ࡱ> ywbjbjEE ''|8oKKOOOccc8\cto(y!y!y!nnnnnnn$zrun]Oy!!"9!@y!y!nKKV.oc)c)c)y!KOnc)y!nc)c)Jf\JlpHc["zYinDo0to-ju$uluOly!y!c)y!y!y!y!y!nnm'y!y!y!toy!y!y!y!uy!y!y!y!y!y!y!y!y! :Cross-Cultural Communications (Summary) 1. Cross-Cultural Awareness Culture is behind our behaviour on the job. Culture influences how close we stand, how loud we speak, how we deal with conflict--even how we participate in a meeting. Potential Hot Spots in Cross Cultural Communication : Opening and Closing Conversations Taking Turns During Conversations Interrupting Use of Silence Appropriate Topics of Conversation Use of Humour Knowing How Much to Say Sequencing elements during conversation 2. Opening and Closing Conversations who addresses whom, when, how? Who has the right or duty to speak first? Proper way to commence or conclude a conversation? Consider : modes of address, salutations, levels of deference to age, social position, gender 3. Interrupting & Use of Silence In some cultures (e.g. Italy) interruption, vocal and emotional expression = typical conversational style In Northern Europe and U.S. interruption, vocal and emotional expression may be mistaken for argument and hostility! In some cultures silence before a response = thoughtfulness and respect In the West 20 seconds of silence during a meeting is a very long time!!!! 4. Use of Humour In the West rapport built through humour Laughter = a sign of disrespect? Jokes can cause misunderstandings! 5. Knowing how much to say & Sequencing elements during conversation Less vs more English and American people like speaking directly and to the point! At what point during a conversation or negotiation is it appropriate to : touch on sensitive issues? Ask for directions? 6. Obstacles to Intercultural Communication and Understanding 1. LANGUAGE 2. NON-VERBAL 3. PRECONCEPTIONS AND STEREOTYPES 4. TENDENCY TO EVALUATE 5. HIGH ANXIETY 7. Seven Ways to Counteract the Obstacles of Intercultural Communication: Understand that communication obstacles are culturally controlled and largely out of ones normal awareness. Remember to look for signs of the obstacles in ones self and others. Be alert to varying interpretations of what is said and done. Try to eradicate tension and psychological defences. Be self-aware of natural tendencies to judge and evaluate. Have the courage to risk change in values and perceptions. Strive to understand why others might think or act differently. 8. Eye contact In Western societies, a person who does not maintain good eye contact = slightly suspicious. Northern American : unconsciously associate people who avoid eye contact as unfriendly, insecure, untrustworthy, inattentive and impersonal rude to stare signal interest and comprehension by bobbing heads or grunting when discussing the terms of a contract they interpret widened eyes as an expression of astonishment Chinese : when discussing the terms of a contract, widened eyes = politely expressed anger English: pay strict attention to speaker, listen carefully and blink their eyes to let the speaker know he or she has been understood & heard. Japanese : lowering of the eyes when speaking to a superior= a gesture of respect. Latin American : longer looking time, but prolonged eye contact from an individual of lower status = disrespectful German : serious, direct, should be maintained as long as the person is addressing you staring is acceptable direct eye contact doesn't require greeting or acknowledgement Middle East : Men should avoid prolonged eye contact with women!!!! 9. Business protocol 1 Timing England: Always be punctual. Arriving a few minutes early is acceptable. U.S. : You must arrive at business meetings on time. Only a 15-minute delay because of traffic problems is allowed. Middle East : Punctuality is expected of foreigners but not Arabs themselves. China: Punctuality is vital. Late arrival is seen as an insult! 