlitz. Calculating Statutory Damages: Amount: P entitled to sum of: not less than $750 and not more than $30,000 for all infringements with respect to any one work. if willful, max. award increases to $150,000. if innocent, min. drops to $200. P gets jury decision on statutory damages. Rmks: Registration a prerequisite to suit 411(a). Statute of Limitations 3 years for civil, 5 years for criminal federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction, and state law in area often preempted Technological Protection Measures 1201 provides protection for TPMs covers both devices and act bans, rights and access controls. TPM violates 1201(b) if circumvents and: (A) primarily designed for purpose of circumvention; OR (B) only limited commercially significant purpose other than circumvention; OR (C) marketed with knowledge of use for circumvention. Streambox: 1201 overrules Sony in this context. First Amendment issues dismissed. Reimerdes  PAGE 10 /012NOPQqrsȮУmcUjwUmHnHu0J5mHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphuj}UmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0J5:mHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphu mHnHu0JmHnHuj0JUmHnHu5:CJaJj5:CJUaJCJaJ5:>*CJaJ! gr8B x  l  q  $  $  $  $  rNN     )*+,EFGabcdefghiѽ߳ё߆xjkUmHnHu0J56mHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphujqUmHnHu0J5mHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu(  &'()PQRlmnopqrst̲߬ߤߤ̂zߤf&j>*B*UmHnHphuCJmHnHuj_UmHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHujeUmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0J56mHnHuj0JUmHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphu&23456789:VWXYstuïѥޗÃxjjMUmHnHu0J56mHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphujSUmHnHu0J5mHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHumHnHujUmHnHujYUmHnHu) !"<=>?@ABCD`abcδ֬΄֬p&j >*B*UmHnHphujA UmHnHu&j >*B*UmHnHphu mHnHuCJmHnHujG UmHnHujUmHnHumHnHuj0JUmHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu'      ! " # $ U V W q r s u v w x y z ќގѻzќlѻj/ UmHnHu&j >*B*UmHnHphuj5 UmHnHu0J56mHnHu&j >*B*UmHnHphu mHnHu0JmHnHuCJmHnHuj0JUmHnHumHnHujUmHnHuj; UmHnHu*          7 8 9 : I J K e ϵ߭קדυ߭קqf0J56mHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphuj#UmHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphu mHnHuCJmHnHuj)UmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0JmHnHuj0JUmHnHu&j >*B*UmHnHphu&e f g i j k l m n          6 7 ïޡљÅwљjUmHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphuCJmHnHujUmHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHumHnHujUmHnHujUmHnHu*7 8 9 N O P j k l n o p q r s  ϵ߭קדυ߭קqf0J5:mHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphujUmHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphu mHnHuCJmHnHuj UmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0JmHnHuj0JUmHnHu&j>*B*UmHnHphu'         5 6 7 8 Z [ \ v w x z { | } ~  ïѥޗÃujUmHnHu&jv>*B*UmHnHphujUmHnHu0J5mHnHu&j|>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHumHnHujUmHnHujUmHnHu*  } ; IJKNOP&ABCDE# $  $  $     4 5 6 8 9 : ; < = Y Z [ \ k l m ͳ߭ߥ̓߭ߥo&jd>*B*UmHnHphujUmHnHu&jj>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHujUmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0J5mHnHuj0JUmHnHu&jp>*B*UmHnHphu& &'(BCDFGHIKLMijkl}~ïޡÍтtjUmHnHu0J5:mHnHu&jX>*B*UmHnHphujUmHnHu&j^>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHumHnHujUmHnHujUmHnHu+  +,-GHIKLMNPQRnopqͳ߭ߥ̓߭ߥod0J5:mHnHu&jF>*B*UmHnHphujUmHnHu&jL>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHujUmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0J5mHnHuj0JUmHnHu&jR>*B*UmHnHphu' !#$%&'(DEFGghiïѥޗÃѥuj UmHnHu&j: >*B*UmHnHphujUmHnHu0J5mHnHu&j@>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHumHnHujUmHnHujUmHnHu* :;<>?@AEFGcdefͳ߭ߥ̓߭ߥod0J5:mHnHu&j(#>*B*UmHnHphuj"UmHnHu&j.">*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj!UmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0J5mHnHuj0JUmHnHu&j4!>*B*UmHnHphu' !"#$%ABCD\]^xyz|}~ïѥޗÃxjj%UmHnHu0J56mHnHu&j%>*B*UmHnHphuj$UmHnHu0J5mHnHu&j"$>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHumHnHujUmHnHuj#UmHnHu) #$%?@ACDEFGHdefg÷é÷֣÷Á÷ye÷&j (>*B*UmHnHphuCJmHnHuj'UmHnHu&j'>*B*UmHnHphu mHnHuj&UmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0J56mHnHuj0JUmHnHu&j&>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu'FqO\*{YZ[ r<t $  $  $    0123NOPjklnopqrsѝޏѻ{ѝmѻj{*UmHnHu&j)>*B*UmHnHphuj)UmHnHu0J5mHnHu&j)>*B*UmHnHphu mHnHu0JmHnHuCJmHnHuj0JUmHnHumHnHujUmHnHuj(UmHnHu*,-.HIJLMNOPQmnopͳ߭ߥ̓߭ߥod0J56mHnHu&j,>*B*UmHnHphujo,UmHnHu&j+>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuju+UmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0J5mHnHuj0JUmHnHu&j*>*B*UmHnHphu&$%&'9:;UVWYZ[\]^z{ïѤޖÂѤtj]/UmHnHu&j.