ࡱ> 35./012[ 4bjbj "jj.?lttttttt0008h4Dy6N4r*l85555555$8 :6t6>tt36>>>Z tt5>5>>ttDx @150( DD$I60y6X;>9<D>tttt IEEE SUPPLEMENTARY DICTIONARY OF TERMS FOR OVERHEAD CONTACT SYSTEMS Terms given in this dictionary are presently not given in the IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms, (IEEE Dictionary), or are not defined in it with reference to Overhead Contact Systems (OCS). Some terms given here are defined in the IEEE Dictionary, and are so annotated. The purpose of this dictionary is to provide uniform terminology and definitions for technical terms used in OCS that supply electrical power to electric light rail vehicles (LRV) and streetcars with pantographs or trolley poles and to electric trolleybuses (ETB) with trolley poles. Terms used only in OCS for trolley pole operations are in italics. Terms, which in OCS are synonymous, are shown (Syn). Where synonyms exist the NON- PREFERRED term has an asterisk (*). OCS style can be either Catenary where the contact wire is supported from a messenger wire by hangers, or Direct Suspension where the contact wire is directly supported by a cross-span, bridle, trapeze, pendulum, resilient arm, bracket arm or cantilever. Either style can be either Fixed Terminated or Auto-Tensioned. Terms that are exclusively to one style, are referenced FT or AT respectively. All ETBs use swivel collector shoes to allow the trolleybus to deviate up to 12 or so feet each side of the trolley wires. LRVs and streetcars with trolley poles use fixed collector shoes, which allow them to track the correct trolley wire at turnouts without the use of electric frogs. For proprietary names see Suppliers Catalogs. . This dictionary does NOT define terms for ac-electrification OCS, but refers the reader to AREMA Chapter 33, which are recommendations prepared by the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance Association. Acceptance MeasurementsFinal definitive records of the installed contact wire heights and staggers at OCS support and registrations, and at midspan. Accessible Voltage*See Step PotentialActual Span LengthSee Span LengthAdjustments, Final adjustmentsPlacing the conductors to the correct wire heights and staggers.Airbreak; Half-tension AirbreakSee Sectionalizing Alignment Track alignment OCS alignment The centerline or other reference line of the track or tracks in both plan and profile. The position of the OCS relative to the (superelevated) centerline of the track. Along Track Feeder*See Parallel FeederAlong-Track Movement (ATM) (AT Systems)The migration of catenary induced by BWs or tensioners due to thermal expansion or contraction of the conductors Ambient TemperatureThe weather related temperature of an OCS, which excludes temperature effects due to current in the conductors. Anchor Anchor Base Pole* Anchor Bolt Anchor Bracket Anchor Plate or Dead-Man Deadend Pole Base Anchor Screw Anchor Self Supporting Anchor (pole)  See Bolted-Base Pole. See Foundation An attachment to the face of a civil structure (tunnel soffits, bridge deck, tunnel portal, boat section, retaining wall, parapet, etc.) for anchoring OCS. See Foundation See Fixed Termination Assembly A pole which provides the ground level anchorage at its base or base-plate for a down guy from an adjacent anchor pole. A specialty device with a helical cutting blade that is corkscrewed into the ground as an anchorage for a down-guy An anchor pole without a down-guy.ArcingWhen associated with commutation between pantograph and contact wire, arcing is the sparking at the interface point when the pantograph is drawing current at speed. Arcing typically does more harm to the pantograph carbons than to the contact wire, weakening the surface of the carbon and causing it to be eroded. With metalized carbons, erosion of the carbon releases metal (commonly copper) often in minute globules the size of ground coffee. These settle onto the underside of the contact wire up to 10 feet from the arc, where they now act as a rasp on the carbon causing more erosion - this time mechanically. Arcing is typically caused at hard spots along the contact wire. See Hard Spots Arcing can be minimized by trains powering down before reaching known hard spots, and by avoiding getting into regeneration mode, which can be a source of current equal, if not greater, than normal traction current values. Arcing is preventable by avoiding designing hard-spots into the system due to the use of section insulators, direct push-off registrations, resilient arms and sharp changes in gradient. Assembly OCS Assembly  A discrete configuration of components used in an OCS, and identified in combination for ease of reference. See Assembly Reference Assemblies such as trolley wire switches, frogs, crossings and curve segments are usually referred to as Special Work in the industry. Assembly ReferenceAn alphanumeric code assigned to a discrete group of components, and that describes the materials list for one standard configuration, in which only the lengths of pipes or wires can vary. Auto-Tensioned (AT) EquipmentOCS conductors terminated with balanceweights, springs or hydraulic tensioning devices to maintain constant tension over a specified range of conductor temperatures by compensating for conductor thermal expansion and contraction. Autotransformer (AC) System Substation See AREMA Chapter 33.Auxiliary Messenger or Auxiliary*A third conductor typically installed with hangers above the contact wire and beneath the messenger wire of a catenary system and forming Compound Catenary Style BackboneA span guy or along track span-wire between structural supports used primarily to align contact/trolley wires around a curve using a series of pull-offs attached along the backbone. Backguy*See Guy. Balanceweight Assembly (BWA)The tensioning gear with weights that are installed at each end of a tension section of an auto-tensioned OCS. See Tension Section and Half Tension Section Balanceweight Stops, or Temperature Stops*Mechanical means for preventing further movement of balanceweights beyond a specified range of movement. Barn HangerA support more commonly used with trolley wire than with contact wire, that is usually fixed directly to the underside of the protective troughing or sheeting that is customarily attached to the trolley barn roof. Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL, bil)See IEEE Dictionary. BentSee Bridge Bent Blow-offLateral displacement of the contact /trolley wire due to wind. Boat sectionCivil engineering term for an open concrete structure that is below the general ground level. Body Span WireThe center wire of a three-wire head span used mainly to carry the radial and wind loads exerted by the messenger wires. Bolted Base PoleA pole with baseplate for use on a foundation with anchor bolts (as compared to a plain or planted pole which is directly embedded in stone or concrete). Bond Impedance Bond Rail Bond (traction) Structure BondAn electrical connection between metal hardware (rails, poles, rebar, etc) that eliminates voltage difference An inductive device bridging an insulated rail joint that allows passage of traction return current while preventing passage of signaling current. An impedance bond is typically housed in a metal box 1ft. deep and up to 3ft. square, that is located close by or between rails and connected across an insulated rail joint. Electrical connection between two rails in OCS return circuits and rated for the full traction return current. An electrical connection between a structure and the rebar cage of the foundation and/or to a ground rod, or to a grounding circuit of a civil structure. Booster Transformer or Suction Transformer (AC)See AREMA Chapter 33. Bracket Arm or Mast Arm*The frame usually supporting a direct suspension single contact wire or trolley wire directly from a pole without using a hinge. (A bracket arm, which is hinged to a pole, has the preferred term cantilever.) BracketSee Pole Bracket or Anchor Bracket Break*See Section break or Airbreak Bridge Overpass Bent Bridge Barrier  See Overpass A Structural Engineering term for a portal frame or transverse framework, as used to support the deck of a bridge. The name given to a permanent protective shield on an overbridge spanning over electrified tracks or over trolley overhead wires, for the purpose of shielding the overhead conductors from vandals, and/or protecting people from electrical danger. Also see Construction Barrier.BridgingThe act of connecting across sectionalization points by pantographs. Bridle A span guy or wire between structural supports used primarily to provide support to a cross-span wire or pull-off attached approximately midway along the bridle.  Bridle SuspensionA short (4 feet to 6 feet long) loop of wire that supports a single contact wire from a horizontal (cantilever) pipe or pulley. A short (6 feet to 8 feet long) loop of wire that supports a messenger wire from a pulley in AT equipment. Building AttachmentAn eyebolt or other OCS mounting on a building. Bull RingA steel ring usually 2 to 4 in diameter to which two or more aerial (span) guys may be attached. Bus PathThe locus of the center point of the front axle of a trolleybus along a transitway. NOTE. Not necessarily the centerline of the transitway.  