10. Business protocol 2 Greetings and polite conversation U.S. & U.K. : - You must shake hands during introductions. - You dont have to make a lot of small talk. Americans like to get down to business quickly. - Welcome topics : a person's job, sport, travel, food.... - Avoid discussing : Religion, politics, ethnic/religious jokes. You mustnt ask about a businesswomans marital status. It is considered rude. Japan: the bow is used when meeting but Westerners are not expected to bow. Welcome topics : a person's family, your host's hospitality Avoid : World War II, making jokes Middle East : handshakes are always used and can last a long time If you are a man and are introduced to a woman wait to see if hand is extended!!!! Avoid discussing religion!!!! Brazil: - it is good practise to indulge in small talk. Avoid discussing ethnic and/or class differences, politics and Argentina (their rival) Russia: - typical greeting = firm, almost bone-crushing handshake while maintaining direct eye contact and giving appropriate greeting for time of day. Avoid complaining about Russia or comparing their country to other developing countries 11. Business protocol 3 Business cards Western cultures. : Business cards are given a cursory glance and pocketed. Its not absolutely necessary to exchange business cards unless there is a reason to get in contact later. Asian cultures: Use 2 hands to give and receive cards and place your counterpart's card on tabletop during business meeting. In Japan the exchange is a very formal and respectful process! It takes a long time! 12. Business protocol 4 Gift-giving U.S. : Business gifts shouldnt be given until after the business negotiations are over. You mustnt give an expensive business gift. It may cause embarrassment. Chinese: Gifts should always be exchanged as thanks for assistance and sweetener for future favours. Chinese etiquette requires that you decline a gift/invitation/offering 2 or 3 times before accepting. German: Small gifts are polite, especially when meeting for the first time. English: Gift-giving is not a part of doing business in England. 13. Business protocol 5 Entertaining at home U.S. : You should write a short thank you note to your host and hostess if you are entertained at their home. You dont have to give a gift but flowers or wine are appreciated. French: If you're invited to a large dinner party send flowers the morning of the occasion so they can be displayed that evening. Spanish: Invitations to a Spaniard's home are extremely rare and constitute a mark of true friendship! 14. Time Orientations 1: 2 orientations to time: monochronic and polychronic Monochronic approaches to time = linear, sequential, focusing on one thing at a time Monochronic countries = United States, Germany, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Japan Polychronic approaches to time = simultaneous occurrences of many things and many people Polychronic countries = France, Italy, Greece, Mexico, some Eastern and African countries 15. Modal verbs : Advice Should/shouldnt : to give or ask for advice e.g. You should learn a song to sing before going to Korea. Must/mustnt : for strong advice You mustnt refuse an invitation to dinner in Italy. It may cause offence. 16. Modal verbs : Obligation/Necessity We use both must and have to to explain that something is necessary or an obligation. In writing there is no real difference between must and have to. In speech there is: Have to : the situation makes something necessary, the obligation doesnt come from the speaker e.g. You have to get a visa to enter the country. (law) e.g. In my country you have to be on time for meetings and business appointments. Must: the speaker personally feels that something is important or an obligation e.g. We must buy a gift for our visitor. e.g. You must visit the Duomo when you go to Milan. Its beautiful! 