>*B*UmHnHphujc.UmHnHu0J56mHnHu&j->*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHumHnHujUmHnHuji-UmHnHu*{|} #$%'()*+,HIJKXYZt̲߬ߤ߆x߬ߤd&j1>*B*UmHnHphujQ1UmHnHu0J5mHnHu&j0>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHujW0UmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0J56mHnHuj0JUmHnHu&j/>*B*UmHnHphu&tuvxyz{|}678RSTVWXYïѤäތxѤjj?4UmHnHu&j3>*B*UmHnHphujE3UmHnHu0J5mHnHu0J56mHnHu&j2>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHumHnHujUmHnHujK2UmHnHu)Y[\]yz{|   '()Žꅽwc&j6>*B*UmHnHphuj36UmHnHu0J5mHnHu&j5>*B*UmHnHphuj95UmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0J5:mHnHu&j4>*B*UmHnHphu mHnHuj0JUmHnHu0JmHnHu&)*OPQklmopqrst5679xjj!9UmHnHu0J5:mHnHu&j8>*B*UmHnHphuj'8UmHnHu&j7>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj-7UmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0J5mHnHuj0JUmHnHu)9:;<=>Z[\]tuvQR溲ؐ溲n溲&j;>*B*UmHnHphuj;UmHnHu&j:>*B*UmHnHphuj:UmHnHumHnHu0J5mHnHu&j9>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHujUmHnHu+RSmnoqrstuv()*DEFHIJK®Ф‚wij>UmHnHu0J5:mHnHu&j=>*B*UmHnHphuj =UmHnHu0J5mHnHu&j<>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHuj<UmHnHumHnHujUmHnHu)K!"#Zw. ~ ;!!"#F# & F & F & F & F & F$a$ $ KLMijklxyz !#$%ABCDǿǿo&jt@>*B*UmHnHphuj?UmHnHu&jz?>*B*UmHnHphuj>UmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0J5mHnHu&j>>*B*UmHnHphu mHnHu0JmHnHuj0JUmHnHu'D_`a{|} 789STUWXYſŷřſŷwřijBUmHnHu&jhB>*B*UmHnHphujAUmHnHu0J:mHnHu&jnA>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHuj@UmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0J5:mHnHu)YZ[\xyz{    TUVpqrtuvwxyƾƾnƾ&jVE>*B*UmHnHphujDUmHnHu&j\D>*B*UmHnHphujCUmHnHujUmHnHumHnHu0J:mHnHu&jbC>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHuj0JUmHnHu mHnHu+ ' ( ) + , - . / 0 L M N O [ \ ] w x y { | } ~  ïѥޗÃѥugj5:>*CJUaJjGUmHnHu&jJG>*B*UmHnHphujFUmHnHu0J:mHnHu&jPF>*B*UmHnHphu0JmHnHu mHnHuj0JUmHnHumHnHujUmHnHujEUmHnHu' :!;![!h!r!!!""""##E#F#####i$j$$$$$M%%%c&d&|&'''<'=''c((((((() ) ) )A)B)j)v)))) ****(*y*z******,,%.56CJaJ5>*CJaJ jCJaJ 6CJaJ >*CJaJ 5CJaJCJaJ5:>*CJaJ :CJaJLF###j$$%d&''<'='t''((( )B))*z*** + & F & F & F & F@&$@&a$ & F & F & F & F +Q++d,,,-$.%.?.. ///0]1y11112d222_3l3 & F & F & F & F@& & F & F & F%...///]1k1y11M3]33333>4j4y4z4{447585b5d555<6=6h6i666666+7,777777I8_8889999999999z::;;;x<<<====>>>?? ???????q@5>*CJaJ6>*CJaJ56CJaJ 6CJaJ >*CJaJCJaJ 5CJaJRl3333>4{4855=6i66,7777I88999<:S:z:::;; & F@& & F & F & F@& & F;y<<<====$>S>k>>>>>>? ???q@@@A>BGBB & F  & F @& & F & F & F & Fq@u@@@@@@@@@@AGBVBWBGCRC3E4E5EEFFFHHbHH I IZIBKaKcK}KKKKKK7LfLLLLLMFMMMN:N;NDNINOOIOUOwO~OOOOJPPPPQVQnR|RxSST T!TBTCTST jCJaJ j>*CJaJ6>*CJaJ >*CJaJ 5CJaJ56CJaJ 6CJaJCJaJOBcCCsD5EEEFGHbHH III;JJJJAKBKbKcK~KK@&@& & F  & F  & F & F & F & FKKKLLGMaMMMM;NDNNxO~OOOJPPQWQ3RnRxS TTU & F  & F  & F  & F  & F @&STTUUUUVVVWWWWWWWWWX X%XOXYYYYZZ\[j[\\\\*]+]x]y]]]]]]]^^r^|^^__~__3`H```AbGbJbbcccIdJdKdddddddddde eGeHe j5CJaJ56CJaJ 5CJaJ6>*CJaJ 6CJaJ jCJaJ >*CJaJCJaJOUVWPXXYYYDZmZZZl[[[y\\\\\\+]y]]]] & F  & F  & F @& & F  & F  & F ]^s^|^_A_~_3````aAbbcKddddddHe}eeeePf@& & F  & F  & F  & F  & F He|eeeeeeeeIfMfOfPfsf}ffhh?hIhihhhi2i7i:iCiIiNiiiPjSjjjdkikkk|ll`mcmfm>oooooocpppp]rvrrsss sasls~ssssst;u*CJaJ6>*CJaJ >*CJaJ56CJaJ 6CJaJCJaJ 5CJaJRPftf}fggghihhiij|jAk`kjkk"ll.m`mmmn5n>nnn & F  & F  & F  & F nnnnnn(o>ooo`ppqr]rrrrs ssst^tt*CJaJCJaJ >*CJaJTA~~KmĀoUڃЄ*gh҇ & F & F@& & F  & F  & F ̆fghч KL 78bd͉ωމ߉w*,GHtv̋ EmXގ-2az'Dl&7 ْܒ 0 j>*CJaJ 6CJaJ5>*CJaJ j5CJaJ 5CJaJ56CJaJ >*CJaJCJaJN҇ L8dΉω߉,H Em$ӍXҎUӏEl & F@& & F & F & Fl&JɕF k 1ј#PߙJԛA@& & F & F & F & F & FIJUȕɕЕוEFo !)jk 01\Иј"#HM\ޙJԛٛߛ@AQΜϜŝמ؞g̟͟JMtƠѠҠ=j jCJaJ 5CJaJ6>*CJaJ >*CJaJ56CJaJCJaJ 6CJaJRAϜ#Ɲ؞hΟܟ)JuӠ = & F & F & F & F@&@& & F & F & F=kv1Ң֣4NҤsͥ=̦٦@& & F & F & F & F & Fjkuv01ѢҢkn֣ߣ)14Nh}Czͥ=̦AmMPx(DET(;,4/F֭׭NOOP56CJaJ 6CJaJ6>*CJaJCJaJ >*CJaJ 5CJaJUQ(E3h(I׭OPį'[@& & F & F & F & FP~ïįů'Oiײ,->TUVdeɳ9s|~ܴݴ ,3hsz@AlmιEF6>*CJaJ :CJaJ5:>*CJaJ 6CJaJ56CJaJ j>*CJaJ 5CJaJCJaJ >*CJaJLO-UVer:~ݴpjs׶@&$@&a$ & F@& & F & F & F׶U_AmϹF(Z & F & F & F@& & F & F & F & F & F@& & F & F & FFRc'Ӽ׼ټۼܼdѽپ]!&'(89KL{|#$!"#,014_ 6CJaJ j>*CJaJ5>*CJaJ6>*CJaJ56CJaJ >*CJaJCJaJ 5CJaJNZܼdѽ](9L|$#@& & F & F & F & F & F14/8w%~rsJc & F & F & F@& & F & F & F & F & F./78HZ^vw $%}~qrsIJbc$%,bn&-r :BCmn9:JAh*x5>*CJaJ6>*CJaJ 5CJaJ 6CJaJ56CJaJ >*CJaJCJaJR%c/r:Cn:Aht*\e & F & F & F@& & F & F & F & F & F & F:;UZ[\dewIJK_`a#=CgADFm ST7?