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You will research, prepare, and write a 10-15 page term paper for this class. You have two choices as to how you can approach this paper: Track A and Track B. Regardless of which track you choose, the same general guidelines and expectations apply to all papers. The topics listed below do not define the entire universe of subjects available to you. If you have another idea for a paper topic, check it out with me. Once you select a topic, and I would suggest that this be done promptly, stop by my office to discuss your research endeavor.
Track A: Issue-centered paper.
Those choosing this track will research and write a paper on a specific issue of constitu tional law. The paper will focus on the Courts treatment of an issue and competing per spectives on it (both on and off the Court), and provide an evaluation and critique of those perspectives. It will culminate in a defense of its own thesis. Possible topics include:
The history, functions, and uses of one of the various technical barriers
Scope and limits of the presidential power to pardon
Federalism as a value in the Warren and post-Warren Supreme Court
Federalism as a constitutional concept in the Rehnquist Court
How far did the Rehnquist Revolution in federalism go?
The constitutional status of the War Powers Act (1973)
The concept of Executive Privilege
Are there limits to the Courts recent takings clause jurisprudence?
The impact of I.N.S. v. Chadha (1983)
An analysis of the contemporary understanding and constitutional significance of
(a) the reversal of New Deal legislation by the Supreme Court, or (b) the Court Pack Scheme of F.D.R.
Congressional attempts to restrict the jurisdiction of the federal courts
The Rehnquist Court and executive power
The constitutional doctrines of nullification and secession
The constitutional grounding for a concept of liberty of contract
Emergency Powers, limited government, and the Supreme Court
The constitutional dimensions of the Iran-Contra Affair
The Pocket Veto
The Line Item Veto
The jurisprudence of original intent
The imposition of term limits on members of Congress after U.S. Term Limits v. Thorton (1995)
Presidential Immunity from Civil Actions after Clinton v. Jones (1997)
A rebirth of judicially imposed limits on the regulatory powers of Congress?
New life for the Eleventh Amendment? Ex Parte Young (1908) and the Rehnquist Court
The Constitutionality of the Federal Defense of Marriage Act
The Scope of Executive Authority over Enemy Combatants during times of Presidental War
What does Boumediene v. Bush (2008) mean for the war powers of the national government?
The Theory of the Unitary Executive
The Constitutional Status of Presidential Signing Statements
The Impact of the Roberts and Alito Appointments on: (a) federalism-scope of national power cases, or (b) separation of powers cases, or (c) presidential power cases, or
(d) the Courts approach to technical barriers
Track B: Justice-Centered Paper.
Those choosing this track will research and write a paper on a particular justices approach to a narrowly defined issue of constitutional law. The paper will articulate his or her per spective, examine competing approaches to it (both on and off the Court), assess the jus tices consistency or evolution on the issue, and evaluate the significance of the justices perspective on the development of the relevant legal doctrine. It will culminate in a thor ough critique of the strengths, weaknesses, and influence of the justices perspective. Possible topics include:
The development of the position of a Justice in a significant (to the course) area of law
Justice Sutherland on economic rights (liberty of contract)
Justice Harlan I or Justice Holmes on economic rights (liberty of contract)
Justice Scalias theory of separation of powers
Justice Brennan or Chief Justice Warren on standing and political questions
Justice (later Chief Justice) Rehnquist and technical barriers
Justice Scalia and judicial protection of economic rights
Justice/Chief Justice Rehnquist
Justice OConnor and the Scope of the New Judicial Federalism
Justice Kennedy and the Scope of the New Judicial Federalism
Justice Thomas and the Scope of the New Judicial Federalism
Any significant (check with me) justices conception of the judicial role
Justice Scalias conception of presidential power
Chief Justice Roberts conception of presidential power
Chief Alitos conception of presidential power
Guidelines.
1. Papers will be 10-15 pages long and typed.
2. A prospectus (topic, thesis, and annotated bibliography) will be due in class on Wednesday, 8 October. The prospectus will be graded and returned to you, with comments, for your consideration in the preparation of the final version of the paper. It must be turned in with the final copy of the paper.
3. Papers will be prepared in standard term paper style (consult Turabian, A Manual for Writers, or the MLA Handbook), and will have a title page on which-- and only on which-- your name will appear with a signed Honor Pledge.
