ࡱ > ` b _ + bjbj R # % , , o o 4 h , t C 2 " A A A B B B B B B B $ @E G z B B o o A A B & o R A A B B R : " u? A w GF ) = yB B 0 C = \H \H < u? u? \H 1B H " B Z n B B S C \H , 5 : FORENSIC BALLISTICS DR. MILLER F. PECKLEY FORENSIC SPECIALIST (FIREARM IDENTIFICATION) VICE PRESIDENT FOR INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
DIFFERENT METHODS ON CRIME DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION EMPLOYING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION OR FORENSIC BALLISTICS
This determines whether the bullet extracted from a victim or recovered from the crime scene came from a suspected firearm. It also determines the caliber, type and make of firearm from which a bullet or shell was fired if no firearm was recovered. It also determines if a firearm is serviceable or not and if bullets and shell came from one and the same firearm.
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
Which is generally used to determine whether a person has fired a gun or not. Test the presence of drugs,toxic chemical and explosives and determine the quality and quantity of chemical substance in a product in cases of fake consumers goods, or other allied examinations.
MEDICO-LEGAL OR FORENSIC MEDICINE
A laboratory service performed to determine the cause of death, approximate time of death and whether or not the case is a suicide, homicide or murder. It is also used to determine the identity of skeletal remains through dental charts, body deformities and other marks in case of cadaver. For rape cases, forensic medicine can determine the extent of injuries sustained if any, the virginity of the victim and owner of the semen found inside the victims sex organ. It also determines if a stain is a semen, blood or other body fluids. For physical injuries, the extent of the injuries sustained and compatibility of wounds with the alleged weapons used.
PHYSICAL IDENTIFICATION
From tiny evidence like a strand of hair, fibers, cordages, pant chips, metal and glasses fragments and soil, the chemist could establish the probable source and detect its connection with a crime. This laboratory technique is also used to detect tampered serial numbers of motor vehicles and other appliances. It also identifies shoeprints, the impressions and toolmarks and compare them with that found in the possession of the suspect.
FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION
Fingerprint identification or dactyloscopy is the oldest and highly reliable means of identifying a person whether dead or alive. A person who touched fixed or movable object leaves an impression or fingerprints on the surface called latent prints. Through the use of various techniques and methods this latent prints can be lifted, developed and preserved for comparison with prints taken from criminals, suspects and other persons who were at the crime scene. This method is also used to establish the identity of known or unknown deceased persons whose identification is subject to question by comparing his fingerprints with those on records.
DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
This method of examination is used to determine the presence of alterations, erasures, superimposition, insertions and defalcations in a questioned document. It also determines whether the handwriting is genuine or not and identify the writer especially if the letter is poison letter or threats. It is also an effective tool in determining counterfeit bills, stamps, labels, etc. and to determine the make and model of the typewriter used in making spurious letters.
LIE DETECTION OR POLYGRAPHY
This method of laboratory examination, although inadmissible in court by itself is a over reliable means of extracting and verifying information from suspects, victims, witnesses or informer. It helps a lot in providing leads to the investigator and in establishing the facts of an offense, location of stolen goods or whereabouts of wanted persons. Generally, a person who is lying reacts differently to a set of prepared questions compared to a person who is telling the truth. This marked difference in physiological responses or body reaction which is recorded in a polygraph machine would lead an expert polygraph examiner to determine whteher a person is lying or not.
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
A picture speaks a thousand words. Mans memory and interpretation of certain events varies depending on his perception, bias, prejudice and state of body and mind at the time he witnessed an event. But a clear picture of the event properly taken would speak for itself. Although a photograph could be tampered with, forensic photography has a way of determining the genuineness of a photograph.
REVIEW TOPICS
BALLISTICS
A. ORIGIN
Greek word ballo or ballien.
Roman war machine ballista
- catapult
- onager
- gastrapethes
- trebuchet
- ballistic pendulum
- gun pendulum
- clock pendulum
- chronograph
- ostroboscope
B. PERSONALITIES
-Benjamin Robins -Charles Waite
-Niccolo Tartaglia -Mikhail Kalashnikov
-Galileo Galelei -Eugene Stoner
-Isaac Newton -John Browning
-Roger Bacon -Gaspard Kollner
-Berthold Schwartz -Samuel Colt
-Calvin Goddard -Alfred Bernhard Nobel
-UzieL Gal -Alexander Forsyth
-Ascanio Sobrero
BALLISTICS COVERAGE
BALLISTICS deals with the study of the motion, behavior and effect of a projectile on the target.
