ࡱ> z|y 0]Qbjbj 5]I""e&e&e&e&e&y&y&y&y&4&y&W@a'(''''d(d(d(???????BDn?e&d(d(d(d(d(?e&e&''@,0,0,0d(e&'e&'?,0d(?,0,0=?'PV@Yoy&^,:>?'@0W@>E/E(?Ee&?Xd(d(,0d(d(d(d(d(??,0d(d(d(W@d(d(d(d(Ed(d(d(d(d(d(d(d(d(" +%: ANT 3930 (2471) JST 3930 Spring 2008 Anthropology of Judaism Time and Place: TUR L011 Tu 8,9 (3:004:55) Th 9 (4:05-4:55) Instructor: Prof. Gerald F. Murray Office/Phone: Grinter 331 / 392-3280 X302 Office Hours: Tu 1:00 2:30, Th 2:00 3:30 Email:  HYPERLINK "mailto:murray@anthro.ufl.edu" murray@anthro.ufl.edu (subject line: begin w. Judaism + your surname) Website: http:web.clas.ufl.edu/users/murray TA / Grader Karen Mcilvoy Email:  HYPERLINK "mailto:vaemt@ufl.edu" vaemt@ufl.edu Office hours: TUR B355 Tu, Wed 10:00 11:30 Course Objectives: The course will apply the four-field approach of American Anthropology (Cultural Anthropology, Linguistics, Archeology, and Biological Anthropology) to the analysis, interpretation, and / or explanation of selected elements in ancient and modern variants of Judaism. By the end of the semester students will, through knowledge gained in lectures and readings, be able to apply anthropological concepts to analysis of the beliefs, rituals, and laws of traditional Judaism and the modifications which have been introduced by alternative variants in modern Israel, America, and Europe.. This course will complement more conventional courses on Judaism by the application of anthropological tools of analyses, in particular the comparison of Jewish beliefs and practices with those of other religious traditions. Course content. In line with the above objectives students will familiarize themselves through readings and lectures with three bodies of information about Judaism. the major historical phases in the trajectory from the patriarchal religion reported in biblical texts through Temple Judaism, the Babylonian exile and its aftermath, the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism, and its subsequent bifurcation into Ashkenaz and Sephardic traditions and the other more recent divisions and splits. the major features of contemporary traditional Judaism, including the annual festival cycle, the rites of passage, the major commandment clusters that define traditional Judaism including Sabbath observance, dietary restrictions, thrice-daily prayer, Torah-study, laws of sexual purity, and voluntary almsgiving. Later, secondary traditions not shared by all Jews but to which many have adhered in the past and / or continue to adhere kabbalistic concepts of divine emanations, meditation practices, the use of Gods name for magical purposes, beliefs in reincarnation and in the five-layered Jewish soul, demonic possession and exorcism, and the healing powers of holy men, either the Rebbes of Hassidic tradition or the Saints of Sephardic tradition. Course Requirements. Exams: There will be three on-line exam of about an hour and a half each. Exams will be based both on lectures and on the readings. At least half of the exam questions will come from lectures. The other half may come from assigned readings, including readings that may not have been discussed in class. The Tentative exam dates: Feb. 5, March 19, April 21. Writing assignments: Following guidelines posted on the instructors website, students are encouraged to substitute a 2,000 word paper for exam 2. There is one special requirement: students have to have near-perfect attendance to qualify for writing a paper. Paper grades will be averaged as though they were the exam grade for that semester segment. The instructor may also, at his discretion, invite emailed reaction essays to lecture or reading matters. If proposed, these will be for extra credit. Attendance rules: Attendance is expected and will be monitored from the beginning of the semester. Specific guidelines are discussed on the instructors website. Bonus points will be granted for perfect attendance and penalty points deducted for excessive absences. Please note the following: Students who miss more than 9 sessions (three weeks of class) will receive a grade of E for the course and are therefore encouraged to withdraw before the end of the semester. This includes both excused and unexcused absence. Any exceptions to that rule are totally at the instructors discretion. Please note: A Tuesday miss counts as two periods. Computation of grade: the three exams (or exams and papers) will be averaged and the attendance points added to or subtracted from the semester average. 90 or more = A. 86-89=B+. 80-85 = B. 76-79 = C+. 70-75 = C. 66 69 = D+. 