4. Papers will be due Friday, 21 November, at the beginning of class.
5. Late papers will be penalized one third of a grade for each calendar day they are tardy.
Prospectus. A prospectus provides an introduction to your topic, a research question your paper will address, the plan of action you will undertake to assess the research question, and a thesis. It will give you a chance to work out an initial topic and research strategy, and give me an opportunity to assess your project before you are too deeply into it.
There are five elements to a prospectus:
1. Topic. The general area of law and politics that your paper will address (eg., gender discrimination in employment).
2. Research Question. The specific question your paper will address and answer (e.g., Has the Rehnquist Court relaxed the standards used to evaluate establishment clause issues?).
Outlined Plan of Action. The strategy your paper will pursue to evaluate and answer your research question. This refers both to the logic by which you will do your reading and research and the way you structure (using internal section headings to demarcate the descriptive and analytical blocks with which you build your argument - your answer to the research question you posed). Think of these sections of research and writing as the blocks you place, one on top of the other, to build the wall of your argument. Block A leads to and supports block B, and so on. Each block - each section of your paper - will stand on its own as well as lead to the next block. Outline your plan of action in the prospectus.
Thesis. The argument your paper will make; the answer to your research question.
Annotated Bibliography. Each bibliographic entry will have a few sentences that describe 1) the argument of the piece, and 2) its relevance for addressing your research question. I do not expect you have read all the citations in your bibliography by the time you turn it in, but you will want to have skimmed them and read their introductory and concluding sections closely before you cite them (otherwise, it will be hard for you to determine their relevance to your research). Do not simply restate the titles of the works in your description of proposed sources (see points 1 and 2 above).
The prospectus will be graded and returned to you, with comments, for your consideration in the preparation of the final version of the pa per. It must be turned in with the final copy of the paper.
The Final Paper
Expectations and Structure. In assembling your research and writing your paper, structural concerns become criti cal. An intelligible and logical structure is needed to convey information and arguments coherently and persuasively. Any well-prepared research paper has three essential sections.
1. INRODUCTION: Frame a topic and a research question. What topic will your paper address? Why is the topic worthy of investigation? What questions, related to that issue, will the paper seek to answer? What is the answer at which you arrive? (The answer to this last question will be your thesis the argument that will organize and drive your paper.)
BODY:
a. Everything here will directly relate to your thesis. Use the thesis to keep your paper focused and structured.
b. Review a relevant body of literature. (e.g., What has been written both on and off the Court about this topic? What arguments have these various authors made? What are the common analytical agreements and disagreements that surface in them? Can you identify schools or patterns of thought in them? On what as sumptions do they rest and to what conclusions do they come?)
c. Analyze that body of literature in light of the research question you are asking. (e.g., What does that literature say about your research question? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches to your question contained in the literature? What is -- and why is it -- the most intelligent approach to (or explanation of) the topic question you addressed?)
3. CONCLUSION: Discuss your analysis. This should be more than just a this is what I said above section. It should note your conclusions and discuss their implications. What is the significance of your conclusion the answer to the research question that framed your research and analysis?
To do the paper well, you will need to read extensively in both case opinions (NB: read and cite these only from unedited sources; i.e., use no caselaw texts) and secondary materials (e.g., politi cal science journals, law reviews, and books). The better you organize, integrate, and critique these bodies of literature, the better you will do on your paper.
It almost goes without saying that a well-structured paper is grammatically correct, stylistically clear, and internally coherent. The reader should not be jarred by misspellings, sudden and unex plained transitions in thought, paragraphs that go on well past the confines of their introductory sentences, and sentences that are fragments, run-ons, or so convoluted as to convey no clear idea at all. Do yourself (and your grade) a favor. Finish a first draft of your paper a week before handing it in. Put it aside for a day or two to let it rest, and then return to it and give it a thor ough edit and rewrite. It will amaze you how much this improves the clarity and quality of the papers presentation.
One final suggestion on the organizational front: make judicious use of headings and subheadings to demarcate the analytically and substantively different sections of your paper. The headings provide a rough outline of the terrain your paper will cover and move it over that terrain in a coherent and orderly fashion. The subsections note the particular points of emphasis (importance) within each section. When well done, each section will have an introductory and thesis paragraph, subsections (if needed) to demonstrate and advance that thesis, and a concluding paragraph that pulls the material treated in the section pointedly into the general topic and thesis of the paper. These sections can stand alone: a sort of mini essay on a component of your general topic. You will, in this way, develop the general argument of the paper in an internally coherent and clearly and logically structured fashion.
