ࡱ> DFC bjbj 4,hh,XX8, /////   A C C C C C C $"~%xg      g //| <<< d//A < A <<V@/ r1n= -  0 Ix%.%%l  <     g g <       %         X a: Historical Influences Developed in reaction to Age of Reason Truth = intuition and imagination instead of logic and reason Inspired by British Romantic period Americans sought to create literature different than that of Britain Westward expansion Interactions with nature and the unknown Optimistic views all is new Increased immigration Diverse cultures and new perspectives Religious exploration Movement away from the rigidity of Puritanism and Calvinism Pursuit of new spiritual roots Growth of industrialization Development of regional identities A period of prosperity Growing leisure class Populace hungers for culture Strong sense of national pride Anti-British sentiments The Five Is of Romanticism Imagination Intuition Innocence Inner Experience Inspiration from nature and the supernatural Romantic Writers Commune with nature Assert the value of the individual With acceptance and appreciation of the common man Believe good literature follows the heart, not the rules View the world as dynamic and organic Pursue solitude  The rural vs. the urban Embrace the lofty ideals of democracy Added emphasis placed on individuality and education Recognize inequalities still exist in the social and political climate Women and slaves do not have the same rights as white males Emphasize emotion over reason Types of Romanticism Romanticism can be broken into the following three categories: Brooding Romantics Alternative Romantic poets  Focused on the human capacity for evil  Integrated aspects of the unusual and the macabre into works  Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville Poe explored human psyche, tapped into human fears, credited with inventing the short story  Fireside Poets Classic Romantic poets  Mainstream poets  Optimistic and hopeful expression of ideas  Focused on the beauty of nature  Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier Longfellow - especially popular American poet, wrote work with family friendly content, produced poems straightforward in meaning  Transcendentalist Pursued types of knowledge that exist above and beyond reason and experience Disliked materialism and conformity Respected the hard work ethic demonstrated by the Puritans Strived for unity between man and nature Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman Emerson - poet, essayist and philosopher, believed God existed in all humans, saw human spirituality reflected in nature American Romanticism Though these ideas (along with others that were derived elsewhere in Europe) had a profound influence on the literary arts in America, the romantic period in this country evokes additional ideas and characteristics. In general, American romanticism encompasses: a desire to idealize the mysteries, dangers, and holiness found within nature; a related desire to find solace and escape within uncommodified nature; another related desire to idealize primitive (natural) cultures and primitive people; yet another related desire to idealize the American past (in lieu of a classical past); in pursuing these desires, romantic authors crafted literary work that is highly imaginative, features exotic settings, tends to privilege the individualistic anti-hero to that of the traditional hero or the group, employs a less pretentious language than neoclassical antecedents, and features many wild displays of emotional outpourings. You should see Gothicism and transcendentalism as movements related to that of romanticism. 1. Combine your prior knowledge of the Romantic experience with the information you just learned to formulate an opinion as to what it means to be an American in the early to mid 19th century. 2. What do you suppose are the forces, philosophies, movements, and problems within early nineteenth-century American society that give rise to the desires listed above? 3. How might new modes of production in the American publishing industry play a role in the establishment and spread of this new literary movement? 4. How is the role of the writer and poet changing within American culture? To whom did he owe his allegiances before, and to whom does he owe them now? 5. Is it truly possible for a literary artist of individual talent to forgo literary tradition? 6. In what ways might the act of idealizing a person, place, time, or thing produce negative effects for the idealized subject? 7. What is the relationship between the individual imagination of a human being and God?     American Romantics, 1800-1865  ) ; / . 6 K abhivw}·wodwdwodwdwodwdYhQRh|OJQJh|h|OJQJh!.OJQJh|OJQJh$`OJQJhh$`5OJQJhh$`5CJOJQJhcx5CJOJQJhQRh$`OJQJhQRha=OJQJhQRhoAOJQJhhxF:5CJOJQJhQRhxF:OJQJhQRhOJQJhh5CJOJQJ"={! ? 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