C. MOTION
Direct
Rotational
Translational
Tailwag
Yaw
Gyroscopic action
Magnus effect
D. BEHAVIOR
-Ballistics Body
-Trajectory
-Parabola
-Distance
-Velocity
-Terminal
-Drag
-Acceleration
- Windage
-Gravity
E. EFFECTS
Indentation
Penetration
Perforation
Ricochet
Detonation
Fragmentation
INTERRELATED FIELDS of BALLISTICS
1. Internal Ballistics
2. Transitional Ballistics
3. External Ballistics
4. Terminal Ballistics
Wound ballistics
Medical ballistics
Shots ballistics
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
Divisions:
1. Field Investigation
2. Technical Examination
3. Legal Proceeding
Particular/ General Characteristics of Forensic Ballistics/ Firearm Identification
MECHANICAL FINGERPRINTS
1. Class characteristics
2. Individual characteristics
THREE AREAS OF FIREARM IDENTIFICATION
Bullet Identification
Cartridge Case Identification
Firearms Identification per se
Seven Problems of Forensic Ballistics/ Firearm Identification:
Given FB
Given FECS
Given FB SF
Given FECS SF
Given 2 or more FB
Given 2 or more FECS
Given F
FIREARMS Types:
Revolver
Pistol
Rifle
Shotgun
Rifling
Lands and grooves
RHT/LHT
Gone/Gonne
Small arms and Long arms
FIRING MECHANISM:
Muzzle loader
Matchlock
Wheellock
Flintlock
Percussion cap
Main parts of Firearms
Frame
Barrel
Breech/Chamber
Trigger
Process of manufacturing barrel
Drilling
Reaming
Rifling
Lapping
Ramp barrel
Damascus barrel
Drilling
Zwilling
Paradox barrel
Sawn off barrel
Choke barrel
Caliper
Caliber
Helixometer
Groove follower
Cartridge/ Ammunition/ round, Shell and shot Shell
Unit/Components:
Cartridge Case/ shell
Gunpowder/ Propellant
Bullet/ Projectile
Primer/Percussion cap
Cartridge Case Classification:
Pin fire
Rim fire
Center fire
According to Rim:
Rimmed Cartridge
Semi Rimmed cartridge
Rimless Cartridge
Rebated Cartridge
Belted Cartridge
According to shape:
Straight case
Bottleneck case
Tapered case
Functions:
Hold Bullets
Waterproof Container
Gas Seal
GUNPOWDER/ PROPELLANT
Granule
Grain
Dram Equivalent
Types of Gunpowder:
Single based
Double based
Triple based
High ignition temperature (HIT)
BLACK POWDER
Compositions:
Potassium Nitrate (75%)
Charcoal (15%)
Sulfur (10%)
SMOKELESS POWDER
Compositions:
Nitroglycerine
Nitrocellulose
Nitroguanadine
Product equivalent:
Poudre B
Cordite
Ballistite
Gunpowder residue test
paraffin/dermal nitrate test
Griess test
Harrison-Gillroy test
BULLET (BOULETTE)
A.. Composition:
Alloy
Lead
Copper
Shape:
Pointed
Conical
Wad cutter
Hollowpoint
C. Special Bullets:
Armor piercing bullet
Incendiary bullet
Dumdum bullet
Tracer bullet
Frangible bullet
Spitzer bullet
SHOTGUN PELLETS
Kinds:
Single shot
Bird shot
Buckshots
PRIMER
Unit:
Primer cup
Anvil
Primer pocket
Disc
Priming mixture
Types:
Berdan primer
Boxer primer
Baterry cup
Types of Primer
1.Berdan primer
2.Priming Mixture Ingredients:
Corrosive primer
potassium chlorate
antimony sulfide
mercury fulminate
Non corrosive primer
Barium nitrate
FIREARM IDENTIFICATION
Marks:
Lands and grooves/rifling
Skid
Stripping
Shaving
Slippage
Firing pin
Breech
Ejector
Extractor
Striation
Chamber
Shearing
Magazine lip marking
Firearm evidence:
Firearm
Fired bullet
Fired cartridge cases
Spent short shells
Shots
Shot shell wadding
Live ammunition
Clothing/physical materials
Gunpowder burns
Marking of Evidence:
Stylus
X markings
Initials
Tags
Location
DATABASE COMPUTER SYSTEM (FIREARM IDENTIFICATION)
CEASEFIRE
DRUGFIRE
IBIS
a. Brasscatcher
b. Bulletproof
NIBIN
COURT DECISIONS
Latest:
People V Cabuslay (471 SCRA, Sept.2005)
People V Ungsod (475 SCRA, Dec. 2005)
People V Baxinela (485 Scra, March 24, 2006)
People V Marturillas (487 SCRA, April 18, 2006)
People V Amarillo Jr. (500 SCRA, Aug 31, 2006)
RELATED LAWS ON FIREARM AND EXPLOSIVES
Revised Administrative Code (RAC)
Act No. 2711, March 10, 1917
P.D. No. 1866, June 26, 1983
R.A. No. 8294, June 6, 1997
PAGE
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