@8stܷ :CJaJ5:>*CJaJ 5CJaJ 6CJaJ jCJaJ56CJaJCJaJ6>*CJaJ j>*CJaJ >*CJaJ5>*CJaJFeagFm T & F & F & F & F & F@&$@&a$ & F & F@8tSM]L & F & F & F & F & F & Fst\]{KbKLRnx/0ie<^[$#_ 45 :CJaJ5:>*CJaJ5>*CJaJ56CJaJ 6CJaJ jCJaJ6>*CJaJCJaJ >*CJaJ 5CJaJILbuSni}<_)Z[x & F@& & F & F & F & F$ 5[#o& & F@&$@&a$ & F & F & F5N["#\*+;__45IJ34JK !)*PQ<=fg0  jCJaJ 6CJaJ 5CJaJCJaJ >*CJaJX&\+7m&:Jx_)av & F  & F  & F  & F & F & F<51d#wu*] & F & F & F & F & F  & F  & F =KMV\z.%    | R    @&^ & F & F & F0 9 W X  ')`e\gMNtuvI~%1B$DEw;dg1#$*-GHp j>*CJaJ >*CJaJ56CJaJ 5CJaJ jCJaJCJaJ 6CJaJR  l   )Nuv~@& & F  & F  & F  & F &n1C$<\HRm & F# & F# & F# & F  & F  & F  & F _OU % z    & F$ & F$ & F$@& & F  & F  & F  & F  & F#pqNOT  $ z     d!e!!!!!."/"v"w"""#,#-#.#F#G#S###((E*I*++,#,$,,,,)-../'0S0T00000011115:>*CJaJ 6CJaJ56CJaJ >*CJaJ 5CJaJCJaJ jCJaJQ e!!!!"/"w"".###$$Q%%%$&b&&n''r((g)** + & F$ & F$ & F$ & F$ +Q+++++,$,,,,,,)--..//%0'0T0000 & F% & F% & F$ & F% & F$@& & F$@&$@&a$ & F$01112M2222233:3q334H44 5L5n55556z66 & F%@& & F% & F% & F%11h2222222233/37334H4i444 5L5m5n5555556y6}667778@99999 : :i:::::::{;|;;;<<$<%<1<9<A<I<S<<<<==[=\=_=g===>>>>??\?f? 6CJaJ6>*CJaJ56CJaJ >*CJaJCJaJ 5CJaJ5>*CJaJR67<778-888@9999 ::::|;;<%<I<<=\==I>> & F%@& & F% & F% & F% & F%>?]??@@JAAIBJBuBBBBB?CZCCDKDDD/EE+FsFF & F%@& & F% & F% & F%f???~@@@@IAJAAAHBJBuBBBBB>CZCCCDDD/EEE$F*F+FrFsFFpGqGGG%HHHIIEIFIIIII1JKJ_JkJlJKLLLLLLLMMM-N.N4NNNNOOO#OOOOOPPP1P 6CJaJ j5CJaJ5>*CJaJ >*CJaJ 5CJaJ56CJaJCJaJRFFqGG&HHHIII1JHJ7KjKKKKL'LLLMM.NNNN@& & F% & F% & F% & F%NOOPP2P>PPP:Q~QQQRRR,SfSSSxTT5U)V{VV:W & F% & F%@& & F% & F%1P2PPQ9Q:Q}QQRRRR+SSSSwTxTTTTT4U5U8UJU(V)V+V=VzV{VVVWWWmXXXYY(Y)YYZZZZ[E[F[`[a[[[\\V\W\\]] ]]]]'^(^^^ _ _$_)_``i`j`ia~aaaab bbb6cc >*CJaJ56CJaJ 6CJaJ 5CJaJCJaJY:WWWW)XmXXY)YYYZZZ[E[F[a[[\W\\\]](^^ _@& & F% & F%@& & F% _o__`j``haiaaa bbbb6ccccvdd>eeeee]ff & F%@& & F% & F% & F%cccc}dd=eeee]ff2gvgygggghh8hDhQhRh i iiilimiiiii2j3j4jkjjjjkkkk lGlll m mmmmmm4n5nHnn>oCoooooo p pCpqqQqRqqqqq r3r>*CJH*aJ5>*CJaJ 6CJaJ6>*CJaJ 5CJaJ56CJaJ >*CJaJCJaJOfygghRh iimii3j4jkj}j4khkkkl mmm5nnn,ooCp@& & F% & F% & F% & F%CpppqqRqqq!r#r4r5rCrPrfrrss t}ttuduuuuu@&@& & F% & F% & F% & F%3r4rBrCrtrrrs)sss t?t|ttttuduuuuuuuuuuukv4w;wkwlwwwMxNxxxy*y+y}yyyyy{z|zzzz>|c|d|t|u|}}}}}~~~~ :CJaJ5:>*CJaJ 6CJaJ5>*CJaJ6>*CJaJ >*CJaJ 5CJaJ56CJaJCJaJLulvvwlwwNxxy+y~yyyy|zzz,{{{|=|>|d|u||}}@& & F% & F% & F%}~~~~GYހ<"ʂmփ & F% & F%@&$@&a$ & F% & F% & F%Y;<mԁ Zb_kmփ@vÄV>F܆F`ucJKՊ֊ʋ/0Ύ./Fuv56CJaJ6>*CJaJ 6CJaJ >*CJaJCJaJ 5CJaJUփvÄWw܆u`K֊30 & F% & F% & F% & F% & F%/v=:wx"i$4e2{/[E & F% & F% & F%@& & F% & F%<=F`9:vwx !"[ghi~#$34deݔ12z{./Z[DEkl678  !"3\]jkmn56CJaJ6>*CJaJ >*CJaJ 6CJaJ 5CJaJCJaJVl78`l "]knŝ 9_ & F% & F% & F% & F%@& & F% & F%žuvϟП؟!%}~89;TUV}A %&-ԤդKLԥե$%JKçħ ) >*CJaJ :CJaJ5:>*CJaJ56CJaJ 6CJaJCJaJ 5CJaJRvП~9:;UVnzẠ & F2 & F2 & F2 & F%@&$@&a$ & F% & F% & F%̣&դLե%Kħ   *7c?ܩR & F2 & F2@& & F% & F% & F% & F%)*:Ebcis̨ >?ܩQorO]`ӭԭn˯̯mn>B߱\cdopr~ jrض߶ !6ŷ6>*CJaJ56>*CJaJ 6CJaJ >*CJaJ5>*CJaJ56CJaJ 5CJaJCJaJOЫ$_`ԭo̯5n(> & F% & F5 & F5 & F5 & F5 & F%@& & F% & F% & F%>XѲ2ȳ\rjض7ϷAܸPι5 & F%@& & F% & F% & F% & F%ŷƷ޷Y]op˹͹ι4yԺMNlm  Ǽ,-.ayʽٽڽBClBHSTZ\DEnvCDxyRS\  55:>*CJaJ56CJaJ5>*CJaJ >*CJaJ 5CJaJ 6CJaJCJaJ jCJaJO5yԺNm Fȼ.bڽCclKTE & F% & F5 & F% & F% & F% & F% & F%MnDyS   67DQ)w1 & F%@&$@&a$ & F% & F% & F% & F%567CDQ()OUv01If} "E"PQuKPQz"')6 !B-@AFz{ 56CJaJ6>*CJaJ5>*CJaJ >*CJaJ 6CJaJ 5CJaJCJaJ :CJaJP1J~QRz)6!C & F8 & F8 & F% & F8 & F% & F% & F%-A{_*m:;~,C|5<=EP$If & F%@& & F% & F% & F% ^_j)*1PUlm9:;+,BC{| 0v45LMVW"(46H`6>*CJaJ5:CJaJ :CJaJ5:>*CJaJ >*CJaJ 6CJaJ56CJaJCJaJ 5CJaJLPQalwxtnnnttnnntid & F8 & F8$If$$IflF0 ( $ t06    44 la O15M56`alm & F: & F: & F:h^h@&$@&a$ & F% & F% & F% & F85[Je    ()@|h^h & F: ^  & F: & F: & F:5PY|IVdem  v+36 bcuz|96;=vw1?A`?@CF jCJaJ j5CJaJ56CJaJ 6CJaJ 5CJaJCJaJ >*CJaJR9=wA@s 7-e & F: ^  & F: & F:Fsw 57A_e78+<=$%5(FGef)9:TZ j5CJaJ6>*CJaJ >*CJaJ 6CJaJ56CJaJ 5CJaJCJaJR8 6j(Gf) & F: ^  & F: & F: & F:)iUEr$pqr & F; & F;h^h@& ^  & F: & F: & F: & F:TU"Eqrwaor wx3fjn_9</17o j5CJaJ jCJaJ6>*CJaJ5:CJaJ5:>*CJaJ >*CJaJ 6CJaJCJaJ 5CJaJ56CJaJHx/0123N%`:;<M^ & F; ^  & F; & F; & F;9mnoA\Pq~]^_` & F< & F; & F;8^8 & F; & F;@AJZ[\"/OPqRl{}~./I[\^`XYy (H=>Xyz895:>*CJaJ5:CJaJ j>*CJaJ 6CJaJ5>*CJaJ6>*CJaJCJaJ >*CJaJ56CJaJ 5CJaJH`Y H>z9P & F= & F= & F= & F= & F=@&P45PSiv "#jk 8mn   I J     @                      $FGST5:CJaJ 6CJaJ >*CJaJ56CJaJ 5CJaJCJaJS5P     *Sv# & F= & F=8^8 & F= & F=#k -8n  J        < d     K    & F= & F= & F= & F=     &'GT7ROmw0DEF & F= & F= & F= & F=67QRNOlmvw/06BCDjaz{*,2@ %fwxy45>*CJaJ5:>*CJaJ 6CJaJ56CJaJ >*CJaJ5:CJaJCJaJ 5CJaJ :CJaJJFa{Au %Sy5 & F> & F> & F> & F> & F>@&45Z[?