17. Modal verbs : Obligation/Necessity, Lack of obligation or necessity  Mustnt = Dont have to !!!!!!!!!!!! Mustnt = it is prohibited/forbidden e.g. You mustnt use a mobile phone in an aeroplane. e.g. You mustnt cross the road when the red light is showing. Dont have to = it is not necessary, you have a choice e.g. You dont have to arrive exactly on time for parties and social occasions. e.g. You dont have to turn on the central heating. Its automatic. 18. Cross-cultural Team Building What is cross-cultural Team Building? A team is a group of people working towards a common goal. 'Team Building' is the process of enabling that group of people to reach their goal. The stages involved in team building are: % to clarify the team goals % to identify those issues which inhibit the team from reaching their goals % to address those issues, remove the inhibitors and enable the goals to be achieved 19. Team-building tips Ready to build the ultimate work team to take on the competition? Make sure you know the rules of the game. Brush up on your coaching skills and lead your team to victory. Here are four team-building tips: % Defined goals and objectives are crucial. A team's success also depends on common goals and a shared vision. %Everything has to do with the leader. %Individuals need feedback. Sure, they're working as part of a team, but every individual needs to know where they stand. % Progress reports keep the team on track. Monitoring the team's development through status updates and progress reports is vital. (taken from  HYPERLINK "http://www.Business.English.Training.com" www.Business.English.Training.com) 20. Recognizing the role of culture * Effective managers can recognize and adapt to different work styles and cultures. How can you be effective? many cultural norms influence a manager's behaviour and subsequent reactions, five particularly important ones are: hierarchy and status groups vs. individual orientation time consciousness communication conflict resolution By failing to understand how culture impacts on individual needs and preferences, managers often misinterpret behaviour! 21. Adapting to different work styles and cultures Hierarchy and status If you want all people to feel valued and to participate in problem solving or decision making, differences in this norm could be inhibiting so you must be aware of them. 22. Adapting to different work styles and cultures (2) Group vs. individual orientation The manager also may need to structure a climate that balances preferences for group and individual work. A culturally competent manager will create opportunities for individuals to take some risks and explore projects that don't require coordinating with others. However, when managers place too much importance on avoiding workplace conflict, even individualistic employees may be discouraged from providing potentially constructive feedback. 23. Adapting to different work styles and cultures (3) Time Consciousness Time-conscious managers may see people whose cultures take a more relaxed view toward deadlines as being less committed to team goals, as well as less dependable, accountable and reliable. Remember that each culture has different rules of behaviour and interprets behaviour through that lens! 24. Adapting to different work styles and cultures (4) Communication If you are a direct communicator, you probably expect a "tell it like it is," response from the employee. But the employee may be an indirect communicator who expects you to read the contextual clues to understand his response. 