BWBalanceweight BWA Balanceweight Anchor or Balanceweight Assembly Bypass SwitchSee Switch Cable Outlet*See Feeder Spout CadweldA proprietary thermic welding operation Cantilever Back-to-back cantilevers Cantilever Assembly Long-Reach Cantilever Multi-Track Bracket Arm Reach Reduced Height Cantilever Twin Cantilevers Two-Track Bracket Arm Two-Track Cantilever A hinged bracket arm* Cantilevers mounted on opposite sides of poles which are located between tracks. An OCS support frame typically for mounting a messenger support or suspension fitting and a contact wire registration assembly that is mounted on a pole or portal beam drop bracket using hinge fittings. A cantilever assembly whose reach (see below) typically exceeds 13 feet. A frame rigidly attached to a pole and serving three or more tracks. The dimension between the face of the pole and the contact wire, or in the case of several contact wires, the furthest contact wire from the pole. A cantilever where the system height of the OCS is (typically) more than one foot less than the standard system height, thereby requiring reconfiguration of the basic cantilever shape by lowering the messenger wire support. Two cantilevers installed side-by-side on spreaders on one pole, each supporting its own OCS, and both OCS serving the same track. Have application in overlaps and at crossovers where two catenaries will normally have differential along-track movement. A frame rigidly attached to a pole that serves two adjacent tracks to one side of it from which the OCS for each track is supported. A single OCS cantilever frame serving two adjacent tracks to one side of its supporting pole, and catering to the independent movement of the catenaries in AT systems.  Catenary Dictionary Meaning Simple Catenary Style Compound Catenary Style Stitched Catenary Style Inclined Catenary Style Low Profile Catenary Style Chordal Catenary Style Contenary The combination of two or more OCS conductors, with hangers and in-span hardware, but not including supports and cantilevers. The curve assumed by a perfectly flexible cord of uniform weight and cross-section hanging freely between two fixed points. Auto-Tensioned Simple Catenary (ATSC) and Fixed Terminated Simple Catenary (FTSC) styles each comprised of a contact wire supported from a messenger wire by hangers. Comprising a contact wire supported by an auxiliary wire, which, in turn, is supported from a messenger wire by hangers. A two conductor catenary system to which a stitch wire (messenger bridle) has been added at the supports to improve catenary dynamics. An arrangement of OCS conductors, where the messenger carries the horizontal (radial) load of the contact wire (and auxiliary wire) on curved tracks, in addition to providing vertical support, and in which the contact wire closely follows the centerline of the track. Inclined catenary has excellent commutation performance, has great economy of OCS support structures, but is difficult to install and to replace. A version of simple catenary with a small system height, (2ft. 0in. to 2ft. 6in. compared to 4ft. 0in. of standard simple catenary) which permits both conductors to be supported and registered from a single cross-span wire for improved aesthetics. As a consequence of the small system height the maximum span is typically limited to about 150 feet. A catenary system in which the messenger (and auxiliary) are installed vertically above the contact wire. Also known as Tangent-Chord style. A twin contact wire system. OCS construction wherein the messenger of a simple catenary system is locally substituted with a contact wire, that can be installed alongside the primary contact wire to create a catenary system of extremely small system height which is a practical solution for wiring bridges with very low clearances.  Catenaries DynamicsThe interactive relationship between current collectors and contact/trolley wires at operating speeds. Chording of CurvesOn curved route the propensity of the contact wire to cut the curve between points of registration. Clamp Contact Swivel or Fixed Clamp Parallel Groove Clamp Pipe Clamp Strain Clamp Suspension ClampA fitting with bolts and nuts that be fixed in position on a pire or conductor, and yet can be removed (unbolted) and re-used at another position. The fitting on the end of the steady arm or registration pipe, which attaches to the contact wire A piece of hardware used to clamp two or more parallel wires together. A piece of hardware used to attach various types of components to a pipe. A piece of hardware used for deadending a wire or conductor under high tension. A piece of hardware used to support a tensioned conductor or cable in a hanging arrangement, the greater part of the applied load being due to conductor weight. Clipping InThe sagging (regulating) of the OCS conductors to correct tension, and clamping at the supports and installing the hangers. Collector Strip*See Contact Strip Commutation* Commutation Performance*The act of picking up electrical power from an overhead contact wire by pantograph or trolley pole. See Current Collection. See also Bridging See Catenary Dynamics Component (OCS)An item of OCS hardware as commonly supplied complete by manufacturers. Compound EquipmentSee Catenary Compression Type Fittings* or Compression Fittings Fittings that require a hydraulic press to crimp or otherwise form a mechanical joint usually with one or more conductor using a sleeve or ferrule. Fittings that require the forcing of one or more pins into a solid conductor in order to effect a mechanical connection. Conductor Bar* or Conductor Beam*See Conductor Rail Conductor JointsOCS conductor joints carry full catenaries tension and full conductor current. Factory jointing of conductors is performed before final extrusion of the finished conductor, and joint between the individual stock bars may either be scarfed and braised or fusion butt welded. Field joints are usually mechanical, being cone type couplings, or compressed sleeves. Conductor RailVarious shapes of rigid bar, e.g. double lobe bar, used in maintenance shops and under bridges as an alternative to a contact wire or trolley wire. Not to be confused with third rail. Constant Tension OCS*See Auto-tensioned equipment Construction BarrierA temporary barrier serving the purpose of a bridge barrier during construction/reconstruction of an overbridge spanning electrified tracks. Construction OverlapAn OCS overlap without provision for sectionalizing. An Uninsulated Overlap Contact Bar* or Rail*See Conductor Rail. Contact StripThe wearing strip on the head of a pantograph that enables an electric vehicle to draw power from an OCS. Typically made of carbon or metalized carbon, the strip may be in one piece or in four or five abutting pieces, with an overall length not more than 52 inches. The Pantograph head typically has two strips at approximately 13 inch centers. Each strip is either 40 cm. wide or 60cm. wide. In the past, other materials, such as copper and steel have been used with or without an integral greasing system. Contact Wire (CW)The wire with which the pantograph or trolley pole makes contact for current collection. Normally made of copper or bronze, the wire is a single wire conductor usually with a groove to which hangers and clamps may be fitted. Cross section shapes include round grooved with various copper cross sectional area from 106 kcmil to 350 kcmil, and figure-9, Deep Section (335, 350 and 400 kcmil.) See also Trolley Wire for trolley pole operations Contact Wire Along-Track Movement (ATM) See Along-Track Movement  Contact Wire BridgeAt track crossovers, crossings and turnouts, a rigid bar or piece of contact wire, up to 5 feet long, is attached to the in-running contact wire, and closely above it, to form a slot for a second contact wire to pass through, thereby preventing differential uplift of crossing contact wires. Also called a wire cross*. Contact Wire Clamp For FT equipment For (AT) equipment The fixed clamp at the end of a registration arm or a steady arm, which is fitted into the groove of the contact wire or trolley wire to take the registration and wind loads. The swivel clamp at the end of a registration arm or a steady arm that is fixed into the groove of the contact wire or trolley wire to take the registration and wind loads. The swivel is to accommodate along-track movement of the contact wire due to angular displacement. Contact Wire Creep Initial CreepThe ongoing stretch of a contact wire or trolley wire, which is under a sustained tension. It has been shown that when a conductor is subjected to its normal tension, it will creep at a greater rate for the first 15 days under load than it will after the first month or so. Contact Wire DeviationWhen contact wires are staggered on straight tracks or registered on curved tracks the contact wire changes direction at each clamp, through an angle, which is termed the deviation angle. As a consequence a radial load is imparted to the registration arm or span wire. Experience suggests that the maximum deviation of the contact wire at any registration point should not exceed 7 degrees, nor should the radial load exceed 500 lb. under the worst conditions. The use of double registration arms is suggested for radial loads between 500 lb and 1000 lb. Contact Wire Door BridgeA bridging device between sections of contact wire that is mounted on the transom of doorframes of maintenance shops that can be opened to allow roll-up doors to open and close. Such a design may have a bridging piece that laterally overlaps the contact wire conductor rail in which case it would not be suitable for use with trolley poles. See Trolley Door Bridge. Contact Wire Droop or Contact Wire FallThe additional downward displacement of the contact wire due to temperature or ice. The increase in sag; not the actual sag.  