@u  ABH_#;<JL;VwW^  o p    !)"*"""""" ##y##;$$ % %4%5%n%o%%% &&&&&& ''56CJaJ 6CJaJCJaJ >*CJaJ5>*CJaJ 5CJaJ6>*CJaJR5[@v BGH<; & F> ^  & F> & F> & F> & F>;xWp   !!!*"""#y#;$M$$ %5%o%%% & & F> & F> & F> & F> & F> &&&& '((Y(k()Q)/*g**.+++++,`,,G---&.S. & F> ^  & F> & F> & F> & F>''(3(@(Y(s(v(()')Q)i)))/*f*g**.+7+9+P++ ,_,l,,,F-T---&....//d/e///////M0N0x0y00000;1<1G1H111111s2w2~2223333333\44445:>*CJaJ5:CJaJ56CJaJ6>*CJaJ >*CJaJ 6CJaJ 5CJaJCJaJOS../e///N0y000<1H11111s222=33333333@& & F> & F> & F> & F>3374\44445Q5y555,6\666778888E9F9G9i999 & F? & F? & F? & F?4444444444445555Q5w5y555555,6M6Z6[6\66667788 8f888888C9D999999:#:$:%:J:K:b:f::`;a;e;;;;;; <<<=*=,=.=H=S=s=}==5>*CJaJ5:>*CJaJ56CJaJ5:CJaJ 5CJaJCJaJ >*CJaJ6>*CJaJN9%:&:':K:::a;;;;;; <=<<<<<-=.=H=p=== & F@ & F@ & F@@& & F? & F?^ & F?==> >B>>>>>>>>>?T?U???M@U@W@@@AVAWAAAAAAAAA9B;B=B>BBBBB%COCPCkClCCCCCCCLDMDDDDDDEE*E0E{EEEEEEFGFrFG.GFG]G5:>*CJaJ :CJaJ5:CJaJCJaJ6>*CJaJ >*CJaJ56CJaJ 5CJaJ5>*CJaJL=B>>>>U??W@@@AWAAAA>BBBPClCCCCMDDDE & F@ & F@ & F@ & F@ & F@ & F@EEEEFF-FsFFG/G^GGGZHHHH!ITIIIIJ[JJ & FA & FA & FA & FA & FA@& & F@ & F@]GtGGGGGGGHZH{HHHH!IEIKIRITIIIIIIIIIIIJTJYJ[JJJJJKKbKKKKKKKOLPLdLnLLLLL)MUMMMMMNNN/N3NhNqNrNtNuN{N|N~NNNNɾ0JmHnHu0J j0JU56CJaJ5>*CJaJ6>*CJaJ 6CJaJCJaJ >*CJaJ 5CJaJKJJKcKKKKKLPLLLLL)MUMMMNENrNsNtNNNN$a$$a$ & FA & FA & FA & FA & FANN & FA 1h/ =!"#$%}DyK _Toc165650684}DyK _Toc165650684}DyK _Toc165650685}DyK _Toc165650685}DyK _Toc165650686}DyK _Toc165650686}DyK _Toc165650687}DyK _Toc165650687}DyK _Toc165650688}DyK _Toc165650688}DyK _Toc165650689}DyK _Toc165650689}DyK _Toc165650690}DyK _Toc165650690}DyK _Toc165650691}DyK _Toc165650691}DyK _Toc165650692}DyK _Toc165650692}DyK _Toc165650693}DyK _Toc165650693}DyK _Toc165650694}DyK _Toc165650694}DyK _Toc165650695}DyK _Toc165650695}DyK _Toc165650696}DyK _Toc165650696}DyK _Toc165650697}DyK _Toc165650697}DyK _Toc165650698}DyK _Toc165650698}DyK _Toc165650699}DyK _Toc165650699}DyK _Toc165650700}DyK _Toc165650700}DyK _Toc165650701}DyK _Toc165650701}DyK _Toc165650702}DyK _Toc165650702}DyK _Toc165650703}DyK _Toc165650703}DyK _Toc165650704}DyK _Toc165650704}DyK _Toc165650705}DyK _Toc165650705}DyK _Toc165650706}DyK _Toc165650706}DyK _Toc165650707}DyK _Toc165650707}DyK _Toc165650708}DyK _Toc165650708}DyK _Toc165650709}DyK _Toc165650709}DyK _Toc165650710}DyK _Toc165650710}DyK _Toc165650711}DyK _Toc165650711}DyK _Toc165650712}DyK _Toc165650712}DyK _Toc165650713}DyK _Toc165650713}DyK _Toc165650714}DyK _Toc165650714}DyK _Toc165650715}DyK _Toc165650715}DyK _Toc165650716}DyK _Toc165650716}DyK _Toc165650717}DyK _Toc165650717}DyK _Toc165650718}DyK _Toc165650718}DyK _Toc165650719}DyK _Toc165650719}DyK _Toc165650720}DyK _Toc165650720}DyK _Toc165650721}DyK _Toc165650721}DyK _Toc165650722}DyK _Toc165650722}DyK _Toc165650723}DyK _Toc165650723}DyK _Toc165650724}DyK _Toc165650724}DyK _Toc165650725}DyK _Toc165650725}DyK _Toc165650726}DyK _Toc165650726}DyK _Toc165650727}DyK _Toc165650727}DyK _Toc165650728}DyK _Toc165650728}DyK _Toc165650729}DyK _Toc165650729}DyK _Toc165650730}DyK _Toc165650730}DyK _Toc165650731}DyK _Toc165650731}DyK _Toc165650732}DyK _Toc165650732}DyK _Toc165650733}DyK _Toc165650733}DyK _Toc165650734}DyK _Toc165650734}DyK _Toc165650735}DyK _Toc165650735}DyK _Toc165650736}DyK _Toc165650736}DyK _Toc165650737}DyK _Toc165650737}DyK _Toc165650738}DyK _Toc165650738}DyK _Toc165650739}DyK _Toc165650739}DyK _Toc165650740}DyK _Toc165650740}DyK _Toc165650741}DyK _Toc165650741}DyK _Toc165650742}DyK _Toc165650742}DyK _Toc165650743}DyK _Toc165650743}DyK _Toc165650744}DyK _Toc165650744}DyK _Toc165650745}DyK _Toc165650745}DyK _Toc165650746}DyK _Toc165650746}DyK _Toc165650747}DyK _Toc165650747}DyK _Toc165650748}DyK _Toc165650748}DyK _Toc165650749}DyK _Toc165650749}DyK _Toc165650750}DyK _Toc165650750}DyK _Toc165650751}DyK _Toc165650751}DyK _Toc165650752}DyK _Toc165650752}DyK _Toc165650753}DyK _Toc165650753}DyK _Toc165650754}DyK _Toc165650754}DyK _Toc165650755}DyK _Toc165650755}DyK _Toc165650756}DyK _Toc165650756}DyK _Toc165650757}DyK _Toc165650757 i<@< NormalCJ_HaJmH nHsH tH<A@< Default Paragraph Font,@, Header  !, @, Footer  !&)@& Page Number,@, TOC 1$ $ a$*@* TOC 4 ^CJ&@& TOC 3 ^&@& TOC 2 ^.U@a. Hyperlink >*B*phJ gr8Bxlq}; I J K N O P & A B C D E #FqO\*{YZ[ r<tK!"#Zw.~;Fj !d"##<#=#t##$$$ %B%%&z&&& 'Q''d((()$*%*?