25. Adapting to different work styles and cultures (5) Conflict resolution Your egalitarian approach and individualistic orientation implies teamwork between manager and employees; you expect people to think and speak for themselves. But for staff members with a more hierarchical and group orientation, taking the initiative to make suggestions to an authority figure would be awkward for all involved. They may expect YOU as the manager to demonstrate your leadership by making decisions and giving directions. (taken from : Cross-Cultural Awareness. Effective managers can recognize and adapt to different work styles and cultures. Author/s: Lee Gardenswartz, Anita Rowe, Issue: March, 2001) 26. Cultural idioms: What is an idiom? Idioms are words, phrases, or expressions that cannot be taken literally. In other words, when used in everyday language, they have a meaning other than the basic one you would find in the dictionary. Every language has its own idioms. Learning them makes understanding and using a language a lot easier and more fun! E.g. I was thrown in at the deep end when my company sent me to run the German office. I was only given two days notice to prepare. Literal meaning: to be pushed into the deepest part of a swimming pool or body of water Idiomatic meaning: to be given a difficult job to do without preparation 27. Cultural idioms: examples We dont see eye to eye about relocating our factory. The Finance Director wants to move production to the Far East, but I want it to remain in Spain. Idiomatic meaning: to disagree with someone I got into hot water with my boss for wearing casual clothes to the meeting with our Milanese customers. Idiomatic meaning: to get into trouble 28. Cultural idioms: examples Small talk is one way to break the ice when meeting someone for the first time. Idiomatic meaning: to make someone you have just met less nervous and more willing to talk I really put my foot in it when I met our Japanese partner. Because I was nervous, I said Who are you? rather than How are you? Idiomatic meaning: to say or do something without thinking carefully, so that you embarrass or upset someone. When I visited China for the first time I was like a fish out of water. Everything was so different, and I couldnt read any of the signs! Idiomatic meaning: to feel uncomfortable in an unfamiliar situation. My first meeting with our overseas clients was &')*     ѺѠцs_N:sN:_sN:_sN:'hVd.hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH !hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH 'hVd.hx#5CJOJQJaJmH sH $hVd.hx#CJOJQJaJmH sH 3hh5B* CJ$OJQJ\aJ$mH ph `sH 3h|*hIN5B* CJ$OJQJ\aJ$mH ph `sH -hz5B* CJ$OJQJ\aJ$mH ph `sH -h5B* CJ$OJQJ\aJ$mH ph `sH -hx#5B* CJ$OJQJ\aJ$mH ph `sH ()*FG% G i v   = g ! & FgdT! & FgdTgdpS # & F gdT!gdx# # & F gdT#gdx#$a$gdg  C    X e $! & F ^gdT!^gdx#! & FgdT!gdx#gdpS! & FgdT  X $%&dghst;<vwڢڢڢڢڢnjyyyyyyfnj$hx#5CJOJQJ\aJmH sH $h$:5CJOJQJ\aJmH sH *hVd.hx#5CJOJQJ\aJmH sH !h$:5CJOJQJaJmH sH 'hVd.hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH $hVd.hx#CJOJQJaJmH sH 'hVd.hx#5CJOJQJaJmH sH !hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH '$%&deq<w# & FgdT!gdx#gdpS#^gdx##gdx#h^hgdpScx=S^EFGgdpS ! & F gdT ! & F gdT ! & F gdT#h^hgdx## & F ^gdT # & F ,gdT # & F gdTSTEFG^e<=>fM !Ǵ׀״״qb״״Q!h$:5CJOJQJaJmH sH hVd.hpSCJaJmH sH hVd.hx#CJaJmH sH hVd.hx#CJOJQJaJ'hVd.hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH !hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH $hVd.hx#CJOJQJaJmH sH h$:CJOJQJaJmH sH 'hVd.hx#5CJOJQJaJmH sH 'hpShx#5CJOJQJaJmH sH G^ef&t.ZL^Lgdx# h^`hgdx#^gdx#^gdpS & F 8*$^gdT,^,gdx#^gdx#gdx#ZaGKS<=vqgdpSL^Lgdx# & F *$^`gdTc^cgdx# & F *$^gdT & F*$gdT & F 8*$^gdT @^@`gdx# & F h *$^ gdT & F 8*$^gdT =>VWfg78h^hgdpS & F ,*$^,gdT h^hgdx#%^gdpS^gdx#gdx#gdpS8MN ;!###### $b$$$O%%%&&&Z& ,\^,`\gdpS^gdx# & F ,*$gdTgdpS ^`gdpS & F *$gdTh^hgdx# ,\^,`\gdx#Z&\&&&&&"'#'['''''*(,(z(|((())|+~++ H^`Hgdx#^gdx#gdpSL^Lgdx# & F ,*$gdTgdx#v(|())*4*6*8*:****z+|+~+++T-V-6.8...//S0T0000׷x^x3jhVd.hx#CJOJQJUaJmH sH -jhVd.hx#CJOJQJUaJmH sH 'hVd.hx#5CJOJQJaJmH sH 'hVd.hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH !hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH hVd.hx#CJaJmH sH $hVd.hx#CJOJQJaJmH sH *hVd.hx#5CJOJQJ\aJmH sH +++6,, -R-T-4..