Contact Wire Height (CWH) Minimum Contact Wire Height Maximum Contact Wire HeightThe height of the underside of the contact wire above reference rail level or street (trolley bus) when not uplifted by the pantograph or trolley pole. The minimum allowable contact wire height, usually at mid pan or under bridges, which takes due account of vehicle clearance envelope, vehicle bounce and track tolerances, OCS temperature effects and electrical clearances. May also take future track raising into account if so required. The maximum allowable contact wire height within the vertical operating range of the pantograph or trolley pole. Contact Wire RiseThe dimensional rise of a contact wire under its own weight and tension, from grade over a distance. The increase in the height of the contact wire at midspan, due to the combined effect of : An increase in contact wire tension at low temperature. Wear of the contact wire. Uplift due to the pantograph or trolley collector pole pressure. See Uplift. Contactor (OCS) A device, normally fitted on a contact wire or a trolley wire for making or breaking a circuit, or instrumental to switching of other circuits, such as traffic signal pre-emption, or ETB route selection. ContenarySee Catenary Contenary. Copper clad Conductor, also known as CopperweldA wire with a steel center and layer of copper fused around it or a number of such wires stranded together. Corrosion Electrolytic Corrosion The deterioration of a substance (usually a metal) because of a reaction with its environment. The destructive chemical action caused by local dc electrical currents to pipes, cables and other materials, often resulting from stray currents leaking from the traction negative rail return of the OCS. CounterpoiseA buried wire or a configuration of wires to provide a low resistance grounding system. Counterweight*See Balanceweight. CreepThe on-going permanent stretch of tensioned wires over time. Crimp Type Fittings Fittings that require the squeezing down with possible indenting, of a sleeve through which two or more wires pass. For small wires a hand tool may be used, but for larger sleeves and conductors a hydraulic press will normally be used. CrosbyA type of clamp with a U-bolt and saddle that pinches two wires together so they hold tight. Crossarm Feeder OCS Crossarm*Typically a short cross bracket mounted high up on OCS poles that support feeders. See Cantilever, Bracket Arm. Cross Catenary*See Headspan Cross Contacts*See Contact Wire Bridge Cross Level Cross Level ToleranceThe plane through the tops of the rails of a track in the transverse direction. See Track Tolerances. Crossover (Special Work)An OCS assembly that permits two sets of trolley wires to cross each other, either at right angles, or a straight or curved skew angle. Cross-SpanA single wire fastened between two supports that crosses the track or roadway just above contact wire level and supports one or more contact wires. See also Headspan. Current CollectionThe act of picking up electrical power from overhead contact/trolley wire by pantograph or trolley pole. Current Collector For Pantographs For Trolley Poles The contact strip at the top of a pantograph, which rides along under the contact wire to collect current. See Contact Strip. The carbon insert housed inside the trolley shoe and normally 3 inches long, which rides along under the contact wire collecting current. Curve Construction Inside Curve Outside Curve An arrangement where OCS support poles are on the inside of the curve, necessitating the use of bracket arm construction. Poles are on the outside of the curve. Curve HangerSee Single and Double Curve Hanger. Curve Rail (Special Work)A short version of a curve segment for shallower turns. Curve Segment (Special Work)An OCS assembly used on trolley wire systems that permits the trolley poles to transfer to a curved rail in order to take an angle in the trolley wire with 10 to 45 deviation. Curve SpanA cross-span on a curve with one or more double curve hangers or a curve segment. Curve Supports Inside Curve Outside Curve An arrangement for an OCS where the poles are on the inside of the curve. Poles are on the outside of the curve. Cut-In-SwitchA type of directional switch in the trolley wires where a section of trolley wire is cut out in order to insert the switch special work. Cut-OutA section insulator used in the trolley wires for sectionalization: but only installed in positive trolley wires. CWContact wire CWAContact wire anchor. Deadend The direct termination of a conductor under tension to a pole, beam or wall. Deadend AssemblySee Fixed Termination Assembly Direct Suspension SystemAn OCS with direct support of a trolley wire from a cross-span wire, bracket arm, resilient arm or resilient hanger in both AT and FT systems. Disconnect SwitchSee Switch Door Bridge*See Contact Wire Door Bridge or Trolley Door Bridge Double Curve HangerAn overhead assembly used in cross-spans to support trolley wires in large radius curves. Each hanger typically provides up to 2 deviation in the trolley wires. Double InsulationInsulation provided by two physically separated insulators, to create a safe working zone for maintenance staff between energized equipment and grounded equipment. A separation of at least six feet is preferred. (Requirements are described in California PUC GO 95 and other codes.) Down Guy See GuyDroopFall of a conductor from its height at normal temperature, due to temperature change and/or ice coating. Droop is an increase in sag, rather than the total sag of a conductor. Drop BracketA fitting attached to the underside of a cantilever registration pipe that carries the steady arm or registration arm Dropper*See Hanger or sometimes used ambiguously as Feeder. Drop Vertical or Drop PipeA steel frame or pipe rigidly attached to the underside of a portal or bridge deck for mounting an OCS support and/or registration assembly. Dual-mode or Dual-Powered Bus, or a Hybrid Bus or Rail Vehicle.An ETB or rail car designed to operate either by self-powered or by electricity taken from an OCS or third rail. Dual Operation or Dual Mode OperationWhere rubber tired and rail vehicles share the same R-O-W. Duct, Duct-LineAn enclosed conduit i.e. pipe, etc. for electrical cables, typically underground, or mounted on, or embedded in, civil structures. Dynamic LoadSee Live Load Dynamics See Catenary Dynamics Ear, Trolley Ear, or Line-EarThe normal trolley wire clamp used to suspend the trolley wire. Also called a Clamp. See Manufacturers Catalogs. Elastic Arm*See Resilient Arm Elastic HangerA form of resilient arm with a limited use due to being of lower strength than a normal resilient arm. Elastic SystemA term applied to a trolley OCS where the trolley wires are free to uplift under the pressure of the current collectors at the supports. Typified by the use of pendulum suspensions comprising one hanger or two articulated parallel hangers. Embedded PolesOCS poles without base plates that are directly inserted into socket-type or open foundations and fixed by concrete, grout or compacted backfill. Encumbrance*See Pole Encumbrance. Envelope Combined Vehicle Envelope Pantograph Clearance Envelope Structure Clearance Envelope Trolley Pole Clearance Envelope Vehicle Dynamic Envelope Vehicle Static Envelope The rail vehicle dynamic envelope plus the effects of track alignment and cross-level tolerances. The combined vehicle envelope applied to the pantograph plus a typical 6 lateral running allowance for safety and a typical 8 vertical allowance above static contact wire level. Only steady arms and registration arms are permitted within this envelope. The combined vehicle envelope plus a safety clearance allowance typically 6 all round, into which no part of the fixed facilities e.g. bridges, stations, signal, trackside houses, etc. shall intrude. The dimensioned space around the vehicle trolley pole(s) depending upon the position of the trolley wire(s) and the vehicle. The maximum envelope of a vehicle when it is free to lurch and sway. The maximum envelope of a static vehicle Equation StationingTypically the mathematical adjustment at a point along an alignment where the running stationing is interrupted or restarted. Equivalent Span or Ruling Span*A weighted average span of a given tension section of conductions used in sag-tensioned calculations. Exclusive Right-of-WayROW only accessible to the Agencys own vehicles. Exothermic Welding A type of welding where a charge is ignited which burns with intense heat and melts adjacent sections of metal allowing them to fuse together. Eye-BoltSee Building Attachment Eye of Pullover*See Heel of Steady Arm Eye Setting* See Heel Setting  Face of PoleThe absolute nearest part of a pole from the track for structure clearance purposes. Structure clearance requirements do not include base plate and top of foundation unless these are located significantly above the level of the rails and intrude into the clearance envelope. Facing