ࡱ> {}z] bjbjzz ;D1\1\s ff8*,V=wtvvvvvvv$xg{vvv777v7v77fmpt@(G]j pDv w0=wdp|{{tt{t7vv=w{f> : Unit 6 Reading Guide Learning : How We Learn and Classical Conditioning (pg. 262-274) Learning: What does it mean that we learn by association? Habituation: Example: Associative Learning: What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning? Cognitive Learning: Classical Conditioning Person associated with classical conditioning (very important!): Classical Conditioning: Behaviorism: Psychologist associated with behaviorism: Pavlovs Dog Experiment Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): UCS in Pavlovs dogs: Unconditioned Response (UCR): UCR in Pavlovs dogs: Neutral Stimulus (NS): NS in Pavlovs dogs: Conditioned Stimulus (CS): CS in Pavlovs dogs: Conditioned Response (CR): CR in Pavlovs dogs: Can you think of another example of classical conditioning in your own life? Think about your previous experiences or childhood. What is the UCS? UCR? NS? CS? CR? List 1 more example of classical conditioning that the book discusses. Acquisition: What is the biological reason that humans and animals can be conditioned? Higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning): Example: Extinction: Spontaneous Recovery: Generalization: Discrimination: Why does Pavlovs work remain so important? (you should have two reasons here) Summarize Watsons Little Albert Experiment. Operant Conditioning: Person associated with operant conditioning: Law of effect: Person who created law of effect: Describe how a Skinner Box works. Reinforcement: Whats an example of reinforcement in your own life? How someone is conditioned: Shaping: Discriminative Stimulus: Example: What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? Example of positive reinforcement: Example of negative reinforcement: Primary Reinforcers: Example: Secondary Reinforcers: Example: Reinforcement Schedule: Schedules of Reinforcement Type of Reinforcement DefinitionExampleContinuous Reinforcement Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement Fixed-Ratio Schedule Variable-Ration Schedule Fixed Interval Schedule Variable-Interval Schedule  What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment? Positive punishment: Example: Negative punishment: Example: Why are environments not the whole story to conditioning? (Hint: what were the conclusions of Kimbles 1956 studies) What did John Garcia find in his studies of taste aversion? (Hes another name to know for the AP test!) Give an example of how biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive. What did Rescorla & Wagner show about conditioning? Tolmans Cognitive Map: Latent Learning: Insight: What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? Learning and Personal Control (we will talk more about these concepts in the personality unit later in the year) Problem-focused coping: Emotion-focused coping: Learned helplessness: External Locus of Control: Example: Internal Locus of Control: Example: Self-control: What do you need to have better self-control? Observational Learning: Modeling: Person associated with observational learning: Summarize Banduras famous Bobo Doll experiment. How observational learning works: Mirror Neurons: What is the theory of mind? Prosocial behavior: When are models most effective?      PAGE 5 WXbcd  # $ % < S ] y ~  # A B C Y hF5huh}n5h}nh}n>* hF>* h}n5hFh}n5h}n hYlVh}nhFh<hFhF5hFh<5 h'p.>* h<>*hJ.h<5 hb5hJ.h]5hJ.hb5 h_\5 h<51Xcd   $ % <  & Fgd<gdF^gdF & FgdFgdF^gdF & Fgd<gd'p.$a$gdb< ~ " # B C Z [ s t ^gd}n & Fgd}nh^hgd}n^gdFh^hgdF & Fgd}nY Z [ s t = ? 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