** +++,]-y----.d..._/l////>0{0811=2i22,3333I44555<6S6z66677y888=999$:S:k::::::; ;;;q<<<=>>G>>c??s@5AAABCDbDD EEE;FFFFAGBGbGcG~GGGGHHGIaIIII;JDJJxK~KKKJLLMWM3NnNxO PPQRSPTTUUUDVmVVVlWWWyXXXXXX+YyYYYYZsZ|Z[A[~[3\\\\]A^^_K``````Ha}aaaaPbtb}bcccdiddeef|fAg`gjgg"hh.i`iiij5j>jjjjjjjj(k>kkk`llmn]nnnno ooop^ppJ>u>>>>>??Z??@K@@@/AA+BsBBBqCC&DDDEEE1FHF7GjGGGGH'HHHII.JJJJKKLL2L>LLL:M~MMMNNN,OfOOOxPP5Q)R{RR:SSSS)TmTTU)UUUVVVWEWFWaWWXWXXXYY(ZZ [o[[\j\\h]i]]] ^^^^6____v``>aaaaa]bbyccdRd eemee3f4fkf}f4ghgggh iii5jjj,kkClllmmRmmm!n#n4n5nCnPnfnnoo p}ppqdqqqqqlrrslssNttu+u~uuuu|vvv,wwwx=x>xdxuxxyyzzzzG{{{{{{||Y||||<}}}"~~~~mvÀWw܂u`Kֆ30/v=:wx"i$4e2{/[El78`l "]knř 9_vЛ~9:;UVnzA̟&ՠLա%Kģ   *7c?ܥRЧ$_`ԩo̫5n(>XѮ2ȯ\rjز7ϳAܴPε5yԶNm Fȸ.bڹCclKTEʽMnܾDyֿS   67DQ)w1J~QRz)6!C-A{_*m:;~,C|5<=EPQalwxO15M56`alm5[Je    ()@|9=wA@s 7-e8 6j(Gf)iUEr$pqrx/0123N%`:;<M9mnoA\Pq~]^_`Y H>z9P5P     *Sv#k -8nJ <dK   & ' G T   7 R   O m w    0   DEFa{Au %Sy5[@v BGH<;xWp*y; M   !5!o!!! """" #$$Y$k$%Q%/&g&&.'''''(`((G)))&*S**+e+++N,y,,,<-H-----s...=/////////70\00001Q1y111,2\222334444E5F5G5i555%6&6'6K666a777777 8=88888-9.9H9p999B::::U;;W<<<=W====>>>>P?l????M@@@AAAABB-BsBBC/C^CCCZDDDD!ETEEEEF[FFFGcGGGGGHPHHHHH)IUIIIJEJrJsJtJJJ00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0; 0 0; 0  0000#0# 0=# 0t#=# 0#=# 0#=# 0$=# 0#=# 0t#=# 0t#=# 0t#=# 0t#=# 0=# 0&=# 0&=# 0&=# 0Q'=# 0Q'=# 0&=# 0(=# 0(=#0=#0# 0%* 0?*%* 0*%* 0*%* 0+%* 0+%* 0?*%* 0?*%* 0%* 0-%* 0-%* 0-%* 0-%* 0-%* 0.%* 0-%* 0_/%*0%*(0%* 0/ 0// 0>0/ 0{0/ 0// 01/ 01/ 0i2/ 01/0/(0%* 03 033 0I43 0I43 0I43 053 053 0538 03 0z6z6 06z6 06z6 0z6z6 0z6z6 0y8z6 08z6 08z6 0y8z6 09z6 09z6 0z6 0S:z6 0S:z6 0S:z60z60z6(0%* 0: 0: 0 ;: 0: 0;: 0;: 0;: 0<: 0: 0>>: 0G>: 0>: 0G>: 0?: 0?: 0G>: 0A: 0>>: 0B: 0>>: 0: 0bD: 0bD: 0 E: 0E: 0;: 0;F: 0;: 0F:0:0#0BG(0BG0cG80cG 0G 0GG 0GG 0GG 0HG 0GIG 0GIG 0GIG 0GG 0G 0;JG 0DJG 0DJG 0xKG 0xKG 0KG 0xKG 0JLG 0xKG 0MG 0MG 0;JG 0nNG 0xOG 0xOG 0xOG 0nNG 0;JG 0SG 0SG 0SG 0UG 0;JG 0UG 0DVG 0UG 0VG 0UG 0lWG 0lWG 0UG 0yXG0G80cG 0X 0XX 0XX 0XX 0yYX 0yYX 0yYX 0XX 0X 0sZX 0|ZX 0[X 0A[X 0A[X 0A[X 0[X 0\X 0\X 0sZX 0A^X 0^X 0^X0X80cG 0` 0`` 0`` 0`` 0Ha` 0Ha` 0Ha` 0`` 0`` 0` 0tb` 0}b` 0c` 0c` 0tb` 0d` 0id` 0d` 0tb` 0e` 0e` 0e` 0Ag` 0Ag` 0tb` 0g` 0"h` 0"h` 0tb` 0`i` 0`i` 0`i` 0` 05j` 0>j` 0>j` 0>j` 05j` 0j` 0j` 0j` 0j` 05j` 0>k` 0k` 0>k` 0>k` 0l` 0l` 0>k` 0]n`0`(0BG 0n 0on 0on 0on 0on 0on 0on 0pn 0n 0qqn 0qqn 0qn 0qqn 0Vrn 0qqn 0qqn 0ysn 0qqn 0[tn 0n 0un 0un 0un 0un 0un 0^vn 0un 0wn 0wn 0un 0xn 0un 0+yn 0un 0zn 0un 0zn 0zn 0{n 0un 0m|n 0m|n 0un 0}n 0}n 0}n 0o~n 0o~n 0un 0n 0n 0n 0Ѐn 0Ѐn 0Ѐn 0n0n(0BG 0h 0h 0h 0h 0 h 0 h 0h 0 h 0dh0h80h 0υ 0߅υ 0υ 0߅υ 0Hυ 0υ 0υ 0 υ 0 υ 0 υ 0$υ 0υ 0υ 0υ 0υ 0Uυ 0υ 0Eυ 0υ 0υ 0υ 0υ 0υ 0υ 0υ 0υ 0Jυ 0Jυ 0Jυ 0υ 0 υ 0 υ 0υ 0 υ 01υ0υ80h 0 0# 0# 0ߕ 0# 0 0 0A 0Ϙ 0A 0 000(0BG080 0 0ؚ 0 0 0ؚ 0Λ 0Λ 0 0 0Λ 0Λ 0Ӝ 0Ӝ 0 0= 0k 0k 0 0 0 0= 0Ҟ 0 0Ҟ 0 0Ҟ 0 0 0 0N 0Ҟ 0 0 0 0͡080 0 0̢ 0̢ 0 0 0Q 0 0 0( 0E 03 0( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0ש 0 0 0080 0 0 0' 0' 0 0 0 0O 0O 0080 0V 0eV 0rV 0rV 0rV0V0V000 0 0ݰ 0ݰ 0p 0p 0  0j 0s 0j 0U 0U 0( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0m 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0( 0Z 0 0( 0 0 0ѹ 0 0 0 0 0 0( 0 0 0 0۽ 0 000 0 0 0$ 0 0$ 0# 0 0# 0 04 0 0/ 08 0w 08 0 0/ 0 0 000 0s 0s 0s 0s 0Js 0Js 0s 0s 0Js 0s 0s 0s 0s 0rs 0s 0:s 0Cs 0:s 0s 0:s 0:s( 0s 0AA 0hA 0hA 0hA 0A 0*A 0A 0AA 0\A 0eA 0eA 0\A 0A 0A 0\A0A0A000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0F 0F 0 0  0 0 0 0@ 0@ 0 08 08 0 0 0 0S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0L 0L 0L 0L 0 0 0S 0S 0n 0n 0i 0i 0n 0 0 0S 0< 0S 0 0 000 0[ 0x[ 0x[ 0x[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0x[ 0[ 0[ 0[0[000 0 0  0  0  0  0  0 0 0 0 0o 0o 0 0& 0 0 0 0+ 0+ 0+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0x 0x 0x 0 0 0 0 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0 0 0< 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0d 0d 0 0# 0 0u 0 0 0 0] 0 0] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0M 0 0M 0 0 0  0 0  0 0 0. 0  0% 0  0 0 000 0 0  0  0  0  0  0  0 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 00 0v 0v 0v 0v 0v 0~v 0v 0~v 0v 0v 0~v 0v 0v 0~v 01v 01v 0v 0v 0v 0v 0<v 0\v 0v 0v 0v 0v 0v 0v# 0v# 0Hv# 0Rv# 0Rv# 0Rv 0v 0Hv 0v 0v 0Hv 0v 0v 0v 0v 0Ov 0v0v0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0z$ 0$ 0z$ 0z$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0$ 0 $ 0 $ 0$ 0!$ 0!$ 0$ 0"$ 0$ 0#$ 0#$ 0$ 0g%$ 0$ 0&$ 0&0000'0'$ 0(0((0($ 0($ 0((% 0(% 0($ 0(($ 0(($ 0*($ 0*($ 0*(0((0(% 0',% 0',% 0,',% 0,',% 0,',% 0,',% 0-',% 0-',% 0-',% 0M.',% 0M.',0',80',% 0.% 0/.% 0/.% 0/.% 0q/.% 0/.% 0/.% 0H0.% 0H0.% 0/.% 0L1.% 0.