Turnout; Facing-Point TurnoutA track turnout that can be entered with point of switch entered first in the normal direction of travel (see also Trailing Turnout) Factor of Safety The margin of safety in terms, usually of strength, between the breaking load and the maximum design operating load expressed as a ratio. FallSee Contact Wire Fall or Messenger Wire Fall. Feeder Spout or Feeder Outlet*A short pipe installed through the wall of a tubular pole, through which a feeder cable exits the pole. FeedersConductors that supply power to or augment the power-carrying capacity of the conductors in an overhead contact system. Final AdjustmentThe positioning of an OCS to the correct alignment and wire height, tightening up of all components and any remedial work prior to operation. Finial*See Pole Cap. FittingsSmall components used in the assembly of cantilever frames, cross-spans and terminations. Fixed End The dead-ended termination of a conductor.Fixed Tension*See Fixed Terminated, (FT) equipment and Auto-Tensioned, (AT) equipment. Fixed Termination AssemblyAn assembly for dead-ending a conductor. Fixed-Terminated (FT) Equipment Single Contact Wire Style (FTSCW) Tramway Style Equipment* OCS with dead-ended conductors, either Catenary or Direct Suspension, (fixed terminations). The tensions in FT equipment vary with temperature, being higher at low temperatures and lower at high temperatures. A style of Direct Suspension OCS FT equipment. A style of Direct Suspension OCS FT equipment. Floating Section AC A section of OCS equipment between two insulators which is neither bonded to the live conductors, nor is bonded to ground, and whose line potential is unknown. See AREMA Chapter 33 - Neutral Section Foundation (OCS) Anchor Bolt Anchor Plate Core-formed Dead-Man* Earth-formed Gravity Foundation Guy Anchor Foundation Piled Foundations Precast Concrete Foundation (cond) Concrete Sleeve type Rock Foundation Spread Footing Customarily a concrete block for the embedment or attachment of an OCS pole or down guy, or part of a civil structure (viaduct, overpass, tunnel, etc) for embedding or attaching an OCS pole, support bracket or down guy. The most common type of foundation in the US is a concrete pier with anchor bolts. This is usually made by pouring concrete directly into an augered hole in which the anchor bolts/reinforcing cage is already aligned. Sizes range from 2 ft 0in diameter to 3ft.6in diameter, and depth below ground from 10ft. to 18ft. depending upon loading and ground strength. A bolt inserted into a concrete foundation to form an attachment for a pole or support bracket. A buried plate at the end of an anchor rod used with down guys. A foundation that has been poured leaving a core hole which will accept an OCS pole without a base-plate firmly installed to line and level using grout. A mass buried in ground (usually a rectangular block of concrete) to which a down guy wire is directly or indirectly attached. Where the concrete is directly poured into an augered hole against the bare earth. See Spread Footing below. A foundation for a down guy. Steel pile foundations using a 24 inch diameter steel casing or a 10in x 10in I-beam have been used as foundations for anchor-base poles. Usually a pier type casting with anchor bolts, which is placed into an oversize earth-formed augered shaft and grouted or back-filled to line and level. Precast foundations can be manufactured under factory conditions with supervision and testing staff in attendance to ensure the required quality, both in dimensional accuracy and materials quality. Precast foundations avoid the problems of getting large quantities to remote track side locations, and avoid many site problems associated with winter and summer weather. On operating railroads, precast foundations should reduce the need for track occupation compared to cast-in-place foundations. This foundation type was very successfully used on a very large project in the Kalahari Desert. High strength concrete sleeves (pipes), 18 inches overall diameter, 2 in. wall thickness and 10 feet long were directly embedded into a 30 inch diameter earth formed core hole using the excavated granular material as backfill. This was compacted around the sleeve using 4in diameter pneumatic hammers. A plain steel pole was inserted into the sleeve and clamped into line and level with a custom made jig that attached to the top of the sleeve. More of the granular material was compacted around the pole leaving 6 inches space at the top. Typically one bag of concrete mix was mixed up in a small portable concrete mixer, placed in the top of the sleeve, tamped and trowel finished with a watershed. The benefits of the sleeve are similar to those of pre-cast foundations, and the use of the excavated material and the low requirement for water in the remoteness of the desert were particularly good economies. When surface or sub-surface rock is encountered anchor bolts can be directly embedded into core hole drilled into the rock deep enough to carry the pole overturning moment but discounting the thickness of fractured rock. A shallow foundation typically 1ft 0in to 2ft 0in thick, but with a large area, typically 6 ft by 12 ft. but can be larger or smaller depending upon overturning load and ground strength. Frog (OCS) Fixed Frog Electric Frog  A solid metal device (casting) in the trolleywires that guides the direction of travel of a vehicle trolley pole at locations where two trolley wires diverge from a single wire. An electrically operated device above the trolley wires that switches the track of the frog as required. Frog (track)A rail component used at the intersection of two running rails to provide support for vehicle wheels thus permitting wheels to cross over or join rails of other tracks. GainThe flattened part of a round pole ready to receive the mounting plate of a cross arm or bracket arm, or A plastic molding type packer for interfacing between a round pole and a cross arm or mounting plate of a bracket arm.  Glastic A proprietary insulating material to 2 thick used to form troughs for protection of the trolley overhead from damage caused by dewired trolley poles or to provide a safety barrier for linemen working on live wires in close proximity to uninsulated overhead beams and pipes. Grade CrossingA crossing of a highway, railroad track, other fixed guideway, or pedestrian walk or combination of these at the same level. Grade SeparationThe vertical separation at a crossing of a highway or walkway from a rail track by the provision of a bridge or underpass. Gradient (Contact Wire)The average slope of the contact wire between two adjacent OCS supports relative to the track. Grounding The act of directly bonding a pole or stucture to a ground rod by means of a cable, to prevent a voltage developing on a pole which might shock a person who might touch the pole. Ground Rod A conducting rod serving as an electrical connection with ground. Typically a less-than-one inch diameter copperclad steel rod 10 feet long driven into the soil. More than one rod may be required to achieve the low resistance value specified for any particular OCS installation. Grounding Switch An electrical switch typically between an OCS conductor and a ground rod, to enable the conductor to be grounded for safety when de-energized. Ground WireThe conductor installed for the purpose of providing lightning protection and electrical continuity between the supporting structure of the overhead contact system and the common return or grounding system.  Guy Down Guy Or Back Guy* Guy Anchor Guy Guard Head Guy Span Guy Sidewalk Down Guy A steadying or positioning wire, or span wire. A wire attached high on a pole and coming down at an angle to an anchor in the ground. See Foundation A protective strip, often of light colored plastic, typically 10 feet long, which fits around the lower end of a down guy for increased visibility. A wire, usually between two pole tops, for the purpose of transferring an anchor load. A wire between two poles, or buildings for supporting an OCS. See Sidewalk Guy Half Tension Section or Half tension Length*In AT equipment, the segment of OCS between a midpoint and a BW, or between a fixed termination and a BW. See also Tension Section. Hand HoleAn access hole in a pole, or duct-line, for cable installation or inspectionHanger For Direct Suspension For Catenary A support for a contact wire or trolley wire, normally used to support it from cross-spans. A series of light wire, light cable, light strap or light rod assemblies for suspending the contact wire from the messenger wire at regular intervals (typically every 15-30 feet). Catenary hangers are usually designed to avoid current flowing through them from the messenger to the contact wire and vice versa, by incorporating insulating components. Hard spotHard spots along the contact wire are typically points where the contact wire does not lift under the influence of pantograph pressure, as much as it does along the rest of the wire. As a consequence the pantograph is momentarily forced down from its normal trajectory. This may cause a separation of contact just beyond the hard spot due to pantograph inertia, and the inability of the pantograph springing to quickly raise the pantograph head. As a consequence arcing may occur which is harmful to both pantographs and contact wire. See