~/E0F000000F1111 & F*$gdT & F*$gdTh^hgdx#gdpS ^`gdx#^gdx#^gdx#gdx#0000000F122223333333555566,7-7.7/707h777tcR!h$:5CJOJQJaJmH sH !hx#5CJOJQJaJmH sH 'hVd.hx#CJOJQJ\aJmH sH 'hVd.hx#5CJOJQJaJmH sH 'hVd.hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH !hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH $hVd.hx#CJOJQJaJmH sH -jhVd.hx#CJOJQJUaJmH sH (hVd.hx#0JCJOJQJaJmH sH  122+2,22222223333333d45555 & F*$gdT & F 88*$^8gdTh^hgdx#gdpSgdx# & F*$gdT555666-7.7/7g7h7v7w77]8^8_88888K99d: & F*$gdTh^hgdx# & F*$gdT & F*$gdTgdx#7\8]8^8_88r::;;;C;<<<========o>>>ȴ폴|hRh|A|!h$:5CJOJQJaJmH sH *hVd.hx#56CJOJQJaJnHtH'hVd.hx#6CJOJQJaJnHtH$hVd.hx#CJOJQJaJnHtH!hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH 'hVd.hx#CJOJQJ\aJmH sH 'hVd.hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH !hx#5CJOJQJaJmH sH 'hVd.hx#5CJOJQJaJmH sH $hVd.hx#CJOJQJaJmH sH d:;;C;D;<<<<==i=j======n>o>>> & F*$gdTgdpS^gdx#^gdx#gdx#gdpSh^hgdpS>>??.?/?0?O?h?u???@@@@@@A8A}A~AAttDtEtttttivvvvvvvvvvvdzرdz뜊umimimimihTjhTU(hpSh=kCJOJQJ^JaJmH sH "hpSCJOJQJ^JaJmH sH (hVd.hx#CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH U'hVd.hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH !hpS5CJOJQJaJmH sH $hVd.hx#CJOJQJaJmH sH 'hVd.hx#5CJOJQJaJmH sH )>??.?/?0?N?O?????@@@@~AAAEtFt^gdx#h^hgdx# & F*$gdTgdx#gdpS^gdx#,^,gdx# & F *$^gdTa real eye-opener. I had not seen that style of negotiation before. Idiomatic meaning: an experience where you learn something surprising or something you did not know before. 29. Cross-cultural Negotiating While it is difficult to characterize any national or cultural approach to negotiation, generalizations are frequently drawn. These generalizations are helpful but remember : They are only guides, not recipes! Any generalization holds true or not depending on many contextual factors including time, setting, situation, stakes, history between the parties, nature of the issue, individual preferences, interpersonal dynamics and mood.      Business English Cross-Cultural Communications (Summary) Page  PAGE 6 of  NUMPAGES 9 FttttttSuuvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv$a$ $ %a$gdszgdsz & FgdT & FgdTgdx#gdpS^gdx#vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvŲ~oZJZ7ZoZJZ7$h$:5CJOJQJaJmHnHuhszhsz5CJOJQJaJ(jhszhsz5CJOJQJUaJhszhszCJOJQJaJhjFhB*CJOJQJaJphhzB*CJOJQJaJphhx#B*CJOJQJaJph%hszhszB*CJOJQJaJphhszB*CJOJQJaJph9jhszhszB*CJOJQJUaJmHnHphujhszUmHnHuvvvvvvvw(hpSh=kCJOJQJ^JaJmH sH hphzhThjFhsz(jhszhsz5CJOJQJUaJvvvvvvvvvvw & FgdT 21h:p=k. A!S"S#$7% F%ӄʃ͛@I3֤%JFIFHHC C     " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?#FgJA._̰[@G!T`9=M'Kh$e-TV};YӧKicRn/5KaNo3ZGsHm.eA.m?ߴ?/O"%GmseAq[o.D͹V+,ĸ)hݖڻ*>\<ڭijUlOb7"KC%?ҷv6۱{kádq\źI^Qnk"Uf=[+[+u}mu=ڊo9O;1}E4W["۽_n[yWM7_CxOǒ|'y_:/x{ʊKF/>\,ᔪ*J٨+_IE|Gv\٦dwG?:$4+_(H5]KU26ЌL;O jK/|A'o> /+P{hZ{]V4aU.CH |a_~/>ox{֓x!cmFXtXS&<1c߀*NZ:FvR[KUfV{3`Vٻw.꿄|Oe? h~*molluH-+vd<Fє5QOWOӼ]YC"C$Pƒky$hdCǭ}?5|/umW S?|GhZ^jpYbc7)'B e)]jl-ފ/' o&Co'xI_>f5p`=+ 魫Oݮx:1K[nD]쯭ehn#| !W9{>ram/7"ˑݑa:M;ߍO𻮚k{6z}Q^qQEQEQE|qɨgD]m^G|k|/h jv[j0}.xPݫ _|OW/PӞ4DIR`bi`rd8O <9wotA{/}BFZ>@+fPѧU$8N1)/YU׊Imv>1;kF~Ӿ7o0Ծ|#-N16Ery;ZIq_|$'-h'wzѽpjKcK |ş OP+|a6$24We&qChm,kLVeFpN#Mv 9]M,(J[^Ke>JI/ŝcmzw|ۿkSC_/ Xc:<湿{"Ҟľ{`=Iٮ!E 1q56=FqÏM$fLʖR 9lI5юaά\*m6KT-֖g>^oqE]}w&KVs# ܬЭx8eB+ς?an?g=_ExS [ZI]%߅6\D XA% I$ףxMk>4!<3 sod\VVRFR EsQ.nnޜן+MyTN\%teټ}$g9+h7w:8G/>'5kD-mx#b,S##xʓ{_"G31/xDF˧؍c(~_z| ‹>Ե-O? }K9DsXd-}KdN&)NEv{eudwT.iFJMD|?> Qu#H \X|9{cV0VC"U\2|̭^~"ض_PVYqI}|;`תxW9W>&/|) 6]%nWd[C/f'nU"c¾>|QόziH%)-G2V.6N{63 W哲n|[];4l/bZ[[ct3,\fԛD[BSRE!RowᏇ1_|]o?Ѭ,gŻղQ8!` W5seH]yf/B2$ی|СN [)ǚּ[vW/''6}UCJXE#MXP8^\7##B " |yk[ڴ:焼[̰ju'eqy@ ᯂ/xVڷ5ψSM=NJytƜc (,+o7ŏ^ -(?OS\I1JdJi/8_=NWp._WSJ)S縇R8:rq{zWio Hh|Po ^k:>}2d[^o/邶8$ƿ)?g/?~-LWѣ6B/4s٩]Ei}7ʿqZw߃t /O.pfx_ɷ~ןg^hLj|(<??ٷn6cǁoWW⿄~5BsQ2L ;;d#8# 8'M褴׳]ͧڞ54EHWED[ɀ]?Qü-.IOeYx+N{~zp )`nYw\VJ*6m-{߲vJ\qh[a$qp, ~ E~%xv+ω~#yO3˸jV[]mc+ C*yO5f#KiY字=}BO.C{}e{aen.$XEgrS^j> - #4MO/JZ>*|mZ[ 4lmmD\I漪77VEhm#ͫOO7ܶj闰j67 E)} [SWߊ5߇.EMI uKG&)A|ˑH85$L|:>"=,|mزAr˺9,Kg!Wq *T}=;Mud߶4񏑮Yv?GQW%7w[=.?k5yFAzovQh ^HaeDU&UCtp^ZE5wʧu}2jѧXs髍t~_OX7 i>3Q;f&5qܘ ~1Y_ Y 3xSwĖ';pU|GN[Sow^:l|,V ZNǢ+OۃMOGzZ?4-媿aʧ|LO? ~;_i~7W@>ۛXw67I3=1˘يmZή-໷C$*x  ?