% 01.% 01.% 01.% 01.% 01.% 02.% 01.% 0<3.% 01.% 04.% 0-4.% 04.% 01.% 01.0.80',% 05% 0 65% 065% 0 65% 065% 065% 05% 085% 0%85% 0%85% 0%85% 095% 095% 0%85% 0%85% 0:5% 085% 0];5% 085% 0<5% 0<5% 0<5050'% 0J>% 0u>J>% 0>J>% 0>J>% 0>J>% 0>J>% 0??J>% 0??J>% 0u>J>% 0@J>% 0K@J>% 0@J>% 0@J>% 0@J>% 0AJ>% 0@J>% 0sBJ>% 0sBJ>% 0sBJ>% 0@J>% 0u>J>% 0&DJ>% 0u>J>% 0DJ>% 0DJ>% 0DJ>% 0J>% 01FJ>% 01FJ>% 07GJ>% 07GJ>0J>0'% 0 G% 0HG% 0'HG% 0'HG% 0HG% 0IG% 0IG% 0HG% 0JG% 0JG% 0JG% 0HG0G0'% 0 L% 02LL% 0>LL% 0>LL% 0>LL% 02LL% 0~ML% 0ML% 0~ML% 0NL% 0NL% 02LL% 02LL% 0 L% 0OL% 0OL% 0OL% 0OL% 0OL% 0)RL% 0{RL% 0)RL0L0'% 0 S% 0SS% 0)TS% 0)TS% 0SS% 0US% 0US% 0SS% 0US% 0SS% 0VS% 0VS0S(0S% 0 FW% 0aWFW% 0aWFW% 0XFW% 0XFW% 0FW% 0XFW% 0YFW% 0YFW% 0XFW% 0ZFW% 0ZFW% 0XFW% 0[FW% 0\FW% 0XFW0FW(0S% 0i]% 0]i]% 0]i]% 0]i]% 0]i]% 0]i]% 0]i]% 06_i]% 0_i]% 06_i]% 0_i]% 0_i]% 06_i]0i](0S% 0a% 0aa% 0aa% 0aa% 0ba% 0ba% 0ba% 0da% 0a% 0 ea% 0ea% 0 ea0a(0S% 04f% 0kf4f% 0}f4f% 0}f4f% 0kf4f% 0kf4f% 0g4f% 0g4f% 0 i4f% 0kf4f% 0i4f% 05j4f% 05j4f% 05j4f% 0i4f% 0k4f% 0k4f% 0i4f% 04f% 0m4f% 0m4f% 0m4f% 0m4f04f0'0#n(0#n% 05n% 0Cn5n% 0Pn5n% 0Pn5n% 0Pn5n% 0Pn5n% 0Cn5n% 0Cn5n% 0}p5n% 0Cn5n% 0q5n05n(0#n% 0q% 0qq% 0qq% 0qq% 0qq% 0qq% 0lsq% 0lsq% 0lsq% 0qq% 0uq% 0uq% 0uq% 0qq% 0uq% 0uq% 0q% 0vq% 0vq% 0vq% 0wq% 0wq0q(0#n0>x% 0>x% 0ux>x% 0x>x% 0ux>x% 0y>x0>x% 0>x% 0z>x% 0z>x0>x0>x00{0{% 0{% 0|{% 0|{% 0|{% 0|{% 0|{% 0|{% 0|{% 0|{% 0|{% 0"~{% 0"~{% 0|{% 0|{% 0|{% 0{% 0{% 0v{% 0|{% 0{% 0{% 0{% 0|{% 0܂{% 0܂{% 0܂{% 0܂{% 0u{% 0܂{% 0|{% 0{% 0{% 0{% 0{% 0{% 0{% 0{% 0{% 0{% 0{% 0{% 0{% 0/{% 0{% 0{% 0={0{0{% 0x% 0x% 0x% 0x% 0x% 0ix% 0x% 0$x% 0$x% 0ex% 0x% 0x% 0{x% 0{x% 0x% 0{x% 0ix% 0x% 0ix% 0x0x0{% 08% 0`8% 0`8% 08% 0`8% 0`8% 08% 0 8% 0"8% 0]8% 0]8% 08% 0"8% 0"8% 0"8% 08% 08% 08% 08% 08% 098% 0 8% 08% 08% 08% 0 8% 0Л8% 0 8% 08% 08% 08% 08% 08080800;0;% 0V2 0V2 0zV2 0V2 0zV2 0zV% 0nV% 0nV% 0 V% 0V% 0V% 0V% 0V% 0V% 0V% 0V% 0V% 0V% 0KV% 0V0V0V0;% 0! 2 0 2 07 2 07 2 0 2 0 % 0* % 0* % 0" % 0 % 0 % 0Ч % 0Ч % 0$ % 0$ 0 0;% 0#`5 0`5 0`5 0`5 0`5 0`5 0`5 0`5 0`5 0̫`5 0`5 0̫`5 0̫`% 0`% 0$`% 0(`% 0>`% 0>`% 0`% 0`% 0>`% 0Ѯ`% 0`% 0`% 0Ѯ`% 0ȯ`% 0(`% 0\`% 0`% 0\`% 0(`% 0j`% 0j`% 0j`% 0ϳ`% 0ϳ`0`0;% 0%% 0ܴ% 0P% 0ܴ% 05% 05% 0ܴ% 0N% 0m% 0 % 0 % 0F% 0m% 0ȸ% 0m% 0b% 0N5 0̫% 0C% 0C% 0ܴ% 0ܴ% 0&% 0K% 0T% 0% 0T% 0T% 0ʽ% 0ʽ% 0K% 0n% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0y% 0y% 0K0000 0 % 0'7% 0D7% 0D7% 07% 07% 07% 07% 0w7% 0w7% 0w7% 07% 0D78 078 078 07% 0D7% 07% 07% 07% 07% 07% 0R7% 0R7% 07% 0R7% 0D78 078 078 078 07% 07% 07% 07% 07% 0D7% 0D7% 0(7% 0-7% 0A7% 0A7% 0-7% 0_7% 0-7% 0*7070 % 0);% 0~;% 0;% 0~;% 0;% 0,;% 0,;% 0;% 0;% 0;% 0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;8 0;8 0;8 0;% 0;% 0~;% 0;% 0~;% 0*;% 0;% 0;% 0;% 0;% 0M;% 0M;0;0;0;00006: 0606: 0a6: 0m6: 06: 06: 0m6: 06: 06: 0m6: 06: 0a6: 06: 0J6: 0J6: 06: 06: 06: 06: 06: 06: 06: 060606: 0606: 0 6: 0)6: 0@6: 0)6: 06: 0)6: 096: 0)6: 06: 06: 0)6: 0)6: 0A6: 0A6: 0A606: 0 6: 06: 06: 06: 06: 06: 06: 06: 06: 0606: 0 6: 06: 06: 0e6: 06: 0e6: 086: 086: 06: 06: 06: 0606: 0 6: 06: 06: 06: 066: 066: 06: 066: 066: 06: 06: 06: 0606: 0 6: 06: 0606: 0 6: 06: 06: 06: 06: 0606: 0 6: 06: 06: 06: 0E6: 0E606: 0 6: 06060600r; 0r; 0r; 0r; 0r; 0r; 0r; 0r; 0r0r0r0r0r; 0r; 03r; 03r; 0r; 0r; 0r; 0r; 0r; 03r; 0r0r0r; 0r; 0<r; 0Mr; 0<r; 0r; 0r; 0<r0r0r; 0r; 0or; 0r; 0or; 0Ar; 0or; 0r; 0r; 0or; 0r; 0or; 0Pr; 0Pr; 0Pr; 0r< 0r; 0r0r0r0r00`0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0Y`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0H`= 0H`= 0H`= 0`= 0z`= 0z`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0P`= 0P`= 0P`= 0`= 05`= 05`0`0`0`0`0`0`0`0`0`0`0`= 0`= 0`= 0*`= 0*`= 0*`= 0*`= 0*`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0k`= 0`= 0 `= 0-`= 0-`= 0-`= 0 `= 0 `= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0 `= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0`= 0 `= 0`0`= 0`= 0' `= 0G `= 0G `= 0G `= 0' `= 07 `= 0R `= 07 `= 0' `= 0O `= 0m `= 0m `= 0m `= 0O `= 0' `= 0' `= 0 `0`0`00F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0{F> 0F> 0{F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0 F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0 F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 05F> 0[F> 0[F> 0F> 0F> 0[F> 0vF> 0[F> 05F> 0 F> 05F> 0F> 0F0F> 0F> 0HF> 0F> 0HF> 0F> 0F> 0F0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0F> 0; F> 0M F> 0M F> 0M F> 0; F> 0o!F> 0!F> 0o!F> 0 "F> 0F> 0"F> 0"F> 0 #F> 0 #F> 0F> 0Y$F> 0Y$F> 0Y$F> 0Q%F> 0Q%F> 0Q%F> 0Y$F> 0.'F0F> 0F> 0'F> 0'F> 0'F> 0'F> 0'F> 0'F> 0)F> 0'F> 0&*F> 0S*F> 0S*F> 0S*F> 0S*F> 0+F> 0&*F> 0N,F> 0N,F> 0N,F> 0&*F> 0<-F> 0<-F> 0<-F> 0'F> 0-F> 0-F> 0-F> 0-F> 0-F> 0=/F0F0F0F00/0/? 