Arcing Hard spots are caused by kinks in the contact wire, by heavy fittings such as section insulators, and by direct push-off registrations, all of which should be avoided in the mainline OCS where trains travel at speed and draw normal levels of current. HarpHardware mounted at the top end of a Trolley Collector Pole that houses the Trolley Shoe. Headspan or Cross Catenary*An OCS support structure with two or more wires that straddles the tracks and supports several catenaries, or several single contact wires in multi-track area. See also Cross-Span, Body Span, Steady Span. Headspan wires In a two-wire headspan, the combination of headspan wire and cross-span wire, and in a three-wire headspan, the combination of a headspan wire, steady span wire and cross-span wire, required for a complete headspan Heel of Registration Arm or Steady Arm or Eye of Pullover* (Catenary)The pivoted end of a steady arm opposite to the end with the contact wire clamp. Heel Setting Dimension (Catenary)The dimensioned height of the pin or hinge at the heel of a steady arm or registration arm, above the plane of the contact wire. The heel setting is designed to minimize uplift of the contact wire due to the radial load in the registration arm caused by contact wire deviation. Hog of Contact WireArching of a contact wire between catenary supports. Prevalent in FT systems at low temperatures opposite of sag. Horns (pantograph)The curved or angled downwards ends of the pantograph head, which lift out-of-running wires onto the contact strip, as they converge. Hotel PowerElectrical power taken by a vehicle for uses other than traction. Hydraulic Tensioner A mechanical device comprising a long cylinder filled with liquid or with gas which with its associated parts is installed at one or each of the anchor poles to compensate to some extent for variations in conductor tension due to ambient temperature. Impedance BondSee Bond Inclined CatenarySee Catenary Inductive SwitchAn electro-mechanical switch with an electronic receiver placed just above diverging trolley wires that can receive radio signals from ETBs in order to set the trolley wires for the route direction required. In-Running CatenaryThe catenary for a track that has multiple catenaries (such as overlaps), which provides the passage for the pantograph. Insert ConcreteA mechanical screw socket-type fixing for direct embedment into concrete usually placed before pouring concrete. Insulated MidpointSee Sectionalizing Insulated OverlapSee Sectionalizing Insulator Bobbin* Bell or Disc* Cut-in Insulator Insulators (cond) Johnny Ball or Porcelain Strain Insulator No-Bo Section Standoff Strain Strut Suspension SyntheticAny body or substance provided and designed for the purpose of surrounding, supporting or interrupting an electrical conductor so as to restrict the flow of electricity to a desired path. A synthetic insulator that looks like a bobbin for thread. A bell-shaped insulator of ceramic or glass used singly or in strings. An strain insulator installed at a point along a conductor for sectionalizing purposes or to provide a level of insulation. A type of ceramic strain insulator, which has interlocking terminations for wires and is used primarily for guy, span wire or dead end insulation. The brand name for a type of section insulator. See Section Insulator A solid core insulator with bending strength. An insulator or a string of disc insulators used in line in a tensioned conductor or guy. A standoff insulator used in compression members of cantilevers. An insulator or string of discs, suspended in vertical position. An insulator made from fiberglass, plastic or epoxy resin. Jumper Continuity or Full Current EqualizingGenerally an electrical connection in the overhead contact system; a short conductor installed to provide electrical continuity. A jumper capable of carrying full line current from one catenary to another longitudinally at tensioning overlaps and track turnouts. A light jumper in the catenary connecting the messenger to the contact wire for electrical continuity. Generally installed one in each span. Kcmil, mcm* (Syn)The measured cross-sectional area of a conductor in thousands of circular mils. Knuckle A rigid connection between two adjacent messenger wires and/or between two adjacent contact wires for their mutual alignment. Usually with insulation so as to prevent circulating currents or for maintaining electrical sectioning. Lightning Arrester or Arrestor*A device typically mounted on OCS poles and connected to the OCS, designed to protect the OCS and adjacent equipment, e.g. traction power substations and feeder cables, against lightning. Lightning arresters typically provide a path to ground through a spark-gap, with or without variable resistance elements. Line EarThe name given in the days before grooved trolley wire was available, for the fitting that supported round trolley wire. Line GuardA bunch of short (12) steel wires with preformed twist that self lock around a conductor inside a support clamp to prevent the breakage o conductor strands due to fatigue. See also Messenger Liner Live Live Load (structural) Live Wire (electrical)  A load or force that is temporary in nature such as wind, ice, tension due to temperature change and the dynamic uplift force of a passing current collector. A bare conductor carrying a voltage for power supply. Load GaugeSee Gauge Long Turn LaneA segment of trolley wire OCS (trolley wire pair) parallel to the through trolley wires used by ETBs in preparation for a right or left turn that allows through ETBs to overtake. Lug Crimped Terminal An attachment to the end of wire or cable for an electrical connection made using a griping or crimping tool. A crimped, soldered or bolted metallic tag with a hole used to terminate a wire or cable on a stud to make an electrical connection. Magnetic Blow OutAs assembly attached to in-running section insulators that quenches power arcs drawn by trolley shoes entering insulated runners. Mast Arm*See Bracket Arm. Master Overlap Chart (MOC); Master Wiring Diagram (Syn)Like an electrical sectioning diagram but including essential OCS design features and typically drawn to scale based upon civil alignment plan/profiles. An MOC will include provisional layout of the traction power substations, and the associated feeding/sectioning points in the OCS. Typically the location of additional operational sectionalization at track crossovers and pocket tracks will be shown. The type of sectioning arrangement be it an overlap, insulated midpoint, airbreak or section insulator will be indicated. On steeply graded track profiles the location of OCS fixed ends, midpoints and balanceweights will be given. Maximum Operating Wind SpeedThe maximum wind speed in which vehicles will continue to be operated at their normal speed. The wind speed selected for pantograph security calculations. Typically 55 mph for LRT Systems.  Maximum SagThe sag of conductors either at maximum conductor temperature or under a given radial ice loading, whichever is greater. Mcm*See Kcmil Messenger or Messenger WireThe uppermost conductor in a catenary system. The conductor, which hangs in, the approximate shape of a catenary from which the contact wire is suspended by means of wire or loop hangers. Messenger LinerA piece of insulating material inserted between messenger hanger saddles and messenger wires to prevent currents circulating through hangers.  Messenger Rise or Messenger Wire RiseWhen given in tables for vertical clearance purposes: The increase in the height of the messenger wire at midspan, due to the combined effect of : An increase in messenger wire tension at low temperature. Wear of the contact wire. Uplift due to the pantograph or trolley collector pole pressure. Middle Ordinate*See Stringline. Midpoint Anchor Pole (AT)A pole adjacent to the midpoint structure where the midpoint guy is terminated. Midpoint Guy (AT)The span guy that provides the midpoint restraint in AT equipment. The broadly horizontal guy wire, (preferably of galvanized strand for its light weight), that is anchored to the messenger wire at the midpoint (cantilever) of a tension section of auto-tensioned OCS. Midpoint Structure (AT)The OCS support structure approximately midway between the two Balanceweights of a tension section of AT equipment where the OCS is anchored against along-track movement. Midspan OffsetThe deviation of the static contact wire from the superelevated centerline of track at midspan. Mixed Operation*See Dual-mode Operation  Negative Feeder DC Negative Feeder - AC In a DC rail system, the traction current return cable connecting the track rails or negative contact wire to the substation negative busbar. See AREMA Chapter 33. Negative Feeder.Neutral Section (AC Only)See AREMA Chapter 33. Floating Section. No-BoA proprietary type of section insulator. See Insulator. No-Load Tension or Unloaded Stringing TensionThe messenger stringing tension to be applied to a messenger alone so that, once the contact wire is suspended from the messenger, the messenger assumes the desired final sag and tension. Non-Bridging, Non-Commutating*The act of not connecting across sectionalization points by pantograph. Non-Riding*See Out-of-Running. Normal Temperature, Normal Setting Temperature.The selected temperature at which all the cantilevers in an auto-tensioned