-&D\K۲IX#9<:٧{sF4tzW ',M{8:A^eŝOv|KJv!tUt[; UiW t_7qEbe8hΰQ`kxki^^]u/J?5_,=~%Gc&6}7|4_q5$0q4V<0ƥݎUFI$*:_ /?gխROUE j܃9ueJbRW䋕^30}Hnfxog~ xA*ƯyP+kO$Z'NSBcҵIu+)T2KFX_h~X+n[+VPJIꢜe mR~ǩq8ɵ+[Q_e~4_ׂ4ŨZt9 ;F<z?cJZwk05Ώ{uv yf:czGy궳YJ "2ebkQ-u h\Ky_=I,sAA;JZrWo):Wxgaa ܴk %镍Zɯ&q#pq WĐSkگTqT*~88M_֭%_/A <9xGÇ\t#\tq_|G~gEWA&m-UJj?_wS?&'q?Յ~$|`7JeK|MW2p̖׊;̹sUދJGS?vA¯-/=X&ɯ&O,Oc/7|{^EitQKz~LKy 5 Z̯N)Ṽaw犴Ir]$b=2OkMBIN.RIug: _2jY-aUzKMWK%8%Hl(ik/&w m}5!?]ryo?/7 zk7 z? ,G?踧jbWgN~}_h~1W}ȶ|WOHCKZƭ_Ư?J4 j?j ,GA;RC6@?t'_L:mgD !u/H~_p?{&VKN~ ӄ?¿3xp럳_?xoNu럳_?xoN3 H(h?V>T?4-媿_ۃMOGzZܪ'<LEg?y|C5vސ] muo(5`hpA 0y}?:͚|SOiZtcCj~ׁj'kۅd/ѢB P~\0 ?0+sĞxDb4BxvdpcЎGXnQ[նVJ[mi &'|h}jO>H$oe¾D;|MMMVӣW]e2itD(}' 2vU +8?K ^EfًݾͭCȲV{=z_Q ɪdW/J?5_,/?_?=(ik/&w m}5!?]ryo?/7 zk7 z? ,G?踧jbWgN~}_h~1W}ȶ|WOHCKZƭ_Ư?J4 j?j ,GA;RC6@?t'_L:mgD !u/H~_p?{&VKN~ ӄ?¿3xp럳_?xoNu럳_?xoN3 H(h?V>T?4-媿_ۃMOGzZܪ'<?$T_I?>0Mҩ+V_R<㏅ %k#J۾c ̑ʕԼV?칧݋~yK? lhi fxHYcC 0GpyZVry*WD?_23;ÎK;fI'I1WkELjJ kЧG  VhWbD𞍣h卅.[KE7ZVry*]W >37<6ĖcYII򫶢jJ kЧG  VwkKFY`ƭߚ騪u5g'tA\}^y{H]MZ$9ђēIɮŠQ[^88V xk6jw OzE2$D! U9*O{'Dz (,<{_ L_ؾM-IG_ʑ_&ùd'w=տ*⢻pٖ+ 5g4C Z5]'χ߲O^sc5PֵOA VHrn.@Ҷo (ӓiȧNJQS]RIQ^qQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEn(YNFGP CWfZPNG  IHDRwvPLTEZ|㩭蛢KEiuhGYΚˬ歈W𒛴4Iz 跦#bꓺUey:ԆpȷٖUw%;qܴs}IIIច`[urׇ3kݦohclʃI㿽䤌ߴ.$Wmrd<(ߖ|iְKWb؈- ҢsxL,gY5j|⮚ۙfJ·.Bu]lͫR31>eD>!`۸mԓݧǚHWRXa880 )e_]ddPqHfAS,hE(ɒ $aӽǺ6Fe6m䧠ltT]WZڰN'dN_A빫CM^݉5eU1jߐ?whs᫬O5aZծ挍@w>JS⎆gi|NbKGDH cmPPJCmp0712Hs%eIDATx^} x[Օ$EBȲdDFcg:&UC1 S3m,ʣ,iPbdr,fȁ!Ԑk rbgrZJ2C{|0ciߵGܱi.MbSz>D~j}}'.Y/{{rm\!YUE|է j1il4!dg>Z15'Xǣоm'ց穆}} 9;j5,5k܃5 g.!-hCC =oBe㬥 NLN5pA,v- g2U8J xaBj8z!p![<ްT5Ponk8,N]'5P? bC; -C+Spp2a<ʆC(`C'OA׆}ٰоCOp >lݦMSd\0{[SxsUA3Ql8<52Gr} qCjF4PjACE(ظ*wUĦ6tHu؉>V.08q sQWz4WBE)Opt<cP,u<7UN()@=T\N\u!=Ęf5$հ]'iXml0Xlg0T+jsU4-D_ar]}>A/ . }FCW] bp<~l emF@3б13Lj>CMrs!Qmc*yDXdpM\*ʠ_g}p>)[ShlMsg:8({0Uҫ\ ˊ~x?pRzPi%SJI|M*:!%{jIfgػhvak4?]\9EudZD]DZ/[W=I%I0O4E85ڄ 8@(FN jpJ+ lvc:1ߒL6k)6ʊIgFn۔!O)Y2c2Y'ʰdbCy[b\ Y5-UTT\.5) ]nezs\js@q0akڊb LΉI20Lxl*) Ѡ p%'MYQmfS+JXk2xWZ(Ƀɇw%yD t@ŨW3N7a\~TPn@ 9Qۄ%`p_@d}ʊ#YP&02%LJXxfܵW#m0r԰NvGn* 4Ƽm3IQ+؊#4RwRVXKR*j գ(љߨTs w|u눡TF§FQJ.eDr_Q3O|vMm.qJCa[K1nXb|i6ƙ=GYʨ3cI̮6W?K 1챟CBNp2a$%SB 2xHƀFP,37=v~S} CgN B֢˶O*g&TgəmrOͰգm}ˏ]?{yP`9ZȘd WB3Yd]ь!]ƪ$1.+7mzt'VNkzUS Q@E*sキY5ՐΥnc!AǸg}X>¡Dp,籎0b(r YeGឬr+U?M[o^䦿%P_R)U6| 5(Ps )#M+h1kW\tEIENW_^߸ (r,_vMe)C7[}D@$ݖEZH1 Q썗S&VKڗ׭S|b'hABh?8%8VfnkU$jЇc` \ԄiRVJmp ՞lGH~FGG'GRsM0ьcMeh!${+BbA\f,wdVl!yKຉ0z$_O`zJJp3ψeH#b43R9J ~WܾBNzܑ?3Z aR,#$I KnL"VEg#~nVqQ5Vs[gB9My|t/°"#OJ%Ӡwd]pOQk<>г2zD,r dl9>կuE74Gհda}Oߛgh 4ha}Vn\rEdqed:/(./ug%av|aHWjnS/[N΀ݿ..G}y.ҍ+}]w2N[,@3Աh< ^Ȉa5vbZZ5}>ױ9f[| Ju||+V.[nM*qa`>Ry$ VNOҒ?Q9;_it(4jY $yʕ˖y42OfMTC97q!UE7|pWB׻7ݹZ̨:bp;nNsq~+ :8 НO0o_a2cCS=lIsV "yt񡐑os2tLEG#}"!Iu.T$#Xa}@HQR"0 dIa,&e)kLCpC6`@"j(wok={/OE-FsOn'e:a}Gm$u>JC~ȩ'p9䒤~/aMR,TQwt74)`qN]!Cs鲕^Yq#iY[4e|HɲLDMz`n ubQBZb5U^Գn:&Xb' d\|P3̵v[HlJv-@rʥ( X9];eN;]O)y|tyאBX@Z\RXIOg PuMz ] H I`1G@m%@< vdF Q@aɚbȉ:v7=]R=I-xbPh^XL'w!/nՎb&6᷍_?rnD f/T\8aBIuXLBX"м>:0c]z0]=D+XN܁_8q|uChGIyHbds"Z7vL0(z5PF wSXw.ooVIܦ[1 B`(C.ɐ {40'D@!zZKIr4+c(ĕLLbޑdڵ^ۘF`xꭢapUH}~| ݑA@ac P,SvI *@vVr`ypdS\S 2x;=^rO'!^48 >_~ŸT) +a2$W„Ys!;@TaW% ɇ L,=ǵ kj,j*z)wgd-0hjg#ČT-IZ障z}$O@gbzsK.@sf۶NB)dA$Hʀ^w|rjQ4̝*}H $b=$nBR/+A  @5\G_87E5 ZrL6 sܦ)aʢE;뛸(0QTK(rAw1@+z'$gKa+~QC XEڼa'‡0gNhݝE;*(XDIG tŰ ĆC3X@B9P,5%`N4NGXhp84 jsBu(S!s0a\|K=4VUS`*!5&)=3: :R]H9S!Mi\9{)^#EAd$5!I>TBNEEE;rO,Z3US-.u Q"uz}Y(rkXkMA>|0t|-2ڙ  @ߚA-Q/nn32 9#ol5v;$s6X B{' R֠[\tICK.Z'Y΄өI+̙(QӔ$yBKN];~ڶ%XV̆6Ab'q}ol``k}OЌc\/˦6'n ٦Ě,x1ؗu=Hnimpr,US##92%" 7:8VƝ%'~ήJ#k/( :C.0n޹=fQ|")Q|"gZALԱMYy 09ę-I: X/;vԆ"jY]ʢGh8PQv\]<fKL5.XՌE~̺hdW!抚#xM!HZ@95Q4O9F5EJeFf̪NSh89rC=y|T74ꩆ|mWLvGNq :+F;of`!Q49p[ߚB/ (bqFC!So,Ԝ X AJeU=l8d3dM{tRY[0xFENZNeؘG{[w8 ;[`qy٣뱹{݁)Jf=$Xn;Mh$ ˪*['͠)C: @"Lflˏ*%Bx *ϭ&C8L* L&xLPb.7 zs`k= -Ù<]c.,H|f<%@9Vr<>R?ԗv;q?Wb½ lר"jmDI)XƋg.\R’c奶|qFˍ|#3I9P\,(@2b&GZh\#~S=~ezgyɿ-DU~ FWMGЪ#b7|m\_AIr=Qo. o`xOݶdjڳGgƨqT l`A9Z =v@QJhDFq()8_1sNM"lqftfÚ|XUi\ reP R 9d>t[gy]:kLE4UIc/h '3T~6uJ1l*9-qMp;}Ts{$fql_(y[ƊxIsn[`f7/FZot5\uRtAVx[ri3I/UMyl:-))x3=v84.k~;eWۏw`u,]Y_W^lOm~=wdXo7 Z/u#Vl;Ú,>wU-{7/G/~/~-sKڥ@;O_}?#<]O7/~eGzAP.Š)e斴>dÇQbGW%x&g:|{֙9_|w؄կӽ{t+(g?ʭ6lغruU6,0|*s6/6<#S?