0/? 0//? 070/? 070/? 070/? 070/? 0//? 01/? 01/? 0//? 01/? 01/? 01/? 01/? 0//? 02/? 03/? 02/? 02/? 02/? 0//0/0/? 0/? 0G5/? 0i5/? 0i5/0/0/? 0/? 0'6/? 0'6/? 06/? 0'6/? 0'6/0/007@ 07@ 077@ 0 87@ 0 87@ 077@ 087@ 08707@ 07@ 0.97@ 0H97@ 0H97@ 0.97@ 09707@ 07@ 0:7@ 0:7@ 0:7@ 0;7@ 0W<7@ 0<7@ 0W<7@ 0W<707@ 07@ 0=7@ 0=7@ 0=7@ 0>7@ 0=7@ 0P?7@ 0l?7@ 0?7@ 0?7@ 0?7@ 0l?7@ 0@7@ 0l?7@ 0A7070A 0AA 0BAA 0BAA 0BAA 0sBAA 0sBAA 0BAA 0BAA 0^CAA 0^CAA 0^CAA 0BAA 0DAA 0DAA 0DAA 0DAA 0DAA 0EAA 0EAA 0EAA 0EAA 0BAA 0FAA 0FAA 0GAA 0GAA 0FAA 0BAA 0GAA 0GAA 0GA0AA 0AA 0HAA 0HAA 0HAA 0)IAA 0)IAA 0)IAA 0HAA 0HA@0@0@0 0 e 7  {tY)9RKDY %.q@STHew̆jPF50 p1f?1Pc3r)ŷ5 F4'4=]GN(+,-./012356789:;=>?@ABCDEGHIJKNQTW[]`cehkmpsw{ F# +l3;BKU]PfnFN:W _fCpu}փ̣>51P)`# F5; &S.39=EJNN)4<FLMOPRSUVXYZ\^_abdfgijlnoqrtuvxyz|}~N*/0Pr  +Fbdeg(Qmopr3568Xt!=?@Bb#Vruvx9Jfijl8Oknoq7[wz{} 5 8 9 ; [ l ' C F G K k ~  , H K L P p  # $ & F h   ; > ? E e  !#C]y|}$@CDFf 2Oknoq-ILMOo&:VYZ\|$'(*JYuxy{7SVW[{ )Plopr69:<\uRnqrt)EHIKky#C`|8TWXZz Uqtuw (+,.N\x{|~J X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%X%̕ !K _Hlt165692039 _Toc165650684 _Toc165650685 _Toc165650686 _Toc165650687 _Toc165650688 _Toc165650689 _Toc165650690 _Toc165650691 _Toc165650692 _Toc165650693 _Toc165650694 _Toc165650695 _Toc165650696 _Toc165650697 _Toc165650698 _Toc165650699 _Toc165650700 _Toc165650701 _Toc165650702 _Toc165650703 _Toc165650704 _Toc165650705 _Toc165650706 _Toc165650707 _Toc165650708 _Toc165650709 _Toc165650710 _Toc165650711 _Toc165650712 _Toc165650713 _Toc165650714 _Toc165650715 _Toc165650716 _Toc165650717 _Toc165650718 _Toc165650719 _Toc165650720 _Toc165650721 _Toc165650722 _Toc165650723 _Toc165650724 _Toc165650725 _Toc165650726 _Toc165650727 _Toc165650728 _Toc165650729 _Toc165650730 _Toc165650731 _Toc165650732 _Toc165650733 _Toc165650734 _Toc165650735 _Toc165650736 _Toc165650737 _Toc165650738 _Toc165650739 _Toc165650740 _Toc165650741 _Toc165650742 _Toc165650743 _Toc165650744 _Toc165650745 _Toc165650746 _Toc165650747 _Toc165650748 _Toc165650749 _Toc165650750 _Toc165650751 _Toc165650752 _Toc165650753 _Toc165650754 _Toc165650755 _Toc165650756 _Toc165650757#=#%*/3z6:BGcGGX`nhυVsA[v'((',.5J>GLSFWi]a4f#n5nq>x{{x8;V ` 7;6r`F/7AJ@  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJ;#r#>*/36;aG}GGX`oޅ"ךˢdܰgw '#((S,/ 6s>H1LS`W~]ajf3nBnqcx{|_Tm)۴5C}4_/7BJ## &&&&&&((((--////3388;;<<==i?q?@&@(@.@DDGGGGDJIJwJ|JLL OOR'RRRSST T~[[``aabbdd;eCeffdgigjj kkiqoqPvTv{{||}}}}d~m~υЅ-2&2 БבٗߗAHjsš̛ܛݛƜќߟ(.OTs|!&!imptVZx~=COUbcab"&,\^09" ' ` e     OU',$$++......//7/K/L/1111}224455K@L@]A^AKKLLPPAQJQWW YY$[)[ ^ ^jjfngn4s;s+u,udxexxxyy{{ )ۛա֡KLcdXYjrKSAGpxִڴIMjn!=>Ʒ۷nuPUbfvMVY^PY|ej,-+3uz7?.5_e+7$ )0TZ!"lru{      w x   JK<AAB++....//M<U<==q>x>>>??DDHHJJhJqJrJJJ FHj n !!####$$$$$$ %%F%L%%%&&}&& ''Q'X'd(o()***** ++++,,`-k-|------..d.g..../b/j/l/s///>0E081<1112 2@2K2l2n222/3;333I4O444555qJrJJJ33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333r FeQp6t!@VvJjOo[{ 9 l ' G ~ , L  $ h  ? !]}$DOo-M:Z(Yy7WPp:uRr)Iy`8XUu ,\|#=#t##f$$% %&&%*?** +]--..M/l///0812i2334455<6S6z66y88S::: ;;;q<<>G>BCbDDFFGGHHIIII;JDJxK~KMWMO P3VmVyXXXXyYYsZ|ZZA[\\``aatb}bcc`gjgi>jj>kn oqqquuyz{{}~҃υ,H͇ EmAXl& 1є#3h)JӜ =Ҟ֟4NҠ٢(E'O\Vr:s~ݰpjsU_>](9L$/8sJcrCht\etLb<_[S 5[+7)av1#%\x   x    7Nv1C<\Hm%z  `#n#%&& '((,,--./L1n111124-456i668I8Q<<u>>>>0?Z?9CqC1FHFG'HJJbKK2L>LMMOO]PxPSSU)UUVVWFWWXYZZ[[i]]__aa eekf}fhggmm#nfnqqrsttu+uuuvv1x>xdxxzz||||~~Jw;K0<vxi$4{,8`l "]řЛnz'A̟& 7`̪(>ȯNm KTƼʽMnܾy$S;Q1JRz")!C-A~C5vam[e u @0A@njf^i$Er$arn<Mo P 6Pv 8] ' T 7 R O    1Fa{u %5; M !!""$$Y$k$'''(H+e+<-H---//L2\2G5i57 888.9H9::;;<<'?l???A-BC^CDDEEEEFFTF[FFFGGHHEJqJrJrJJJ godelKevin Jessica LauaC:\Documents and Settings\Jessica Lau\My Documents\SBA\Outlines\Reese - Copyright Spring 2007.doc?|n4}Nm~h]F8ڌ$Ԙz108f q3<&018,6XcZI$Jj3 PH@82#6yj7 Nc[r!55t"h|'`%+S(<\|%(^m.*zO]^+ZcPJ,nrE/ {,|w8.$Vv/ ڏ91lG)w28l(K6PT&?6nv6T:B7}za98̩,.e84G\&NU1J?0 BL\eBL|6 Fxs#L@. 1M)|MM42)W-D'hT[J(K1^8 j":bԈª4iXj  Rn/NvoN')p" qV@Ou(Xl*zFZk5{XnB^`.^`.88^8`.^`. ^`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo( 88^8`OJQJo( ^`OJQJo(hh^h`. hh^h`OJQJo(h^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hH88^8`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo  ^ `OJQJo(hH  ^ `OJQJo(hHxx^x`OJQJ^Jo(hHoHH^H`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh ^`hH.h ^`hH.h pLp^p`LhH.h @ @ ^@ `hH.h ^`hH.h L^`LhH.h ^`hH.h ^`hH.h PLP^P`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. ^`hH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PP^P`hH.h^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`5\hH.h^`5\hH.hpLp^p`L5\hH.h @ @ ^@ `hH.h ^`hH.h L^`LhH.h ^`hH.h ^`hH.h PLP^P`LhH.