OCS are square (normal, mathematically) to the track. See Normal Tension. Normal TensionThe nominal selected tension for a conductor. The tension in a conductor of a fixed terminated OCS at normal temperature range. The tension in a conductor of an auto-tensioned OCS when tensioned by balanceweights within the auto-tensioned temperature range when the balanceweight stops are not engaged. OCS StyleThe generic type of conductor configuration and tensioning system of a particular OCS. See Catenary and Direct Suspension. Offset Contact Wire/Trolley Wire Offset Pole Offset The deviation of the contact wire/trolley wire in its static condition from the normal centerline of the track. The dimension of the centerline of the pole from the centerline of the track. Out-of-Running (OOR) CatenaryWhere more than one catenary is installed above one track, OOR catenaries do not provide passage for the pantograph because they are higher than, or offset from, the in-running catenary. Overhead Contact System (OCS)That part of the traction power system comprising the overhead conductors (or single contact wire), aerial feeders, OCS supports, foundations, balanceweights and other equipment and assemblies, that delivers electrical power to non-self powered electric vehicles. OverlapA span of the overhead contact system where the contact and messenger wires of two adjoining tension sections overlap before terminating at opposite ends. Overlap PolesThe structures that position the two contact wires in parallel within an overlap section. Overlap SpanThat portion of the overhead contact system between two structures, where the contact and messenger wires of two adjoining sections overlap, thus allowing pantographs to transition from one tension section to the next under power. See Sectionalizing - Insulated Overlap Overpass, Bridge*, Overhead Bridge* or Overbridge* (Syn) Where a street, pedestrian walkway or railway crosses over the OCS tracks. NOTE. Bridge, Overhead Bridge, and Overbridge are ambiguous terms unless the location, under-rail or over-rail, are included. For the OCS dictionary, Overpass is the preferred term for a bridge overrail and underpass is the preferred term for a bridge under-rail. See also Viaduct PanAn alternative name for the head of a pantograph, which carries the rubbing strips/carbon collectors*. PantographA current collection device fitted on top of an electrically powered rail vehicle, hinged to allow it to vary in height as it rubs along the contact wire. Pantograph Clearance EnvelopeSee Envelope, Pantograph Clearance Envelope. Pantograph HeadThe uppermost part of the pantograph that is fitted with the current collector. Pantograph Pressure The nominal upward force exerted by the pantograph on the contact wire. Typically 18 to 22 pounds. Pantograph SecurityThe analyses of the lateral relationship of the pantograph with the contact wire at a support/registration and at midspan, under prescribed operating conditions, including allowances for crosswind, track tolerances, vehicle sway, pantograph sway, temperature range and installation tolerances. Based on these analyses, maximum stagger, maximum span length on tangent, and span lengths on curves are determined. Pantograph SwayLateral displacement of the pantograph induced by vehicle roll and lateral shock loads. Typical value 1 " each way (independent of pantograph height), unless specified otherwise. Pantograph Up-LiftThe distance the contact wire is lifted as a pantograph passes. Pantograph Up-Thrust*See Pantograph Pressure Parallel FeederAn along-track aerial bare or insulated cable mounted on the OCS poles; or an insulated cable installed in a trough or duct, which provides electrical power reinforcement to the OCS by means of T-connected feeder jumpers at regular intervals. Parallel Running (Length)The design length where the two parallel contact wires in an overlap are suspended at the same height. Paralleling Station (AC Only)See AREMA Chapter 33. Paralleling Station Pendulum SupportA type of support using two parallel hinges 12 to 24 long to support the contact wire keeping the contact wire oriented vertically as it lifts freely. Pendulum SuspensionAn elastic hanger configuration in the form of a trapezoid hinged at each corner that maintains correct wire orientation of the trolley wire for use by trolley shoe and yet is free to move upwards under pressure from the vehicle trolley pole. PH HangerA stick insulator installed square or near-square to the trolley wire pair for carrying two trolley clamps at the correct wire spacing and that can maintain insulation levels between them. Phase BreakSee AREMA Chapter 33. Phase Break Planted PoleAn OCS pole without a baseplate, that is directly embedded in a concrete foundation during pouring of the concrete, or grouted into a prepared corehole of a previously cast concrete foundation. Pole (OCS) or Mast*An independent slender vertical structure with or without guy, used to support some part of the OCS. Pole BracketA connection or an assembly of small part steel components by which a cantilever assembly or bracket arm assembly is attached to the pole. Pole CapThe attachment over the top of a pole to prevent intrusion of rainwater. Fancy designs may be called Finials Pole EncumbranceThe across-track outside dimension of a pole and its attachments at vehicle level. Pole FaceThe side of the pole to which the cantilever or bracket arm is attached. The side of the pole facing the track. Pole Guide*See Trolley Pole Guide Pole (Trolley)See Trolley Pole Portal (OCS) Beam Bracket A frame support structure, typically of galvanized steel, consisting of vertical columns supporting each end of a horizontal beam. Two beams mounted on three columns would be termed a compound portal, etc. A fabricated steel frame mounted on a portal beam, primarily for the attachment of cantilever assemblies. Potential Equalizer (Jumper)See Jumper Power On-Off SwitchA trolley overhead switch control system which operates in one position as the bus draws power from the overhead contact system and retracts to another position when the bus coasts through. Pre-Emption DeviceA switch/contactor operated automatically by transit vehicles in city streets, which controls traffic signals to their favor. Preformed or Preformed End FittingA trade name for a wrap-around type of dead end or guy grip. PresagThe static difference between the average contact wire height at the end hangers in a span and the height at midspan. Typically span/1000 in value. Prestress (of conductors)The tension, normally 30% to 50% of its breaking load, applied to conductor for a day or two to reduce long-term creep, after which it is reduced to normal tension for operations. Profile (overhead)The vertical alignment of OCS conductors relative to the track. Pull-Off*See Wire Pull-off Pull-Off Arm*See Registration Arm Pull Off CantileverA cantilever that provides registration of the contact wire towards the pole in relation to the centerline of track. Push Off CantileverA cantilever that provides registration of the contact wire away from the pole in relation to the centerline of track. Pulley (AT)A pulley block used in messenger support and in AT termination systems. Pull-over*See Registration Arm Radial LoadA horizontal load comprised of static and dynamic forces. Rail BondSee Bond. Rail ReturnThe combination of track rails, impedance bonds, and cables that provides the electrical return path for the traction current from the rail vehicle to the substation. Rake The installed backward lean of the pole from vertical, before loading, such that when loaded the pole does not lean towards the load once the load is applied. Range (Touring) or Travel*, of an ETB. The safe distance an ETB may move laterally away from its overhead wires-usually about 12 feet Range of Pantograph Operating Maximum  The operating height range for Pantographs to operate normally The range of a pantograph between its upper limit stop, and its lock-down height. ReachSee Cantilever Reach Registration or Alignment*Lateral stabilizing (with or without support), of conductors to maintain a fixed horizontal location relative to the track. Registration Arm or Steady Arm The lateral restrainer on the contact wire at a structure or other point of registration, such as at a wire pull-off. Registration Pipe The lowest pipe of a cantilever, to which a steady arm or a registration arm is attached, with or without a drop bracket. See also Steady Arm. Registration Span Wire or Registration Span GuyA span guy between poles for contact or trolley wire registration; usually the lower of two horizontal span wires. Regulation* or Regulating*See Adjustments Resilient Arm For Direct Suspension For Catenary  A contact wire or trolley wire support embodying a sprung suspension, typically used under decks or in tunnels where cross-spans and bridles cannot be installed. A combined registration and support assembly with vertical resilience, used for support of catenary conductors in situations of restricted clearance such as tunnels and overbridges, or for providing a soft contact wire suspension where a messenger or messenger bridle is not present. Return CircuitThe circuit for the traction return current utilizes track rails or negative contact wire to a location near to a traction substation, where it is connected by the Negative Feeders to the