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Appendix
Ethnic and racial differences in the presence of
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis at death
Jeffrey J. Swigris, DO, MS1
Amy L. Olson, MD1
Tristan J. Huie, MD1
Evans R. Fernandez-Perez, MD1
Joshua Solomon, MD1
David Sprunger, MS1
Kevin K. Brown, MD1
1 Autoimmune Lung Center and Interstitial Lung Disease Program,
National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
Support Funding: Dr. Swigris is supported in part by a Career Development Award from the NIH (K23 HL092227)
Corresponding Author:
Jeff Swigris, DO, MS
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Autoimmune Lung Center and
Interstitial Lung Disease Program
National Jewish Health
Southside Building, Office #G011
1400 Jackson Street
Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
Phone: 303.398.1621
Fax: 303.398.1040
email: HYPERLINK "mailto:swigrisj@njc.org" swigrisj@njc.org
Methods
The database. The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) annually compiles data from all death certificates in the U.S. and releases the figures in yearly public-use fileseach containing over two million records (one for each decedent). A record contains decedent demographics, multiple cause-of-death (MCOD) codes (which identify up to 20 conditions related to death), and the ultimate underlying cause-of-death (UCD). ADDIN EN.CITE Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)199420892089208955Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics Public use data tape documentation. Multiple cause of death for ICD-9 1992 data.1994Hyattsville, MarylandU.S. Department of Health and Human Services(1) From 1989-1998, the NCHS coded conditions related to death with the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9), ADDIN EN.CITE Service198020902090209046U.S. Public Health ServiceInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. (PHS) 80-1260DHHS Publication No.1980Washington, DCU.S. Government Printing Office(2) but, in 1998, it stopped coding with the ICD-9 and began using the Tenth Revision of the ICD (ICD-10). ADDIN EN.CITE (WHO)200320912091209127World Health Organization (WHO)ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: tenth revision.2003Geneva(3) For each record, the NCHS codes MCOD data in two axes: 1) the entity axis, and 2) the record axis. The entity axis contains the cause(s)-of-death as listed by the death certifier and maintains the order as written on the death certificate. The NCHS derives the record axis code by applying a computerized algorithm called Translation of Axis (TRANSAX) to the entity axis code. Applying this algorithm minimizes repetition and inconsistencies within the entity axis data to produce the more standardized record axis. We used the record axis code for this study. National MCOD data quality is maintained by records review at the state and national level.
For this study, we analyzed files from 1989-2007. From 1989 to 1998, we captured all decedents with ICD-9 codes 515 (post-inflammatory pulmonary fibrosis [PIPF]) or 516.3 (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [IPF]), and from 1999 to 2007, we captured decedents with ICD-10 code J84.1 (a code that combines both PIPF and IPF). We then excluded patients with axis codes for any condition that might be associated with secondary pulmonary fibrosis including any connective tissue diseases, radiation fibrosis, asbestosis, pneumoconiosis (including coal workers pneumoconiosis, silicosis, talcosis, and berylliosis), sarcoidosis, and/or extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis).
Details of the ICD codes for excluded records. From 1989 to 1998, records were excluded if they contained ICD-9 codes for the following conditions: connective tissue disease or rheumatoid arthritis (ICD-9 codes 710 through 710.9, or 714 through 714.9), radiation fibrosis (ICD-9 code 508.1), asbestosis (ICD-9 code 501), coal workers pneumoconiosis (ICD-9 code 500), silicosis or talcosis (ICD-9 code 502), berylliosis and other inorganic dusts (ICD-9 code 503), unspecified pneumoconiosis (ICD-9 code 505), sarcoidosis (ICD-9 code 135), and/or extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) (ICD-9 code 495 through 495.9).
After 1998, records were excluded if they contained an ICD-10 code for the following conditions: connective tissue disease or rheumatoid arthritis (ICD-10 codes M32 through M35, M35.1, M35.5, M35.8, M35.9, and M36, or M05 through M05.9, M06 through M06.9, or M08 through M08.9), radiation fibrosis (ICD-10 code J70.1), asbestosis (ICD-10 code J61), coal workers pneumoconiosis (ICD-10 J60), silicosis or talcosis (ICD-10 codes J62 through J62.8), berylliosis and other inorganic dusts (ICD-10 codes J63 through J63.8), unspecified pneumoconiosis (ICD-10 codes J64 through J65), sarcoidosis (ICD-10 codes D86 through D86.9), and/or extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) (ICD-10 codes D67 through D67.9).
Because of the wealth of historical data suggesting that IPF rarely occurs in people < 50 years old, we excluded decedents in that demographic. By paring down in this way, we believe we have isolated a sample with the greatest likelihood of having IPF.
The UCD. The NCHS uses another computerized system, called the Automated Classification of Medical Entities (ACME), to code the UCD by applying ICD modification rules to the record axis codes generated by TRANSAX. ADDIN EN.CITE Isreal199020922092209217Isreal, RAAutomation of mortality data coding and processing in the United States of AmericaWorld Health Stat QWorld Health Stat Q259-262431990(4) The World Health Organization (WHO) defines the UCD as the disease or injury which initiated the train of events leading directly to death, or the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury, ADDIN EN.CITE (WHO)200320912091209127World Health Organization (WHO)ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: tenth revision.2003GenevaRedelings200620932093209317Redelings, MDSorvillo, FSimon, P A comparison of underlying cause and multiple causes of death. Epidemiology 100-103172006(3, 5) and that is the definition we employed here. From 1989 to 1998, UCD diagnostic codes examined included: ischemic heart disease (ICD-9 codes 410 through 414.9 and 429.2), heart failure (ICD-9 codes 428 through 428.9), cardiomyopathy (ICD-9 codes 402.9 and 425); cardiac dysrhythmia/sudden cardiac death (ICD-9 codes 427); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD-9 codes 490-496); pulmonary fibrosis (ICD-9 codes 515 and 516.3); pulmonary hypertension (ICD-9 codes 416.0, 416.8 and 428.9); lung cancer (ICD-9 codes 162 through 162.9); pneumonia (ICD-9 codes 480 through 487.8); and cerebrovascular disease (ICD-9 codes 430 through 438).
After 1998, diagnostic codes included the following: ischemic heart disease (ICD-10 codes I20 through I25), heart failure ICD-10 codes I50 through I50.), cardiomyopathy (ICD-9 codes 402.9 and 425); cardiac dysrhythmia/sudden cardiac death (ICD-10 codes I46-I49); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD-10 codes J40-J44); pulmonary fibrosis (ICD-10 code J84.1); pulmonary hypertension (ICD-10 codes I27.0 and I27.2); lung cancer (ICD-10 codes C34 through C34.9); pneumonia (ICD-10 code J09 through J18.9); and cerebrovascular disease (ICD-10 codes I60 through I69.8).
Statistical analyses. To generate the results presented in the supplement, we used logistic regression to determine the risk for IPF between different ethnic/racial groups while controlling for potentially confounding effects of age and sex.
References
ADDIN EN.REFLIST 1. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public use data tape documentation. Multiple cause of death for ICD-9 1992 data. Hyattsville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1994.
2. Service USPH. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. . Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1980. p. (PHS) 80-1260.
3. World Health Organization. ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: tenth revision. Geneva: 2003.
4. Isreal R. Automation of mortality data coding and processing in the United States of America. World Health Stat Q. 1990;43:259-62.
5. Redelings M, Sorvillo F, Simon P. A comparison of underlying cause and multiple causes of death. Epidemiology 2006;17:100-3.
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