60-65 = D. Less than 60 = E. Readings Scriptural Selections from the Hebrew Bible. We will compare the literal meaning of biblical texts, first with rabbinic commentary, and then with anthropological analysis of the same passages. Students may use whatever translation they prefer. There is an online Jewish translation of the Hebrew Bible into English, the Judaica Press Complete Tanach with Rashi commentary , at http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/63255/jewish/The-Bible-with-Rashi.htm. Christian translations of scriptures can be found at http://www.biblegateway.com/ There will be other online readings of classic texts as well. In addition there will be three required books . Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews. Melvin Konner. (438 pages) This book has anthropological summaries of and comments on the major phases of Jewish history. It is an ambitious and well written summary of Jewish life across time and space, written from a secular anthropological perspective. Core Torah accounts are viewed as mythical rather than historical, and the emergence of the Torah scroll is traced to the period after the Babylonian exile rather than to the Mosaic period. Though not focused on Judaism as a religious system, and though subscribing to the ethno-cultural themes of Jewish specialness and unremitting Jewish victimhood, it is a useful objective sourcebook for much important factual information on the shifting historical contexts within which Judaism evolved and adapted. To be a Jew (310 pages), Hayim Donin. This book, unlike the preceding, is written by a scholarly Rabbi who accepts the traditional understanding of the Torah, including the revelation of the Torah at Sinai, as factual history. It is a topic-by-topic practical guide to the practice of traditional Judaism. It focuses (as does Judaism itself) on practices, but gives biblical and philosophical justification for the practices. This book will function as the major introduction for students to the details of traditional Judaism. This book will constitute a useful crash course or refresher course for students with little knowledge, or with fading knowledge, of traditional Judaism. (No prior knowledge of Judaism is assumed for enrollment in the course.) Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism. (234 pages). Aviezer Ravitsky. This book deals with a militant variant of Orthodox Judaism that has flourished specifically in the Holy Land, both before and after the founding of the State of Israel in 1948. Critics often view Jewish religious nationalism (quite unjustifiably, it will be argued) as the main cause of conflict between Jews and Muslims in the Holy Land. The book, translated from the original Hebrew, gives a balanced account of the origin and evolution of this movement within Judaism. Lecture topics and readings. The following dates for the readings are firm, but the scheduling of lecture topics is approximate, to be adapted to the rhythms of class discussions. To prepare for exams, do the readings for each period and take notes on whatever lecture topics have been covered in class during that period. Caution 1: The readings often overlap with the lecture topic for that week, but there is no automatic correspondence. There are also readings that deal with other topics. Caution 2: you may be examined on assigned readings that have not been discussed in class. Readings for a particular week should be completed by the Friday class section of that week. If time permits, we will use Fridays to discuss the readings. Jan 6, 8, 13 Introduction to the course and to anthropological approaches to religion. People of the Book: Torah, Prophets, Writings, and post-Biblical texts Origins of the Torah: traditional Sinai beliefs and modern documentary hypotheses. Subdivisions of the Hebrew Bible. Talmud, Halachah, Kabbalah, Musar Four ways of reading Torah: Textual literalism Pardes: Rabbinic commentary on four levels of meaning Documentary hypothesis: J, E, P, D. The search for anthropological parallels Examples: Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, Noahs ark. the tower of Babel. Archeological evidence for and against the historicity of Biblical accounts. Readings: The Book of Genesis (Bereshit), chaps. 1-4, 6-9, 11 (to verse 9) Read the Rashi commentaries on Chaps. 1 and 11. Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews i Introduction How the Jews were born in Israel Kingdom come: How the Israelites became a nation Babylon: How the kingdom fell and the culture changed Roman ruin: How the Jews lost their land Jan. 15 Lecture: The evolution of Judaism and the emergence of competing Abrahamic religions Patriarchal religion, temple Judaism, and rabbinic Judaism The Roman occupation: Sadducees, Pharisees, Zealots, Essenes, and amei haaretz The split between Christianity and Judaism. Judaism and the birth of Islam. Jews as minorities in Christendom and the Islamic world. Crypto-Jews of Latin America and the Caribbean Readings: The book of Genesis (Bereshit), chaps. 12, 15, 16, 18-22, 24 Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews Diaspora: How the Jews dispersed among their enemies Crossed swords: How Christian power vanquished the Jews Under the Minaret: How Islam (partly) tolerated the Jews Spain and beyond: How the Sephardic Jews found Romance Jan 20, 22: Lectures: The linguistics of Judaism: Hebrew, Aramaic, Yiddish, Ladino. Hebrew in the Semitic language family Evolution of the Hebrew alphabet Rabbinic theories of Hebrew: Sacred power of Hebrew letters Aramaic, Yiddish, Ladino. For Jews who cannot understand Hebrew: the Greek Septuagint in Egypt, the Aramaic targums, the English Art-Scroll Talmud. Praying in Hebrew without understanding Readings: The book of Genesis (Bereshit) chaps. 25, 27 29, 35, 37 Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews Brightness: How Jewish genius changed and grew Ends of the earth: How Jews thrived in exotic places Yidn: How the Jews helped create modern Europe Mameh Loshn: How the Ashkenaziz Jews spoke and thought Jan 27, 29. Lectures: Who is a Jew? Matrilineal and patrilineal descent principles. Jewish as an ambiguous adjective: ethnic vs. religious denotations Anthropology of matrilineal descent for membership in the nation Patrilineally transmitted internal statuses: Kohen, Levi, Israel. Converting into Judaism. The lost tribes of Israel: Jews from Ethiopia, India, China. The Jews of Latin America Anthropological map of contemporary divisions in Judaism Ashkenazim and Sephardim Hassidim and mitnagedim Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, Reconstructionist Modern Israel: Charedim and religious nationalists. Readings: The book of Genesis (Bereshit), chaps. 37, 39-50. Book of Ezra, chaps. 1, 3 7, 9, 10 (vs. 1-19) To be a Jew: Chapter 1: The cornerstones of Judaism Chapter 4: Kindness: A means and an end Chapter 17: Adoption and conversion Feb. 3 Lecture: The God of Judaism and lesser spirits. Polytheism, Middle Eastern henotheism, Hebrew monotheism Patriarchal images of God in the Torah: Warrior, King, Father Feminine aspects of the Hebrew God: nurturance, shekhinah, wisdom Talmudic images of God: Judge, divine Accountant and Bookkeeper Angels in Judaism: Biblical and post-Biblical The Satan of Judaism: prosecuting attorney or tempter. The demons of Judaism: congregating in latrines and fingertips. The zombie (golem) and evil spirit possession (dibbuk) in medieval Judaism. The mysterious yetser tov and yetser hara generic inclinations or active spirit agents? Readings: Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews Smoke: How the Germans gave the Jews graves in the air Fire: How the Jews fought back The Golden Land: How the Jews helped make America Haaretz: How the Jews came home Feb. 5. Exam 1. Feb 10-12. Lectures: Evolving authority structures of Judaism: Temple priests (kohanim), the sages (Chazal), synagogue rabbis, and Hassidic rebbes. Abraham and Moses: rabbinic eyes and anthropological eyes The priests of the Jerusalem Temple: anthropological comparison with Hindu Brahmans and Roman Catholic priests. Why animal sacrifice was centralized, and why it has (momentarily?) disappeared from Judaism. Biblical prophets in anthropological perspective. The destroyed Temple, the unemployed priesthood, and the growing role of the Rabbi and the Synagogue. The reduced role of the kohen. The Hassidic Rebbe: charismatic link to God. Spiritual authority in modern Israel: Moshiach: Judaism, the Messiah, and the end of the world. . Readings: To Be A Jew: Chapter 2: Halakha: The Jewish way Chapter 3: The reasons for the commandments Feb. 17, 19 Kabbala, Emanations (sefirot), and theories of the Jewish soul Core kabbalistic concepts: Ein Sof, sefirot, tsimtsum, different universes, Adam Kadmon, Partsufim Vagueness of scriptural allusions to the soul From Aristotle to Aquinas: The three layers of the human soul. Kabbalistic adaptations and elaboration of Greek philosophy: Nefesh, ruach, neshamah. Addition of two higher levels: Chayah and Yechidah. Later Kabbalah and Tanya: ethnocentric distinction between Jewish and non-Jewish souls. From the Torahs treasured people with an