substation negative busbar. Rigid Contact SystemTypically used in maintenance shops and at moveable bridges. An overhead contact system using an un-tensioned contact wire relying on continuous support, (such as proprietary aluminum extrusions or T-bars) or barn hangers at close spacing to supply the necessary rigidity. An untensioned self-supporting (copper) conductor rail, such as double lobe bar. RiserA vertical conduit and cable supplying traction current from an underground feeder system to the OCS. ROWRight-of-way; a definition of land ownership; the available space for a railway. Rubbing Strip*See Contact Strip Ruling SpanSee Equivalent Span. Running EdgesThe inside faces of the rail heads of a track. SaddleThe fitting that supports a hanger on the messenger wire, sometimes fitted with an insulated lining to prevent current entering the hanger. Safe Working Zone (1500 volts or less)A zone around the OCS in which OCS maintenance staff can undertake routine OCS inspections and maintenance, without there being some electrically grounded equipment, except plastic sheet, wood, stone or concrete, etc within easy/accidental reach. SagThe difference between the average heights of a conductor at its adjacent supports and its height at the lowest point in the span. SaggingThe act of installing messengers and other conductors to the correct tension by measuring conductor sag. Sag-Tension ChartsCharts referred to during wire stringing that give conductor tensions related to ambient temperature for use during the sagging operation. Sag RodsOn older electrified lines, the long steel rods that support the center section of a portal beam from extensions to the portal columns.  Sectionalizing or Sectioning* Half-Tension Airbreak Insulated Overlap or Airbreak* Insulated Midpoint The division of the OCS into electrical sections, while permitting trolley poles and pantographs to operate from section to section. An airbreak where the two parallel contact wires are each at half tension and are cut into a single contact wire over a distance of 100 feet to 200 feet. Half-tension airbreaks do not require additional contact wire anchor poles, thus making them a practical substitute for section insulators. Not recommended for new construction since overlaps are more conventional. A sectionalization point in an OCS formed by cutting insulation into the out-of-running sections of the two overlapping catenaries with at least minimum electrical clearance between them, which provide a continuous powered path for pantographs. A sectionalization point in an OCS formed at an insulated overlap with fixed terminations, by cutting insulation into the out-of-running sections of the two overlapping catenaries. An insulated midpoint can thus provide sectionalizing while replacing a midpoint anchor in an AT tension section. Section BreakAn electrical break in the overhead contact system. When two adjacent section breaks are installed, the section of OCS between them can be isolated and energized or de-energized. Section Insulator or Section Isolator*A device for isolating two electrical sections from each other. Self Supporting Anchor PoleAn OCS anchor pole without a down-guy. Selectric SwitchA proprietary electro-mechanical switch for setting the route for ETB trolley collector poles at a turnout, that is operated by the interaction of two contactors judiciously placed in the trolleywire pair in advance of a trolleybus turn and triggered by the relative position of trolley shoes. Shoe*See Pantograph Head, Trolley Shoe. Sidewalk guyUsed where a normal down guy anchorage would occur on a sidewalk or other pathway and possibly be an obstruction to pedestrians and sidewalk vehicles. A sidewalk down guy is a down guy that is diverted to a vertical position for anchorage to the ground, by use of a horizontal strut braced against the pole at about halfway down the pole. Simple CatenarySee Catenary Single Wire System*See Direct Suspension  Sleeve Chaffing Sleeve Ground sleeve, Reinforcing Sleeve or Dog Collar Pipe Sleeve Repair Sleeve Sleeve Foundation A sleeve around a conductor to reduce damage from abrasion. A steel sleeve placed around a steel pole at ground line to protect against corrosion damage. A short length of smaller diameter pipe fitted into a larger diameter pipe to reduce the internal diameter of the larger pipe. A compressed copper sleeve around a conductor to repair local electrical damage. A custom-designed circular concrete tube placed in a drilled hole to provide a foundation for an embedded pole. See Foundation- Concrete Sleeve Type Small Part Steelwork (SPS)Steel brackets, frames, links, plates and yokes, etc, which are cut from stock steel sections for attachment of catenary assemblies, but not constituting part of a principal support structure. SoffitThe underside of a tunnel roof or bridge deck. Span Guy, or Span WireSee Guy Span Length Actual Span LengthThe distance along track between structures as determined by the difference in along track stationings. The horizontal length of contact wire between two adjacent support points (not necessarily the distance or difference in stationing between the support structures). Span WidthThe distance across track or roadway (may be skewed) between the columns of a portal, headspan, or cross-span. Special WorkGeneric description for the frogs, switches, crossovers and curve segments used in trolley wires for vehicles with trolley poles. Spiral (Track)The transitions from tangent to curve track along which superelevation increases from zero to the selected value for the curve, and vice versa. Splice, Splicer* A fitting for joining two conductors together capable of carrying the full current capacity and the breaking load of the conductor. The splice may be a mechanically using cones or set-screws, or use compression pins or a compressed sleeve, etc. SpoutSee Feeder Spout. Sprawl The stringline of the contact wire on curved tracks with inclined catenaries. Spreaders or Spreader Bars*(1). On a pole, the 4ft. to 5ft. long brackets made of small angle or channel sections mounted on the front of a pole and facing the track, a pair of which carry two or more cantilevers. Each cantilever carries its own catenary, and the cantilevers are spaced sufficiently to allow independent along track movement of each catenary. (2). In the OCS, a device for maintaining a set distance between two parallel conductors and used for registration purposes. See Knuckle. Spring TensionerA mechanical device comprising a long spring and associated parts installed in an OCS (usually at one or both terminations) which compensates to some extent for variations in conductor tension due to conductor temperature. StaggerThe (normally alternating) offset of the contact wire from the tangent or superelevated track centerline by registration at each support that causes the contact wire to sweep side to side over the pantograph head during vehicle operation. Stagger ChangeIncrease or decrease of wire stagger due to along-track movement of the OCS under the influence of balanceweights, as wire temperature changes Stagger EffectThe additional contact wire deviation above the normal value of wind blow-off in a span, whenever the staggers at each end of the span are unequal. Stagger GaugeA mechanical or electronic device that can be mounted on track rails for measuring contact and messenger wire heights and staggers. Stagger Sweep Usually the rate at which the contact wire crosses the pantograph contact strip in inches per span length, with the purpose of setting minimum and maximum values. Typically 1 inch in 20 feet would be an acceptable minimum, and 1 inch in 5 feet an acceptable maximum. Stand-Off InsulatorSee Insulator. Static, Dead LoadThe weight of the structure and any permanent load applied to it. This will include wire tension loads at nominal temperature. Loads due to temperature change are considered Live. Steady Arm A lightly loaded registration arm that serves to steady the contact wire from lateral displacement. See Registration Arm. Steady SpanA cross span guy for contact wires, usually the lower of two horizontal span guys. Step and Touch Potential Step Potential ( see IEEE Dictionary) Touch Potential (see IEEE Dictionary) Accessible Voltage (see IEEE Dictionary) The potential difference between two points on the earths surface separated by a distance of one pace assumed to be in the direction of maximum potential gradient. Syn: Step Voltage* The potential difference between the grounded metallic structure and a point on the earths surface separated by a distance equal to the normal maximum horizontal reach, approximately one meter. Syn: Touch Voltage* Voltage difference between any two points accessible to passengers or workers on the transit system. Stops*See Balanceweight Stops. StringingThe process of installing overhead wires under tension Stringline ValueThe distance between the track arc and its chord between catenary support structures, measured at midspan. StructureA principal support for the OCS conductors, normally including foundation, pole(s), and cantilever(s)/bracket arm(s) or headspan/cross-span; or eyebolts and cross-span. Structure BondingSee Grounding Structure Clearance EnvelopeSee Envelope, Structure Clearance Envelope Structure Spacing ChartA design table of span length and track curves that shows the maximum OCS