ࡱ> wzv_ qbjbjzz 7|B\B\A JJ8$7BBBBB$$$O6Q6Q6Q6Q6Q6Q6$8;bu6i$" $$$u6JJBBc61(1(1($JBBO61($O61(1(3h8^5B jd&U4;660$7e4;m'; 55z;5$$1($$$$$u6u61($$$$7$$$$;$$$$$$$$$ > : More Genetics Practice Problems: Chi-Square Test & Linked Genes A large ear of corn has a total of 433 grains, including 273 Purple & starchy, 71 Purple & sweet, 63 Yellow & starchy, and 26 Yellow & sweet. Calculate the chi-squared value for the null hypothesis that the ear of corn was produced by a dihybrid cross (PpSs x PpSs) involving two genes for color and sweetness. Explain the chi-square test results. Expected phenotypic ratio for dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, Purple Starchy: Purple Sweet: Yellow Starchy: Yellow Sweet. To find expected values, multiply total number of outcomes by the probability of each outcome. ObservedExpected(o-e)2 ePurple Starchy273(433)(9/16)=2443.45Purple Sweet71(433)(3/16)=811.23Yellow Starchy63(433)(3/16)=814Yellow Sweet26(433)(1/16)=27.04Total4334338.72 2 = " (o-e)2 2 = 3.45 + 1.23 + 4 + .04 2 =8.72 e df = 3 p<.05 so the difference between the observed and expected is significantly different. The differences we observed are too different to be explained by chance alone. (Reject the null hypothesis that our genes are a normal dihybrid cross) In a certain reptile, eyes can be either black or yellow. Two black eyed lizards are crossed, and the result is 72 black eyed lizards, and 28 yellow-eyed lizards. Calculate the chi-squared value for the null hypothesis that the black eyed parents were heterozygous for eye color. Explain the chi-square test results. Expected phenotypic ratio is 3:1, Black eyes: Yellow eyes. To find expected values, multiply total number of outcomes by the probability of each outcome. ObservedExpected(o-e)2 eBlack Eyes72(100)(3/4)=75.12Yellow eyes28(100)(1/4)=25.12Total100100 2 = " (o-e)2 2 = .12 + .12 2 =.24 e df = 1 p>.05 (p is between .7 and .5) so the difference between the observed and expected is not significantly different. The differences we observed are small enough to be explained by chance alone. We do not reject the null hypothesis that the black eyed parents were heterozygous for eye color. A sample of mice (all from the same parents) shows: 58 black hair, black eyes 16 black hair, red eyes 19 white hair, black eyes 7 white hair, red eyes Form your hypothesis regarding the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents: Black hair is dominant to white hair and black eyes are dominant to red eyes. Both parents phenotype is black hair and black eyes, and both are heterozygous for each trait (BbEe x BbEe) Use a chi square analysis to test your hypothesis. Expected phenotypic ratio for dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, Purple Starchy: Purple Sweet: Yellow Starchy: Yellow Sweet. To find expected values, multiply total number of outcomes by the probability of each outcome. ObservedExpected(o-e)2 eBlack Hair, Black Eyes58(100)(9/16)=56.07Black Hair, Red Eyes16(100)(3/16)=19.47White Hair, Black Eyes19(100)(3/16)=190White Hair, Red Eyes7(100)(1/16)=6.17Total100100.71 2 = " (o-e)2 2 = .07 + .47 + 0 + .17 2 =.71 e df = 3 p>.05 (p is between .95 and .9) so the difference between the observed and expected is not significantly different. The differences we observed are small enough to be explained by chance alone. We do not reject the hypothesis that both parents were heterozygous for each trait (BbEe x BbEe). In the fruit fly, there are genes that control for Body color, Wing shape and Eye color that all have loci on the same chromosome. Wild-type flies have a gray body, normal wings and red eyes. There are recessive genes that code for black body type, vestigial wings and purple eyes. Make a key below for each trait. B_ = gray body N_ = normal wings E_ = red eyes bb = black body nn = vestigial wings ee = purple eyes (or you can use the standard fruit fly genetics notation) b+/__ = gray body vg+/__ = normal wings pr+/__ = red eyes b/b = black body vg/vg = vestigial wings pr/pr = purple eyes A wild-type fruit fly (heterozygous for gray body color and normal wings) was mated with a black fly with vestigial wings. The offspring had the following phenotypic distribution: wild type, 778; black-vestigial, 785; black-normal, 158; gray-vestigial, 162. BbNn x bbnn (or b+/b,vg+/vg x b/b,vg/vg) Parental types: 778 + 785 = 1563 Recombinants: 158 + 162 = 320 Total Flies: 1883 Calculate the recombination frequency (%) between the linked genes for body color and wing type. Recombination frequency = recombinants = 320 = 17% Total number of flies 1883 In another cross, a wild-type fruit fly (heterozygous for gray body color and red eyes) was mated with a black fruit fly with purple eyes. The offspring were as follows: wild-type, 721; black-purple, 751; gray-purple, 49; black-red, 45. BbEe x bbee (or b+/b,pr+/pr x b/b,pr/pr) Parental types: 721 + 751 = 1472 Recombinants: 49 + 45 = 94 Total Flies: 1566 Calculate the recombination frequency (%) between the linked genes for body color and eye color. Recombination frequency = recombinants = 94 = 6% Total number of flies 1566 What fruit flies (genotypes and phenotypes) would you mate to determine the sequence of the body color, wing shape, and eye color genes on the chromosome? We already know the recombinant frequency of eye color and body color genes (6%), we also already know recombinant frequency of wing shape and body color genes (17%). To map the chromosome we need to know the recombinant frequency of wing shape and eye color. We need to cross a wild type fly (heterozygous for wing shape and eye color) to a fly with purple eyes and vestigial wings. 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