/}u+Oo?z˧ퟎ> 瞼@r*@)hZhʿw~3xQ?mE@nZʥrns=rSPgtl~=On|,Zl՗Jp MՋ/-W\*k}He! !*{)u|gŢa}ÆieѢQ \(-T.~??uˣ=zHU,-y-m褲8k[C ѷކ( |Rd@[WBn?EW\tţjr#52z+:CA@__c(WS/y?QQ@japm}MXI'( Q,1 5׀eЇqA){_7_[(Yk5ť T9/X-ߺ᧷!N9r/@5O*W ~yOO^oEc+|T.9p)ĝYBB4>*Z'L>|xs-<(c8@}//>CPw~P: !q]{O8r{99gW\v)gnD }cnAbC8r{_[ۡ\;UMrW]-HWW?\)9V}.(ջvu ?g_hk6 )0w튴_-w ^KPO"6ꬂ _In$W:/MIK C㓷3@jlܧN4O/rqLQȜw3_՜k.oc_?w9/oj~]Sb1?)MIENDB` DyK "www.Business.English.Training.comyK Thttp://www.business.english.training.com/b& 000002 0@P`p2( 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p8XV~PJ_HmHnHsHtHP`P uuNormal(CJOJQJ^J_HaJmH nHsH tH^@^  x# Heading 1$<@&"5CJ KH OJPJQJ\^JaJ f@f z Heading 3$<@&*5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJmH sH tHDA`D Default Paragraph FontRi@R  Table Normal4 l4a (k`(No List j@j a0 Table Grid7:V04@4 szHeader  %RR sz Header Char$CJOJQJ^JaJmH nHsH tH4 @"4 sz0Footer  %R1R sz0 Footer Char$CJOJQJ^JaJmH nHsH tHZOBZ ,)Table Contents $*$OJPJQJ^JmHsHtH6U@Q6 ,) Hyperlink >*B*phv^@bv ,) Normal (Web)d8dd[$\$`%B*OJPJQJ^JmHphsHtHZqZ zHeading 3 Char&5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJmH sH e@ z0HTML Preformatted7 2( Px 4 #\'*.25@9$CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH sH tH\\ z0HTML Preformatted CharOJPJQJ^JmH sH >'> z0Comment ReferenceCJD@D z0 Comment TextPJmH sH tHZZ z0Comment Text Char CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH sH <@< z Balloon TextCJaJ^^ zBalloon Text Char$CJOJQJ^JaJmH nHsH tHT`T=k0Revision(CJOJQJ^J_HaJmH nHsH tHff x#Heading 1 Char25CJ KH OJPJQJ\^JaJ mH nHsH tHFB@F "x# Body Text !x*$PJmHsHtHP!P !x#Body Text CharCJOJPJQJ^JaJtHFJ@F $x#Subtitle#*$5PJ\mHsHtHTAT #x# Subtitle Char"5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJtH\OR\ x#css %*$-B*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHphsHtHPK![Content_Types].xmlj0Eжr(΢Iw},-j4 wP-t#bΙ{UTU^hd}㨫)*1P' ^W0)T9<l#$yi};~@(Hu* Dנz/0ǰ $ X3aZ,D0j~3߶b~i>3\`?/[G\!-Rk.sԻ..a濭?PK!֧6 _rels/.relsj0 }Q%v/C/}(h"O = C?hv=Ʌ%[xp{۵_Pѣ<1H0ORBdJE4b$q_6LR7`0̞O,En7Lib/SeеPK!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xml M @}w7c(EbˮCAǠҟ7՛K Y, e.|,H,lxɴIsQ}#Ր ֵ+!,^$j=GW)E+& 8PK!Ptheme/theme/theme1.xmlYOo6w toc'vuر-MniP@I}úama[إ4:lЯGRX^6؊>$ !)O^rC$y@/yH*񄴽)޵߻UDb`}"qۋJחX^)I`nEp)liV[]1M<OP6r=zgbIguSebORD۫qu gZo~ٺlAplxpT0+[}`jzAV2Fi@qv֬5\|ʜ̭NleXdsjcs7f W+Ն7`g ȘJj|h(KD- dXiJ؇(x$( :;˹! I_TS 1?E??ZBΪmU/?~xY'y5g&΋/ɋ>GMGeD3Vq%'#q$8K)fw9:ĵ x}rxwr:\TZaG*y8IjbRc|XŻǿI u3KGnD1NIBs RuK>V.EL+M2#'fi ~V vl{u8zH *:(W☕ ~JTe\O*tHGHY}KNP*ݾ˦TѼ9/#A7qZ$*c?qUnwN%Oi4 =3ڗP 1Pm \\9Mؓ2aD];Yt\[x]}Wr|]g- eW )6-rCSj id DЇAΜIqbJ#x꺃 6k#ASh&ʌt(Q%p%m&]caSl=X\P1Mh9MVdDAaVB[݈fJíP|8 քAV^f Hn- "d>znNJ ة>b&2vKyϼD:,AGm\nziÙ.uχYC6OMf3or$5NHT[XF64T,ќM0E)`#5XY`פ;%1U٥m;R>QD DcpU'&LE/pm%]8firS4d 7y\`JnίI R3U~7+׸#m qBiDi*L69mY&iHE=(K&N!V.KeLDĕ{D vEꦚdeNƟe(MN9ߜR6&3(a/DUz<{ˊYȳV)9Z[4^n5!J?Q3eBoCM m<.vpIYfZY_p[=al-Y}Nc͙ŋ4vfavl'SA8|*u{-ߟ0%M07%<ҍPK! ѐ'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0wooӺ&݈Э5 6?$Q ,.aic21h:qm@RN;d`o7gK(M&$R(.1r'JЊT8V"AȻHu}|$b{P8g/]QAsم(#L[PK-![Content_Types].xmlPK-!֧6 +_rels/.relsPK-!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!Ptheme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-! ѐ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK] 8 8 IInnnq !"v(07>vvw!$',-0257=>g $GZ=8"Z&+15d:>Ftvw"#%&()*+./13468<?S$$$8XNUW\hjq!  ?b$+fzL7=R$ӄʃ͛@I3֤%%4b$YNFGP CWfZ(1@ (  tB  0D=?#" ?B S  ?bJ(  z  S 6A logopmi_blu#" `?  LJ, C 'A logo_spike#" `?Z806t qE41ht>!'t]_*/:<G=H..)///|8|8~8~888888888888$TZ!]_l v x  = A   -3adgx #QT#fn[_!"##H$M$e.j.|8|8~8~888888888888333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333G%$ c x T ^ G f ZaKS>VWg8>tMb !!$$,%F%%,&&&''h+w+,, /B/1103O369666|8|8~8~8888888888888888888888ghst;<vwS T !!$$&&''))/+0+////1111.303C3C366{8{8|8|8~8~88888888888888888888    i {LN&(lz,5ZGzQh&49N$rޭ?L )(./;k?<BTTILMrnNk=rQN`!