Resources. Book-length sources are available in both Fondren and the Law Library. You will find the micro-filmed New York Times and its printed Index to be of great assistance. They are in Fondren Library. A variety of popular and scholarly journals and magazines may contain articles relevant to your research. Articles in them can be tracked down through the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature, Social Science Index, America: History and Life (in Fondren Library), The Index to Legal Periodicals (in the Underwood Law Library), and the computer-based HYPERLINK "http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe?_session=679d12d8-016e-11d6-9e4b-8a0c5807aa77.1.1.54539.%20.0.0&_state=&wchp=dGLSlk-lSlAA&_md5=e5f98f8bd6b64934965f497f786e6cf3" Lexis-Nexis or HYPERLINK "http://proxy.libraries.smu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.epnet.com/login.asp?profile=asp" Academic Search Premier ( HYPERLINK "http://proxy.libraries.smu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.epnet.com/login.asp?profile=asp" EBSCO) research databases (Fondren Library check in at the Reference desk or access through the SMU homepage [ HYPERLINK "http://www.smu.edu/cul/or/freq.html" http://www.smu.edu/cul/or/freq.html], via the Electronic Resources linkon the Libraries page). The U.S. Reports (Supreme Court cases) can be found in either library; the Lawyers' Edition and the Supreme Court Reporter are only housed in Underwood: findlaw.com is accessible over the world-wide web; Lexis-Nexus through the SMU homepage.
Studies of the Supreme Court and legal topics will also be useful. Law reviews and journals (e.g., Harvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal) come immediately to mind, but you may also find articles of relevance in relevant discplinary (e.g., political science, history, and sociology) journals and middle-brow journals of opinion and commentary (e.g., The New Republic, National Review, and The Nation). Generally, you would be well served to search them for articles of relevance to your topic. From a computer, these can be found via sources like HYPERLINK "http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe?_session=679d12d8-016e-11d6-9e4b-8a0c5807aa77.1.1.54539.%20.0.0&_state=&wchp=dGLSlk-lSlAA&_md5=e5f98f8bd6b64934965f497f786e6cf3" lexis-nexis, HYPERLINK "http://www.jstor.org/" JSTOR, HYPERLINK "http://proxy.libraries.smu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.epnet.com/login.asp?profile=asp"Academic Search Premier (EBSCO)
and HYPERLINK "http://web5.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/0/1/1/purl=rc6_EAIM?sw_aep=txshracd2548" INFOTRAK. While all of these web-based resources are very useful, do not slight the tried and true reference sources found in Fondren Library (e.g., The Readers Guide to Periodical Literature) and Underwood Law Library (e.g., The Index to Legal Periodicals).
Nota Bene: Students often ask me, How many sources do I need to use? The honest answer is As many as you need to flesh out the analysis you want to make. The more the better. However, I have found that honesty too often provides insufficient guidance: I get skimpy bibliographies that do not allow students to explore the contours of their topic adequately. Thus, here are some guidelines:
Books: At least one
Law Reviews: At least five articles
Newspapers: At least the New York Times and Washington Post
Magazines/Journals of Opinion: At least five articles
Political Science or
History Journals: At least two articles
Supreme Court Opinions: At least the leading opinions relevant to your topic
It may be the case that you will not find, for example, two articles in political science or history journals on your topic. If you can find no such articles in these journals, just look for more in law reviews, book chapters, or journals of opinion
Remember, this is a course in constitutional law. As such, your paper will make extensive use of cases and opinions. The cases you use will, of course, depend on the topic you select. How ever, it is my clear and unambiguous expectation that your research will go well beyond the cases we read for and discuss in class. This paper is an independent analytical project, not a sim ple regurgi tation of class material. Supreme Court opinions can be found in the U.S. Reports (U.S.), the Supreme Court Reporter (S.Ct.), the Lawyer's Edition, United States Supreme Court Reports (L.Ed.), or on the internet at FindLaw. Only the former is housed in Fondren but all three sources are available in the Underwood Law Library. Other information about Underwoods holdings follows.
Finally, come in to see me when you have questions. It really is too late to ask is this what you wanted? as you hand in a paper. Im not hard to get a hold of phone, email, office hours so get a hold of me. I can be helpful, but I have to be asked.