span length for a track curve of a given radius. Stub-UpsConduit bends, cast into concrete foundations, for later use with or without extension risers, to accommodate feeder cables. Subassembly (OCS)A configuration of OCS components forming part of a larger OCS assembly. Suction Transformer*See AREMA Chapter 33. Superelevation Effect For rail tracks For ETB Displacement of the pantograph centerline from the vertical track centerline due to track superelevation. Lateral displacement of trolley wires from a ground reference point, e.g. centerline of bus-path, due to roadway superelevation. Surge Arrester*See Lightning Arrester Swath (Pantograph)The swept area above railway tracks at contact wire level that is covered by the pantograph during train operations, into which no part of the fixed facilities, except the contact wire, may intrude. Swath (Trolleybus)The swept area of the roadway covered by the plan area of the trolley bus when driving on a curved bus path. Sweep*See Stagger Sweep Switch (OCS) Disconnect Switch, Feeder Switch* Bypass Switch Grounding Switch Motorized Switch Special Work Switch Switch Mounting Track Switch  A switch typically installed at a sectionalizing point or at a traction power feeding point in the OCS or for isolating the positive feeder cable at a substation. Such switch would be designed only to operate off-load, usually by hand, hot stick or by motorized operation controlled remotely. See By-pass Switch. At traction power feeding points, pad-mounted disconnect switches may be located within the substation compound or on the adjacent feeder pole. Bypass disconnect switches are installed at the sectionalizing points in the OCS and are closed for normal train operations. An electrical switch typically between an OCS conductor and a ground rod, to enable the conductor to be grounded for safety when de-energized. An electrically operated disconnect switch under command from the Agency Operations and Control Center. An electric frog for trolleybuses, or a plain frog for streetcars, to allow trolley poles to enter a diverging route at a track turnout. Disconnect switches are customarily mounted on OCS poles, but can also be pad-mounted or mounted on walls. A track turn outSynthetic Guy StrandA synthetic rope material, such as Kevlar or Phillystran, used in cross-span guying and messenger bridles. Not normally used in trolley pole operationSystem Height or System Depth*The vertical distance between messenger and contact wires, at the support structure.  Tail Wire or Tail Guy*The wire that joins the yoke plate to the balanceweight assembly or deadend Tangent Chord CatenarySee Catenary Temperature Stop*See Balanceweight Stop Tension ReducerA strain reliever, usually a terminating guy connected at the shallow angle to a tensioned conductor to take up a portion of the tension.Tension Length* See Tension Section, See also Half Tension Section Tension SectionA length of OCS between two corresponding terminations with automatic tensioning or fixed terminations. See also Half Tension Section TensioningA method of controlling the configuration of conductors. Tensioning is normally performed by using balanceweights, but in certain situations, by spring or hydraulic tensioners. Tensioner A device installed at one end or both ends of a conductor to maintain as constant a tension in the conductors as possible. Maybe spring or hydraulic units or balanceweight assemblies, TESTraction Electrification System - comprising of the Traction Power System (TPS) and the Overhead Contact Systems (OCS). TORTop of rail (as a vertical datum). TPFSTraction Power Feeder System. TPSTraction Power System - comprising of the Traction Power Substations (TPSS) and the Traction Power Feeder System (TPFS) (i.e. duct banks and traction power feeder and return cables). TPSSTraction Power Substation Track HogA vertical curve in the track alignment producing a crest. See also Track Sag Track Raising AllowanceAn allowance for additional vertical clearance at overpasses when determining OCS contact wire and messenger wire heights, to cater to future lifting of the tracks in order to improve the track structure.  Track SagA vertical curve in the track alignment producing a dip. See also Track Hog Track Tolerances Cross Level Tolerance Lateral Tolerance Track Gauge Tolerance Vertical ToleranceVariations from design dimensions. Allowable variation between the levels of the two rails (or the designated difference in levels on superelevated track). Allowable variation in the track alignment. Allowable variation typically from 4 - 8. Allowable variation in track height. Traction PowerThe electrical power supply to the OCS Trailing Turnout Tracks converging with point of switch last in the normal direction of travel. Tramway EquipmentSee Direct Suspension System .Transition CurveA curve of continuously increasing radius that connects a curve to a tangent or to a curve of larger radius. See Spiral. Trapeze* See Pendulum SupportTravel*See Range Travelers, or Stringing BlocksSheaves used in pulling wires during stringing preferably with one cheek that can be opened for inserting wires and pull lines. Trolley Door Bridge A bridging device between sections of trolley wire that is mounted on the soffit of the doorframes of maintenance shops that can be opened to allow the doors to open and close. Such a design must have a bridging piece or conductor bar aligned between the trolley wire dead-ends to provide a trolley path for use with trolley poles. Trolley Pole or Collector Pole (Syn)An electric power collector on a trolleybus or streetcar, which delivers current from the trolley wire to the vehicle. Trolleybus, Trolley Coach*, Trackless Trolley*, Electric Trolley Bus*, ETB.A trackless rubber-tired public service vehicle for passengers propelled by electricity, which draws power from the trolley overhead conductors by means of two (positive and negative) trolley poles. Trolley FunnelSee Trolley Pole Guide Trolley HarpSee Trolley Shoe Trolley OCS, Trolley Overhead*The system of overhead trolley wires and their supports from which vehicles with trolley poles collect current See Direct Suspension System. Trolley Pole, or Trolley Collector Poles*The long shaft mounted on the roofs of trolley buses, streetcars and a few Light Rail Vehicles, with a shoe (current collector) at the top end that presses upwards against the underside of the trolley wire, to draw current. Trolley Pole Guide or FunnelA device to steer the trolley pole collector shoe upward onto the trolley wire from the retracted position. Trolley ShoeAn assembly comprising a carbon insert fitted into the holder attached to the harp at the top of a trolley collector pole to collect current. Trolley WireSee Contact Wire Trolley Wire PairThe two trolley wires providing electrical power and return for ETBs. Typically spaced 2 feet apart in the US, bu t700mm in Europe. Tunnel support (assembly)A catenary, feeder, or return wire support assembly for use in tunnels and normally mounted in the tunnel soffit. TurnbuckleA Threaded device inserted in a tension member to provide minor adjustment of tension or sag. (IEEE Dictionary) Turnout (Track)The arrangement of a track switch and a frog with closure rails by which rail vehicles can be diverted from one track to another. Twin Contacts (Wires)*See Contenary. Underbridge SupportsOCS supports used beneath overpasses and normally attached to their soffits. Underpass or Underbridge*Where a road or river crosses beneath the LRT tracks. Uninsulated OverlapAn OCS overlap without provision for sectionalizing. A construction overlap. Uplift The difference in height of contact wire when at rest and when subjected to an upward force due to current collectors passing.Variable Tension in OCS A characteristic of Fixed Terminated OCS, where rise in conductor temperature due to traction current and/or ambient air temperature results in lowering of conductor tension due to the expansion of the conductors. Similarly low ambient temperatures cause contraction of the conductors resulting in a rise of conductor tensions. See Auto-tensioned OCS which is also termed Constant Tension OCS*. Versine (OCS)See Stringline ValueViaductA long civil structure with rail tracks that on transit systems crosses over other rail tracks or over a road, or river or land, or buildings, etc., typically built on piers or bents. Wind Stay or SteadyA light rod that is provided to prevent collapse in compression of lightly loaded registration arms due to wind forces. Wire Cross*See Contact Wire Bridge Wire GradientSee Contact Wire Gradient Wire Pull-offA pull-off using a registration arm, Single or Double Curve Hanger attached to the end of a guy wire, that does not directly support the contact wire, although it can be lifted by the vertical component of the registration load. Wire RunThe distance from anchorage to anchorage of an OCS conductor upon which the length of each OCS conductor is determined for requisitioning. A discrete Wire Run Number is assigned to each specific wire run for materials control purposes. YokeA steel plate or casting on which two or more wires terminate on one side and continue as one wire on the opposite side (usually yoke-shaped and with lever action to distribute loads from a Balanceweight to the messenger and contact wire).  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