Τ>`RJYkX>?rD-,,^,`OJ QJ 88^8`OJQJ88^8`OJQJ88^8`OJQJ^`OJQJpp^p`OJ QJ @ @ ^@ `OJQJ^`OJQJo^`OJ QJ ^`OJQJ^`OJQJoPP^P`OJ QJ ^`OJQJ^`OJ QJ  ^`OJ QJ CJqpp^p`OJ QJ @ @ ^@ `OJQJ^`OJQJo^`OJ QJ ^`OJQJ^`OJQJoPP^P`OJ QJ ^`OJQJ^`OJQJ,,^,`OJQJ,,^,`OJ QJ ^`OJQJhh^h`OJ QJ CJ^JaJ ^`OJ QJ CJ^JaJ 88^8`OJ QJ CJ^JaJ ^`OJ QJ CJ^JaJ ^`OJ QJ CJ^JaJ pp^p`OJ QJ CJ^JaJ   ^ `OJ QJ CJ^JaJ @ @ ^@ `OJ QJ CJ^JaJ   ^ `OJ QJ CJ^JaJ   ^ `OJQJo(hH-  ^ `OJQJ^Jo(hHoTT^T`OJ QJ o(hH$$^$`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJ QJ o(hH^`OJQJo(hHdd^d`OJQJ^Jo(hHo4 4 ^4 `OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJ QJ o(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJ QJ o(hHh,,^,`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh  ^ `OJ QJ o(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHhll^l`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh<<^<`OJ QJ o(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJ QJ o(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJ QJ o(hHh,,^,`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh  ^ `OJ QJ o(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHhll^l`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh<<^<`OJ QJ o(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJ QJ o(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJ QJ o(hHhpp^p`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh@ @ ^@ `OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHhPP^P`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh  ^ `OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJ QJ o(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJ QJ o(hH^`OJPJQJ^Jo(-^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJ QJ o(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJ QJ o(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHhpp^p`OJ QJ o(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJ QJ o(hH,^,`o(. ^`hH.  L^ `LhH.  ^ `hH. l^l`hH. <L^<`LhH.  ^ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH.h^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJ QJ o(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJ QJ o(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJ QJ o(hHh,,^,`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh  ^ `OJ QJ o(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHhll^l`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh<<^<`OJ QJ o(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJ QJ o(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJ QJ o(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJ QJ o(hHh88^8`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh  ^ `OJ QJ o(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHhxx^x`OJQJ^Jo(hHohHH^H`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hHh,,^,`OJ QJ o(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh  ^ `OJ QJ o(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHhll^l`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh<<^<`OJ QJ o(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJ QJ o(hH k?<LM?rN$B?L )Yk=rQh./;{LNlz5ZnNN`>`TTIWW8Num1WW8Num3WW8Num4WW8Num5WW8Num6WW8Num7WW8Num9WW8Num10WW8Num11WW8Num15l    R-,   T      ba` |*Fd _ 8ORG"}l?!x#)a+vW,:- .70Q1O2 3vV6Ad9u9:$:=Y?C@DyEEI!NINbN$PwQmCRq>SpS4xU6W [{d\e]eyg mQmo2o>oq%prV4uVDvnx{Uysz\}f pI{2+ ,;`e~8auuZ,)g2jFe&kL5=kJ#K }TGSRp)z &ae|8~8@////u////X !"#$58@(*,.`@@Unknown G* Times New Roman5Symbol3. * Arial7. [ @Verdana5. *[`)TahomaA(SimSun???7K@Cambria?= *Cx Courier NewI. ??Arial Unicode MS;Wingdings_ StarSymbolArial Unicode MSA BCambria Math"0ff۫&n0 fn0 fqSx4d`8`8 2Q HX ?IN0! xxEffective Meetings (Part 1)JFrancesca Rizzo                         Oh+'0`    ( 4@HPXEffective Meetings (Part 1)J Normal.dotmFrancesca Rizzo4Microsoft Office Word@0@Љ@࿢@L n0՜.+,D՜.+,P  hp   Microsoftf`8 Effective Meetings (Part 1) Title 8@ _PID_HLINKSA M*http://www.business.english.training.com/\   !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefgijklmnoqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry FData h1Tablep vWordDocumentSummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjy  F'Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q