Select Bibliography Of United States Supreme Court
Research Sources In Fondren Library
Opinions
-United States Reports
-Lexis/Nexis Computer Searchable Database: all American courts, federal and state
Briefs
-Lexis/Nexis Computer Searchable Database: all American courts, federal and state
Oral Arguments
-New York Times [all issues on microfilm in Fondren, June 1980-present issues on
Lexis/Nexis
Guides to Legal Literature
-Poni Cataloguing System (books)
-InfoTrak Reference System (articles)
-Lexis/Nexis Computer Searchable Database: all American courts, federal and state)
Select Bibliography Of United States Supreme Court
Research Sources In The Underwood Law Library
Opinions
-United States Reports
-United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers Edition
-Supreme Court Reporter
-Supreme Court Bulletin [current volume on reserve]
Briefs
-Landmark Briefs and Arguments of the Supreme Court of the United States-- selected
cases, 1789-present
-Petitions and Briefs In _____________-- contains briefs for cases in the areas of criminal
law, labor, securities, taxation and trade regulation
-United States Supreme Court Records and Briefs - [microtext] --contains records and briefs
for all cases for the years 1832-1880 and for argued cases only for the years 1930-present
Oral Arguments
-Landmark Briefs and Arguments of the Supreme Court of the United States-- selected cases,
1978-present
Docket Information
-Supreme Court Review [monthly publication of the American Bar Association]
-Supreme Court Bulletin [current volume on reserve]
-U.S. Law Week [current volumes on reserve]
Guides to Legal Literature
-Poni Cataloguing System (books)
-InfoTrak Reference System (articles)
-Index to Legal Periodicals (articles)
Select Bibliography Of Legal Research Sources On The Internet
1. FindLaw ( HYPERLINK http://www.findlaw.com/casecode/supreme.html http://www.findlaw.com/casecode/supreme.html)
A searchable database of the Supreme Court decisions since 1893 (U.S. Supreme Court Decisions: US Reports 150, 1937-). Browsable by year and US Reports volume number and searchable by citation, case title and full text.
2. Lexis-Nexis (via the Libraries link at HYPERLINK http://www.smu.edu www.smu.edu)
Cases, briefs, law review articles. Somewhat awkward and difficult to search, but an enormous database.
3. The LII and Hermes: overview and recent developments ( HYPERLINK http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/search/search.html)
This archive contains (or will soon contain) all opinions of the court issued since May of 1990
4. U.S. Supreme Court (HYPERLINK "http://oyez.at.nwu.edu/oyez.html"http://www.supremecourtus.gov/)
The homepage of the U.S. Supreme Court, with a variety of links, including those to calendar, cases recently decided, briefs, etc.
5. FedWorld/FLITE Supreme Court Decisions Homepage ( HYPERLINK http://www.fedworld.gov/supcourt/index.htm http://www.fedworld.gov/supcourt/index.htm) This system contains the full text of 7,407 U.S. Supreme Court Decisions from 1937 to 1975.
6. Historic Supreme Court Decisions ( HYPERLINK http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/cases/name.htm http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/cases/name.htm)
A collection of historic Supreme Court cases dating back at least to 1796. Listed by party name
7. The Federal Bulletin Board Online via GPO Access ( HYPERLINK http://fedbbs.access.gpo.gov/court01.htm http://fedbbs.access.gpo.gov/court01.htm)
Supreme Court opinions and related documents in WordPerfect 5.1 format. From 1992 Term on.
8. Oyez Oyez Oyez (HYPERLINK "http://www.oyez.org/oyez/frontpage"http://www.oyez.org/oyez/frontpage)
The recorded oral arguments in major constitutional cases heard and decided by the Supreme Court of the United States since 1955.
9. Supreme Court Case Digests/Summaries
For cases, by topic, decided since May 1990: HYPERLINK "http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/topiclist.html" http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/topiclist.html
For historic cases: HYPERLINK "http://tqd.advanced.org/2760/cases.htm" http://tqd.advanced.org/2760/cases.htm
10. Jurist: The Law Professors Network ( HYPERLINK http://jurist.law.pitt.edu http://jurist.law.pitt.edu)
A wide variety of pieces on law and courts, include a particular focus on the Supreme Court.
11. American Law Sources On-line (HYPERLINK "http://www.lawsource.com/also/"http://www.lawsource.com/also/)
12. HYPERLINK "http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/index-crime.html" The New York Times and the HYPERLINK "http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/nation/courts/supremecourt/20012002/" The Washington Post both of have special sections of their web pages devoted to the Supreme Court and its doings. Their Court reporters Linda Greenhouse for the Times and Charles Lane for the Post are top notch.
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