^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hHP P ^P `OJQJo(hH  ^ `OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo``^``OJQJo(hH ^`hH. ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PP^P`hH.^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJPJQJ^Jo(-@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH ^`hH. ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `6hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PP^P`hH.h^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH ^`hH. ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. ^`hH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PP^P`hH.h  ^ `OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh| | ^| `OJQJo(hHhLL^L`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hH^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH ^`hH. ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PP^P`hH.h^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHoh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hH ^`hH. ^`hH. pLp^p`L5hH. @ @ ^@ `5hH. ^`5hH. ^`hH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PP^P`hH.^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hH ^`hH. ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. ^`hH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PP^P`hH.h^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`>*OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-tt^t`OJQJ^Jo(hHoDD^D`OJQJo(hH  ^ `OJQJo(hH  ^ `OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hHTT^T`OJQJ^Jo(hHo$$^$`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-tt^t`OJQJ^Jo(hHoDD^D`OJQJo(hH  ^ `OJQJo(hH  ^ `OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hHTT^T`OJQJ^Jo(hHo$$^$`OJQJo(hHh^`OJPJQJ^Jo(hH-h^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`5OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHA0891w8.":bc[r!5t" 1Mh|' RnOu#6)WXl*zv/]^+H@Xc~}|6 F4i%+S(a98/Nvo BJ->/Nvof 1J?l(K6K1^=Rw<Zk5{0+=183 |%(')pv63 qPJ,MM:B7.*#L,.e8/ {,\eB,g &?6xg w8.g 'hT[h w2\h $Jh 7 h G\<@i 80Ca0X020 +S + +M0؞0Q  S0M0؞@J%CD)#0V#؟0  S0M0؞0 S0M0؞0( S0M0؞0 S0UM0؞0 S0UM0؞??         &        8F        8F        8F                          8F        F[a      r                 R2\        R2\        R2\        f        8F        8F        H        f        8F        Hrq H      R2\        f           nĆ     8F                 8F        6:^        Hrq        R2\                 8F        8F                                    d9_|    *M4,                 R2\        8F                                   6%        d|        R2\                 d|        8F        R2\        t                 <=EPQalwxJ@CJ@@UnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial;Wingdings;SimSun[SO?5 z Courier New"qhef!SƻuTW(!x0QrJrJ 3QHCopyright Law Outline godel Jessica LauOh+'0 $ @ L X dpxCopyright Law Outline9opy godelhgodgodNormalh Jessica Lau117Microsoft Word 9.0n@vjz @2bӊ@8@ƜT՜.+,D՜.+,@ hp|   6Q Copyright Law Outline Titlel 8@ _PID_HLINKSA$6_Toc1656507576_Toc1656507566_Toc1656507556_Toc1656507546_Toc1656507536_Toc1656507526_Toc1656507516_Toc1656507506_Toc1656507496_Toc1656507486|_Toc1656507476v_Toc1656507466p_Toc1656507456j_Toc1656507446d_Toc1656507436^_Toc1656507426X_Toc1656507416R_Toc1656507406L_Toc1656507396F_Toc1656507386@_Toc1656507376:_Toc16565073664_Toc1656507356._Toc1656507346(_Toc1656507336"_Toc1656507326_Toc1656507316_Toc1656507306_Toc1656507296 _Toc1656507286_Toc1656507276_Toc1656507266_Toc1656507256_Toc1656507246_Toc1656507236_Toc1656507226_Toc1656507216_Toc1656507206_Toc1656507196_Toc1656507186_Toc1656507176_Toc1656507166_Toc1656507156_Toc1656507146_Toc1656507136_Toc1656507126_Toc1656507116_Toc1656507106_Toc1656507096_Toc1656507086_Toc1656507076_Toc1656507066_Toc1656507056z_Toc1656507046t_Toc1656507036n_Toc1656507026h_Toc1656507016b_Toc1656507007\_Toc1656506997V_Toc1656506987P_Toc1656506977J_Toc1656506967D_Toc1656506957>_Toc16565069478_Toc16565069372_Toc1656506927,_Toc1656506917&_Toc1656506907 _Toc1656506897_Toc1656506887_Toc1656506877_Toc1656506867_Toc1656506857_Toc165650684  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry FлData DH1TableWordDocument"SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjjObjectPoolлл  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q