external mission, to quasi-racial Kabbalistic concepts of the inborn spiritual superiority of Jews and the inherently polluted or lower character of the non-Jewish soul. Readings: Lessons in Tanya, Chaps 1 4. (A kabbalistic theory about Jewish and Gentile souls) http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/6237/index/true/jewish/Lessons-in-Tanya.htm Taco Bell Kabbala, divorced from Judaism, packaged for the masses, makes you feel good, solves lifes problems. Watch this film promoting the Kabbalah Center. http://tv.kabbalah.com/categories.php?cPath=522 Feb. 23, 25 Lectures: Judaism and the afterlife. Life after death: Sheol of the Tenach The Persian / Zoroastrian connection? Heavenly reward and fiery punishment Jewish adaptation: Gan Eden, Gehinnom, and the power of Kaddish and Yizkhor Jewish Gehinnom more like temporary Catholic Purgatory than unending Protestant Hell Kabbalistic theories of reincarnation Readings: The book of Ezekiel (Yechezkel), Chap. 1-3, 10, 11, 37 To be a Jew: Chapter 21: Death and Mourning March 3, 5 The Jewish Sabbath: Core separator: sacred from profane, observant (shomer shabbat) from less observant. Anthropological origins of the seven-day week. From sunset to sunset: The structure of Sabbath observance. You can move furniture but not flick a light switch: Rabbinic logic. Theological vs. anthropological explanations of the Jewish Sabbath. Readings: To Be A Jew: Chapter 5: The Sabbath March 7 15 Spring Break March 17 Ladder to God: The structure of Jewish prayer. Anthropology of prayer: communications with invisible sources of power. The Siddur: the Jewish prayer book. Varieties of Jewish prayer: The quintessential Jewish prayer: prayers of praise Prayers of tribulation Prayers of petition Prayers of contrition Prayers of thanksgiving Obligatory daily prayers Structure of shacharit: the morning prayer service High points: the Shma Israel and the Amidah Songs of power: the Psalms (tehilim) Internal divisions Feminization of the Psalter: tehilim for the women, Gemara for the men Readings: To Be A Jew: Chapter 9: The synagogue Exam 2: March 19 March 23, 25 The Jewish festival cycle (the Chagim). Anthropological background to the 12-month year Lunar calendars and solar calendars Mesopotamian background to the names of Jewish months. The agro-pastoral origins of the festivals of Pesach (Passover), Shavuot (Pentecost), and Sukkot (Tabernacles) Urbanization and the transformation and redefinition of festivals: from agro-pastoral festivals to nationalist festivals celebrating core historical events. . Christmas trees and Chanukah bushes: Assimilationist pressures and the Americanization of the Jewish festival of lights. Readings: To be a Jew: Chapter 10: The major festivals Chapter 12: Shavuot Chapter 13: Days of awe: Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur Chapter 14: Sukkot Chapter 15: Post Biblical holidays and fast days March 31, April 2 Judaism and food The evolution and disappearance of animal sacrifice Pork, shellfish, and other food taboos The home: kitchen and table as substitutes for the destroyed temple Laws surrounding meat, bread, and wine Obligatory prayers before and after eating Special Passover laws Anthropological theories surrounding Jewish food taboos Readings: To Be A Jew Chapter 6: The dietary laws Chapter 11: Passover April 7 Judaism, life cycle, and sexuality The first divine commandment: pru urevu (be fruitful and multiply) Coming of age Courtship procedures Elements of the marriage ritual Judaism and divorce Judaism and homosexuality Judaism, contraception, and abortion. Readings: To be a Jew: Chapter 7: Family life Chapter 16: Birth Chapter 18: Bar-Mitzvah and Bat-Mitzvah Chapter 19: Marriage Chapter 20: Divorce Proceedings April 9. No class April 14, 16, 21 Judaism in modern Israel. Judaism and the Israeli army Religious divides in Israel Jews vs. Muslims Religious Jews vs. Secular Jews Charedim (black hat yeshiva world) vs. Datiim Leumim (Religious Zionists) Disputed territories and Jewish population expansion Establishment and eventual expulsion of Jewish farming communities from Gaza: Causes and consequences, myths and realities. Settlers and settlements a conceptual and linguistic dilemma Right wing extremists, religious fanatics -- epithets as substitute for analysis Underlying tensions between religious and secular Jews. The Gaza conflict of 2008-2009. Readings: Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism. Aviezer Ravitsky. All five chapters, plus introduction and afterword. 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